Lecture 1: Prehension, Mastication, and Deglutition 8/29

Functions of the Digestive System Digestion! Absorption! Moistening and dissolving! Peristalsis! Chewing! Immunity (tonsils produce lymphocytes)! Secretion (saliva and enzymes)!

Epithelial Tissue Stratified squamous epithelium (made for protection) mouth, tongue, pharynx, and esophagus. Keratinized epithelium gums, hard palate, top of the tongue.

Prehension (How do animals pick up food?) Dogs teeth Cats teeth and claws Pigs bottom lip = shovel Horses lips (for grain) and teeth (for grass) Sheep clef/slit in upper lip + dental pad on the top of their mouth rips grass Cows dental pad on the top of their mouth and tongue Chickens beak and tongue

Mouth Tongue striated muscle orientation w/ 3 planes (muscles go in 3 different directions in order to talk and make noise, spit, swallow, etc) Covered w/ papillae taste buds

Primary Salivary Glands Parotid Submandibular Sublingular this one mostly makes secretions) Saliva watery/mucous secretions, enzymes, ions

Functions of Saliva Dissolves food, acts as a buffer in the stomach (more saliva = more of a buffer = higher pH in the stomach), urea/uric waste removal, lubrication & bolus formation, salivary amylase, lysozyme (kills bacteria), body heat reduction

Teeth Mastication Incisors, canines, molars; differs from species to species Herbivores have a lateral movement of mouth (lower teeth = innermost edge, upper teeth = outermost edge) Carnivores and omnivores have a vertical movement of their mouth

Deglutition (swallowing) Step 1: Bolus formation: moved to pharynx (which lies between the mouth and the esophagus; the tonsils are located here!) Step2: Bolus is moved, reflexively, to the esophagus Step 3: Bolus is moved by peristalsis to the stomach via the esophagus

Esophagus - has four tissue layers Serosa Muscularis Externa 2 layers (1 is longitudinal and 1 is circular), peristalsis occurs here Submucosa the connective tissue between the Muscularis Externa and the Mucosa. This also has the Muscularis Mucosa, which is in charge of moving the Mucosa layer. Mucosa this moves and contracts (like the rugae of the stomach) to have a better interaction with the food. This is smooth muscle.

Sphincter or sphincter-like structures at the beginning and at the end (are not strictly a sphincter muscle).

Peristalsis Primary swallowing Secondary presence of bolus (involuntary; pushes food farther) It has been proved that the more striated muscle an animal has, the faster its rate of passage for food Oral Bacteria 2 types of environment for the bacteria soft tissues (tongue, gums, etc) and teeth Form biofilms Protect against pathogenic bacteria