List of human hormones

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Jump to: navigation, search The following is a list of hormones found in humans. Spelling is not uniform for many hormones. Current North American and international usage is estrogen, gonadotropin, while British usage retains the Greek diphthong in oestrogen and favors the earlier spelling gonadotrophin (from troph nourishment, sustenance rather than trop turning, change. Abbre vTissue iation

Structu Name re

Cells

Mechani Target sm Tissue

Effect

Melatonin (Namine acetyl-5tryptoph methoxytryptamine an ) amine tryptoph Serotonin 5-HT an

pineal gland CNS, GI tract

pinealocyte

antioxidant and causes drowsiness Controls mood, appetite, and sleep less active form of thyroid hormone: increase the basal metabolic rate & sensitivity to catecholamines, affect protein synthesis potent form of thyroid hormone: increase the basal metabolic rate & sensitivity to catecholamines, affect protein synthesis Fight-or-flight response: Boosts the supply of oxygen and glucose to the brain and muscles (by increasing heart rate and stroke volume, vasodilation, increasing catalysis of glycogen in liver,

enterochromaff in cell

Thyroxine (or amine - tetraiodothyronine) T4 tyrosine (a thyroid hormone)

thyroid gland

thyroid epithelial cell

direct

Triiodothyronine amine (a thyroid tyrosine hormone)

T3

thyroid gland

thyroid epithelial cell

direct

amine Epinephrine (or tyrosine adrenaline) (cat)

EPI

adrenal medulla

chromaffin cell

breakdown of lipids in fat cells. dilate the pupils Suppress nonemergency bodily processes (e.g. digestion) Suppress immune system Fight-or-flight response: Boosts the supply of oxygen and glucose to the brain and muscles (by increasing heart rate and stroke volume, vasoconstriction and increased blood pressure, breakdown of lipids in fat cells. Increase skeletal muscle readiness. Increase heart rate and blood pressure Inhibit release of prolactin and TRH from anterior pituitary Inhibit release of prolactin and TRH from anterior pituitary

amine Norepinephrine (or tyrosine NRE noradrenaline) (cat)

adrenal medulla

chromaffin cell

amine tyrosine (cat)

peptide

peptide

Chromaffin cells in kidney Dopamine (or DPM, kidney, Dopamine prolactin inhibiting PIH or hypothalam neurons of the hormone) DA us arcuate nucleus in hypothalamus Antimullerian hormone (or mullerian AMH testes Sertoli cell inhibiting factor or hormone) Acrp3 adipose Adiponectin 0 tissue

Adrenocorticotropi anterior peptide c hormone (or ACTH pituitary corticotropin)

corticotrope

cAMP

synthesis of corticosteroids (glucocorticoids and androgens) in adrenocortical cells vasoconstriction release of aldosterone from adrenal cortex dipsogen. retention of water in kidneys

peptide

Angiotensinogen and angiotensin

AGT

liver

IP3

peptide

Antidiuretic hormone (or

ADH

posterior pituitary

Parvocellular varies neurosecretory

vasopressin, arginine vasopressin)

neurons in hypothalamus Magnocellular neurosecretory cells in posterior pituitary ANP CT heart thyroid gland parafollicular cell cGMP cAMP

moderate vasoconstriction Release ACTH in anterior pituitary

Atrial-natriuretic peptide peptide (or atriopeptin) peptide Calcitonin

Construct bone, reduce blood Ca2+ Release of digestive enzymes from pancreas Release of bile from gallbladder hunger suppressant Release ACTH from anterior pituitary Stimulate erythrocyte production In female: stimulates maturation of Graafian follicles in ovary. In male: spermatogenesis, enhances production of androgen-binding protein by the Sertoli cells of the testes Secretion of gastric acid by parietal cells Stimulate appetite, secretion of growth hormone from anterior pituitary gland glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in liver

peptide Cholecystokinin

CCK

duodenum

peptide

CorticotropinCRH releasing hormone EPO

hypothalam us kidney Extraglomerula r mesangial cells

cAMP

peptide Erythropoietin

Folliclepeptide stimulating hormone

FSH

anterior pituitary

gonadotrope

cAMP

peptide Gastrin

GRP

stomach, G cell duodenum

peptide Ghrelin

stomach

P/D1 cell

peptide Glucagon

GCG pancreas

alpha cells

cAMP

peptide peptide

Gonadotropinhypothalam GnRH releasing hormone us Growth hormone- GHR hypothalam releasing hormone H us

IP3 IP3

peptide

Human chorionic gonadotropin

hCG

placenta

syncytiotropho cAMP blast cells

increases blood glucose level Release of FSH and LH from anterior pituitary. Release GH from anterior pituitary promote maintenance of corpus luteum during beginning of pregnancy Inhibit immune response, towards the human embryo. increase production of insulin and IGF-1

peptide

Human placental lactogen

HPL

placenta

peptide Growth hormone

GH or anterior hGH pituitary

increase insulin resistance and carbohydrate intolerance stimulates growth and cell reproduction somatotropes Release Insulinlike growth factor 1 from liver

peptide Inhibin

Sertoli cells of testes Inhibit testes, granulosa cells anterior production ovary, fetus of ovary pituitary of FSH trophoblasts in fetus Intake of glucose, glycogenesis and glycolysis in liver and muscle from blood intake of lipids and synthesis of triglycerides in adipocytes Other anabolic effects insulin-like effects regulate cell

peptide Insulin

INS

pancreas

beta cells

tyrosine kinase

Insulin-like growth peptide factor (or IGF somatomedin)

liver

Hepatocytes

tyrosine kinase

peptide Leptin

LEP

adipose tissue

growth and development decrease of appetite and increase of metabolism. In female: ovulation gonadotropes cAMP In male: stimulates Leydig cell production of testosterone melanogenesis by melanocytes in skin and hair wakefulness and increased energy expenditure, increased appetite release breast milk Contraction of cervix and vagina Involved in orgasm, trust between people.[1] and circadian homeostasis (body temperature, activity level, wakefulness) [2]. increase blood Ca2+: *indirectly stimulate osteoclasts

peptide

Luteinizing hormone

LH

anterior pituitary

Melanocyte peptide stimulating hormone

anterior MSH pituitary/pa or Melanotroph rs MSH intermedia hypothalam us

cAMP

peptide Orexin

peptide Oxytocin

OXT

posterior pituitary

Magnocellular neurosecretory IP3 cells

peptide

Parathyroid hormone

PTH

parathyroid parathyroid gland chief cell

Ca2+ reabsorptio n in kidney activate vitamin D

cAMP (Slightly) decrease blood phosphate:

(decreased reuptake in kidney but increased uptake from bones activate

vitamin D) lactotrophs of anterior pituitary Decidual cells of uterus Decidual cells milk production in mammary glands sexual gratification after sexual acts Unclear in humans Secretion of bicarbonate from liver, pancreas and duodenal Brunner's glands Enhances effects of cholecystokinin Stops production of gastric juice Inhibit release of GH and TRH from anterior pituitary Suppress release of gastrin, cholecystokinin (CCK), secretin, motilin, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP), enteroglucagon in gastrointestinal system Lowers rate of gastric emptying Reduces smooth muscle contractions and blood flow within the intestine [3] Inhibit release of insulin from beta cells [4] Inhibit release of glucagon from alpha cells [4] Suppress the exocrine secretory action of pancreas. megakaryoc produce ytes platelets[5]

peptide Prolactin

PRL

anterior pituitary, uterus uterus

peptide Relaxin

RLN

peptide Secretin

SCT

duodenum S cell

peptide Somatostatin

hypothalam us, islets of Langerhans SRIF , gastrointest inal system

delta cells in islets Neuroendocrin ce cells of the Periventricular nucleus in hypothalamus

peptide Thrombopoietin

TPO

liver, kidney,

Myocytes

striated muscle Thyroidstimulating peptide hormone (or thyrotropin) TSH anterior pituitary thyrotropes cAMP thyroid gland secrete thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) Release thyroidstimulating hormone (primarily) Stimulate prolactin release Stimulation of gluconeogenesis Inhibition of glucose uptake in muscle and adipose tissue Mobilization of amino acids from extrahepatic tissues Stimulation of fat breakdown in adipose tissue anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressiv e Increase blood volume by reabsorption of sodium in kidneys (primarily) Potassium and H+ secretion in kidney. Anabolic: growth of muscle mass and strength, increased bone density, growth and strength, Leydig cells direct Virilizing: maturation of sex organs, formation of scrotum, deepening of voice, growth of beard and axillary hair.

peptide

ThyrotropinTRH releasing hormone

Parvocellular hypothalam neurosecretory IP3 us neurons

anterior pituitary

steroid Cortisol glu.

adrenal cortex (zona fasciculata and zona reticularis cells)

direct

steroid Aldosterone min.

adrenal cortex (zona glomerulos a)

direct

steroid sex Testosterone (and)

testes

steroid testes, Dehydroepiandrost sex DHEA ovary, erone (and) kidney

Zona fasciculata and Zona reticularis cells of kidney direct theca cells of ovary Leydig cellss of testes direct

Virilization, anabolic

steroid sex Androstenedione (and) steroid Dihydrotestosteron sex DHT e (and)

adrenal glands, gonads multiple

Substrate for estrogen

direct Females: Structural:

steroid Estradiol sex (est)

E2

females: females: granulosa cells, ovary, direct males: Sertoli males testes cell

promote formation of female secondary sex characteris tics accelerate height growth accelerate metabolis m (burn fat) reduce muscle mass stimulate endometria l growth increase uterine growth maintenan ce of blood vessels and skin reduce bone resorption, increase bone formation

Protein synthesis:

increase hepatic production of binding proteins

Coagulation:

increase circulating level of factors 2, 7, 9, 10, antithromb in III, plasminog en increase platelet adhesivene ss

Increase HDL, triglyceride, height growth Decrease LDL, fat deposition Fluid balance:

salt (sodium) and water retention increase growth hormone increase cortisol, SHBG

Gastrointestinal tract:

reduce bowel motility increase cholesterol in bile

Melanin:

increase

pheomelan in, reduce eumelanin Cancer: support hormone-sensitive breast cancers [6] Suppression of production in the body of estrogen is a treatment for these cancers. Lung function:

promote lung function by supporting alveoli[7].

Males: Prevent apoptosis of germ cells[8] steroid Estrone sex (est) steroid Estriol sex (est) ovary placenta granulosa cells, direct Adipocytes syncytiotropho direct blast Support pregnancy[9]: Convert endometrium to secretory stage Make cervical mucus permeable to sperm. Inhibit immune response, e.g. towards the human embryo. Decrease uterine smooth muscle contractility[9] Inhibit lactation Inhibit onset of labor. Support fetal production of adrenal mineraloand glucosteroids. Other: Raise epidermal growth factor-1 levels

steroid sex Progesterone (pro)

ovary, adrenal glands, placenta (when pregnant)

Granulosa cells theca cells of direct ovary

Increase core temperature during ovulation[10] Reduce spasm and relax smooth muscle (widen bronchi and regulate mucus) Antiinflammatory Reduce gallbladder activity[11] Normalize blood clotting and vascular tone, zinc and copper levels, cell oxygen levels, and use of fat stores for energy. Assist in thyroid function and bone growth by osteoblasts Relsilience in bone, teeth, gums, joint, tendon, ligament and skin Healing by regulating collagen Nerve function and healing by regulating myelin Prevent endometrial cancer by regulating effects of estrogen. Active form of vitamin D3 Increase absorption of calcium and phosphate from gastrointestinal tract and kidneys inhibit release of PTH Inactive form of vitamin D3

sterol

Calcitriol (1,25dihydroxyvitamin D3)

skin/proxim al tubule of kidneys

direct

sterol

Calcidiol (25hydroxyvitamin D3) PG

eicosan Prostaglandins oid

skin/proxim al tubule of kidneys seminal vesicle

direct

eicosan Leukotrienes oid eicosan Prostacyclin oid eicosan Thromboxane oid peptide

LT PGI2 TXA2 hypothalam us endotheliu m

white blood cells

platelets Release prolactin from anterior pituitary lipolysis and steroidogenesis, stimulates melanocytes to produce melanin (To a minor degree than ANP) reduce blood pressure by: reducing systemic vascular resistance, reducing blood water, sodium and fats increased food intake and decreased physical activity stimulate gastric acid secretion Smooth muscle contraction of stomach [12] self regulate the pancreas secretion activities (endocrine and exocrine), it also effects on hepatic glycogen levels and gastrointestinal secretions. Activates the renin-angiotensin system by producing angiotensin I of angiotensinogen Regulate pain

Prolactin releasing PRH hormone

peptide Lipotropin

PRH

anterior pituitary

Corticotropes

peptide

Brain natriuretic peptide

BNP

heart

Cardiac myocytes

peptide Neuropeptide Y amine histidin Histamine e Endothelin

NPY

Stomach

Stomach

ECL cells

Stomach

X cells

peptide

Pancreatic polypeptide

Pancreas

PP cells

peptide Renin

Kidney

Juxtaglomerula r cells

peptide Enkephalin

Kidney

Chromaffin cells