Languages of Indonesia (Sumatra)

See language map. Indonesia (Sumatra). 43,309,707 (2000 census). 7 provinces. Information mainly from P. Voerhoeve 1955; D. Walker 1976. The number of individual languages listed for Indonesia (Sumatra) is 33. Of those, all are living languages. Aceh [ace] 3,500,000 (2000 census). Aceh Province (north tip of Sumatra), coastal areas. Alternate names:Achinese, Achehnese. Dialects: Banda Aceh, Baruh, Bueng, Daja, Pase, Pidie (Pedir, Timu), Tunong. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Sumbawan, North and East, Chamic, Achenese More information. Bangka [mfb] 340,000 (2000 census). Sumatra, Bangka Island. Dialects: Urban (Jakarta), North, Central, South, Lom (Belom, Mapor). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Sumbawan, North and East, Malayic, Malay More information. Batak Alas-Kluet [btz] 195,000 (2000). Northern, northeast of Tapaktuan and around Kutacane. Alternate names: Alas-Kluet Batak. Dialects: Alas, Kluet, Singkil (Kade-Kade). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Northwest Sumatra-Barrier Islands, Batak, Northern More information. Batak Angkola [akb] 750,000 (1991 UBS). North central, Sipirok area. Alternate names: Anakola, Angkola. Dialects:Similar to Mandailing Batak [btm], but distinct sociolinguistically. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Northwest Sumatra-Barrier Islands, Batak, Southern More information. Batak Dairi [btd] 1,200,000 (1991 UBS). Northern, southwest of Lake Toba around Sidikalang. Alternate names: Dairi, Pakpak, Pakpak Dairi. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Northwest Sumatra-Barrier Islands, Batak, Northern More information. Batak Karo [btx] 600,000 (1991 UBS). Central and north, west and northwest of Lake Toba. Alternate names: Karo Batak. Dialects: Singkil. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Northwest Sumatra-Barrier Islands, Batak, Northern More information. Batak Mandailing [btm] 1,100,000 (2000 census). North. Alternate names: Batta, Mandailing Batak. Classification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Northwest Sumatra-Barrier Islands, Batak, Southern More information. Batak Simalungun [bts] 1,200,000 (2000). North, northeast of Lake Toba. Alternate names: Simelungan, Timur. Classification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Northwest Sumatra-Barrier Islands, Batak, Simalungan More information. Batak Toba [bbc] 2,000,000 (1991 UBS). North Sumatra, Samosir Island and east, south, and west of Toba Lake.Alternate names: Batta, Toba Batak. Dialects: Similar to Angkola Batak [akb]. Classification: Austronesian, MalayoPolynesian, Northwest Sumatra-Barrier Islands, Batak, Southern More information. Col [liw] 145,000 (2000 census). Interior south Sumatra, Lubuklinggau area and east of Bengkulu; Muaraklingi area, south, east, and north. Alternate names: Cul, Sindang. Dialects: Lembak Delapan, Sindang Kelingi, Beliti; Lubuk Linggau. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Sumbawan, North and East, Malayic, Malay More information. Duano [dup] 15,000 in Indonesia (2006 SIL). Total ethnic population all countries: 19,000 (Seidlitz). Population total all countries: 15,500. West Riau archipelago and east coast of Riau, Daratan Province. Also in Malaysia (Peninsular). Alternate names: Duano, Orang Kuala, Desin Dolak, Desin Duano, Orang Laut. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Sumbawan, North and East, Malayic, Malay More information. Enggano [eno] 1,500 (2000 census), decreasing. Enggano Island, southwest of Sumatra and on 4 smaller nearby islands. Alternate names: Engganese. Dialects: Not closely related to other languages. Not conclusively established as an Austronesian language, rather than an isolate with Austronesian loans. Classification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Enggano More information. Gayo [gay] 300,000 (2000 census). North Sumatra mountain region, Aceh Province, Central Aceh, East Aceh, Gayo Lues, Southeast Aceh regencies. Alternate names: Gajo. Dialects: Deret, Serbejadi-Lukup, Lut, Lues. Not closely related to other languages. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Northwest SumatraBarrier Islands More information. Haji [hji] 17,500. Very few monolinguals. Sumatra, Ogan Komering Ulu Selatan Regency. Alternate names: Aji. Dialects: Genetically Malay with approximately 1/3 Lampung vocabulary. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Sumbawan, North and East, Malayic,

Kaur

Kerinci

Komering

Kubu

Lampung Api

Lampung Nyo

Loncong

Lubu Malay

Malay, Central

Malay, Jambi

Mentawai

Malay More information. [vkk] 40,000 (2000). Southwest Sumatra, South Bengkulu, Southern and Northern Kaur areas, Bengkulu, south and west of Besemah [pse], north of Nasal [nsy] and Lampung Api [ljp] areas. Alternate names:Kaur, Bintuhan, Mulak. Dialects: Borrowings from Lampung Api; reportedly difficult to understand for Central Malay [pse] speakers. Lexical similarity: 72% with Central Malay. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Sumbawan, North and East, Malayic, Malay More information. [kvr] 260,000 in Indonesia (2000 census). Population total all countries: 285,000. Jambi Province, western mountains, Sungaipenuh area, and north and west. Also in Bahrain. Alternate names: Kerinchi, Kinchai. Dialects: Ulu, Mamaq, Akit, Talang, Sakei. High dialect diversity in a small area, shading into Jambi Malay [zlm] east and Minangkabau [min] north. Distinct from Kerinci-Minangkabau dialect of Minangkabau. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Sumbawan, North and East, Malayic, Malay More information. [kge] 470,000 (2000 census). 20,000 in Jakarta (1992). Along Komering River from Lake Ranau to near Palembang. Alternate names: Kumoring. Dialects: Upstream Komering, Downstream Komering, Komering, Kayu Agung Asli, Kayu Agung. Lexical similarity: 70% with the Kalianda dialect of Lampung Api [ljp]; 74% with Sungkai dialect of Lampung Api (most similar). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Lampung More information. [kvb] 10,000 (1989). Spread across Jambi, Riau and south Sumatra, eastern swamp region. Alternate names: Anak Dalam, Orang Rimba, Orang Hutan. Dialects: Lalang, Bajat, Ulu Lako, Tungkal, Tungkal Ilir, Dawas, Supat, Jambi, Ridan, Nomadic Kubu. Related to Lubu [lcf]. Classification: Austronesian, MalayoPolynesian, Malayo-Sumbawan, North and East, Malayic, Malay More information. [ljp] 827,000 (2000 census). West, central, and south Lampung Province; south Benkulu Province around Krui, Sanggi, Kotajawa, South Sumatra, south of Muaradua, near headwaters of Kanan River. Alternate names: Api, Lampung, Lampung Pesisir, Lampong. Dialects: Krui (Kroe, Krui, Njo, Western Lampung), Southern Pesisir, Pubian, Ranau, Sungkai, Daya. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Lampung More information. [abl] 180,000 (2000 census). South and east Lampung Province. Alternate names: Abung, Lampong. Dialects: Abung, Tulangbawang, Sukadana, Melinting. Many differences in vocabulary and phonology with Lampung Api [ljp]. Lexical similarity: 72% between the Menggala dialect and the Kalianda dialect of Lampung Api, 77% among dialects. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Lampung More information. [lce] 420 (2000). East coast on both sides of the mouths of the Kampat and Inderagiri rivers, nearby islands, and coasts of Bangka and Belitung islands. Alternate names: Lonchong, Orang Laut, Seka, Sekah. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Sumbawan, North and East, Malayic, Malay More information. [lcf] 30,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). East Sumatra, central region. Dialects: Related to Kubu [kvb]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Sumbawan, North and East, Malayic, Malay More information. [zlm] 905,000 in Indonesia (2000 census). 3,965,000 in Sumatra (100,000 in Belitung, 1,825,000 in Riau, 2,000,000 Deli, Asahan etc. in North Sumatra and 40,000 Tamiang in Aceh), and 940,000 in Kalimantan (primarily Pontianak, Sambas and Ketapang). Primarily coastal regions of central and north Sumatra and western Kalimantan. Alternate names: Malayu, Bahasa Melayu, Bahasa Daerah. Dialects: Tamiang, Riau mainland, Deli, Belitung, Akit, Sakai, Riau islands, coastal Jambi, Sambas, Landak, Pontianak, Sukadana, Ketapang, Sanggau, Sintang, Sekadau, Kapuas Hulu, Sintang. Classification: Austronesian, MalayoPolynesian, Malayo-Sumbawan, North and East, Malayic, Malay More information. [pse] 2,350,000 (2007). South Sumatra, central Bukit Barisan highlands west to the Indian ocean along Bengkulu coast, east down Lematang and Ogan river valleys; south of Muaraenim, east and southeast of Lahat. Alternate names: Midden Maleisch, Besemah, Pasemah, Serawai, Semendo, Lintang, Ogan, Enim, Bengkulu. Dialects: Serawai, Bengkulu, Semenda, Lintang, Benakat, Bengkulu, Kisam, Pasemah, Kikim, Lematang Ulu, Ogan, Enim, Rambang. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Sumbawan, North and East, Malayic, Malay More information. [jax] 1,000,000 (2000 census). Southeast Sumatra, Jambi Province. Alternate names: Djambi, Batin. Dialects: Downstream Jambi Malay, Upstream Jambi Malay. Classification: Austronesian, MalayoPolynesian, Malayo-Sumbawan, North and East, Malayic, Malay More information. [mwv] 58,000 (2000 census). West coast of Sumatra area, Mentawai Islands. Alternate names: Mentawei, 2

Minangkabau

Musi

Nias

Pekal

Rejang

Sikule

Simeulue

Mentawi. Dialects: Simalegi, Sakalagan, Silabu, Taikaku, Saumanganja, North Siberut, South Siberut, Sipura, Pagai. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Northwest Sumatra-Barrier Islands More information. [min] 5,530,000 (2007). 500,000 in Jakarta. Widespread in the Indonesian Archipelago; west central Sumatra, Padang area. Nearly half live outside central Sumatra; South Sumatra, west coast Mukomuko area. Alternate names: Minang, Padang. Dialects: Agam, Pajokumbuh, Tanah, Si Junjung, Batu Sangkar-Pariangan, Singkarak, Pancuang Soal (Muko-Muko), Orang Mamak, Ulu, Kerinci-Minangkabau, Aneuk Jamee (Jamee), Penghulu. Not intelligible with Indonesian [ind]. Pekal [pel] may be intelligible with Minangkabau. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Sumbawan, North and East, Malayic, Malay More information. [mui] 3,930,000 (2000 census). South Sumatra Province, Musi River upstream to Bukit Barisan mountains, downstream to eastern coastal swamplands. Alternate names: Sekayu, Palembang. Dialects: Pegagan, Musi Sekayu, Penukal, Kelingi, Rawas; Palembang, Palembang Lama, Meranjat, Penesak, Belide, Burai, Lematang Ilir, Coastal Malay. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Sumbawan, North and East, Malayic, Malay More information. [nia] 770,000 (2000 census). Off west coast of Sumatra, Nias and Batu islands. Alternate names: Batu. Dialects: Northern Nias, Southern Nias, Batu. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Northwest Sumatra-Barrier Islands, Nias More information. [pel] 30,000 (2000 census). South Sumatra, Bengkulu Province, west coast, north of Ipuh to Tembesi River, to near Argamakmur south. Dialects: Related to Minangkabau [min] with Rejang influences [rej]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Sumbawan, North and East, Malayic, Malay More information. [rej] 350,000 (2000 census). North Bengkulu Province, southwest highlands, Arga Makmur, Muara Aman, Curup, Kapahiang areas; South Sumatra Province, Musi Rawa Ulu. Alternate names: Red Jang. Dialects:Lebong, Kepahiang (Kebanagung), Pasisir, Musi (Curup), Rawas. Lebong recognized as central dialect. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Rejang More information. [skh] 20,000. Central Simeulue Island. Alternate names: Sichule, Sikhule, Wali Banuah. Dialects: Lekon, Tapah. Similar to Nias [nia]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Northwest Sumatra-Barrier Islands, Nias More information. [smr] 30,000. West and east ends of Simeulue Island, Babi and Banjak islands. Alternate names: Long Bano, Simalur, Simeulo, Simulul. Dialects: Related to Sikule [skh], Nias [nia]. Classification:Austronesian, MalayoPolynesian, Northwest Sumatra-Barrier Islands More information.

Languages of Indonesia (Java and Bali)

See language map. Indonesia (Java and Bali). 120,000,000 in Java (2003), 3,573,000 in Bali (2000 census). Immigrant languages: Dutch, Western Cham. The number of individual languages listed for Indonesia (Java and Bali) is 21. Of those, 20 are living languages and 1 has no known speakers. Badui [bac] 20,000 (2000 census). West Java, Mount Kendeng, Kabupaten Rangkasbitung, Pandeglang, Sukabumi. Dialects: Sometimes considered a dialect of Sunda [sun]. Classification: Austronesian, MalayoPolynesian, Malayo-Sumbawan, Sundanese More information. Bali [ban] 3,330,000 (2000 census). 7,000 in South Sulawesi. Island of Bali, north Nusa Penida, west Lombok Islands, and east Java, South Sulawesi. Alternate names: Balinese. Dialects: Lowland Bali (Klungkung, Karangasem, Buleleng, Gianyar, Tabanan, Jembrana, Badung), Highland Bali (Bali Aga ), Nusa Penida. Reportedly two distinct dialects. High Bali is used in religion, but those who can use it are diminishing. There are speech strata in several lowland varieties (1989 A. Clynes). Classification: Austronesian, MalayoPolynesian, Malayo-Sumbawan, North and East, Bali-Sasak-Sumbawa More information. Benkala Sign [bqy] 41 (2007 SIL). Bali Island, Kabupaten District, Bengkala village. Classification: Deaf sign Language language Nearly extinct. More information. Betawi [bew] 2,700,000 (Johnstone 1993). Jakarta, Java. Alternate names: Batavi, Batawi, Betawi Malay, Jakarta Malay, Melayu Jakarte. Dialects: A Malay-based creole quite distinct from both standard Indonesian [ind] and from other Malay-based pidgins and creoles. It evolved by the mid-19th century. Unique phonological, morphological, and lexical traits. Also influences from Peranakan Indonesian [pea] and Bali [bcp]. Often not intelligible to Indonesian speakers not familiar with it (Allen 1989). Classification: Austronesian, MalayoPolynesian, Malayo-Sumbawan, North and East, Malayic, Malay, Trade More information. Chinese, Hakka [hak] 640,000 in Indonesia (1982). Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Chinese More information. Chinese, [cmn] 460,000 in Indonesia (1982). Scattered throughout Indonesia. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Chinese Mandarin More information. Chinese, Min [cdo] 20,000 in Indonesia (1982). Alternate names: Min Dong. Dialects: Xinghua Dong (Hsinghua). Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Chinese More information. Chinese, Min Nan [nan] 700,000 in Indonesia (1982). Pontianak (West Borneo) and elsewhere. Alternate names: Min Nan, Minnan. Dialects: Fujian (Hokkien), Chaochow (Tiu Chiu). Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Chinese More information. Chinese, Yue [yue] 180,000 in Indonesia (1982). Alternate names: Cantonese, Yue, Yueh. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Chinese More information. Indonesian [ind] 22,800,000 in Indonesia (2000). Population total all countries: 23,187,680. Widespread in Indonesia. Also in Netherlands, Philippines, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, United States. Alternate names: Bahasa Indonesia. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Sumbawan, North and East, Malayic, Malay More information. Indonesian Sign [inl] Ethnic population: 2,000,000 deaf people (1993). Classification: Deaf sign language Language More information. Indonesian, [pea] 20,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). East and central Java. Alternate names: Baba Indonesian, Chinese Peranakan Indonesian, Peranakan. Dialects: Based on Indonesian [ind] and Javanese [jav], with Mandarin elements in contrast to Baba Malay [mbf], which has Hokkien (Chinese, Min Nan [nan]) elements. Classification:Creole, Malay based More information. Javanese [jav] 84,300,000 in Indonesia (2000 census). 25,000 in south Sulawesi, and 69,000,000 on Java, 500,000 of them being in Banten region and 2,500,000 in Cirebon region of Java. Population total all countries: 84,608,470. Central Java, east third of west Java, southwest half of east Java. Resettlements in Papua, Sulawesi, Maluku, Kalimantan, and Sumatra. Also in Malaysia (Sabah), Netherlands, Singapore, United States. Alternate names: Djawa, Jawa. Dialects: Jawa Halus, Cirebon (Tjirebon, Cheribon), Tegal, Indramayu, Solo, Tembung, Pasisir, Surabaya, Malang-Pasuruan, Banten, Manuk, Banten, Cirebon, Tegal, Solo, Surabaya, Malang-Pasuruan. High Javanese (Jawa Halus) is the language of religion, but the number of people that can use that variety is mostly limited to Central Javanese speakers and diminishing. The Javanese varieties in Suriname and in New Caledonia have changed sufficiently to be only partially intelligible with difficulty. Javanese in New Caledonia are reported to not be able to use High Javanese (Koentjaraninggrat 1971). Several dialects in Sabah. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Javanese 4

Javindo Kangean

Madura

Malay, Balinese Osing

Petjo Sunda

More information. [jvd] Extinct. Central Java. Alternate names: Krontjong. Dialects: Derived from Dutch lexicon and Javanese grammar. Classification: Creole, Dutch based More information. [kkv] 110,000 (2000 census). East Madura area. Dialects: Barely intelligible with East Madura. A separate language (Stevens 1968). Lexical similarity: 75% with Madura [mad]. Classification: Austronesian, MalayoPolynesian, Malayo-Sumbawan, Madurese More information. [mad] 13,600,000 in Indonesia (2000 census). 86,000 Bawean. Population total all countries: 13,600,900. North coastal area of east Java, Sapudi Islands, Madura Island. Also in Singapore. Alternate names: Basa Mathura, Madhura, Madurese. Dialects: Bawean (Boyanese), Bangkalan (Bangkalon), Pamekesan (Pamekasan), Sampang, Sapudi, Sumenep. Dialect continuum. Reports differ about inherent intelligibility among dialects: some Sumenep and Sampang report they cannot understand Pamekasan or Sumenep. Difficult intelligibility with Kangean [kkv]. Lexical similarity: 75% with Kangean. Classification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Sumbawan, Madurese More information. [mhp] 25,000 (2000 census). Bali. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Sumbawan, North and East, Malayic, Malay, Trade More information. [osi] 300,000 (2000 census). East Java, east and northeast coast. Alternate names: Banyuwangi. Dialects:Related to East Javanese. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Javanese More information. [pey] Java, Djakarta (Batavia). Alternate names: Pecok, Petjoh. Dialects: Influences from Dutch [nld], Javanese [jav], Betawi [bew]. Classification: Creole, Dutch based More information. [sun] 34,000,000 (2000 census). Java, western third of the island. Alternate names: Priangan, Sundanese. Dialects: Bogor (Krawang), Pringan, Cirebon. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Sumbawan, Sundanese More information. [tes] 80,000 (2000 census). East Java, Tengger-Semeru massif and slopes of Mt. Bromo. Alternate names:Tenggerese. Dialects: May be marginally intelligible with Javanese [jav]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Javanese More information.

Tengger

http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=IDJ

Languages of Indonesia (Kalimantan)

See language map. Indonesia (Kalimantan). 11,331,558 (2000 census). 4 provinces. Immigrant languages: Tringgus-Sembaan Bidayuh. Information mainly from R. Blust 1974; A. Cense and E. Uhlenbeck 1958. The number of individual languages listed for Indonesia (Kalimantan) is 74. Of those, all are living languages. Ampanang [apg] 30,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). East Kalimantan Province, central, southeast of Tunjung, Jambu, Lamper area. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Barito, Barito-Mahakam More information. Aoheng [pni] 2,630 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). East Kalimantan Province, north central near Sarawak border, upper reaches of Kapuas, Barito, and Mahakam rivers. Alternate names: Penihing. Dialects: Lexical similarity: 69% with Kereho [xke], 67% with Hovongan [hov]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Kayan-Kenyah, Kayanic, Muller-Schwaner Punan More information. Bahau [bhv] 19,000 (2007 SIL). East Kalimantan Province. Northeast, north, and southeast of Busang. Long Apari, Long Pahangai, Long Bagun, and Long Hubung subdistricts, Kutai Barat Regency. Classification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Kayan-Kenyah, Kayanic, Kayan Proper More information. Bakati [bei] 4,000 (1986 UBS). Northwest near Sarawak border, Sambas and Selvas areas. Alternate names:Bakati Nyam, Bakati Riok, Bakatiq, Bekati. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Land Dayak, Bakati More information. Bakati, Rara [lra] 12,000 in Indonesia (2007). West Kalimantan Province, upper Lundu and Sambas rivers, Bengkayang area east of Gunung Pendering, and north in Pejampi and 2 other villages. Alternate names: Luru, Lara, Bekatiq, Bekati Nyam-Pelayo, Bekati Kendayan. Dialects: Binae. Classification: Austronesian, MalayoPolynesian, Land Dayak, Bakati More information. Bakati, Sara [sre] 4,000. West Kalimantan Province, near Sanggau-Ledo northeast of Ledo. Alternate names: Sara, Riok. Dialects: Some dialect differences. Unidirectional intelligibility from Sara to RaraBakati. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Land Dayak, Bakati More information. Bakumpai [bkr] 100,000 (2003). Central Kalimantan Province. Kapuas and Barito rivers, northeast of Kuala Kapuas.Alternate names: Bakambai, Bara-Jida. Dialects: Bakumpai, Mengkatip (Mangkatip, Oloh Mengkatip). Lexical similarity: 75% with Ngaju [nij], 45% with Banjar [bjn]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Barito, West, South More information. Banjar [bjn] 3,500,000 in Indonesia (2000 census), increasing. Population total all countries: 3,502,300. Around Banjarmasin south and east; East Kalimantan, coastal regions of Pulau Laut, Kutai and Pasir; Central Kalimantan as far as Sampit. Also in Malaysia (Sabah). Alternate names: Bandjarese, Banjar Malay, Banjarese, Labuhan. Dialects: Kuala, Hulu. Lexical similarity: 73% with Indonesian [ind], 66% with Tamuan (Malayic Dayak), 45% with Bakumpai [bkr], 35% with Ngaju [nij]. Classification: Austronesian, MalayoPolynesian, Malayo-Sumbawan, North and East, Malayic, Malay More information. Basap [bdb] 15,000 (2007 SIL). East Kalimantan Province, scattered in Bulungan, Sangkulirang, and Kutai regencies. Dialects: Jembayan, Bulungan, Berau, Dumaring, Binatang, Karangan. Classification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, Rejang-Sajau More information. Benyadu [byd] 54,000 (2007). West Kalimantan Province, northwest near Sarawak border, Landak and Bengkayang regencies. Alternate names: Njadu, Nyadu, Balantiang, Balantian. Dialects: Pandu, Nyadu (Balantian, Balantiang, Njadu). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Land Dayak More information. Bidayuh, Biatah [bth] 8,480 in Indonesia (2000). Northwest Kalimantan, on Sarawak border. Mainly in Sarawak. Alternate names: Biatah, Bideyu, Landu, Lundu, Pueh, Siburan. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Land Dayak, Bidayuh, Core, Central More information. Bidayuh, Bukar[sdo] West Kalimantan Province, Sarawak border, Sanggau and Sintang regencies. Alternate names:Buka, Sadong Bukar, Bukar Sadong, Bukar Sadung Bidayah, Sabutan, Sadong, Serian, Tebakang. Dialects:Bukar Sadong, Bukar Bidayuh (Bidayuh, Bidayah). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Land Dayak, Bidayuh, Eastern More information. Bolongan [blj] 30,000 (Pusat Bahasa 2002). East Kalimantan Province, Tanjungselor area, lower Kayan River.Alternate names: Bulungan. Dialects: May be a dialect of Tidong [tid] or Segai [sge]. Classification uncertain. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Dayic, Murutic, Tidong

Bukat

Bukitan

Burusu

Dusun Deyah

Dusun Malang

Dusun Witu

Embaloh

Hovongan

Iban

Jangkang

Kayan Mahakam

Kayan, Busang

Kayan, Kayan River

More information. [bvk] 400 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). West Kalimantan Province, northeast near Sarawak border, Kapuas River, southeast of Mendalam. 3 areas. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Kayan-Kenyah, Kayanic, Muller-Schwaner Punan More information. [bkn] 570 in Indonesia (2000). Population total all countries: 860. East Kalimantan Province, Iwan River, Sarawak border. Also in Malaysia (Sarawak). Alternate names: Bakatan, Bakitan, Beketan, Mangkettan, Manketa, Pakatan. Dialects: Punan Ukit, Punan Busang. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, Melanau-Kajang, Kajang More information. [bqr] 4,350 (2007 SIL). East Kalimantan Province, Bulungan Regency, Sesayap subdistrict, Sekatakbunyi area, north of Sajau Basap [sjb] language. Alternate names: Berusuh, Bulusu. Classification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, Rejang-Sajau More information. [dun] 20,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). South Kalimantan Province, Tabalong River northeast of Bongkang. Alternate names: Deah, Dejah. Dialects: Lexical similarity: 53% with Lawangan [lbx], 52% with Tawoyan [twy]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Barito, East, Central-South, Central More information. [duq] 4,500 (2003). 2,000 Bayan. Central Kalimantan Province, North Barito Regency, west of Muarainu, northeast of Muarateweh. Dialects: Bayan, Dusun Malang. Most similar to Maanyan [mhy], Paku [pku], Dusun Witu [duw], Malagasy [plt]. Lexical similarity: 90% between the 2 dialects. Classification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Barito, East, Central-South, South More information. [duw] 5,000 (2003). Central Kalimantan Province, South Barito Regency, Pendang and Buntokecil regions; south of Muarateweh. Dialects: Dusun Pepas, Dusun Witu. Most similar to Maanyan [mhy], Paku, Dusun Malang [duq], Malagasy [plt]. Lexical similarity: 75% with Maanyan, 73% with Paku [pku]. Classification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Barito, East, Central-South, South More information. [emb] 10,000 (1991 NTM). West Kalimantan Province, Kapuas Hulu Regency, south of Sarawak border, upper Kapuas River: Embaloh, Leboyan, Lauh, Palin, Nyabau, Mandai, and Kalis tributaries. Alternate names: Malo, Maloh, Matoh, Mbaloh, Memaloh, Palin, Pari, Sangau, Sanggau. Dialects: Kalis (Kalis Maloh, Kalis Dayak). Kalis may be a separate language. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Bugis, Tamanic More information. [hov] 1,000 (1991 NTM). West Kalimantan Province near Sarawak and East Kalimantan Province borders; Kapuas Hulu Regency, far northeast corner. Alternate names: Punan Bungan. Dialects: Hovongan, Penyavung, Semukung Uheng. Lexical similarity: 69% with Kereho [xke], 67% with Aoheng [pni]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Kayan-Kenyah, Kayanic, Muller-Schwaner Punan More information. [iba] 15,000 in Kalimantan (Benjamin and Chou 2003). West Kalimantan Province, Sarawak border.Alternate names: Sea Dayak. Dialects: Batang Lupar, Bugau, Kantu, Ketungau (Air Tabun, Sigarau, Seklau, Sekapat, Banjur, Sebaru, Demam, Maung, Sesat). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, MalayoSumbawan, North and East, Malayic, Ibanic More information. [djo] 37,000 (2007 SIL). West Kalimantan Province, Central Sanggau Regency, south of Balai Sebut.Dialects: Jangkang proper, Pompang. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Land Dayak, Southern More information. [xay] 1,300 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). East Kalimantan Province, West Kutai and Malinau regencies, 2 areas. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Kayan-Kenyah, Kayanic, Kayan Proper More information. [bfg] 3,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). East Kalimantan Province, upper Mahakam, Oga, Belayan rivers.Alternate names: Busang, Kajan, Kajang. Dialects: Mahakam Busang, Belayan, Long Bleh. Classification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Kayan-Kenyah, Kayanic, Kayan Proper More information. [xkn] 2,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). East Kalimantan Province, Kayan River, 2 areas. Alternate names:Kajang, Kayan River Kajan. Dialects: Uma Leken, Kayaniyut Kayan, Uma Laran. Classification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Kayan-Kenyah, Kayanic, Kayan Proper More information. 7

Kayan, Mendalam

Kayan, Wahau

Kelabit

Kembayan

Kendayan

Keninjal

Kenyah, Mainstream

Kenyah, Wahau

Kereho

Kohin

Lawangan

Lengilu Lun Bawang

[xkd] 1,500 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). West Kalimantan Province, northeast of Putus Sibau, Mendalam River. Alternate names: Mendalam Kajan. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Kayan-Kenyah, Kayanic, Kayan Proper More information. [whu] 500 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). East Kalimantan Province, north of Muara Wahau. Alternate names:Wahau Kajan. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Kayan-Kenyah, Kayanic, Kayan Proper More information. [kzi] 640 in Indonesia (2000). East Kalimantan Province, remote mountains, on Sarawak border, northwest of Longkemuat. Mainly in Sarawak. Alternate names: Kalabit, Kerabit, Apo Duat. Dialects: Lon Bangag, Tring, Bareo (Bario), Pa Mada, Long Napir. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Dayic, Kelabitic More information. [xem] 11,000 (2007 SIL). West Kalimantan Province, near Sarawak border, Balaikarangan, Kembayan, Landak River area. Alternate names: Karambai. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Land Dayak, Southern More information. [knx] 280,000 in Indonesia (2007). Population total all countries: 290,700. West Kalimantan Province, northeast of Bengkayang, Ledo area, Madi and Papan jungle area; Sambas regency. Also in Malaysia (Sarawak). Alternate names: Baicit, Kendayan-Ambawang, Kendayan Dayak, Damea, Salako. Dialects:Ambawang, Kendayan, Ahe, Selako. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Sumbawan, North and East, Malayic, Kendayan More information. [knl] 32,000 (2007 SIL). West Kalimantan Province, Sayan and Melawi rivers, Nangapinoh, Nangaella, Nangasayan, Gelalak areas. Alternate names: Dayak Kaninjal, Kaninjal, Kaninjal Dayak. Dialects: Kubing. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Sumbawan, North and East, Malayic, Kendayan More information. [xkl] 12,000 in Indonesia (2007), decreasing. Population total all countries: 32,000. East Kalimantan Province, Malinau Regency, Pimping, Long Setulang, Batu Kajang, Long Uli, Long Belua villages, Kayan, Mahakam, Upper Baram, Bahau, Upper Balui, Malinau, Belayan, and Telen river areas. Also in Malaysia (Sarawak). Alternate names: Usun Apau Kenyah, Highland Kenyah. Dialects: Lepo Tau, Lepo Bem, Uma Jalan, Uma Tukung, Lepo Ke, Lepo Kuda, Lepo Maut, Lepo Ndang, Badeng, Bakung, Lepo Tepu. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Kayan-Kenyah, Kenyah More information. [whk] 8,000 (2007), decreasing. East Kalimantan Province, upper Mahakam River, Batu Majang, Buluk Sen, Uma Dian, Muara Pedohon, Kampung Baru, Uma Bekuai, Tabang Lama villages. Alternate names:Wahau Kenya, Lebu Kulit. Dialects: Uma Timai, Lebu Kulit, Uma Ujok. Classification: Austronesian, MalayoPolynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Kayan-Kenyah, Kenyah, Kayanic Kenyah More information. [xke] 500 (2003). West Kalimantan Province, far east Kapuas Hulu Regency, near Sarawak border, Kereho River. Alternate names: Keriau Punan. Dialects: Busang (Kereho-Busang), Seputan, Uheng (Kereho-Uheng). Lexical similarity: 69% with Hovongan [hov], 69% with Aoheng [pni]. Classification:Austronesian, MalayoPolynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Kayan-Kenyah, Kayanic, Muller-Schwaner Punan More information. [kkx] 8,000 (2003). Central Kalimantan Province, Kotawaringin Timur Regency, central and north Seruyan River area. 10 villages. Alternate names: Bahasa Seruyan, Seruyan. Dialects: Lexical similarity: 60%65% with Ot Danum [otd], 50%69% with Ngaju [nij]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Barito, West, North More information. [lbx] 100,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). East central Kalimantan, Karau River area. Alternate names:Luwangan, Northeast Barito. Dialects: Ajuh, Bakoi (Lampung), Bantian (Bentian), Banuwang, Bawu (Bawo), Kali, Karau (Beloh), Lawa, Lolang, Mantararen, Njumit, Purai, Purung, Tuwang, Pasir, Benua, Taboyan. At least 17 dialects. Tawoyan [twy] may be inherently intelligible. Lexical similarity: 77% with Tawoyan, 53% with Dusun Deyah [dun]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Barito, East, North More information. [lgi] 4 (2000 S. Wurm). Northeast, between Saban and Lundayeh. Classification: Austronesian, MalayoPolynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Dayic, Kelabitic Nearly extinct. More information. [lnd] 23,000 in Indonesia (2007 SIL). Population total all countries: 47,500. Interior from Brunei Bay to Padas River headwaters, to Baram headwaters, and into East Kalimantan, Indonesian mountains where Sesayap River tributaries arise. Also in Brunei, Malaysia (Sarawak). Alternate names: Southern Murut, Lundayeh, Lun 8

Maanyan

Malay, Berau

Malay, Bukit

Malay, Kota Bangun Kutai

Malay, Tenggarong Kutai

Malayic Dayak

Modang

Mualang

Ngaju

Okolod

Daye, Lun Dayah, Lun Daya, Lun Dayoh, Lundaya Putuk. Dialects: Lun Daye, Papadi, Lun Bawang (Long Bawan, Sarawak Murut). Not Murutic, although sometimes called Southern Murut. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Dayic, Kelabitic More information. [mhy] 150,000 (2003). Central Kalimantan, Barito Selatan Regency, South Tamianglayang area, Dusun Hilir, Karau Kuala, Dusun Selatan, Dusun Utara, Gunung Bintang Awai, Dusun Tengah, Awang, and Patangkep Tutui subdistricts. Patai River drainage area. Alternate names: Maanjan, Maanyak Dayak. Dialects: Samihim (Buluh Kuning), Sihong (Siong), Dusun Balangan. Related to Malagasy languages in Madagascar. Lexical similarity: 77% with Paku [pku], 75% with Dusun Witu [duv]. Classification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Barito, East, Central-South, South More information. [bve] 11,200 (2007 SIL). East Kalimantan Province, central coastal area, Tanjungreder and Muaramalinau north to Sepinang south. Alternate names: Berau, Merau Malay. Classification: Austronesian, MalayoPolynesian, Malayo-Sumbawan, North and East, Malayic, Malay More information. [bvu] 59,000 (2007 SIL). East Kalimantan Province, southeast, Sampanahan River, northwest of Limbungan. Alternate names: Bukit, Meratus, Bukat. Dialects: A variant of Banjar Malay [bjn]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Sumbawan, North and East, Malayic, Malay More information. [mqg] 80,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). East Kalimantan Province, central Mahakam River basin. Dialects:Not intelligible with Tenggarong Kutai Malay [vkt], but may be intelligible with one of its dialects (Northern Kutai). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Sumbawan, North and East, Malayic, Malay More information. [vkt] 210,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). 100,000 in Tenggarong, 60,000 in Ancalong, 50,000 in Northern Kutai. East Kalimantan Province, Mahakam River basin, east central coastal area, from Sepinang and Tg; Mangkalihat north to Muarabadak and Samarinda south. Alternate names: Kutai, Tenggarong. Dialects:Tenggarong Kutai, Ancalong Kutai, Northern Kutai. Many dialects. Tenggarong and Kota Bangun (Malay, Kota Bangun Kutai [mqg]) are not inherently intelligible. Shares phonological innovations with Berau Malay [bve], Banjar [bjn], and Brunei [xkd]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Sumbawan, North and East, Malayic, Malay More information. [xdy] 520,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). 300 Tapitn, 100,000 Banana, 100,000 Kayung, 200,000 Delang, 10,000 Semitau, 10,000 Suhaid, 20,000 Mentebah-Suruk. Large portions of eastern West Kalimantan and western Central Kalimantan provinces. Banana and Tapitn are western, between Singakawang, Bengkayang, Darit, and Sungairaya; Kayung and Delang are southern, between Sandai, Muarakayang, Pembuanghulu, Sukamara, and Sukaraja; Semitau, Suhaid, and Mentebah-Suruk are eastern, southeast of Kapuas River from Sintang to Putus Sibau. Alternate names: Bamayo, Bumayoh. Dialects: Tapitn, Banana, Kayung (Kayong), Delang, Semitau, Suhaid, Mentebah-Suruk, Arut (Sukarame), Lamandau (Landau Kantu), Sukamara (Kerta Mulya), Riam (Nibung Terjung), Belantikan (Sungkup), Tamuan, Tomun, Pangin, Sekakai, Silat. Listed dialects form a chain and may constitute 3 or more languages. Related to Kendayan [knx] and Keninjal [knl]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Sumbawan, North and East, Malayic, Malay More information. [mxd] 15,300 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). East Kalimantan Province, Segah, Kelinjau, and Belayan rivers. 5 areas. Dialects: Kelingan (Long Wai, Long We), Long Glat, Long Bento, Benehes, Nahes, Liah Bing. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Kayan-Kenyah, Kayanic, Modang More information. [mtd] 40,000 (2007 Tjia). West Kalimantan Province, Belitang Hilir, Belitang, and Belitang Hulu Sekadau subdistricts, along Ayak and Belitang rivers, about 320 kms. upstream from Pontianak. Dialects: Mualang Ili, Mualang Ulu. Similar to Iban [iba]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Sumbawan, North and East, Malayic, Ibanic More information. [nij] 890,000 (2003). Kalimantan, Kapuas, Kahayan, Katingan, and Mentaya rivers, south. Alternate names:Biadju, Dayak Ngaju, Ngadju, Ngaja, Ngaju Dayak, Southwest Barito. Dialects: Baamang (Bara-Bare, Sampit), Katingan Ngaju, Katingan Ngawa, Kahayan, Kahayan Kapuas, Mantangai (Oloh Mangtangai), Pulopetak. Related to Bakumpai [bkr]. Lexical similarity: 75% with Bakumpai, 62% with Kohin [kkx], 50% with Ot Danum [otd], 35% with Banjar [bjn]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Barito, West, South More information. [kqv] 3,390 in Indonesia (2000). Population total all countries: 4,970. East Kalimantan Province along Sabah border, east of Lumbis, north of Lundayeh; also in Sarawak. Also in Malaysia (Sarawak). Alternate names: Kolod, Kolour, Kolur, Okolod Murut. Dialects: Lexical similarity: 82% with Okolod of Sabah, 70% with Pensiangan Murut dialect of Tagal Murut [mvv], 34% with Lun Bawang [lnd]. Classification:Austronesian, 9

Ot Danum

Paku

Punan Aput

Punan Merah

Punan Merap Punan Tubu

Putoh

Ribun

Saban

Sajau Basap

Sanggau

Seberuang

Segai

Selungai Murut

Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Dayic, Murutic, Murut More information. [otd] 78,800 (2007 SIL). Upper reaches of south Borneo River, large area south of Schwaner Range. Ulu Ai on Mandai River with 7 villages. Alternate names: Dohoi, Malahoi, Uud Danum, Uut Danum. Dialects:Ot Balawan, Ot Banuu, Ot Murung 1 (Murung 1, Punan Ratah), Ot Olang, Ot Tuhup, Sarawai (Melawi), Dohoi, Ulu Ai (Daan), Sebaung, Kadorih, Kuhin. Lexical similarity: 70% with Siang [sya], 65% with Kohin [kkx], 60% with Katingan dialect of Ngaju [nij], 50% with Ngaju (main dialect) [nij]. Classification:Austronesian, MalayoPolynesian, Greater Barito, West, North More information. [pku] 3,500 (2003), decreasing. Central Kalimantan Province, East Barito Regency, south of Ampah.Alternate names: Bakau. Dialects: Lexical similarity: 77% with Maanyan [mhy], 73% with Dusun Witu [duv]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Barito, East, Central-South, South More information. [pud] 370 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). East Kalimantan Province, west and north of Mt. Menyapa. Alternate names: Aput. Dialects: Allegedly unintelligible to other Penan languages. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Kayan-Kenyah, Kayanic, Muller-Schwaner Punan More information. [puf] 140 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). East Kalimantan Province, Mahakam River, east of Ujohhilang.Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Kayan-Kenyah, Kayanic, Muller-Schwaner Punan More information. [puc] 200 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). East Kalimantan Province, east of Longkemuat. Classification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, Rejang-Sajau More information. [puj] 2,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). East Kalimantan Province, Malinau, Mentarang, and Sembakung rivers, coastal. 8 locations. Dialects: Not a Kenyah language (Soriente 2003). Classification: Austronesian, MalayoPolynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Punan Tubu More information. [put] 6,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). East Kalimantan Province, east of Lundayeh and Saban, Mentarang River, Longberang, Mensalong, Bangalan areas. Alternate names: Putuk. Dialects: Pa Kembaloh, Abai. May be the same as Lun Bawang [lnd]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Dayic, Kelabitic More information. [rir] 45,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). West Kalimantan Province, Kapuas Hulu Regency, Tayan Hulu subdistrict. Dialects: Ribun, Bekidoh. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Land Dayak, Southern More information. [snv] 850 in Indonesia (2000). East Kalimantan Province, Nunukan Regency, Sarawak border, south of Lundayeh. Alternate names: Saban, Merau. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Dayic, Kelabitic More information. [sjb] 6,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). East Kalimantan Province, Berau and Bulungan regencies, northeast of Muaramalinau. Alternate names: Sajau, Sujau. Dialects: Punan Sajau, Punan Basap, Punan Batu 2. Related to Basap [bdb]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, Rejang-Sajau More information. [scg] 45,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). West Kalimantan Province, Sanggau Regency, Kapuas River.Dialects: Dosan, Mayau, Sanggau. Very heterogenous dialects, probably more than 1 language in this groupnot all Sanggau isolects mutually intelligible. Koman and Semerawai could be part of this group. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Land Dayak More information. [sbx] 37,000 (2007 SIL). West Kalimantan Province, Kapuas area from Nanga Silat to Selimbau, on Belimbing, Lebang, Belitang, Seauk, Tempunak, Selimbau, Silat rivers. Dialects: Quite similar to Desa. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Sumbawan, North and East, Malayic, Ibanic More information. [sge] 2,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). East Kalimantan Province, Berau regency, Kelai River and around Longlaai. Alternate names: Called Segayi by the Berau, Gaay by the Kenyah and Kayan. Dialects: Kelai, Segah. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Kayan-Kenyah, Kayanic, Modang More information. [slg] 640 in Indonesia (2000). Population total all countries: 1,240. East Kalimantan Province, Nunukan Regency east of Lumbis on upper reaches of Sembakung River. Also in Malaysia (Sabah). Alternate names: Murut. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Dayic, Murutic, Murut More information. 10

Semandang

Sembakung Murut

Siang

Tagal Murut

Taman

Tausug

Tawoyan

Tidong

Tunjung

Uma Lasan

Uma Lung

[sdm] 20,000. West Kalimantan Province, Ketapang Regency, Kualan and Semandang rivers. Alternate names: Kualan-Semandang. Dialects: Semandang, Gerai, Beginci, Bihak, Komi. Classification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Land Dayak, Southern More information. [sbr] 3,180 in Indonesia (2000). Population total all countries: 5,180. East Kalimantan Province, Nunukan Regency, Sembakung River mouth into Sabah. Also in Malaysia (Sabah). Alternate names: Sembakoeng, Sembakong, Simbakong, Tingalun, Tinggalan, Tinggalum. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Dayic, Murutic, Tidong More information. [sya] 60,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Central Kalimantan Province, Murung Raya Regency, east of Dohoi. Alternate names: Ot Siang. Dialects: Siang, Murung 2. Related to Dohoi. Classification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Barito, West, North More information. [mvv] 2,000 in Indonesia. East Kalimantan Province, Nunukan Regency, Pegalan Valley, Alumbis River.Alternate names: Semambu, Semembu, Sumambu, Sumambu-Tagal, Sumambuq. Dialects: Rundum (Arundum), Tagal (Tagol, North Borneo Murut, Sabah Murut), Sumambu (Semembu, Sumambuq), Tolokoson (Telekoson), Sapulot Murut (Sapulut Murut), Pensiangan Murut (Pentjangan, Tagul, Taggal, Lagunan Murut), Alumbis (Lumbis, Loembis), Tawan, Tomani (Tumaniq), Maligan (Mauligan, Meligan, Bol Murut, Bole Murut). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Dayic, Murutic, Murut More information. [tmn] 30,000 (2007 SIL). West Kalimantan Province, Kapuas Hulu regency, Kapuas River, upriver from Putussibau; Mendalam and Sibau tributaries. Alternate names: Dayak Taman, Taman Dayak. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Bugis, Tamanic More information. [tsg] 12,000 in Indonesia (1981 Wurm). Northeast Kalimantan coastal settlements, immigrants from Sulu Archipelago in the Philippines. Alternate names: Joloano Sulu, Moro Joloano, Sooloo, Sulu, Suluk, Taosug, Tausog, Taw Sug. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Philippine, Greater Central Philippine, Central Philippine, Bisayan, South, Butuan-Tausug More information. [twy] 20,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). East Central around Palori. Alternate names: Tabojan, Tabojan Tongka, Taboyan, Tabuyan, Tawoyan Dayak, Tewoyan. Dialects: Lexical similarity: 77% with Lawangan [lbx], 52% with Dusun Deyah. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Barito, East, North More information. [tid] 27,000 in Indonesia (2007 SIL). Population total all countries: 47,000. East Kalimantan Province, Bulungan Regency, Sembakung and Sibuka rivers, coast and islands around Tarakan and interior, Malinau River. Also in Malaysia (Sabah). Alternate names: Camucones, Tedong, Tidoeng, Tidung, Tiran, Tirones, Tiroon, Zedong. Dialects: Nonukan (Nunukan), Penchangan, Sedalir (Salalir, Sadalir, Saralir, Selalir), Tidung, Tarakan (Terakan), Sesayap (Sesajap), Sibuku. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Dayic, Murutic, Tidong More information. [tjg] 50,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). East Kalimantan Province, Kutai Regency, between Adas, Dempar, Melak, and east around the lake; south Muntaiwan area. Alternate names: Tunjung Dayak. Dialects:Tunjung (Tunjung Tengah), Tunjung Londong, Tunjung Linggang, Pahu. Classification: Austronesian, MalayoPolynesian, Greater Barito, Barito-Mahakam More information. [xky] 1,500 in Indonesia (Soriente 2003, 2005). East Kalimantan Province, Malinau regency, primarily Long Pujungan and Long Jelet Mesahan villages, also Long Pejalin (Uma Alim). Alternate names: Western Kenyah. Dialects: Uma Alim, Uma Lasan, Uma Baka. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Kayan-Kenyah, Kenyah, Upper Pujungan More information. [ulu] 3,000 (2006). East Kalimantan Province, Malinau regency mostly, Pimping, Long Setulang, Batu Kajang, Long Uli, Long Belua villages. Alternate names: Oma Longh. Dialects: Marginally intelligible with Uma Lasan [xky]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Kayan-Kenyah, Kenyah, Upper Pujungan More information.

11

Languages of Indonesia (Sulawesi)

See language map. Indonesia (Sulawesi). 14,111,444 (2000 census). 6 provinces. Information mainly from J. Anceaux 1978; B. H. Bhurhanuddin 1979; R. Blust 1991; Donohue 2004; T. Friberg 1987; T. Friberg and T. Laskowske 1989; C. and B. Grimes 1987; N. Himmelmann 2001; S. Kaseng 1979, 1983; M. Martens 1989; D. Mead 1998, 1999, 2003; S. Merrifield and M. Salea 1996; Noorduyn 1991a; T. Sebeok 1971; J. Sneddon 1983, 1989, 1993; R. van den Berg 1988, 1996. The number of individual languages listed for Indonesia (Sulawesi) is 114. Of those, all are living languages. Andio [bzb] 1,700 (1991 SIL). Central Sulawesi, Banggai District, Lamala subdistrict, east peninsula, Taugi and Tangeban villages. Alternate names: Andioo, Imbaoo, Masama. Dialects: Related to Balantak [blz], Saluan [loe]. Lexical similarity: 44% with Bobongko [bgb], 62% with Coastal Saluan, 66% with Balantak. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Saluan-Banggai, Western More information. [atq] 12,000 (1984 SIL). West Sulawesi, Mambi subdistrict, between Mandar and Kalumpang. Dialects:Aralle, Tabulahan, Mambi. Aralle has 84%89% lexical similarity with other dialects listed, 75%80% with Bambam [ptu], Pannei [pnc], Ulumandak [ulm] dialects. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Northern, Pitu Ulunna Salu More information. [bhz] 10,000 (1991 SIL). South central portion of central Sulawesi, Lore Selatan subdistrict, 14 villages; Pamona Selatan subdistrict, 2 mixed villages; Poso Pesisir subdistrict, 4 mixed villages; Parigi subdistrict, some in Lemusa village; Ampibabo subdistrict. Ako in northern Mamuju District, Pasangkayu subdistrict. 23 villages or parts of villages. Alternate names: Bada, Tobada. Dialects: Bada, Ako. Lexical similarity: 85% between Bada and Behoa [bep], 91% between Behoa and Napu [npy], 80% between Bada and Napu [npy]. The three are geographically, politically, culturally separate. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Kaili-Pamona, Southern, Badaic More information. [bsu] 200 (1991 SIL). Central Sulawesi, Bungku Tengah subdistrict, Bahonsuai village on the east coast.Dialects: Lexical similarity: 71% with Tomadino [tdi], 68% with Mori Atas [mzq], Mori Bawah [xmz], and Padoe [pdo]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Southeastern, BungkuTolaki, Eastern, East Coast More information. [bdl] 150,000 (2007 SIL). 5,000 or more in North Maluku (Grimes 1982), 8,000 to 10,000 in South Sulawesi (Grimes 1987), 7,000 in North Sulawesi and Gorontalo, 36,000 in Central Sulawesi, 40,000 in Southeast Sulawesi (Mead and Lee 2007), and several thousand in Nusa Tenggara (Wurm and Hattori 1981, Verhiejen 1986). North Maluku on Bacan, Obi, Kayoa and Sula Islands; South Sulawesi, Selayar, Bone, and Sinjai districts; Gorontalo Province, Popayato and Tilamuta subdistricts; North Sulawesi, Wori, Tumpaan and Belang subdistricts. Widespread throughout Central and Southeast Sulawesi and islands of the East Sunda Sea. Alternate names: Badjaw, Badjo, Bajao, Bajo, Bayo, Gaj, Luaan, Lutaos, Lutayaos, Orang Laut, Sama, Turijene. Dialects: Jampea, Same, Matalaang, Sulamu, Kajoa, Roti, Jaya Bakti, Poso, Togian 1, Togian 2, Wallace. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Barito, Sama-Bajaw, Sulu-Borneo, Borneo Coast Bajaw More information. [bls] 3,200 (Himmelmann 2001). Central Sulawesi, Balaesang subdistrict, Manimbayu Peninsula. 5 villages.Alternate names: Balaesan, Balaisang, Pajo. Dialects: Not closely related to any other language. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Tomini-Tolitoli, Tomini, Southern More information. [blz] 30,000 (2000 SIL). 3,000 are monolingual. East central Sulawesi, Banggai District, eastern peninsula, Luwuk, Balantak, Tinangkung, and Lamala subdistricts. 49 villages, or parts of villages. Alternate names:Kosian. Dialects: Related to Andio [bzb], Coastal Saluan [loe]. Lexical similarity: 66% with Andio, 51% with Coastal Saluan, 39% with Bobongko [bgb]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Saluan-Banggai, Eastern More information. [ptu] 22,000 (1988 SIL). West Sulawesi, west Polmas District, Mambi subdistrict, Maloso and Mapilli rivers watershed, into Majene and Mamuju districts. Alternate names: Pitu-Ulunna-Salu. Dialects: Bambam Hulu, Salu Mokanam, Bumal, Mehalaan, Pattae, Matangnga, Issilita, Pakkau. Complex dialect chain . Lexical similarity: 83%94% with Bumal; 85%80% with dialects of Aralle-Tabulahan [atq], Pannei [pnc], and Ulumanda [ulm]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Northern, Pitu Ulunna Salu More information. [bgz] 125,000 (2000). Central Sulawesi, off eastern peninsula, Banggai Islands. 157 villages, or parts of villages. Dialects: East Banggai, West Banggai. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Saluan-Banggai, Eastern More information.

Aralle-Tabulahan

Bada

Bahonsuai

Bajau, Indonesian

Balaesang

Balantak

Bambam

Banggai

12

Bantik Baras

Batui

Behoa

Bentong

Bintauna Boano

Bobongko

Bolango

Bonerate

Budong-Budong

Bugis

Bungku

[bnq] 11,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Sulawesi; northern peninsula, northeast section. 11 villages around Manado. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Philippine, Sangiric, Southern More information. [brs] 250 (1987 SIL). 50 households. South Sulawesi, Mamuju District, south Pasangkayu and north BudongBudong subdistricts, between Lariang and Budong-Budong rivers, a few villages mainly in Desa Baras. Alternate names: Ende. Dialects: Lexical similarity: 84% with Daa Kaili [kzf], 85% with Inde dialect of Kaili, Daa [kzf], 80% or more with other Kaili varieties, 64% with Uma [pkk]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Kaili-Pamona, Northern, Kaili More information. [zbt] 2,900 (2007). Central Sulawesi Province, Banggai Regency, Batui subdistrict, Balantang, Tolando, Sisipan, Batui villages. Alternate names: Baha. Dialects: Lexical similarity: 74% with Saluan, 60% with Ando [bzb], 54% with Bobongko [bgb], 46% with Balantak [blz], 38% with Banggai [bgz]. Classification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Saluan-Banggai, Western, Saluanic More information. [bep] 8,000 (2000 SIL). Central Sulawesi, Lore Utara subdistrict, Napu Valley. 8 villages. Alternate names:Besoa. Dialects: Geographically, politically, culturally, and lexically distinct from Bada [bhz] and Napu [npy]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Kaili-Pamona, Southern, Badaic More information. [bnu] 25,000 (1987 SIL). South Sulawesi, northwest corner of the southern tip of the peninsula; inland parts of Maros, Bone, Pangkep, and Barru districts. Alternate names: Dentong. Dialects: Most similar to Konzo. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Makassar More information. [bne] 12,000 (2004 SIL). North Sulawesi, around Bintauna. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Philippine, Greater Central Philippine, Gorontalo-Mongondow, Gorontalic More information. [bzl] 2,700 (Himmelmann 2001). Central Sulawesi, Montong subdistrict, Bolano village, on the south coast.Alternate names: Bolano, Djidja. Dialects: Lexical similarity: 83% with Totoli [txe]. Classification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Tomini-Tolitoli, Tolitoli More information. [bgb] 1,500 (2001 SIL). 1,100 in Lembanato and 400 in Tumbulawa. Central Sulawesi, Togian Islands, Lembanato village; Batu Daka Island, Kilat Bay north, Tumbulawa village on northwest coast. Dialects:Related to Saluan. Different from Andio [bzb]. Lexical similarity: 53% with Coastal Saluan [loe], 44% with Andio, and 30% with Gorontalo [gor], 25%30% with Gorontalo-Mongondow languages. Classification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Saluan-Banggai, Western, Saluanic More information. [bld] 18,500 (2004 SIL). 5,000 in Bolango, 15,000 in Atinggola. North Sulawesi Province, south coast of the peninsula, Bolaang Mongondow District, around Molibagu; Gorontalo Province, north coast around Atinggola, between Kaidipang and Gorontalo. Alternate names: Bulanga, Bulanga-Uki, Diu. Dialects:Bolango, Atinggola. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Philippine, Greater Central Philippine, GorontaloMongondow, Gorontalic More information. [bna] 9,500 (1987 SIL). South Sulawesi, Bonerate, Madu, Kalaotoa, and Karompa islands. Dialects:Bonerate, Karompa. Lexical similarity: 79%81% with Tukang Besi South [bhq], 31% with Kalao [kly], 25% with Laiyolo [lji]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Southeastern, Muna-Buton, Tukangbesi-Bonerate More information. [bdx] 70 (1988). Mamuju District, Budong-Budong subdistrict, Tongkou village, on Budong-Budong River.Alternate names: Tangkou, Tongkou. Dialects: Similar to Aralle-Tabulahan [atq], Ulumandak [ulm]. Lexical similarity: 56% with Mamuju [mqx] and Seko Padang [skx], 61% with Seko Tengah [sko], 72% with Panasuan [psn]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Seko, Panasuan More information. [bug] 3,500,000 in Indonesia (1991 SIL). Western coast of southeast Sulawesi in Kolaka, Wundulako, Rumbia, and Poleang districts. Also in major towns of Sulawesi. Large enclaves also in other provinces of Sulawesi, Kalimantan, Maluku, Papua, and Sumatra; coastal swamp areas such as Bulukumba, Luwu, Polewali in Polmas, Pasangkayu in Mamuju districts. Also in Malaysia (Sabah). Alternate names:Boegineesche, Boeginezen, Bugi, Buginese, De, Rappang Buginese, Ugi. Dialects: Bone (Palakka, Dua Boccoe, Mare), Pangkep (Pangkajene), Camba, Sidrap (Sidenrang, Pinrang Utara, Alitta), Pasangkayu (Ugi Riawa), Sinjai (Enna, Palattae, Bulukumba), Soppeng (Kessi), Wajo, Barru (Pare-Pare, Nepo, Soppeng Riaja, Tompo, Tanete), Sawitto (Pinrang), Luwu (Luwu, Bua Ponrang, Wara, Malangke -Ussu). Bone or Soppeng dialects are central. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Bugis More information. [bkz] 21,500 (1995 SIL). 100 Routa, 16,400 Bungku, 2,500 Torete, 1,000 Tulambatu, 800 Landawe, 650 Waia. Central Sulawesi, Bungku Utara, Bungku Tengah, and Bungku Selatan subdistricts, along east coast; 13

Buol

Busoa

Campalagian

Cia-Cia

Dakka

Dampelas

Dondo

Duri

Enrekang

Gorontalo

Kaidipang

Kaili, Daa

45 villages or parts of villages. Tulambatu in northern Southeast Sulawesi, Konawe District, Asera, Soropia, and Lasolo subdistricts, with difficult access. Alternate names: Nahina. Dialects: Bungku, Routa, Tulambatu, Torete (To Rete), Landawe, Waia. Lexical similarity: 81% with Torete, Waia, Tulambatu, and Landawe dialects, 38% with Pamona dialects [pmf], 88%, with Landawe dialect, 84% with Waia dialect, 82% with Torete dialect, 74% with Wawonii [wow], 66% with Taloki [tlk], Kulisusu [vkl], and Koroni [xkq], 65% with Moronene [mqn], 54% with the Mori and Tolaki groups, 82% with the Routa dialect. Classification: Austronesian, MalayoPolynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Southeastern, Bungku-Tolaki, Eastern, East Coast More information. [blf] 75,000 (1989). Central Sulawesi; Paleleh, Bunobogu, Bokat, Momunu, Biau, Baolan subdistricts; north coast near Gorontalo Province border. 68 villages. Alternate names: Bual, Bwool, Bwool, Dia. Dialects:Lexical similarity: 61% with Totoli [txe]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Philippine, Greater Central Philippine, Gorontalo-Mongondow, Gorontalic More information. [bup] 2,300 (2000 SIL). Southeast Sulawesi, southwest coast of Buton island, Batauga subdistrict, Busoa and Laompo villages. Alternate names: Bosoa. Dialects: Lexical similarity: 84% with Kambe-Kambero (probably a dialect of Kaimbulawa [zka]), 70%79% with Muna dialects, 71% with Muna [mnb], 76% with Lantoi [zka]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Southeastern, Muna-Buton, Nuclear Muna-Buton, Munan More information. [cml] 30,000 (1986 SIL). West Sulawesi, Majene District, Polmas, south coast. Alternate names:Tallumpanuae, Tasing, Tjampalagian. Dialects: Campalagian, Buku. Lexical similarity: 50%58% with Mandar [mdr], 50%62% with Bugis [bug], 55% with Bugis Bone [bug], 62% with Bugis Pangkajene [bug], Bugis Sidrap [bug]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Bugis More information. [cia] 79,000 (2005 SIL). Southeast Sulawesi, south Buton Island, Binongko Island, Batu Atas Island. Alternate names: Boetoneezen, Buton, Butonese, Butung, South Buton, Southern Butung. Dialects:Kaesabu, Sampolawa (Mambulu-Laporo), Wabula, Masiri. Wabula dialect has further subvarieties: Wabula, Burangasi, Wali, Takimpo, Kondowa, Holimombo. Lexical similarity: 93% with Masiri dialect, 74% with Kambe-Kambero dialect of Kaimbulawa [zka], 69% with Busoa [bup], 67% with Lontoi dialect of Kaimbulawa [zka], 66% with Liabuku [lix], 61% with Wolio [wlo], 60% with Muna [mnb]. Classification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Southeastern, Muna-Buton, Nuclear Muna-Buton, Buton, West Buton More information. [dkk] 1,500 (1986 SIL). West Sulawesi, Polewali-Mamasa District, Wonomulyo subdistrict. Dialects: Lexical similarity: 72%77% with Pannei [pnc] and Bambam [ptu]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Northern, Pitu Ulunna Salu More information. [dms] 10,300 (Himmelmann 2001). Central Sulawesi; Dampelas Sojol and Balaesang subdistricts. 8 villages. Alternate names: Dampal, Dampelasa, Dian. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Tomini-Tolitoli, Tomini, Southern More information. [dok] 13,000 (Himmelmann 2001). Central Sulawesi; Tolitoli Buol District, Tolitoli Utara, Baolan, Dondo, Galang, and Dampal Utara subdistricts on the north coast. 25 villages, or parts of villages. Dialects:Consider Dondo a separate language from Totoli [txe]. Probably separate from Tomini [txm]. Classification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Tomini-Tolitoli, Tomini, Northern More information. [mvp] 95,000 (1991 SIL). 90,000 in Enrekang District. South Sulawesi, north Enrekang District, Makassar City, elsewhere in South Sulawesi. Alternate names: Masenrempulu, Massenrempulu. Dialects: Cakke, Kalosi. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Northern, Masenrempulu More information. [ptt] 50,000 (1991 SIL). South Sulawesi, Enrekang, and Pinrang districts. Alternate names: Endekan, Endekan Timur. Dialects: Enrekang, Ranga, Pattinjo (Letta-Batulappa-Kassa). Classification:Austronesian, MalayoPolynesian, South Sulawesi, Northern, Masenrempulu More information. [gor] 900,000 (1989). Sulawesi, Gorontalo Province, north peninsula. Alternate names: Gorongtalo, Guarantala, Gunongtello, Holontalo, Hulontalo. Dialects: East Gorontalo, Gorontalo Kota, West Gorontalo (Kwandang), Tilamuta, Limboto (Limbotto). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Philippine, Greater Central Philippine, Gorontalo-Mongondow, Gorontalic More information. [kzp] 25,700 (2004 SIL). North Sulawesi, north coast, both sides of Bolaangitang. Alternate names: Dio, Kaidipan, Kodipang. Dialects: Kaidipang, Kodipang, Bolaang Itang (Bolang Itang). Classification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Philippine, Greater Central Philippine, GorontaloMongondow, Gorontalic More information. [kzf] 35,000, increasing. Daa and Inde. 3,000 to 5,000 Daa and Inde are in south Sulawesi. Central Sulawesi, 14

Kaili, Ledo

Kaili, Unde

Kaimbulawa

Kalao

Kalumpang

Kamaru

Kioko

Kodeoha

Konjo, Coastal

Konjo, Highland

South Sulawesi provinces in Marawola, Dolo, Sigi-Biromaru, Palolo, Banawa subdistricts. Bunggu used for Daa and Inde in south Sulawesi, Mamuju District, Pasangkayu subdistrict, near Palu.Alternate names: Bunggu, Daa. Dialects: Daa (Pekawa, Pekava, Pakawa), Inde. Some intelligibility with Ledo dialect of Kaili, Ledo [lew] and other Kaili varieties, but with major sociolinguistic differences. Lexical similarity: 98% between the Daa and Inde dialects. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Kaili-Pamona, Northern, Kaili More information. [lew] 234,000 (Barr, Barr and Salombe 1979). 128,000 Ledo, Doi, Ado, and Edo together, 7,500 Ija and Taa together, 55,000 Rai and Raio together, 43,000 Tara (Barr, Barr and Salombe 1979). 8,000 to 10,000 are in south. Central and south Sulawesi. Alternate names: Ledo, Paloesch, Palu. Dialects: Ledo (Palu), Doi, Ado (Pakuli), Edo, Tado (Ri Io, To ri Io, Torio, Toriu), Tara (Parigi), Rai (Sindue-Tawaili, Tawaili-Sindue), Raio (Kori), Ija (Sigi), Taa (Palolo), Taa (Sausu, Dolago-Sausu). Doi dialect is intelligible with Ledo, Edo; Ado next most intelligible; Tado a little less. Some intelligibility with Daa [kzf], but major sociolinguistic differences. Lexical similarity: 80%88% between Ledo and the Ado, Edo, Doi, and Lindu dialects. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Kaili-Pamona, Northern, Kaili More information. [unz] 20,000 ( Barr, Barr and Salombe 1979). Central Sulawesi, Banawa, Palu and Tawaeli subdistricts; south Sulawesi, Pasangkayu subdistrict. Alternate names: Banava, Banawa. Dialects: Lole, Ganti. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Kaili-Pamona, Northern, Kaili More information. [zka] 2,200 (2005 SIL). Southeast Sulawesi, Siompu Island southwest of Baubau. 2 villages. Dialects:Lontoi, Kambe-Kambero. Not a dialect of Muna [mnb] or Cia-Cia [cia]. Lexical similarity: 96% with Lontoi dialect, 75% with Busoa [bup], 64%74% with Muna dialects, 64% with Muna, 70% with Liabuku [lix], 66% with Cia-Cia, 58% with Wolio [wlo], 45% with Kaledupa dialect of Tukang Besi North [khc]. Classification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Southeastern, Muna-Buton, Nuclear Muna-Buton, Munan, Munic More information. [kly] 500 (1988 SIL). South Sulawesi, east Kalao Island, south of Selayar Island. Alternate names:Kalaotoa. Dialects: Lexical similarity: 76% with Laiyolo [lji] and Wotu [wtw]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Wotu-Wolio, Kalao More information. [kli] 12,000 (1991 SIL). West Sulawesi, southeast Mamuju District, Kalumpang subdistrict. Alternate names:Galumpang, Maki, Maki, Makki, Mangki, Mangkir. Dialects: Karataun, Mablei, Mangki (Eda), Bone Hau (Tada). Small dialects not listed. Lexical similarity: 78% with Mamasa [mqj], 78% with Tae [rob], 74% with Toraja-Sadan [sda]. Between Karataun and Bone Hau dialects: average 82%. Classification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Northern, Toraja-Sadan More information. [kgx] 3,500 (2005 SIL). Southeast Sulawesi, southeast Buton Island. Dialects: Lexical similarity: 68% with Lasalimu [llm], 67% with Wolio [wlo], 54% with Cia-Cia [cia], 51% with Pancana [pnp], 49% with Tukang Besi [khc], 45% with Muna [mnb]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Wotu-Wolio, WolioKamaru More information. [ues] 1,000 (1991 SIL). Southeast Sulawesi, Kulisusu subdistrict, Buton Island. Dialects: Kioko, Kambowa. Possibly dialect of the Pancana [pnp] language. Lexical similarity: 82% with Kambowa dialect, 81% with Laompo dialect of Muna [mnb], 74% with Muna, 75% with Liabuku [lix] and Busoa [bup]. Classification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Southeastern, Muna-Buton, Nuclear Muna-Buton, Munan, Munic, Western More information. [vko] 1,500 (1991 SIL). Southeast Sulawesi, North Kolaka District, Lasusua subdistrict, Kolaka west coast. 4 villages. Alternate names: Kondeha. Dialects: Lexical similarity: 75% with Rahambuu [raz]; 70% with Tolaki [lbw], Mekongga, and Waru [wru]; 54% with the several Mori and Bungku [bkz] groups. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Southeastern, Bungku-Tolaki, Western, West Coast More information. [kjc] 125,000 (1991 SIL). 50,000 Kajang, 10,000 Tiro. South Sulawesi, southeast corner, southern tip of the peninsula; parts of Sinjai, Bulukumba, and Bantaeng districts. Alternate names: Kondjo, Tiro. Dialects:Konjo Pesisir (Ara, Bira), Tana Toa (Tana Towa, Black Konjo, Kajang, Kadjang), Bantaeng (Bonthain). Tana Toa is north end of dialect subgroup. Lexical similarity: 76% with Makassar [mak]. Tana Toa dialect is within 10% lexical similarity with other coastal dialects. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Makassar More information. [kjk] 150,000 (1991 SIL). South Sulawesi, central mountain area, Sinjai, Bone, Gowa, Bulukumba districts.Alternate names: Konjo Pegunungan, Konyo. Dialects: Lexical similarity: 75% with Coastal Konjo [kjc]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Makassar More information. 15

Koroni

Kulisusu

Kumbewaha

Laiyolo

Lasalimu

Lauje

Lemolang

Liabuku

Lindu

Lolak

Maiwa

Makasar

[xkq] 500 (1991 SIL). Central Sulawesi, Bungku Tengah subdistrict, Unsongi village on east coast south of Bungku town. Dialects: Lexical similarity: 75% with Taloki [tlk] and Kulisusu [vkl], 66% with Wawonii [wow], Bungku [bkz], Tulambatu dialect of Bungku [bkz]; 65% with Moronene [mqn]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Southeastern, Bungku-Tolaki, Eastern, East Coast, Kulisusu More information. [vkl] 22,000 (1995 SIL). Southeast Sulawesi, Kulisusu and Bonegunu subdistricts, northeast corner of Buton Island. Alternate names: Kalisusu, Kolensusu, Kolinsusu. Dialects: Lexical similarity: 81% between dialects, 77% with Taloki [lbw], 75% with Koroni [xkq], 66% with Wawonii [wow] and Bungku [bkz] group, 65% with Moronene [mqn], 54% with the Mori languages and Tolaki. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Southeastern, Bungku-Tolaki, Eastern, East Coast, Kulisusu More information. [xks] 3,400 (2005 SIL). Southeast Sulawesi Province, Buton District, Lasalimu subdistrict, southeast Buton Island, Kumbewaha and Wajah Jaya villages. Alternate names: Umbewaha. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Southeastern, Muna-Buton, Nuclear Muna-Buton, Buton, East Buton More information. [lji] 800 (1997 SIL). 250 Laiyolo, 550 Barang-Barang. South Sulawesi, Laiyolo in villages of Lembang Matene in Desa Laiyolo, and a few in Kilotepo and Sangkeha. Barang-Barang village in Desa Lowa, southern tip of Selayar Island. Alternate names: Barang-Barang, Daang. Dialects: Barang-Barang (Loa, Loa, Lowa), Laiyolo (Lajolo, Layolo). Barang-Barang dialect may need separate literature. Lexical similarity: 86% between Laiyolo and Barang-Barang dialect, 76% with Kalao [kly], 65% with Buton, 53% with Wotu [wtw], 39% with Muna [mnb]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Wotu-Wolio, Kalao More information. [llm] 1,700 (2000 SIL). Southeast Sulawesi, Southeast Buton Island, Lasalimu subdistrict. Dialects: Lexical similarity: 68% with Kamaru [kgx], 64% with Cia-Cia [cia], 57% with Tukang Besi, 51% with Pancana [pnp], 50% with Wolio [wlo] and Muna [mnb]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Southeastern, Muna-Buton, Nuclear Muna-Buton, Buton, East Buton More information. [law] 44,000 (Himmelmann 2001). Central Sulawesi, Dampelas Sojol, Dondo, Tinombo, Tomini, and Ampibabo subdistricts, along Tomini Bay, Sidoan River area. Alternate names: Ampibabo-Lauje, Laudje, Tinombo. Dialects: Ampibabo. Ampibabo dialect may be a separate language. Classification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Tomini-Tolitoli, Tomini, Northern More information. [ley] 2,000 (1995 SIL). South Sulawesi, Luwu Utara District, inland from the northeast coast, centered in Sassa and Salassa villages, scattered in Sabbang subdistrict, and possibly Baebunta. Alternate names:Baebunta, Limola. Dialects: Lexical similarity: 41% with Mori Bawah [xmz], 39% with Mori Atas [mzq], 38% with Bungku [bkz], 39% with Buton, 31% with Seko Padang [skx], 30% with Rampi [lje], 29% with TorajaSadan [sda], 26% with Muna [mnb], 25% with Wotu [wtw], 24% with Bugis [bug]. Classification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Lemolang More information. [lix] 75 (2004 SIL), decreasing. Southeast Sulawesi, Bungi subdistrict, south Buton Island, part of Liabuku village north of Bau-Bau. Dialects: Quite divergent from other Muna varieties. Lexical similarity: 82% with the Burukene dialect of Muna [mnb], 72%76% with other Muna dialects, 72% with Muna, 75% with Kioko [ues]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Southeastern, Muna-Buton, Nuclear Muna-Buton, Munan, Munic, Western More information. [klw] 2,000 (1990 SIL). Central Sulawesi, Lindu subdistrict; Anca, Tomado, Langko villages near Lake Lindu. Alternate names: Linduan, Tado. Dialects: Lindu is very similar to Moma [myl]; considered by some a Moma dialect. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Kaili-Pamona, Northern, Kaili More information. [llq] 3,000 (2004 SIL). North Sulawesi, Bolaang Mongondow District, Lolak, Mongkoinit, and Motabang villages. Dialects: Structurally related to Gorontalo [gor], but with heavy lexical borrowing from Mongondow [mog]. Lexical similarity: 79% with Mongondow, 66% with Ponosakan [pns], 63% with Kaidipang [kzp]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Philippine, Greater Central Philippine, GorontaloMongondow, Gorontalic More information. [wmm] 50,000 (1990 SIL). South Sulawesi, Enrekang and Sidenrang districts. Alternate names:Masenrempulu. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Northern, Masenrempulu More information. [mak] 1,600,000 (1989). South Sulawesi, southwest corner of the peninsula, most of Pangkep, Maros, Gowa, Bantaeng, Jeneponto, and Takalar districts. Alternate names: Goa, Macassar, Macassarese, Makassa, Makassaarsche, Makassar, Makassarese, Mangasara, Mengkasara, Taena, Tena. Dialects:Gowa (Goa, Lakiung), Turatea (Jeneponto), Maros-Pangkep. Gowa dialect is prestigious. Dialects form a chain. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Makassar 16

Malay, Makassar Malay, Manado

Malimpung

Mamasa

Mamuju

Mandar

Moma

Mongondow

Mori Atas

Mori Bawah

Moronene

Muna

More information. [mfp] 1,880,000 (2000). South Sulawesi, Makassar port area. Classification: Austronesian, MalayoPolynesian, Malayo-Sumbawan, North and East, Malayic, Malay, Trade More information. [xmm] 850,000 (2001). North Sulawesi, Minahasa District, west coast, Manado port area. Alternate names:Manadonese Malay, Minahasan Malay. Dialects: Most similar to North Moluccan Malay [max]. Also similar to Sri Lankan Malay [sci]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Sumbawan, North and East, Malayic, Malay, Trade, East Indonesian More information. [mli] 5,000 (1995 SIL). South Sulawesi, Pinrang District, Patampanua subdistrict, Malimpung area. Dialects:Lexical similarity: 80% with Maiwa [wmm], 70% with Enrekang [ptt]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Northern, Masenrempulu More information. [mqj] 100,000 (1991 SIL). West Sulawesi, Polmas District, Polewali subdistrict, along Mamasa River.Dialects: Northern Mamasa, Central Mamasa, Pattae (Southern Mamasa, Patta Binuang, Binuang, Tae, Binuang-Paki-Batetanga-Anteapi). Lexical similarity: 78% with Toraja-Sadan [ska]. Classification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Northern, Toraja-Sadan More information. [mqx] 60,000 (1991 SIL). 50,000 in Mamuju dialect. West Sulawesi, Mamuju District, Mamuju, Kalukku, and Budong-Budong subdistricts on the coast. Alternate names: Mamoedjoe, Mamoedjoesch, Mamudju, Udai. Dialects: Mamuju, Sumare-Rangas, Padang, Sinyonyoi. Mamuju dialect is prestigious. Classification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Northern, Mamuju More information. [mdr] 200,000 (1985). West Sulawesi, Majene and Polewali-Mamasa districts, Mamuju District, a few settlements; Pangkep District islands, and Ujung Lero near Pare-Pare. Alternate names: Andian, Mandharsche, Manjar. Dialects: Majene, Balanipa (Napo-Tinambung), Malunda, Pamboang, Sendana (Cenrana, Tjendana). A complex dialect grouping, there may be more dialects than those listed. Balanipa and Sendana may each be more than 1 dialect. Balanipa is the prestige dialect. Mandar, Mamuju [mqx], and Bambam [ptu] are separate languages in a language chain. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Northern, Mandar More information. [myl] 5,500 (1985 SIL). Central Sulawesi, Kulawi subdistrict, primarily Kulawi and Toro town areas.Alternate names: Kulawi. Dialects: Historically a varietyof Kaili, but strong lexical influences from Uma [ppk]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Kaili-Pamona, Northern, Kaili More information. [mog] 900,000 (1989). North Sulawesi, between Tontemboan and Gorontalo. Alternate names: Bolaang Mongondow, Minahassa, Mongondou. Dialects: Lolayan, Dumoga, Pasi. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Philippine, Greater Central Philippine, Gorontalo-Mongondow, Mongondowic More information. [mzq] 16,100 (2000). Central Sulawesi, southeast peninsula neck, Mori Atas, Lembo, and Petasia subdistricts; south Sulawesi. 25 villages or parts of villages. Alternate names: Upper Mori, West Mori. Dialects: Aikoa. Lexical similarity: 73%86% with Mori Bawah [xmz] and Padoe [pdo]. Classification:Austronesian, MalayoPolynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Southeastern, Bungku-Tolaki, Western, Interior More information. [xmz] 16,100 (2000). Central Sulawesi, southeast peninsula neck; Petasia and Lembo subdistricts, 24 villages, or parts of villages; south Sulawesi. Alternate names: East Mori, Lower Mori, Nahina. Dialects:Tambee, Nahina, Petasia, Soroako, Karonsie. Lexical similarity: 73%86% with Mori Atas [mzq], 75% with Padoe [pdo]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Southeastern, Bungku-Tolaki, Eastern, East Coast More information. [mqn] 37,000 (2000 D. Andersen), increasing. 5% are monolingual. 23,000 in Moronene, 14,000 in Tokotua. Includes about 3,500 now living in cities. Second or third generations in cities no longer speak Moronene. Southeast Sulawesi, Bombana District. Tokotua on Kabaena Island; Wita Ea on the mainland portion of Bombana District opposite Kabaena, with Rumbia subdialect in Rumbia subdistrict, and Poleang subdialect in Poleang, Poleang Timur, and Watubangga subdistrict of Kolaka District. Alternate names:Maronene, Nahina. Dialects: Wita Ea (Rumbia, Poleang), Tokotua (Kabaena). Lexical similarity: 80 % of Wita Ea dialect 80% with Tokotua dialect; 68% with Menui dialect of Wawonii [wow], 66% with Kulisusu [vkl], 65% with Taloki [tlk], Koroni [xkq], Tulambatu dialect of Bungku [bkz], 64% with Bungku [bkz], and 57% with Tolaki [lbw]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Southeastern, BungkuTolaki, Eastern, Southwest More information. [mnb] 300,000 (van den Berg 1989). 600 in Ambon (1985 SIL). Off southwest Sulawesi, Muna Island, northwest coast of Buton Island; Central Maluku, Ambon. Dialects: Standard Muna (Northern Muna), Tiworo (Eastern Muna), Gu, Lakudo, Mawasangka, Kadatua, Siompu, Katobengke, Burukene, Laompo, Kapontori. 17

Napu

Padoe

Pamona

Panasuan

Pancana

Pannei

Pendau

Ponosakan

Rahambuu

Rampi

Subvarieties of Standard Muna are: Tungkuno, Kabawo, Lawa, Katobu, Tobea Besar; of Gulamas are: Gu, Mawasangka, Lakudo, Wale-Ale, Lawama, Kadatua, Lowu-Lowu, Kalia-Lia, Katobengke, Topa, Salaa, Lawela, Laompo, Burukene. Lexical similarity: 71% with Pancana [pnp], 62% with Cia-Cia [cia], 52% with Wolio [wlo], 50% with Lasalimu [llm], 47% with Tukang Besi [khc] or [bhq], 45% with Kamaru [kgx]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Southeastern, Muna-Buton, Nuclear Muna-Buton, Munan, Munic, Western More information. [npy] 6,000 (1995). Central Sulawesi, Lore Utara subdistrict, Napu Valley. 10 villages. Alternate names:Pekurehua. Dialects: Most similar to Behoa [bep]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Kaili-Pamona, Southern, Badaic More information. [pdo] 6,000 (1991 D. Andersen). South Sulawesi, east Luwu Utara District in Nuha, Malili, Mangkutana subdistricts; Central Sulawesi, Banggai District, Mori Atas subdistrict, 2 villages, Pamona Utara subdistrict, 1 village. Alternate names: Alalao, Pado, South Mori. Dialects: 2 dialects. Lexical similarity: 73%86% with Mori Atas [mzq], 75% with Mori Bawah [xmz]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Southeastern, Bungku-Tolaki, Western, Interior More information. [pmf] 106,000 (Barr, Barr and Salombe 1979). Central and South Sulawesi provinces, Poso District, Poso Kota, Poso Pesisir, Parigi, Lage, Pamona Utara, Pamona Selatan, Tojo, Ulubongko, Ampana Kota, Ampanatete, Una-Una, Mori Atas, Petasia, Bungku Utara, Bungku Tengah subdistricts; 193 villages. South Sulawesi, Luwu Utara District, Mangkutana, north Wotu and Bone-Bone subdistricts. Alternate names:Baree, Baree, Poso. Dialects: Pamona, Laiwonu (Iba ), Rapangkaka (Aria ), Tomoni, Tobau (Tobao, Tobalo, Baree ), Tokondindi, Topada, Taa (Wana, Topotaa). Related to Tombelele [ttp]. Laiwonu and Rapangkaka dialects may be separate languages. Lexical similarity: 76% (Taa)90% among dialects, except for Tombelala, which has 66%76% with other Bungku Tengah dialects, and is considered a separate language. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Kaili-Pamona, Northern, Pamona More information. [psn] 800 (2004 SIL). Ethnic population: 800 or more. West Sulawesi, Mamuju District, northeast of Kalumpang [kli], west of Seko area. 2 villages. Alternate names: To Pamosean, To Panasean. Dialects:Lexical similarity: 67% with Seko Tengah [sko], 63% with Seko Padang [skx], 72% with Tangkou [tkx]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Seko, Panasuan More information. [pnp] 6,000 (2005 SIL). Southeast Sulawesi, central Buton Island. Alternate names: Akido , Pantjana. Dialects: Kapontori (Akido ), Kalende (Lawele), Labuandiri. Dialect names are also place names. May be more than 1 language. Lexical similarity: 71% with Muna [mnb], 57% with Cia-Cia [cia]. Classification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Southeastern, Muna-Buton, Nuclear Muna-Buton, Munan, Munic, Western More information. [pnc] 9,000 (1986 SIL). South Sulawesi, Polewali-Mamasa District, Wonomulyo subdistrict. Alternate names: Tapango. Dialects: Tapango, Bulo. Lexical similarity: 87%93% between the Bulo dialect and other varieties, 75%80% with dialects of Ulumanda [ulm], Bambam [ptu], Aralle-Tabulahan [atq]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Northern, Pitu Ulunna Salu More information. [ums] 4,500 (Quick 2003). Central Sulawesi, centered in Balaesang subdistrict, Walandano, Sibayu and other villages; about half live scattered north to the Totoli [txe], with some near Balaesang subdistrict.Alternate names: Ndaoe, Ndau, Umalasa. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Tomini-Tolitoli, Tomini, Southern More information. [pns] 3,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). North Sulawesi, Belang area. Alternate names: Ponasakan. Dialects: Lexical similarity: 75% with Mongondow [mog], 66% with Lolak [llq]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Philippine, Greater Central Philippine, GorontaloMongondow, Mongondowic More information. [raz] 5,000 (1991 SIL). Southeast Sulawesi, North Kolaka District, Pakue subdistrict, west coast north of the Kodeoha. Alternate names: Wiau, Wiaoe, Noihe. Dialects: Lexical similarity: 87% between dialects, 75% with Kodeoha [vko], 70% with Tolaki [lbw], Mekongga dialect of Tolaki [lbw], and Waru [wru]; 54% with Mori [mzq] or [xmz] and Bungku [bkz] groups. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Southeastern, Bungku-Tolaki, Western, West Coast More information. [lje] 8,000 (1991 SIL). 2,300 in South Sulawesi, 5,700 in Central Sulawesi. South Sulawesi, Luwu Utara District, Masamba subdistrict. 6 isolated mountain villages; Central Sulawesi, Poso, Donggala districts, Sabbang Limbong, Wotu, and Mangkutana subdistricts. 15 villages. Rato have moved elsewhere. Alternate names: Hauwa, Leboni, Rampi-Leboni. Dialects: Rampi (Lambu), Rato. Leboni is prestige dialect. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Kaili-Pamona, Southern 18

Ratahan Saluan

Sangir

Sarudu

Sedoa

Seko Padang

Seko Tengah

Selayar

Suwawa

Tae

Taje

Tajio

Talaud

More information. [rth] 30,000 (1989). Sulawesi, north peninsula, northeast section, Ratahan area to southeast coast.Alternate names: Bentenan, Pasan. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Philippine, Sangiric, Southern More information. [loe] 74,000 (Barr, Barr and Salombe 1979). East central Sulawesi; Luwuk, Balantak, Lamala, Buko, Totikum, Kintom, Batui, Pagimana, Bunta subdistricts. 136 villages. Loinang in mountains. Alternate names:Loinang, Loindang, Mondono, Madi. Dialects: Loinang (Coastal Saluan, Lingketeng), Baloa Kohumamahon, Kahumamahon, Luwuk, Kintom-Pagimana-Boalemo. Related to Balantak [blz], Andio [bzb]. Lexical similarity: 74% with Batui [zbt], 53% with Bobongko [bgb], 62% with Andio, 51% with Balantak. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Saluan-Banggai, Western, Saluanic More information. [sxn] 200,000 in Indonesia (1995 Indonesian Consul, Davao, Philippines). 50,000 Siau. Population total all countries: 255,000. North Sulawesi, Great Sangir Island; north Maluku. Also in Philippines. Alternate names: Sangi, Sangih, Sangih, Sangirese. Dialects: Siau, Manganitu, Tamako, North Tabukang (Tabukang, Tabukan), South Tabukang, Central Tabukang, Kandar, Taruna, Tagulandang (Tahulandang). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Philippine, Sangiric, Northern More information. [sdu] 4,000 (1990 SIL). West Sulawesi, south Pasangkayu District, Mamuju subdistrict. Alternate names:Doda. Dialects: Nunu, Kulu (Lariang). Lexical similarity: 75% with Uma [ppk], 80% with Benggaulu dialect of Uma [ppk]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Kaili-Pamona, Southern More information. [tvw] 600 (Barr, Barr and Salombe 1979). East central Sulawesi, Lore Utara, and Poso Pesisir subdistricts; Sedoa and parts of Tambarona Pinedapa villages. Alternate names: Tawaelia, Tawailia, Topobaria. Dialects: Not a dialect of nearby Napu [npy] or of the Kaili languages. Most closely related to Moma [myl] in Palolo Valley. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Kaili-Pamona, Northern, Kaili More information. [skx] 5,000 (1991 SIL). 2,300 in the Seko area. South Sulawesi, Luwu Utara District, Limbong subdistrict, northeast section; half resettled Central Sulawesi, Palolo Valley. Alternate names: Seko, Sua Tu Padang, Wono. Dialects: Lodang, Hono (Wono). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Seko More information. [sko] 2,500 (1995 SIL). Northern south Sulawesi, west Limbong subdistrict along Betue River. Alternate names: Pewanean, Pewaneang, Pohoneang, Seko. Dialects: Lexical similarity: 71% with Seko Padang [skx], 67% with Panasuan [psn]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Seko More information. [sly] 90,000 (1983 SIL). South Sulawesi, Selayar Island. Alternate names: Salajar, Salayar, Salayer, Saleier, Siladja, Silajara. Dialects: Lexical similarity: 69% with Makassar [mak]. Classification:Austronesian, MalayoPolynesian, South Sulawesi, Makassar More information. [swu] 21,000 (2004 SIL). Northeast Sulawesi, Suwawa and Pinogu area, east of Gorontalo town, Lake Limboto. Alternate names: Bonda, Bunda, Bune, SuwawaBunda. Dialects: Bunda. Classification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Philippine, Greater Central Philippine, Gorontalo-Mongondow, Gorontalic More information. [rob] 250,000 (1992 SIL), increasing. South Sulawesi, Kabupaten Luwu from Larompong District through Sabbang, and scattered pockets. Rongkong in Luwu District, southeast Limbong and Sabbang subdistricts. Also an enclave in Wasuponda, Nuha subdistrict near Soroako town. Alternate names: East Toraja, Luwu, Rongkong, Rongkong Kanandede, Sada, Sangangalla, Tae Tae, Taeq, To Rongkong, Toraja Timur, Toware. Dialects: Rongkong, Northeast Luwu, South Luwu, Bua, Toala, Palili. Lexical similarity: 92% among dialects, over 86% with the northern dialects, 80% with Toraja-Sadan. Classification: Austronesian, MalayoPolynesian, South Sulawesi, Northern, Toraja-Sadan More information. [pee] 350 (Himmelmann 2001). Central Sulawesi, Ampibabo subdistrict, Tanampedagi village; Sindue subdistrict near Sipeso. Alternate names: Petapa. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Tomini-Tolitoli, Tomini, Southern More information. [tdj] 12,000 (Himmelmann 2001). Central Sulawesi; Ampibabo, Tinombo, and Sindue subdistricts. 21 villages, or parts of villages. Alternate names: Adjio, Kasimbar, Taadjio, Tadjio. Classification:Austronesian, MalayoPolynesian, Celebic, Tomini-Tolitoli, Tomini, Southern More information. [tld] 60,000 (1981 UBS). North Sulawesi, Talaud Islands northeast of Sangihe Islands. Alternate names:Talaut, Talodda. Dialects: Kaburuang, South Karakelong (Karakelong, Karakelang), Nenusa-Maingas, 19

Taloki

Talondo

Toala

Tolaki

Tomadino

Tombelala

Tombulu

Tomini

Tondano

Tonsawang Tonsea

Tontemboan

Essang, Arangkaa, Dapalan (Riung), Awit, Beo, Lirang (Salibabu, Salebabu). Classification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Philippine, Sangiric, Southern More information. [tlk] 500 (1995 SIL). Southeast Sulawesi, northwest coast Buton Island, Wakorumba subdistrict, Maligano village; possibly south Buton Island, Kapontori subdistrict, Wakalambe village. Alternate names: Taluki. Dialects: Lexical similarity: 77% with Kulisusu [vkl]; 75% with Koroni [xkq]; 66% with Wawonii [wow], Bungku [bkz], Tulambatu dialect of Bungku [bkz]; 65% with Moronene [mqn]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Southeastern, Bungku-Tolaki, Eastern, East Coast, Kulisusu More information. [tln] 400 (2004 SIL). Ethnic population: 400. West Sulawesi, Talondo and Pedasi villages; Mamuju District, Kalumpang subdistrict. 1 village. Dialects: May be in the Seko subgroup (Padang [skx] or Tengah [sko]). Lexical similarity: 80% with Kalumpang [kli]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Northern, Toraja-Sadan More information. [tlz] 30,000 (1983 SIL). South Sulawesi, Luwu District from Masamba to south tip of the district. Toala from foothills to the divide. Palili on a narrow coastal strip overlapping with Bugis Luwu. Alternate names: East Toraja, Luwu, Sada, Sangangalla, Toala, Toala-Palili, Toraja Timur, Toware. Dialects: Toala, Palili. Probably at least 4 dialects. Lexical similarity: 74% with Toraja-Sadan [sda]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Northern, Toraja-Sadan More information. [lbw] 281,000 (1991 SIL). 230,000 Konawe, 50,000 Mekongga, 650 Asera, fewer than 100 Wiwirano, 200 Laiwui. Southeast Sulawesi, Konawe, South Konawe, Kolaka and North Kolaka districts. Mekongga in Mekongga Mountains, near west edge Soroako. Alternate names: Tololaki, Toolaki, Lolaki, Laki, Tokia. Dialects: Wiwirano (Nohina ), Asera (Asera Wanua, Noie ), Konawe (Kendari, Tambuoki , Kioki ), Mekongga (Kolaka, Bingkokak, Norio , Tamboki , Konio ), Laiwui. Lexical similarity: 88% between Wiwirano and Asera dialects, 84% with Konawe, 85% with Mekongga, 81% with Laiwui, 78% with Waru, 70% with Rahambuu and Kodeoha, 54% with the Mori and Bungku groups. Mekongga has 86% with Konawe, 80% with Laiwui. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Southeastern, Bungku-Tolaki, Western, West Coast More information. [tdi] 600 (1991 SIL). Central Sulawesi, Bungku Tengah subdistrict, Sakita village on east coast, outskirts of Bungku town. Dialects: Lexical similarity: 71% with Bahonsuai [bsu], 68% with Mori Atas [mzq], Mori Bawah [xmz], and Padoe [pdo]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Southeastern, Bungku-Tolaki, Western, Interior More information. [ttp] 1,100 (1995 SIL). Central Sulawesi, Bungku Tengah subdistrict. 4 villages. Alternate names: Mbelala, Belala, Bela, Baria. Dialects: Lexical similarity: 66%76% with Pamona [pmf] varieties and 38% with Bungku [bkz]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Kaili-Pamona, Northern, Pamona More information. [tom] 60,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Northeast Sulawesi, Tanawangko and Tomohon areas. Alternate names: Minahasa, Minhasa, Tombalu, Tombula, Tombulu, Toumbulu. Dialects: Taratara, Tomohon. Most similar to Tondano [tdn], Tonsea [txs]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Philippine, Minahasan, North, Northeast More information. [txm] 30,000 (Himmelmann 2001). Central Sulawesi; Moutong, Tomini, Tinombo subdistricts along Tomini Bay. 42 villages. Alternate names: Mouton, Tiadje, Tialo. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Tomini-Tolitoli, Tomini, Northern More information. [tdn] 80,000 in Indonesia (1991 Noorduyn). Northeast Sulawesi, Tondano area and north peninsula; southeast coast, Toulour District. Also in United States. Alternate names: Tolou, Tolour, Tondanou, Toulour. Dialects: Tondano, Kakas (Kakas), Remboken. Most similar to Tombulu [tom], Tonsea [txs]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Philippine, Minahasan, North, Northeast More information. [tnw] 20,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Northeast Sulawesi, Tombatu area. Alternate names: Tombatu. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Philippine, Minahasan More information. [txs] 90,000 (1989). Northeast tip of Sulawesi. Alternate names: Tonsea. Dialects: Maumbi, Airmadidi, Likupang, Kauditan, Kalabat Atas. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Philippine, Minahasan, North, Northeast More information. [tnt] 150,000 (1990). Minahasa Peninsula northeast coast, Sonder to Motoling and Tompasobaru areas.Alternate names: Pakewa, Tompakewa, Tountemboan. Dialects: Langoan, Tompaso (Makelai, Makelai-Maotow), Sonder (Matanai, Matanai-Maore). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, 20

Topoiyo

Toraja-Sadan

Totoli

Tukang Besi North

Tukang Besi South

Ulumanda

Uma

Waru

Wawonii

Philippine, Minahasan, North More information. [toy] 2,000 (1988 SIL). West Sulawesi, Mamuju District, Budong-Budong subdistrict inland along BudongBudong River. Dialects: Lexical similarity: 66% with Sarudu [sdu] and Daa [kzf], 56% with Ledo [lew], 54% with the Parigi dialect of Kaili [lew]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Kaili-Pamona, Northern, Kaili More information. [sda] 500,000 (1990 UBS). South Sulawesi, Tana Toraja District, large groups in Luwu District, Makassar City; southeast Sulawesi, west coast, Kolaka and Wundulako districts. Alternate names: Sadan, Sadansche, Sadan, Sadang, South Toraja, Tae, Tae, Toradja, Toraja. Dialects: Makale (Tallulembangna), Rantepao (Kesu), Toraja Barat (West Toraja, Mappa-Pana). Rantepao is prestige dialect. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Northern, Toraja-Sadan More information. [txe] 25,000 (Himmelmann 2001). Central Sulawesi, north coast, Tolitoli Utara, Galang, Baolan, Dondo, subdistricts. 29 villages, or parts of villages. Alternate names: Gage, Tolitoli, Tontoli. Classification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Tomini-Tolitoli, Tolitoli More information. [khc] 120,000 in Indonesia (1995 SIL). 60,000 in Maluku. Tukang Besi Archipelago north islands, Kaledupa and Wanci, off Southeast Sulawesi; Singapore and Baubau City; Maluku, Bacan, Taliabu, Mongole, Buru, Sulabesi, Seram, and Ambon islands; Papua; Sumbawa. Also in Singapore. Alternate names: Buton, Wakatobi. Dialects: Kaledupa (Kahedupa), Wanci (Wanji, Wantji, Wanje, Wangi- Wangi). Lexical similarity: 80% between Kaledupa and Wanci, and may be separate languages. 70%75% with Tukang Besi South [bhq], 48% with Lasalimu [llm], 47% with Cia-Cia [cia], 40% with Kamaru [kgx], an average of 35% with other nearby languages. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Southeastern, MunaButon, Tukangbesi-Bonerate More information. [bhq] 130,000 (1995 SIL). 100,000 in Maluku. Tukang Besi archipelago south islands, Binongko and Tomea islands off Sutheast Sulawesi; Maluku, Taliabu, Mongole, Sulabesi, Buru, Seram, Ambon, and Alor islands. Bonerate dialect in Bonerate, Madu, Kalaotoa, and Karompa islands in Selayar District, South Sulawesi; numerous settlements throughout western Papua. Alternate names: Buton, Tukang-Besi, Wakatobi. Dialects: Binongko, Bonerate, Tomea (Tomia). Lexical similarity: 70%75% with Tukang Besi North [khc], 48% with Cia-Cia [cia], 49% with Lasalimu [llm], average of 35% with other nearby languages. Lexical similarity 85% between Binongko and Tomea, 81% with Bonerate, 79% between Tomea and Bonerate. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Southeastern, Muna-Buton, Tukangbesi-Bonerate More information. [ulm] 30,000 (1986 SIL). 18,000 in Polmas and Majene. West Sulawesi, Majene, Mamuju, and PolewaliMamasa districts. Alternate names: Awo-Sumakuyu, Botteng-Tappalang, Kado, Oeloemanda, Tubbi, Ulumandak, Ulunda. Dialects: Sondoang, Tappalang, Botteng. About 6 dialects. Lexical similarity: 75%80% with dialect of Bambam [ptu], Aralle-Tabulahan [atq], Pannei [pnc]. Classification: Austronesian, MalayoPolynesian, South Sulawesi, Northern, Pitu Ulunna Salu More information. [ppk] 20,000 (1990 SIL), increasing. 15,000 in the region, 5,000 outside (1990 SIL), 500 in Benggaulu. Central Sulawesi, Donggala District, South Kulawi and Pipikoro subdistricts, Pipikoro, banks of the Koro and Lariang Koro rivers. 32 villages. Bana in South Sulawesi, Luwu Utara District, enclave within the Seko Padang [ skx] dialect area; Benggaulu in South Sulawesi, south Pasangkayu District, Mamuju subdistrict; some migrated to Gimpu and Palolo valleys, Palu and Panii, north of Palu. Alternate names: Pipikoro, Koro, Oema. Dialects: Winatu (Northern Uma), Tobaku (Western Uma, Dompa, Ompa), Tolee (Eastern Uma), Kantewu (Central Uma), Southern Uma (Aria), Benggaulu (Bingkolu), Bana. Literature exists in Kantewu dialect, but many would prefer to read their own dialect. Classification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Kaili-Pamona, Southern More information. [wru] 350 (1991 SIL). Southeast Sulawesi, Konawe District, Asera subdistrict, Mopute village by Lindu River. Alternate names: Mapute, Mopute. Dialects: Waru, Lalomerui. Lexical similarity: 86% between the Waru and Lalomerui dialects, 79% with Tolaki [lbw] dialects and Mekongga (dial Tolaki [lbw]), 70% with Rahambuu [raz] and Kodeoha [vko], 54% with the Mori [mzq] or [xmz] and Bungku [bkz] groups. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Southeastern, Bungku-Tolaki, Western, West Coast More information. [wow] 22,000 (1991 SIL). 14,000 Wawonii, 7,500 Menui. Southeast Sulawesi, Wawonii and Menui islands near Kendari. Alternate names: Wowonii. Dialects: Wawonii, Menui. Lexical similarity: 75% with Bungku [bkz] and Tulambatu dialect of Bungku [bkz], 66% with Taloki [lbw], Kulisusu [vkl], and Koroni [xkq], 65% with Moronene [mqn]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Southeastern, BungkuTolaki, Eastern, East Coast 21

Wolio

Wotu

More information. [wlo] 65,000 in Indonesia (2005 SIL). Population does not include L2 speakers and those in other provinces. Southeast Sulawesi, southwest Buton Island, Bau-Bau. Also in Malaysia (Sabah). Alternate names: Baubau. Dialects: Lexical similarity: 61% with Cia-Cia [cia], 60% with Masiri dialect of Cia-Cia [cia] and Lantoi dialect of Kaimbulawa [zka]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, WotuWolio, Wolio-Kamaru More information. [wtw] 5,000 (1987 SIL). South Sulawesi, Luwu Utara District, Wotu subdistrict, Wotu town. Dialects: Lexical similarity: 58% with Wolio [wlo], 53% with Laiyolo [lji], average 43% with South Sulawesi subgroup, 43% with Kaili-Pamona subgroup, 41% with Seko Padang [skx], 39% with Tae Luwu [rob], 36%43% with BungkuTolaki subgroup, 37% with Toraja-Sadan [sda], 33% with Bugis [bug], 31% with Rampi [lje], 25% with Lemolang [ley]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Wotu-Wolio More information.

This web edition of the Ethnologue contains all the content of the print edition and may be cited as: http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=IDL

22

Languages of Indonesia (Maluku)

See language maps. Indonesia (Maluku). 2,549,454 (2000 census). Information mainly from R. Bolton 1989, 1990; J. Collins 1983; B. D. Grimes 1994; C. Grimes 1995, 2000; C. and B. D. Grimes 1983; K. Polman 1981; M. Taber 1993; P. Taylor 1991; E. Travis 1986; K. Whinnom 1956. The number of individual languages listed for Indonesia (Maluku) is 132. Of those, 128 are living languages and 4 have no known speakers. Alune [alp] 17,200 (2000). Central Maluku, west Seram, Seram Barat District, 5 villages; Kairatu, Taniwel districts, 22 villages. Alternate names: Patasiwa Alfoeren, Sapalewa. Dialects: Kairatu, Central West Alune (NiniariPiru-Riring-Lumoli), South Alune (Rambatu-Manussa-Rumberu), North Coastal Alune (Nikulkan-MurnatenWakolo), Central East Alune (Buriah-Weth-Laturake). Rambatu dialect reportedly prestigious. Kawe [kgb] may be a dialect. Related to Nakaela [nae] and Lisabata-Nuniali [lcs]. Lexical similarity: 77%91% among dialects, 64% with Lisabata-Nuniali, 63% with Hulung [huk] and Nakaela. Classification: Austronesian, MalayoPolynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Nunusaku, Three Rivers, Amalumute, Northwest Seram, Ulat Inai More information. Amahai [amq] 50 (1987 SIL). Central Maluku, southwest Seram. 4 villages near Masohi. Alternate names: Amahei. Dialects: Makariki, Rutah, Soahuku. Language subgroup with Iha [ihp] and Kaibobo [kzb]. Also related to Elpaputih [elp] and Nusa Laut [nul]. Lexical similarity: 87% between dialects Makariki and Rutah villages; probably 2 languages, 59%-69% with Saparua [spr], 59% with Kamarian [kzx], 58% with Kaibobo, 52% with Piru [ppr], Luhu [lcq], and Hulung [huk], 50% with Alune [alp], 49% with Nakaela [nae], 47% with Lisabata-Nuniali [lcs] and South Wemale [tlw], 45% with North Wemale [weo] and Nuaulu, 44% with Boano [bzn] and Saleman [sau]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Nunusaku, Piru Bay, East, Seram Straits, Uliase, Hatuhaha, Elpaputi Nearly extinct. More information. Ambelau [amv] 5,700 (1989 SIL). Ethnic population: 5,700. Central Maluku, Ambelau Island off southeast coast of Buru Island; Buru coast, Wae Tawa village, opposite Ambelau. 8 villages. Alternate names: Amblau. Dialects: Not intelligible with Buru [mhs]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, Ambelau More information. Aputai [apx] 150 (Hinton 1990). North central Wetar coast, southwest Maluku, Ilputih village; south central Wetar coast, Lurang village. Alternate names: Ilputih, Opotai, Tutunohan. Dialects: Ilputih, Lurang, Welemur. Lexical similarity: 93% among dialects, 79% with Perai [wet], 74% with Tugun [tzn], 69% with Iliuun [ilu], 57% with Talur [ilw]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Timor, Extra-Ramelaic, North, Wetar More information. Asilulu [asl] 8,760 (1987 SIL). Northwest Ambon Island, Asilulu, Ureng, Negeri Lima villages; some in West Seram, Hoamoal Peninsula, south coast. Dialects: Asilulu, Ureng, Negeri Lima (Lima, Henalima). Lexical similarity: 88% between Asilulu and the Negeri Lima dialect, 78%82% with Seit-Kaitetu [hik], 72%73% with the Wakal dialect of Hitu [htu], 67%72% with Larike-Wakasihu [alo], 71%73% with Luhu [lcq] on Seram. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Nunusaku, Piru Bay, West, Asilulu More information. Babar, North [bcd] 1,000 (2007 SIL). South Maluku, northeast Babar Island, east of Timor, Ilwiara, Nakarhamto, Yatoke villages. Dialects: Reported dialect variation. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, CentralEastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Babar, North More information. Babar, Southeast [vbb] 4,460 (2007 SIL). South Maluku, southeast Babar Island. Classification: Austronesian, MalayoPolynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Babar, South, Masela-South Babar More information. Banda [bnd] 3,000 (1987 SIL). South Maluku, Kei Islands, west and northeast side of Kei Besar Island, Banda-Eli and Banda-Elat villages, possibly another village. Dialects: Eli, Elat. Different from other languages of south Maluku. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Banda-Geser More information. Barakai [baj] 4,300 (1995 SIL). South Maluku; Barakai Island, Longgar, Apara, Bemun, and Mesiang; southeast Aru Islands; Gomo-Gomo Island northeast of Barakai. Alternate names: Workai. Dialects: Barakai, Mesiang. Similar to Karey [kyd]. Lexical similarity: 70% with Batuley [bay]. Classification: Austronesian, MalayoPolynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Aru More information. Bati [bvt] 3,500 (Loski 1989). Coastal east Seram Island between Kian Darat and Keleser, and inland. Alternate names: Gah. Dialects: Related to Geser-Gorom [ges], Watubela [wah]. Classification: Austronesian, MalayoPolynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Banda-Geser, Geser-Gorom

23

Batuley

Benggoi

Boano

Bobot

Buli

Buru

Dai

Damar, East

Damar, West

Dawera-Daweloor

Dobel

More information. [bay] 3,840 (1995 SIL). South Maluku, off the east coast of Wokam Island. 7 villages in Aru on small islands. Alternate names: Gwataley, Watulai. Dialects: Related to Kompane [kvp] to the north and Lola [lcd] to the south, slightly more distant from Dobel [kvo]. Lexical similarity: 70% with Barakai [baj] and Karey [kyd], 81% with Mariri [mqi]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central MalayoPolynesian, Aru More information. [bgy] 350 (1989 SIL). Central Maluku, Werinama and Bula districts, east Seram, north coast, Benggoi, Balakeo, Lesa villages. Alternate names: Bengoi, Isal, Kobi-Benggoi, Uhei Kachlakan, Uhei-Kaclakin, UheiKahlakim. Dialects: Lesa, Benggoi, Balakeo. Lexical similarity: 70% among dialects; 54% to 66% with LianaSeti [ste], 46%50% with Salas Gunung dialect [sgu], 32%46% with Manusela [wha]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Manusela-Seti More information. [bzn] 3,240 (1982). Central Maluku, Boano Island west of Seram, mainly North Buano village. Alternate names: Buano. Dialects: Related to Larike-Wakasihu [alo]. Lexical similarity: 60% with Luhu [lcq], 61% with Lisabata-Nuniali [lcs] (most similar). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Nunusaku, Piru Bay, West, Hoamoal, East More information. [bty] 4,500 (1989 SIL). Central Maluku, southeast Seram, Werinama District, from Atiahu village to Kota Baru, and Tunsai village in Liana area. Alternate names: Ahtiago, Atiahu, Hatumeten, Ntau, Werinama. Dialects: Lexical similarity: 44% with Sepa [spb] and Teluti [tlt], 42% with Yalahatan [jal]. Classification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Bobot More information. [bzq] 2,520 (2000). North Maluku, central Halmahera, east coast. 3 villages. Dialects: Buli, Wayamli (Wajamli, Jawanli). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, South Halmahera, Southeast More information. [mhs] 33,000 in Indonesia (1989 SIL). 6,622 Wae Sama, 9,600 Masarete, 14,258 Rana, 500 Fogi, and 2,000 in Ambon. Central Maluku, Ambon, Jakarta, south, southeast, and central Buru Island. 70 villages. Also in Netherlands. Alternate names: Boeroe, Buruese. Dialects: Masarete (South Buru), Wae Sama (Waesama), Central Buru (Rana, Wae Geren, Wae Kabo), Fogi (Li Emteban, Tomahu). Li Garan is a special taboo dialect spoken by the Rana people (3,000 to 5,000 users). Ethnic population Fogi dialect: 500, but no remaining speakers. Lexical similarity: 90% between Masarete and Wae Sama dialects, 88% between Masarete and Rana, 80% between Wae Sama and Rana, 68% between Lisela [lcl] and Masarete, 48% between Leliali dialect of Kayeli [kzl] and Masarete, 45% between Kayeli [kzl] and Masarete, 44% between Ambelau [amv] and Masarete, 27%33% between Buru dialects and Sula [szn]. Classification: Austronesian, MalayoPolynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, Buru More information. [dij] 820 (2007 SIL). Dai Island, Sinairusi, Lewa, Hertuti villages, Sinairusi Kecil hamlet. Dialects: No dialect variation. Lexical similarity: 72% with Dawera-Daweloor (most similar) [ddw], 71% with Nakarahamto, 49% with Masela-South Babar, 48% with Tepa (Luang). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, CentralEastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Babar, North More information. [dmr] 2,800 (1990 SIL). South Maluku, north of eastern tip of Timor Island, east side of Damar Island, 6 villages, and east of Roma Island. Alternate names: South Damar. Dialects: Not intelligible with West Damar [drn]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Timor, Extra-Ramelaic, East, East Damar More information. [drn] 800 (1987 SIL). South Maluku, north of the eastern tip of Timor Island, north side of Damar Island, 2 villages. Alternate names: North Damar. Dialects: Not intelligible with East Damar [dmr]. Classification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, West Damar More information. [ddw] 1,270 (2007 SIL). South Maluku, Dawelor Island, Wiratan, Watuwei and Nurnyaman; Dawera Island, Welora, Letmasa and Ilmarang northeast of Babar Island. Alternate names: Davelor. Dialects: Minor dialect differences. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Babar, North More information. [kvo] 8,000 (2000 SIL), increasing. 6,500 plus 1,000 outside the area; 2,700 in Northern Dobel, 1,800 in Straits Dobel, 1,400 in Southeast Dobel. Southeast Maluku, Aru Islands, entire east coast of Kobror Island, 1 village in southeast Wokam Island, 4 villages eastern half of Barakai Strait (Kobror and Koba Islands), 2 villages in central Kobror Island. 18 villages. Also Dobo and Ambon. Alternate names: Doibel, Kobroor, 24

Elpaputih

Emplawas

Fordata

Galela

Gamkonora

Gane

Gebe

Geser-Gorom

Gorap

Haruku

Hitu

Horuru

Kobroor, Sersifar Tannin. Dialects: Northern Dobel, Straits Dobel, Southeast Dobel. At least 3 dialects. Related to Lola [lcd], Lorang [lrn]. Lexical similarity: 78%86% with Koba [kpd]. Classification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Aru More information. [elp] 420 (2000). Central Maluku, West Seram. Alternate names: Elpaputi. Dialects: Most similar to Nusa Laut [nul], Amahai [amq]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central MalayoPolynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Nunusaku, Piru Bay, East, Seram Straits, Uliase, Hatuhaha, Elpaputi More information. [emw] 250 (2007 SIL). South Maluku, southwest Babar Island, Emplawas village. Classification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Babar, South, Southwest Babar Nearly extinct. More information. [frd] 50,000 (Marshall 2000). 25,000 in the language area and 25,000 elsewhere (Marshall 2000). Southeast Maluku, north Tanimbar Islands of the Fordata, Larat, the Molu-Maru group, a few villages on the northwest part of Yamdena, and on Seira off the west coast of Yamdena. 30 villages. Also Saumlaki, Ambon, Tual, Sorong, Hayapura, Jakarta. Alternate names: Larat, Vai Fordata, Vai Tnebar, Vaidida. Dialects: Fordata-Larat I, Fordata-Larat II, Molo (Molo-Maru), Sera (Seira). Sera is most divergent dialect. Lexical similarity: 68% with Kei [kei]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Southeast Maluku, Kei-Tanimbar, Kei-Fordata More information. [gbi] 79,000 (1990 SIL). 41,000 Kadai, 10,000 Kadina, 24,000 Morotai, and 4,000 Sopi. North Maluku, Galela Bay, north of Tobelo to northern tip of Halmahera; Morotai Island except southeast quadrant; Gunage and Moari islands near Kayoa, Bacan, Obi, scattered along the southwest coast of Halmahera. Dialects: Kadai, Kadina, Morotai, Sopi. Laba [lau] may be a dialect. 65% intelligibility with Loloda [loa], Loloda 85% with Galela. Classification: West Papuan, North Halmahera, Galela-Loloda More information. [gak] 1,500 (Voorhoeve and Visser 1987). North Maluku, north Halmahera, a few coastal villages south of the Ibu area. Dialects: Lexical similarity: 81% with Waioli [wli]. Classification: West Papuan, North Halmahera, Sahu More information. [gzn] 2,900 (1982 D. Teljeur). North Maluku, Halmahera Island, south southern peninsula. Alternate names: Gani, Giman. Dialects: Similar to East Makian [mky], Kayoa, a dialect of East Makian [mky]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, South Halmahera, East Makian-Gane More information. [gei] 2,650 (2000). North Maluku, Gebe, Yoiumiyal, and Gag islands between southern Halmahera and Waigeo Island (Papua). 4 villages. Alternate names: Gebi. Dialects: Umera. Lexical similarity: 44% with Patani [ptn]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Raja Ampat More information. [ges] 36,500 (1989 SIL). East end of Seram, Gorom Islands. Alternate names: Gesa, Geser, Goram, Goran, Gorom, Gorong, Seram, Seran, Seran Laut. Dialects: Goram Laut, Mina Mina Gorong, Kelimuri. Lexical similarity: 73%93% among dialects, 51%61% with Watubela [wah]. Classification: Austronesian, MalayoPolynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Banda-Geser, Geser-Gorom More information. [goq] 1,000 (1992 SIL). North Maluku, Morotai Island, Pilowo and Waringin villages; Central Halmahera, Bobane and Igo villages. Dialects: Reportedly a mixed language, with Ternate [tft] and Malay [max] words and different word order from other languages of north Halmahera or Austronesian languages. Lexical similarity: 85% with Indonesian [ind], but comprehension is limited. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Unclassified More information. [hrk] 18,200 (1989 SIL). Central Maluku, Lease Islands, Haruku Island. Dialects: Hulaliu, Pelauw, Kailolo, Rohomoni. Each village uses a separate dialect. Lexical similarity: 81%92% among dialects, 74%76% with Tulehu [tlu], 67%71% with Saparua [spr]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Nunusaku, Piru Bay More information. [htu] 16,000 (1987 SIL). Ambon Island, Hitu Peninsula, Wakal, Hitu, Mamala, Morela, Hila. Dialects: Wakal, Morela, Mamala, Hitu, Hila. Lexical similarity: 67%82% with Seit-Kaitetu [hik], 74%82% with Tulehu [tlu]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Nunusaku, Piru Bay, East, Seram Straits, Ambon More information. [hrr] 4,240 (2000). Central Maluku, Seram. Dialects: Hulung [huk] may be related. Horuru may be alternate name for another language. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central 25

Hoti Huaulu

Hukumina Hulung

Ibu

Iliuun

Imroing

Kadai

Kaibobo

Kamarian

Kao

Karey

Kayeli

Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Nunusaku, Three Rivers, Amalumute, Northwest Seram More information. [hti] 10 (1987 SIL). Central Maluku, east Seram. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, CentralEastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, East Seram Nearly extinct. More information. [hud] 300 (1987 SIL). Central Maluku, east Seram, northwest of Manusela. 10 villages. Alternate names:Alakamat, Bahasa Asli. Dialects: Lexical similarity: 64%72% with Manusela [wha] dialects. Classification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Manusela-Seti More information. [huw] Extinct. Northwest Buru Island, Hukumina, Palumata, and Tomahu districts. Alternate names:Bambaa. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Hukumina More information. [huk] 10 (1991 SIL). Central Maluku, west Seram, Hulung village, Sauweli hamlet. Dialects: Lexical similarity: 67% with Lisabata-Nuniali [lcs], 66% with Nakaela [nae] and South Wemale [tlw], 63% with Alune [alp], 59% with North Wemale [weo]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central MalayoPolynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Nunusaku, Three Rivers, Amalumute, Northwest Seram, Hulung Nearly extinct. More information. [ibu] 35 (Voorhoeve and Visser 1987). Ethnic population: 50 to 200 (1984). North Maluku, north Halmahera Island, Ibu River mouth, Gamlamo and Gamici villages. Dialects: May be inherently intelligible with Sahu [saj]. Classification: West Papuan, North Halmahera, Sahu Nearly extinct. More information. [ilu] 1,400 (1990 SIL). Southwest Maluku, Wetar Island coast, Telemar, Karbubu, Klishatu, Ilmaumau, Erai (Eray), Nabar, Esulit villages on the west end of Wetar, and Istutun village on Lirang Island, southwest tip of Wetar. Alternate names: Erai, Hahutan, Hahutau, Iliun, Ilmaumau, Limera. Dialects: Telemar, Karbubu, Ustutun, Klishatu, Ilmaumau, Eray, Nabar, Esulit. All also use the Iliuun dialect. Lexical similarity: 93%97% among dialects. Lexical similarity 73% with Tugun [tzn], 69% with Aputai [apx], 67% with Perai [wet], 51% with Talur [ilw]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Timor, Extra-Ramelaic, North, Wetar More information. [imr] 560 (2007 SIL). South Maluku, southwest Babar Island, Imroing village. Alternate names: Imroin. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Babar, South, Southwest Babar More information. [kzd] 350 (2000). North Maluku, Sula Islands, Taliabu Island, interior mountains. Possibly Mangole Island mountains. Dialects: May be intelligible with Taliabu [tlv]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, Sula, Taliabo More information. [kzb] 500 (Collins 1983). Central Maluku, west Seram, Piru Bay, Kairatu District, Kaibobo, Hatusua, Waisamu, Kamarian, Seruawan, Tihulale villages. Alternate names: Kaibubu. Dialects: Kaibobo, Hatusua. Related to Lisabata-Nuniali [lcs]. Lexical similarity: 82%88% between Kaibobo and Hatusua dialect, 75% with Kamarian [kzx], 62%65% with Saparua [spr], 62% with Piru [ppr], 58%62% with Luhu [lcq], 61% with Nakaela [nae]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Nunusaku, Piru Bay, East More information. [kzx] 10 (1987 SIL). Ethnic population: 6,000 in the village (1987 SIL). Central Maluku, west Seram, east end of Piru Bay, Kamarian village on south coast. Alternate names: Kamariang, Seruawan. Dialects:Lexical similarity: 75% with Kaibobo [kzb], 67% with Saparua [spr], 60% with Lisabata-Nuniali [lcs], 59% with Amahai [amq], Piru, Nakaela [nae], and Hulung [huk]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, CentralEastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Nunusaku, Piru Bay, East, Seram Straits, Uliase, Kamarian Nearly extinct. More information. [kax] 400 (2000). North Maluku, interior North Halmahera, Kao town area, Kao River mouth area. Alternate names: Kau, Kau. Dialects: Could be a marginal dialect of Pagu [pgu], but relates uniquely to other languages in Kao River subbranch. Classification: West Papuan, North Halmahera, Sahu More information. [kyd] 950 (1995 SIL). South Maluku, south Aru Islands, Karey Valley, east coast of Tarangan Island.Alternate names: Kerei, Krei. Dialects: Lexical similarity: 70% with East Tarangan [tre] and Batuley [bay]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Aru More information. [kzl] 3 (1995). Not used for 3 decades (1989 SIL). Ethnic population: 800 (1995). Central Maluku, north Buru Island, south Namlea Bay. Alternate names: Caeli, Cajeli, Gaeli, Kajeli. Dialects: Kayeli, Leliali (Liliali), Lumaete (Lumaiti, Mumaite, Lumara). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, 26

Kei

Kisar

Koba

Kola

Kompane

Kur

Laba

Laha

Larike-Wakasihu

Latu

Leti

Central Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Nunusaku, Kayeli Nearly extinct. More information. [kei] 85,000 (2000 SIL). 4,500 monolinguals. Southeast Maluku, Kei Kecil, Kei Besar, surrounding islands, except Banda Eli and Banda Elat villages on Kei Besar; Kur Islands, where Kei is a lingua franca. About 207 villages on about 10 islands. Alternate names: Kai, Saumlaki, Veveu Evav. Dialects: Kei Kecil, Kei Besar, Tayando, Tanimbar Kei (Atnebar), Taam. Kei Kecil is the prestigious urban dialect. Kei Besar speakers usually also know Kei Kecil, but not vice versa. Kei Besar is more similar to Fordata [frd] than other Kei dialects. Tanimbar Kei is spoken in only one village. Lexical similarity: 60% with Fordata. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Southeast Maluku, Kei-Tanimbar, Kei-Fordata More information. [kje] 20,000 (1995 SIL). South Maluku, Kisar Island northeast of Timor Island, 19 villages; Roma Island, Hila and Likagraha (Solath) villages; Wetar Island, Amau, Naumatan, Hiai; Ambon City, Dili, and Kupang. Alternate names: Meher, Yotowawa. Dialects: Not related to Oirata [oia], which has sometimes been called a dialect. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Timor, Extra-Ramelaic, East, Luang-Kisar, Kisar More information. [kpd] 600 (Hughes 2000). Southeast Maluku, Aru Islands, Baun and Fukarel islands bordering Dobel, 3 villages; southeast of Kobror Island, mouth of Barakai Strait. Dialects: Southeast Koba. Low comprehension of Dobel [kvo]. Lexical similarity: 78%86% with Dobel. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Aru More information. [kvv] 7,700 (1995 SIL). South Maluku, north Aru Islands, widespread on Kola Island coast, adjacent islands. 22 villages. Alternate names: Kulaha, Marlasi, Warilau. Dialects: Intelligibility test showed Marlasi dialect intelligible to Kompane [kvp]. Lexical similarity: 77% with Kompane, 70% with Ujir [udj]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Aru More information. [kvp] 330 (1995 SIL). South Maluku, east coast of Kongan Island, northeast Aru, Kompane village, south of Kola and north of Wokam islands. Alternate names: Komfana, Kongampani. Dialects: Similar to Kola [kvv], linguistically between Kola and Batuley [bay]. Good intelligibility of Kola. Classification: Austronesian, MalayoPolynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Aru More information. [kuv] 3,180 (2000). South Maluku, west Kei Kecil District, Kur Island and nearby islands. Dialects: Different from Kei [kei]. Boundaries of intelligibility with dialects to the north and the central dialect, and with Teor [tev] need further investigation. Lexical similarity: 47%50% with Kei, 71%83% with Teor, 41% with Watubela [wah], 38% with Geser [ges]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Teor-Kur More information. [lau] 2,000 (1991 SIL). North Maluku, interior south end of Loloda District. 4 villages. Alternate names: Kedi, South Loloda. Dialects: Phonology like Galela [gbi], 70% intelligibility, 75% with Loloda [loa]. Lexical similarity: 75% with Galela, 78% with Loloda. Classification: West Papuan, North Halmahera, Galela-Loloda More information. [lhh] 3,890 (1987 SIL). Central Maluku, south central coast of Ambon Island, Laha village, nearby smaller villages. Alternate names: Central Ambon. Dialects: Related to Seram languages, but distinct from Manusela [wha]. Lexical similarity: 64%66% with Asilulu [asl] and Seit-Kaitetu [hik] (most similar). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Nunusaku, Piru Bay, East, Seram Straits, Ambon More information. [alo] 12,600 (1987 SIL). Ambon Island, southwest Hitu Peninsula, Larike, Wakasihu, Tapi, Allang, Lai villages. Dialects: Allang, Wakasihu, Larike. The western end of the Ambon dialect subgroup. Lexical similarity: 81% among Allang, and Larike, and Wakasihu dialects; 92% between Larike and Wakasihu; 68% 71% with Asilulu [asl], 67% to 72% with Negeri Lima dialect of Asilulu [asl]. Classification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Nunusaku, Piru Bay, West, Hoamoal, East More information. [ltu] 2,130 (1982 SIL). Central Maluku, southwest Seram Island, Elpaputih Bay, Latu village. Dialects:Lexical similarity: 82%84% with Saparua [spr] dialects. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, CentralEastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Nunusaku, Piru Bay, East, Seram Straits, Uliase, Hatuhaha, Saparua More information. [lti] 7,500 (1995 SIL). Leti Island. Dialects: Marginal intelligibility and difficulty with written Luang [lex]. Lexical similarity: 89% with Luang. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Timor, Extra-Ramelaic, East, Luang-Kisar, Luang More information. 27

Liana-Seti

Lisabata-Nuniali

Lisela

Lola

Loloda

Lorang

Loun

Luang

Luhu

Maba

Makian, East

Makian, West

[ste] 3,000 (1989 SIL). Central Maluku, districts of Seram, Bula, Werinama, and Tehoru, east Teluti Bay to the north coast. 8 villages. Alternate names: Liambata-Kobi, Liana, Lianan, Teula, Uhei Kachlakan, Uhei Kaclakin, Uhei Kahlakim. Dialects: Seti , Wahakaim, Kobi. Lexical similarity: 66%74% between Seti (westernmost and interior) and Wahakaim (near coast) dialects, 69%78% between Kobi and Seti, 70% between Kobi and Wahakaim, 42%61% between Kobi and Manusela [wha], 54%66% between Kobi and Benggoi [bgy], 48% 58% between Kobi and Salas [sgu]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Manusela-Seti More information. [lcs] 1,830 (1982). Central Maluku, West and North Seram, spread across the north coast. 5 villages.Alternate names: Lisabata, Noniali, Nuniali. Dialects: Lisabata-Timur, Nuniali, Sukaraja, Kawa. Lexical similarity: between Kawa (far western) and Lisabata Timur (far eastern) dialects is 85%, 72% with Nakaela [ nae], 67% with Hulung [huk], 63% with Alune [alp]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Nunusaku, Three Rivers, Amalumute, Northwest Seram More information. [lcl] 11,900 (1989 SIL). Central Maluku, Buru Island, north, northeast, north central coastal strips, and northwest, lower Wae Geren and Vae Apo valleys. Some in Ambon. Alternate names: Buru, Li Enyorot, Liet Enjorot, North Buru, Wayapo. Dialects: Lisela (Licela, Licella), Tagalisa. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, Buru More information. [lcd] 830 (1995 SIL). Southeast Maluku, 3 islands east of Kobroor and Baun islands, Aru Islands, Lola, Warabal, and Jambuair villages. Dialects: Lola, Warabal. Linguistically between Batuley [bay] and Dobel [kvo]; similar to Koba [kpd]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central MalayoPolynesian, Aru More information. [loa] 15,000 (1991 SIL). 2,000 Bakun. North Maluku, northwest coast of Halmahera. Alternate names:Loda, North Loloda. Dialects: Bakun. Intelligibility with Laba [lau] very limited. 85% intelligibility with Galela [gbi], Galela [gbi] has 65% intelligibility of Loloda. Classification: West Papuan, North Halmahera, Galela-Loloda More information. [lrn] 320 (1995 SIL). Southeast Maluku, Koba Island, Aru center, Lorang village. Dialects: Similar to Koba [kpd] and, to a lesser extent, Dobel [kvl]. Some similarities with Manombai [woo], but intelligibility is lower than might be expected. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central MalayoPolynesian, Aru More information. [lox] 20. Central Maluku, north-central Seram. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, CentralEastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Nunusaku, Three Rivers, Amalumute, Northwest Seram, Loun Nearly extinct. More information. [lex] 18,000 (1995 SIL). 200 monolinguals. South Maluku, east of Timor, Moa, Lakor, Luang, Sermata, Wetan, northwest Babar Islands. Alternate names: Letri Lgona, Lgona, Literi Lagona. Dialects: Luang, Wetan (Wetang), Moa, Lakor. Low comprehension of Leti [lti]. Lexical similarity: 89% with Leti. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Timor, Extra-Ramelaic, East, Luang-Kisar, Luang More information. [lcq] 6,500 (1983 J. Collins). West Seram Island, Hoamoal Peninsula, Luhu village; Boano and Kelang islands, off of west Seram. Dialects: Luhu, Batu Merah, Kelang. Related to Manipa [mqp]. Lexical similarity: 77% with Piru [ppr], 71%73% with Asilulu [asl]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Nunusaku, Piru Bay, West, Hoamoal, West More information. [mqa] 6,620 (2000). North Maluku, Halmahera, north coast of southeast peninsula; Wasilei area. Alternate names: Bicoli, Bitjoli, Ingli. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, South Halmahera, Southeast More information. [mky] 20,000. 18,000 or more in East Makian, 2,000 or more in Kayoa (1983 SIL). North Maluku, east Makian Island, south Mori Island, Kayoa islands, west coast of south Halmahera, Bacan and Obi islands. Transmigration project near Kao. Alternate names: Makian Dalam, Makian Timur. Dialects: East Makian, Kayoa (Kajoa). Similar to Gane [gzn]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, South Halmahera, East Makian-Gane More information. [mqs] 12,000 (Voegelin and Voegelin 1977). 7,000 on Makian Island, 5,000 on Kayoa Islands. North Maluku, west Makian Island, some Kayoa Islands, west coast of south Halmahera areas. Alternate names:Makian Barat, Makian Luar. Dialects: Language isolate within north Halmahera. Formerly classified as Austronesian. Classification: West Papuan, North Halmahera, West Makian More information. 28

Malay, Ambonese

Malay, Bacanese

Malay, Banda Malay, North Moluccan

Mangole

Manipa

Manombai

Manusela

Mariri

Masela, Central

Masela, East

Masela, West

Masiwang

[abs] 200,000 in Indonesia (1987 J. Collins). Population total all countries: 245,020. Central Maluku, Ambon, Haruku, Nusa Laut, Saparua Islands, along the coastal areas of Seram, and south Maluku. Also in Netherlands, United States. Alternate names: Ambonese, Ambong, Malayu Ambon. Dialects: Dobo Malay. Marginal intelligibility with Indonesian [ind]. Difficult intelligibility with Ternate Malay [max]; speakers switch to Indonesian. Lexical similarity: 81% with Standard Malay [zsm]. Classification: Austronesian, MalayoPolynesian, Malayo-Sumbawan, North and East, Malayic, Malay, Trade, East Indonesian More information. [btj] 2,500 (1991 SIL). Over 1,000 in Labuha (1987 J. Collins). North Maluku, Bacan Island west of southern Halmahera; former Labuha palace area, 1 village; Mandioli Island, and half of Waya and Lele villages. Alternate names: Bacan, Batjan. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, MalayoSumbawan, North and East, Malayic, Malay More information. [bpq] 3,690 (2000). Banda Islands. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Sumbawan, North and East, Malayic, Malay, Trade, East Indonesian More information. [max] 700,000 (2001 SIL). 100,000 monolinguals. North Maluku, Halmahera, Sula, and Obi islands. Labuha neighborhood (Christian), and some other families with parents of different ethnic origins. Alternate names: Ternate Malay. Dialects: Different meaning of particles from Manado Malay [xmm]. More similar to Manado Malay than to Ambonese Malay [abs]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, MalayoSumbawan, North and East, Malayic, Malay, Trade, East Indonesian More information. [mqc] 7,280 (2000). North Maluku, south coast of Mangole Island; Sula Islands, north tip of Sulabesi.Alternate names: Mangoli, Sula Mangoli. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, Sula More information. [mqp] 1,500 (Collins and Voorhoeve 1983). Central Maluku, Manipa Island west of Seram. 4 villages.Alternate names: Soow Huhelia. Dialects: Lexical similarity: 72% with Luhu [lcq], 64% with Piru [ppr], 60%62% with Hitu [htu], 60%61% with Tulehu [tlu] and Asilulu [asl], 58%61% with Seit-Kaitetu [hik], 55%60% with Larike-Wakasihu [alo], 56% with Boano [bzn] and Kaibobo [kzb]. Classification: Austronesian, MalayoPolynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East More information. [woo] 7,480 (1995 J. Hughes). Southeast Maluku, Aru Islands, Manombai Strait (Sungai) area as far as Wakua, west coast of Wokam Island, from Wokam village south, 21 villages; Kobror Island, Benjina; west end of Barakai Strait, Maikor Island, Gardakau; east coast of Wokam Island, Kobamar village. May no longer be spoken on Wamar Island. Alternate names: Manobai, Wamar, Wokam. Dialects: Not inherently intelligible with Dobel [kvo]. Lexical similarity: 76% with Lorang [lrn]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Aru More information. [wha] 7,000 (1989 SIL). Central Maluku, north Seram, Mansuela mountains, 30 villages; south Seram along Teluti Bay. Alternate names: Wahai, Wahinama. Dialects: Kanikeh, Hatuolu, Maneo, South Manusela. Lexical similarity: 66%74% between the Kanikeh dialect and other varieties, 67%75% with Hatuolo, 64%86% with Maneo, 66%86% with Maneoratu, 67%80% with South Manusela; 64%72% with Huaulu [hud], 42%61% with Liana Seti [ste], 45% with Saleman [sau]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, CentralEastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Manusela-Seti More information. [mqi] 390 (1995 SIL). South Maluku, Mariri Island, east Aru east of Kobroor Island. 1 village. Alternate names: Mairiri. Dialects: Lexical similarity: 81% with Batuley [bay]. Classification: Austronesian, MalayoPolynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Aru More information. [mxz] 511 (1980 N. de Jonge). South Maluku, Marsela Island. 3 villages. Alternate names: Central Marsela, Marsela-South Babar. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central MalayoPolynesian, Babar, South, Masela-South Babar More information. [vme] 520 (1980 N. de Jonge). South Maluku, Marsela Island. 3 villages. Alternate names: East Marsela. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Babar, South, Masela-South Babar More information. [mss] 850 (2007 SIL). South Maluku, Marsela Island. 5 villages. Alternate names: West Marsela. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Babar, South, Masela-South Babar More information. [bnf] 1,000 (1989 SIL). Central Maluku, Bula District, Seram Island, Waru Bay area. Alternate names:Bonfia. Dialects: Lexical similarity: 44% with Bobot [bty], 43% with Salas [sgu], 39% with Sepa [spb] and Teluti [tlt], 36% with Liana Seti [ste] and Atamanu. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, 29

Modole

Moksela

Nakaela

Nila

Nuaulu, North

Nuaulu, South

Nusa Laut

Oirata

Pagu

Palumata

Patani

Paulohi

Perai

Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Masiwang More information. [mqo] 2,000 (1983 SIL). North Maluku, interior north Halmahera Island, Kao River headwaters. Alternate names: Madole. Dialects: North Modole, South Modole. Minimal differences between north and south Modole. Classification: West Papuan, North Halmahera, Galela-Loloda More information. [vms] Extinct. Central Maluku, possibly east Buru Island, near Kayeli. Alternate names: Maksela, Opselan. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, Buru More information. [nae] 5 (1985 SIL). Central Maluku, northwest Seram, Kairatu village. Dialects: Lexical similarity: 71% with Lisabata-Nuniali [lcs], 66% with Hulung [huk], 63% with Alune [alp]. Classification: Austronesian, MalayoPolynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Nunusaku, Three Rivers, Amalumute, Northwest Seram, Ulat Inai Nearly extinct. More information. [nil] 1,800 (1989 SIL), decreasing. Central Maluku, south central Seram Island transmigration area. 6 villages. (Originally Nila Island in south central Maluku). Dialects: Similar to Serua [srw]. Not intelligible with Teun [tve]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Timor, Extra-Ramelaic, East, Teun-Nila-Serua, Nila-Serua More information. [nni] 500 (1990 SIL). Central Maluku, central Seram Island north coast. 2 villages. Alternate names:Fatakai, Nuaulu, Patakai. Dialects: Lexical similarity: 67% with South Nuaulu, 64% with Saleman. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Sawai-Nuaulu More information. [nxl] 1,500 (1995 SIL). Central Maluku, Seram Island, Amahai District, south coast and interior. 6 villages.Alternate names: Fatakai, Nuaulu, Patakai. Dialects: Lexical similarity: 67% with North Nuaulu [nni], 50% with South Wemale, Hulung [huk], and Nakaela [nae], 48% with Saleman [sau]. Classification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Sawai-Nuaulu More information. [nul] 10. Ethnic population: 2,226 (1989 SIL). Central Maluku, Lease Islands, Nusa Laut Island, Titawai village. Alternate names: Nusalaut. Dialects: Lexical similarity: 69% with Saparua [spr], 65% with Amahai [amq]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Nunusaku, Piru Bay, East, Seram Straits, Uliase, Hatuhaha, Elpaputi Nearly extinct. More information. [oia] 1,220 (1987 SIL). South Maluku, southeast Kisar Island, east and west Oirata. 2 villages; Ambon City.Alternate names: Maaro. Dialects: Not related to other languages on Oirata or to central Maluku languages. Not closely related to languages in East Timor. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, East Timor, Fataluku-Oirata More information. [pgu] 3,310 (2000). North Maluku, interior North Halmahera south of Modole [mqo] to the mouth of Kao River. Alternate names: Pago, Pagoe. Dialects: Isam, Pagu, Toliwiku (Toliliko). Classification: West Papuan, North Halmahera, Galela-Loloda More information. [pmc] Extinct. Central Maluku, northwest Buru Island. Alternate names: Balamata, Palamata. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, Buru More information. [ptn] 10,600 (2000). North Maluku, Halmahera, narrow tip of southeast peninsula and west along the coast. 9 villages. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, South Halmahera, Southeast More information. [plh] 50 (1982). Central Maluku, West Seram, south central Seram Island, Elpaputih Bay west shore. 2 villages, Kecamatan Amahai. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Nunusaku, Piru Bay, East, Seram Straits, Solehua Nearly extinct. More information. [wet] 280 (Hinton 2000). Southwest Maluku, Wetar Island northeast coast, north of Timor, Uhak and Moning villages. Alternate names: Tutunohan. Dialects: Moning, Uhak. Lexical similarity: 93% among dialects, 79% with Aputai [apx], 76% with Tugun [tzn], 67% with Iliuun [ilu], 51% with Talur [ilw]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Timor, Extra-Ramelaic, North, Wetar More information. 30

Piru

Roma

Sahu

Salas

Saleman

Saparua

Sawai

Seit-Kaitetu

Selaru

Seluwasan

Sepa

Serili Serua

[ppr] 10 (1985 SIL). Central Maluku, west Seram Island. 1 village. Dialects: Lexical similarity: 72% with Luhu [lcq]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Nunusaku, Three Rivers, Amalumute, Northwest Seram Nearly extinct. More information. [rmm] 1,700 (1991 SIL). South Maluku, Roma Island north of Timor Island, Jerusu village. Alternate names:Romang. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central MalayoPolynesian, Timor, Extra-Ramelaic, East, Luang-Kisar, Kisar More information. [saj] 7,500 (Voorhoeve and Visser 1987). 3,500 in Talai, 4,000 in Padisua. North Maluku, southwestern north Halmahera Island. Alternate names: Sau, Sahuu, Sau. Dialects: Padisua (Palisua), Talai. Similar to Waioli [wli], Gamkonora [gak]. Classification: West Papuan, North Halmahera, Sahu More information. [sgu] 50 (1989 SIL). Central Maluku, Seram Island, Waru Bay, Salas Gunung village. Alternate names:Lenkaitahe, Liambata, Salas Gunung. Dialects: Lexical similarity: 48%58% with Liana-Seti [ste], 46%50% with Benggoi [bgy], 35%46% with Manusela [wha]. Classification: Austronesian, MalayoPolynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Manusela-Seti Nearly extinct. More information. [sau] 4,800 (1989 SIL). Central Maluku, north central Seram. 5 villages (Saleman, Pasanea, Sawai, Besi, Wahai). Alternate names: Hatue, Sawai, Seleman, Wahai. Dialects: Lexical similarity: 64% with North Nuaulu [nni], 48% with South Nuaulu [nxl]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Sawai-Nuaulu More information. [spr] 10,200 (1989 SIL). 4,519 in Iha. Central Maluku, Lease Islands, Saparua Island, Kulur, Iha, Siri-Sori villages; Seram Island, Iha, Kulur, Latu, Hualoy, Tomalehu villages; also Kairatu village. Dialects: Kulur, IhaSaparua, Iha-Seram, Siri-Sori. Each village is a dialect. Lexical similarity: 86%89% among dialects; 82% 84% with Latu [ltu], 69% with Amahai [amq], 67% with Kamarian [kzk], 68%71% with Haruku [hrk], 65% with Kaibobo [kzb], 62%66% with Tulehu [tlu], 54%62% with Luhu [lcq], 49% with Piru [ppr], 54% with Nakaela [nae]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Nunusaku, Piru Bay, East, Seram Straits, Uliase, Hatuhaha, Saparua More information. [szw] 12,000 (2000 SIL), increasing. Few monolinguals. North Maluku, Gane Timur and Weda districts, Halmahera, south and southeast peninsula coasts. 13 villages. Alternate names: Weda, Weda-Sawai, Were. Dialects: Weda, Sawai, Kobe, Faya-Mafa, Messa-Dote. Lexical similarity: 64% with North Nuaulu [nni]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, South Halmahera, Southeast More information. [hik] 10,200 (1987 SIL). Central Maluku, Ambon Island north coast, Seit (Seith) and Kaitetu villages.Alternate names: Hila-Kaitetu. Dialects: Seit (Seith), Kaitetu. Lexical similarity: 85% between Kaitetu and Seit dialects. Lexical similarity: 78%82% with Asilulu [asl], 67%74% with Tulehu [tlu]. Classification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Nunusaku, Piru Bay, West, Asilulu More information. [slu] 8,000 (2001 SIL). South Muluku, Tanimbar, Selaru Island, 6 of 7 villages, Yamdena Island, half Latdalam village, Nus-Wotar Island off Yamdena west coast, Lingada village; Saumlake and Ambon.Alternate names: Salaru. Dialects: Kandar. Slight dialect differences. Not closely related to other nearby languages. Lexical similarity: 56% with Seluwasan [sws]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, CentralEastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Southeast Maluku, Southern More information. [sws] 2,840 (1980 Government report), decreasing. 739 in Makatian, 2,100 in Seluwasan. South Maluku, Yamdena Island, southwest coast, Wermatang, Batu Putih, and Marantutul. Alternate names: Selvasa, Selwasa. Dialects: Seluwasan, Makatian. Makatian dialect quite different from others. Classification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Southeast Maluku, Southern More information. [spb] 2,600 (1989 SIL). Central Maluku, Seram Island, Sepa village. Alternate names: Tamilouw. Dialects:Lexical similarity: 69%78% with Teluti [tlt], 50% with Yalahatan [jal]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Nunusaku, Piru Bay, East More information. [sve] 330 (1980 N. de Jonge). South Maluku, northeast Marsela Island. Classification: Austronesian, MalayoPolynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Babar, South, Masela-South Babar More information. [srw] 2,000 (1990 SIL), decreasing. Central Maluku, south central Seram Island, transmigration area. 4 31

Sula

Tabaru

Taliabu

Talur

Tarangan, East

Tarangan, West

Tela-Masbuar

Teluti

Teor

Ternate

Ternateo

Teun

Tidore

villages. Dialects: Similar to Nila [nil]. Not intelligible with Teun [tve]. Classification: Austronesian, MalayoPolynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Timor, Extra-Ramelaic, East, Teun-Nila-Serua, NilaSerua More information. [szn] 20,000 (1983 SIL). North Maluku, Sula Islands, Sulabesi Island; scattered on east and west ends and north coast of Mangole Island, and northeast coast of Buru Island. Alternate names: Sanana. Dialects:Fagudu, Falahu, Facei (Fac). Similar to Mangole [mqc]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, Sula More information. [tby] 15,000 (1991 SIL). North Maluku, Ibu, Jailolo, and Oba districts. Alternate names: Tobaru. Dialects:Adu, Nyeku. Northern dialect is the main one. Dialects mutually inherently intelligible. Classification: West Papuan, North Halmahera, Galela-Loloda More information. [tlv] 4,520 (2000). 500 to 1,500 in Mangei. North Maluku, Taliabu Island, northwest Mangole, Sula Islands.Alternate names: Taliabo. Dialects: Padang (Samada), Mananga, Mangei (Mangee, Mange, Mang, Soboyo, Sobojo). Dialects 90% or more lexically similar. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, Sula, Taliabo More information. [ilw] 680 (1990 SIL). Southwest Maluku, south central Wetar Island north of East Timor, Hiay, Ilputih, Ilwaki villages. Alternate names: Galoleng, Iliwaki, Ilmedu, Ilwaki, Lir Talo. Dialects: Ilputih, Ilwaki (Iliwaki), Hiay. Lexical similarity: 94%-98% between dialects, 86% with Galoli [gal] in East Timor, 57% with Aputai [apx], 52% with Tugun [tzn], 51% with Perai [wet] and Iliuun [ilu]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Timor, Extra-Ramelaic, North, Wetar More information. [tre] 3,780 (1987 Maluku Dalam Angka). South Maluku, south Aru Islands, Tarangan Island east coast, and villages in Maikor Strait (Sungai Maikor). 13 villages. Alternate names: East Trangan, Tarangan Timur. Dialects: Lexical similarity: 71% with West Tarangan [txn]. Classification: Austronesian, MalayoPolynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Aru More information. [txn] 6,480 (Maluku Dalam Angka). South Maluku, south Aru Islands, Tarangan Island west coast. Alternate names: Tarangan Barat, West Trangan. Dialects: Southwestern Tarangan, North Central Tarangan. 2 sharply distinct dialect groups, with minor variation within them. Lexical similarity: 70% with East Tarangan [tre] and Manombai [woo]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central MalayoPolynesian, Aru More information. [tvm] 1,050 (2007 SIL). South Maluku, southwest Babar Island, Tela, Masbuar villages. Alternate names:Masbuar-Tela, Telaa. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Babar, South, Southwest Babar More information. [tlt] 17,000 (1989 SIL). Central Maluku, south Seram Island, Teluti Bay. Alternate names: Silen, Taluti, Tehoru, Tihoru, Wolu. Dialects: West Teluti (Haya, Wolu, Tehoru, Tehua), Laha Serani. Lexical similarity: 74%89% among dialects, 69%78% with Sepa [spb], 50% with Atamanu. Classification: Austronesian, MalayoPolynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Nunusaku, Piru Bay, East More information. [tev] 1,100 (1986 SIL). South Maluku, Teor and Ut islands. Alternate names: Tioor. Dialects: Gaur Kristen, Ut. Self-report to understand Kur [kuv]. Lexical similarity: 79% between Gaur Kristen and Ut, 71%83% with Kur, 41% with Watubela [wah], 38% with Geser [ges]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Teor-Kur More information. [tft] 42,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). North Maluku, Ternate, Kayoa, Bacan, Obi Islands, coastal communities on western north Halmahera. Dialects: Similar to Tidore [tvo]. Classification: West Papuan, North Halmahera, Ternate-Tidore More information. [tmg] Extinct. North Maluku, Ternate Island, west of Halmahera Island. Alternate names: Ternatenyo. Dialects: Spanish relexification. Historical relationship with Chavacano and dialects, still spoken in the Philippines. Classification: Creole, Portuguese based More information. [tve] 1,200 (1990 SIL), decreasing. Central Maluku, south central Seram Island transmigration area. 4 villages. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Timor, Extra-Ramelaic More information. [tvo] 26,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). North Maluku, Tidore, Maitara, Mare, north half of Moti Islands; 32

Tobelo

Tugun

Tugutil

Tulehu

Ujir

Waioli

Watubela

Wemale, North

Wemale, South

Yalahatan

Yamdena

Halmahera west coast areas. Dialects: Similar to Ternate [tft]. Classification: West Papuan, North Halmahera, Ternate-Tidore More information. [tlb] 27,700 (2000). North Maluku, north Halmahera Island, Tobelo, Kao, and Jailolo districts; Halmahera Tengah, Maba and Wasile districts; Papua, Sorong, north half of Morotai, coastal areas of Kao Bay and inland, Patani, Weda, Gane, Bacan, Obi, Ambon, Raja Ampat islands. Dialects: Dodinga, Bong, Tobelo (Heleworuru). Classification: West Papuan, North Halmahera, Galela-Loloda More information. [tzn] 1,200 (1990 SIL). 1% monolinguals. Southwest Maluku, north of Timor, southeast end of Wetar Island, Mahuan, Masapun, Tomliapat, Ilpokil, Kahailin, Ilway, Arwala villages. Alternate names: Mahuan, Tutunohan. Dialects: Mahuan, Masapua, Tomliapat, Ilpokil, Kahailin Ilway, Arwala. Lexical similarity: 92% 97% among dialects, 76% with Perai [wet], 74% with Aputai [apx], 73% with Iliuun [ilu], 52% with Talur [ilw]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Timor, Extra-Ramelaic, North, Wetar More information. [tuj] 2,590 (2000). North Maluku, north Halmahera Island, inland around Kusuri, inland in Kecamatan Tobelo, Taboulamo area in Kecamatan Kao, the pass between Lolobata and Buli in Kecamatan Wasilei, Dodaga and Tutuling rivers, Akelamo and Mabulan rivers in Kecamatan Maba, Tanjung Lili, villages of Miaf, Bebseli, and Marasibno. A few on Lili, Waisango, and Afu rivers. Dialects: Teluk Lili, Kusuri. Possibly several dialects separated by large distances. Inadequate intelligibility with Tobelo variety. Classification:West Papuan, North Halmahera, Galela-Loloda More information. [tlu] 18,800 (1987 SIL). Central Maluku, Ambon Island, northeast coast. 4 villages. Alternate names:Northeast Ambon. Dialects: Tulehu, Liang, Tengah-Tengah, Tial. Each dialect is in a separate village. Eastern end of Ambon dialect chain. Lexical similarity: 84%90% among dialects, 74% to 82% with Hitu [htu], 72%76% with Haruku [hrk]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Nunusaku, Piru Bay, East, Seram Straits, Ambon More information. [udj] 980 (1995 J. Hughes). South Maluku, northwest Aru Islands, Ujir on Ujir Island, Samang on Wokam Island west peninsula tip. Alternate names: Udjir. Dialects: Lexical similarity: 75% with Kola [kvv] in north Aru, and slightly less with Kola on the west coast of Kola Island. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Aru More information. [wli] 3,000 (Voorhoeve and Visser 1987). North Maluku, north Halmahera, between Sahu [saj] and Ibu [ibu] languages. Alternate names: Wajoli, Wayoli. Dialects: Lexical similarity: 81% with Gamkonora [gak]. Classification: West Papuan, North Halmahera, Sahu More information. [wah] 4,000 (1990 SIL). East central Maluku, Watubela Islands, north of Kur Island. Alternate names:Esiriun, Kasiui, Kasui, Kesui, Matabello, Snabi Watubela, Wesi. Dialects: Tamher Timur, Sulmelang. Lexical similarity: 77% between dialects, 51%61% with Geser-Gorom [ges], 41% with Teor [tev] and Kur [kuv], 37% with Bobot [bty], 34% with Masiwang [bnf]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Banda-Geser, Geser-Gorom More information. [weo] 4,930 (1982). Taniwel District along north coast, east of Taniwel, and westernmost East Seram District. 24 villages. Alternate names: Oemale. Dialects: Horale, Kasieh, Uwenpantai. Kawe [kgb] may be a dialect. Lexical similarity: between east and central dialects is 80%, 72% with South Wemale [tlw], 59% with Hulung [huk]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Nunusaku, Three Rivers, Wemale More information. [tlw] 3,730 (1987 SIL). Central Maluku, west Seram, Kairatu, mainly interior, and Amahai District westernmost coast. 15 villages. Alternate names: Honitetu, Tala. Dialects: Dialect chain between Horale [weo], Kasieh [weo], Uwenpantai [weo], and Honitetu dialect. Kawe [kgb] may be a dialect. Lexical similarity: 80% between the Horale and Kasieh dialects of Wemale, North [weo], and between Uwenpantai dialect of Wemale, North and the Honitetu dialect, 72% with North Wemale, 66% with Hulung [huk], 47% with Yalahatan [jal]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Nunusaku, Three Rivers, Wemale More information. [jal] 1,700 (2004 SIL). approximately 850 in each village. Central Maluku, west Seram, Yalahatan, Haruru villages. Alternate names: Atamanu, Awaiya, Jahalatan, Jahalatane. Dialects: Slight dialect differences reported between the 2 villages. Lexical similarity: 50%52% with Sepa [spb], 49%50% with Teluti [tlt]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Nunusaku, Three Rivers More information. [jmd] 25,000 (1991 SIL). Ethnic population: 35,000 to 40,000 (1991 SIL). Southeast Maluku, east coast of 33

Yamdena, north tip of Selaru, Adaut village; southwest Yamdena, Latdalam village. 35 villages. Alternate names: Jamden, Jamdena. Dialects: North Yamdena (Batjas, Watmuri), South Yamdena (Saumlaki, Amdassa). Dialect chain from north to south with 90% lexical similarity between extremes, but with considerable morphological and phonological differences. The southern dialect is more prestigious. Lexical similarity: 90% between the north and south dialects, 47% with Fordata [frd]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Southeast Maluku, Kei-Tanimbar, Yamdena More information.

34

Languages of Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara)

See language maps. Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara). 7,961,540 (2000 census). 3,370,000 in West Nusa Tenggara (1993), 3,269,000 in East Nusa Tenggara (1993). Information mainly from C. Grimes, T. Therik, B. Grimes, and M. Jacob 1997. The number of individual languages listed for Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) is 76. Of those, all are living languages. Abui [abz] 16,000. Ethnic population: 16,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Lesser Sundas, Central and west Alor.Alternate names: Barawahing , Barue, Namatalaki. Dialects: Atimelang, Kobola, Alakaman. Much dialect diversity. Alakaman may be a dialect of Kamang [woi] (Woisika). May be more than 1 language. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, West Timor-Alor-Pantar, Alor-Pantar, Alor More information. Adang [adn] 31,800 (2000). Lesser Sundas, Northwest (Birds Head) Alor Island. Alternate names: Alor. Dialects:Aimoli. On the basis of linguistic differences and social identity, it is considered a separate language from Kabola [klz]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, West Timor-Alor-Pantar, AlorPantar, Alor More information. Adonara [adr] 17,000 (2000). Adonara Island, east Solor Island, between Flores and Lembata. Alternate names:Nusa Tadon, Sagu, Vaiverang, Waiwerang. Dialects: West Adonara, East Adonara, East Solor. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Timor, Flores-Lembata More information. Alor [aol] 25,000 (Grimes, Therik, Grimes, Jacob 1997). Alor, West and south of Birds Head, north Ternate Island, pockets along north Pantar, adjacent islands. Alternate names: Alorese. Dialects: Oriented toward Lembata and Adonara [adr], but Alor is not inherently intelligible with those languages. Classification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Timor, Flores-Lembata More information. Amarasi [aaz] 50,000 (Grimes, Therik, Grimes, Jacob 1997). Ethnic population: 60,000 (2001 C. Grimes). Southwest tip, Timor Island. Kotos is central and east, Rois is west, Rois Tais Nonof is south, Rois Hero s urrounded by Helong [heg]. 24 townships. Alternate names: Timor Amarasi. Dialects: Kotos, Rois, Rois Tais Nonof, Rois Hero (Kopa). Most similar to Uab Meto [aoz], but with differences in phonology, vocabulary, and discourse, with semantic shifts, structural differences, intelligibility problems. Rois Tais Nonof dialect has intonation like Rois dialect, vocabulary like Kotos dialect. There are speech differences when speaking to a king, nobility, or commoner. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Timor, Extra-Ramelaic, West More information. Anakalangu [akg] 14,000. Ethnic population: 14,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Sumba Island, southwest coast, east of Wanukaka. Alternate names: Anakalang. Dialects: Similar to Wejewa [wew], Mamboru, [mvd], Wanukaka [wnk], Lamboya [lmy]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central MalayoPolynesian, Bima-Sumba More information. Bilba [bpz] 7,000 (2002 UKAW). Ethnic population: 7,000. Rote Island east, domains of Bilba, Diu, and Lelenuk. West of Ringgou. Communities on Semau Island and Timor mainland near Kupang. Alternate names:Belubaa, Bilbaa, Eastern Rote, Rote, Rote Timur, Roti, Rotinese. Dialects: Bilba, Diu, Lelenuk. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Timor, Extra-Ramelaic, West More information. Bima [bhp] 500,000 (1989). Sunda Islands, east Sumbawa Island, east of the isthmus. Alternate names:Bimanese. Dialects: Kolo, Sangar (Sanggar), Toloweri, Bima, Mbojo. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Sumba More information. Blagar [beu] 11,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Ethnic population: 11,000. Lesser Sundas, East Pantar, north Pura, south Ternate islands. Alternate names: Belagar, Tarang. Dialects: Apuri, Limarahing, Bakalang, Pura. The Retta variety on south Pura is thought to be a separate language by speakers of Alor [aol]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, West Timor-Alor-Pantar, Alor-Pantar, Pantar More information. Bunak [bfn] 50,000 in Indonesia (Voegelin and Voegelin 1977). Ethnic population: 50,000. Central interior Timor Island, south coast. Alternate names: Buna, Bunake, Bunaq. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, West Timor-Alor-Pantar, Bunak More information. Dela-Oenale [row] 7,000 (2002 UKAW). Ethnic population: 7,000. Rote Island west coast, Dela and Oe Nale domains.Alternate names: Delha, Oe Nale, Rote, Rote Barat, Roti, Rotinese, Western Rote. Dialects: Dela (Delha), Oenale (Oe Nale). Dela-Oenale seems between Dengka [dnk] and Dhao [nfa]. Classification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Timor, Extra-Ramelaic, West

35

Dengka

Dhao

Ende

Hamap

Helong

Ile Ape

Kabola

Kafoa

Kamang

Kambera

Kedang

Kelon

More information. [dnk] 20,000 (2002 UKAW). Ethnic population: 20,000. Rote Island northwest, Dengka and Lelain domains, east of Dela-Oenale [row], west of Lole (Baa). Alternate names: Rote, Rote Barat, Roti, Rotinese, Western Rote. Dialects: Western Dengka, Eastern Dengka, Lelain. Western Dengka dialect has marked intonation; some occurrences of ngg in Eastern Dengka dialect become nd in Western Dengka. Some vocabulary of Western Dengka is like Dhao [nfa]. Dengka and Dela-Oenale [row] are more divergent from other languages on Rote. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Timor, Extra-Ramelaic, West More information. [nfa] 5,000 (1997 A. Ranoh). Island of Ndao, scattered on Rote, and Timor. Alternate names: Dao, Ndao, Ndaonese, Ndaundau. Dialects: Related to Sabu [hvn]. Difficult phonology. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Sumba More information. [end] 87,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). 78,000 Ende, 9,000 Ngao. Lesser Sundas, south central Flores, west of Sikka. Alternate names: Endeh. Dialects: Ende (Endeh, Jao, Djau), Ngao (Ngao, West Ende). A dialect subgroup. Lio [ljl] may be a dialect of Ende. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, CentralEastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Sumba, Ende-Lio More information. [hmu] 1,290 (2000). Kalabahi Bay, across from Kalabahi City, Moru town area. 2 villages. Migration in 1947 from Moeng, a few kilometers south. Still on their traditional land, but now in an interethnic community with the Kui [kvd]. Dialects: Said to be intelligible with the Adang-Aimoli dialect of Kabola [klz], but Kabola is associated with the Birds Head area of Alor. Structural and lexical differences with Kabola. Classification:Trans-New Guinea, West, West Timor-Alor-Pantar, Alor-Pantar, Alor More information. [heg] 14,000 (Grimes, Therik, Grimes, Jacob 1997). Ethnic population: 15,000 to 20,000. West tip of Timor Island near port of Tenau. 4 villages. Kupang area, extending across the island to Amarasi region; most villages on Semau Island. Alternate names: Helon, Kupang, Semau. Dialects: Helong Pulau (Semau, Island Helong), Helong Darat (Bolok), Funai (Land Helong). 2 groups which have minor dialect differences: Helong Darat on Timor mainland and Helong Pulau on Semau Island. Classification: Austronesian, MalayoPolynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Timor, Extra-Ramelaic, West More information. [ila] North Lembata (Lomblen Island), including Ile Ape volcanic peninsula and nearby mainland Lembata. North Ile Ape on the peninsula; South Ile Ape on the mainland. Alternate names: Nusa Tadon. Dialects:North Ile Ape, South Ile Ape. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central MalayoPolynesian, Timor, Flores-Lembata More information. [klz] 3,900 (1995 N. Johnston). Lesser Sundas, Northwest (Birds Head) Alor Island. Dialects: Pintumbang, Tangala, Meibuil, Otvai, Kebun Kopi. Dialect names and locations in Wurm and Hattori (1981) are disputed by native speakers. May be more than 1 language. Based on linguistic differences and social identity, best considered a separate language from Adang [adn]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, West TimorAlor-Pantar, Alor-Pantar, Alor More information. [kpu] 1,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Ethnic population: 1,000. Southwest Alor Island, north of Aluben, between Abui [abz] and Kelong [kyo] languages. Alternate names: Aikoli, Fanating, Pailelang, Ruilak. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, West Timor-Alor-Pantar, Alor-Pantar, Alor More information. [woi] 16,500 (2000). Alor Island, east central, between Abui and Tanglapui, Woisika village. Kamang dialect is spoken there and in 2 other villages. Alternate names: Waisika, Woisika. Dialects: Lembur (Limbur, Kawel), Sibo, Kamang, Tiayai, Watang, Kamana-Kamang. Probably more than 1 language. Classification:Trans-New Guinea, West, West Timor-Alor-Pantar, Alor-Pantar, Alor More information. [xbr] 235,000 (2000). Lesser Sundas, east half of Sumba Island, south of Flores. Alternate names: East Sumba, East Sumbanese, Hilu Humba, Humba, Oost-Sumbaas, Sumba, Sumbanese. Dialects: Kambera, Melolo, Uma Ratu Nggai (Umbu Ratu Nggai), Lewa, Kanatang, Mangili-Waijelo (Wai Jilu, Waidjelu, Rindi, Waijelo), Southern Sumba. Dialect network. Kambera dialect is widely understood. Lewa dialect and Uma Taru Nggai have difficulty understanding those from Mangili in many speech domains. Classification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Sumba More information. [ksx] 30,000 (1997 N. Johnston). Lesser Sundas, northeast Lembata (Lomblen) Island, villages on a ring road at the base of a volcano. Alternate names: Dang, Kdang, Kdang, Kedangese. Classification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Timor, Flores-Lembata More information. [kyo] 6,000 (Grimes, Therik, Grimes, Jacob 1997). Lesser Sundas, southwest Alor Island. Alternate 36

Kemak

Keo

Kepo

Kodi

Komodo

Kui

Kula

Lamaholot

Lamalera

Lamatuka

Lamboya

Lamma

names:Kalong, Kelong. Dialects: Probur, Halerman, Gendok, Panggar. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, West Timor-Alor-Pantar, Alor-Pantar, Alor More information. [kem] 50,000 in Indonesia (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Ethnic population: 50,000. North central Timor Island, West and East Timor border area, mostly east side. Alternate names: Ema. Dialects: Nogo (Nogo-Nogo), Kemak. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Timor, Ramelaic, West More information. [xxk] 40,000 (2001 L. Baird). Ethnic population: 40,000. South central Flores, east of Ngada, south of Nage, south and southeast of Ebu Lobo volcano. Kecamatans Mauponggo and Nangaroro, Kabupaten Ngada. The Nage forms north border, Ngada is west, and Ende east. Alternate names: Nage-Keo. Dialects: Distinct from but most similar to Nage [nxe]. Similar to Ngada [nxg], Ende [end], Lio [ljl], Palue [ple], Riung [riu]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, BimaSumba, Ende-Lio More information. [kuk] 10,600 (2000). Central Flores, between Manggarai and Rembong, between Manggarai and Wae Rana, 1 area. Alternate names: Kepoq. Dialects: May be inherently intelligible with surrounding languages. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Sumba More information. [kod] 40,000 (1987 UBS). Lesser Sundas, West Sumba. Alternate names: Kudi. Dialects: Kodi Bokol, Kodi Bangedo, Nggaro (Nggaura). May be most similar to Wejewa [wew]. Classification: Austronesian, MalayoPolynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Sumba More information. [kvh] 700 (2000). Komodo Island and west coast of Flores. Dialects: Considered a separate language from Manggarai [mqy] (1982 J. Verheijen). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Sumba More information. [kvd] 4,240 (2000). Ethnic population: 5,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Alor Island, scattered enclaves. Kui on south coast in Lerabaing and Buraga, also in Moru in Kalabahi Bay, interspersed with Hamap [hmu]; Batulolong in Sibera and Kapebang. Alternate names: Lerabain. Dialects: Kui (Lerabaing, Buraga), Kiramang (Kramang), Batulolong. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, West Timor-Alor-Pantar, Alor-Pantar, Alor More information. [tpg] 5,000 ( Grimes, Therik, Grimes, Jacob 1997). East quarter of Alor Island, between Kamang and Sawila. Most in higher elevations, but north coast Maukuru, Takala, Koilela, Peisaka, and Kiralela villagers also speak Kula. Alternate names: Kola, Lamtoka, Lantoka, Tanglapui. Dialects: Iramang, Kula, Kulatela, Watena, Larena, Kula Watena, Sumang, Arumaka. Structurally similar to Sawila [swt], but intelligibility is marginal. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, West Timor-Alor-Pantar, Tanglapui More information. [slp] 150,000 ( Grimes, Therik, Grimes, Jacob 1997). Lesser Sundas, east tip of Flores, east of the Sika [ski], and on west Solor; Adonara Lembata (except the Kedang area) and in enclaves on Pantar north coast, northwest Alor, and surrounding islands. Alternate names: Solor, Solorese. Dialects: West Lamaholot (Muhang, Pukaunu), Lamaholot (Taka, Lewolaga, Ile Mandiri, Tanjung Bunda, Larantuka, Ritaebang), West Solor. Wide variation among dialects. Keraf (1978) reports 18 distinct languages. Probably as many as 10 languages. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Timor, Flores-Lembata More information. [lmr] South coastal Lembata (Lomblen) Island. About 4 villages. Alternate names: Kawela, Lebatukan, Mulan. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Timor, Flores-Lembata More information. [lmq] Central Lembata (Lomblen) Island, between Ile Ape and Lewo Eleng. Several villages. Villages near the north coast are the result of recent government-induced migrations. Alternate names: Lamatoka. Dialects: Lewo Eleng [lwe] is probably most closely related. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Timor, Flores-Lembata More information. [lmy] 25,000 ( Grimes, Therik, Grimes, Jacob 1997). Sumba Island, southwest coast, southwest of Waikabubak. Dialects: Lamboya, Nggaura. Similar to Wejewa [wew], Mamboru [mvd], Wanukaka [wnk], Anakalangu [akg]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central MalayoPolynesian, Bima-Sumba More information. [lev] 10,000. Ethnic population: 10,000. Lesser Sundas, southwest and west Pantar. Alternate names:Lamma, Lemma, Mauta. Dialects: Kalondama, Tubal (Tube, Mauta), Biangwala. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, West Timor-Alor-Pantar, Alor-Pantar, Pantar 37

Laura

Lembata, South Lembata, West

Levuka

Lewo Eleng

Lewotobi

Lio

Lole

Malay, Kupang

Malay, Larantuka

Mamboru

Manggarai

Nage

Nasal

More information. [lur] 10,000 ( Grimes, Therik, Grimes, Jacob 1997). Northwest Sumba, between Kodi and Mamboru.Alternate names: Laora. Dialects: Laura, Mbukambero (Bukambero). Not intelligible with Kodi [kod]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, BimaSumba More information. [lmf] South Lembata (Lomblen) Island, between Lamalera and Lamatuka. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Timor, Flores-Lembata More information. [lmj] West end of Lembata (Lomblen) Island, west of Levuka. Both mountain and coastal villages around the base of a volcano. Alternate names: Labalekan, Mingar. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Timor, Flores-Lembata More information. [lvu] West central Lembata (Lomblen) Island, between Ile Ape and Lamalera. Alternate names: Lembata, Lewokukun, Lewuka, Painara. Dialects: Levuka, Kalikasa. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Timor, Flores-Lembata More information. [lwe] East central Lembata (Lomblen) Island, between Lamatuka and Kedang. Several villages. North coast villages are the result of recent government-induced migrations. Dialects: Lamatuka [slp] probably most closely related. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central MalayoPolynesian, Timor, Flores-Lembata More information. [lwt] 289,000 (2000). Eastern Flores, south of Lamaholot, east of Sika. Alternate names: Southwest Lamaholot. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Timor, Flores-Lembata More information. [ljl] 130,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Lesser Sundas, central Flores, west of Sikka, Paga and Dondo areas. Alternate names: Aku, Lio, Lionese, Tanah Kunu. Dialects: Dialect subgroup with Ende [end]. Palue [ple] may be a dialect. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central MalayoPolynesian, Bima-Sumba, Ende-Lio More information. [llg] 20,000 (2002 UKAW). Ethnic population: 20,000. Rote Island west central, Lole and Baa domains. North Lole covers north and central regions of Lole domain. Alternate names: Baa, Ba, Central Rote, Loleh, Rote, Rote Tengah, Roti, Rotinese. Dialects: North Lole, South Lole, Baa. North Lole na-hina becomes South Lole ni-hina. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Timor, Extra-Ramelaic, West More information. [mkn] 200,000 (1997 M. Jacob). West Timor, Kupang area. Alternate names: Basa Kupang, Kupang. Dialects: Air Mata. 2 dialects. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Sumbawan, North and East, Malayic, Malay, Trade, East Indonesian More information. [lrt] 20,000 (2007). East Nusa Tenggara Province, east end of Flores island, Larantuka City, Konga village; Adonara Island, Wure village. Alternate names: Nagi, Bahasa Nagi, Melayu Larantuka, Ende Malay. Dialects: Most similar to Kupang Malay [mkn]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Sumbawan, North and East, Malayic, Malay, Trade More information. [mvd] 16,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Northwest Sumba Island, Memboro coastal area. Alternate names:Memboro. Dialects: Related to Wejewa [wew], Wanukaka [wnk], Lamboya [lmy], Anakalangu [akg]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, BimaSumba More information. [mqy] 500,000 (1989). Lesser Sundas, west third of Flores Island. Dialects: Western Manggarai, Central Manggarai (Ruteng), West-Central Manggarai, Eastern Manggarai. Around 43 subdialects. Similar to Riung [riu]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, BimaSumba More information. [nxe] 50,000 (Forth 1993). Central Flores, northeast of Ngada, Ebu Lobo volcano north and west slopes.Alternate names: Nag, Nage-Keo. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Sumba, Ende-Lio More information. [nsy] 6,000 (2008). Bengkulu Province, Kaur Regency, Tanjung Betuah, Gedung Menung, Tanjung Baru.Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Unclassified More information.

38

Nedebang Ngada

Ngada, Eastern

Palue

Portuguese Rajong

Rembong

Retta Ringgou

Riung

Rongga

Sabu

Sasak

Sawila

[nec] 1,380 (2000). North central Pantar, south and southwest of Kabir. Alternate names: Balungada, Ndebang. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, West Timor-Alor-Pantar, Alor-Pantar, Pantar More information. [nxg] 60,000 (1995). South central Flores, between Manggarai and Ende and Lio. Alternate names:Badjava, Bajava, Bajawa, Nada, Ngada, Ngada, Ngadha, Rokka. Dialects: Central Ngada, Bajawa, South Ngada. Dialect diversity. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central MalayoPolynesian, Bima-Sumba More information. [nea] 5,000 (1994). South central Flores, Kabupaten Ngada, Kecamatan Golewa between Ngada and Nage, Sara Sedu, Taka Tunga, Sanga Deto administrative villages; Desa Rowa, Kecamatan Boawae. Alternate names: Southeast Ngada. Dialects: Minor dialect variation. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Sumba More information. [ple] 10,000 ( Grimes, Therik, Grimes, Jacob 1997). Palu Island, north of central Flores; north coast of Flores mainland, northwest of Maumere, Nangahure village. Alternate names: Lua, Palue, Paluqe. Dialects: Dialect subgroup with Ende-Lio; marginal intelligibility with Lio [ljl]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Sumba More information. [por] Flores Island, Sikka area. Classification: Indo-European, Italic, Romance, Italo-Western, Western, GalloIberian, Ibero-Romance, West Iberian, Portuguese-Galician More information. [rjg] 4,240 (2000). Central Flores, Manggarai, Wae Rana, Ngada, and Rembong areas. 2 enclaves. Alternate names: Razong. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central MalayoPolynesian, Bima-Sumba More information. [reb] 2,120 (2000). North central Flores, between Eastern Manggarai and Riung. Dialects: Rembong, Wangka, Namu. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, BimaSumba More information. [ret] South Pura Island Kalabahi Bay mouth; south Ternate Island. Dialects: Not intelligible with languages on north Pura. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, West Timor-Alor-Pantar, Alor-Pantar, Pantar More information. [rgu] 10,000 (2002 UKAW). Ethnic population: 10,000. Rote Island east tip, Ringgou, Landu and Oepao areas. Alternate names: Eastern Rote, Rikou, Rote, Rote Timur, Roti, Rotinese. Dialects: Ringgou, Landu, Oe Pao (Oepao). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central MalayoPolynesian, Timor, Extra-Ramelaic, West More information. [riu] 14,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). North central Flores Island, Lesser Sundas, Kabupaten Ngada, Kecamatan Riung. Alternate names: Far Eastern Manggarai. Dialects: Similar to Manggarai [mqy], but marginal intelligibility. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central MalayoPolynesian, Bima-Sumba More information. [ror] 2,120 (2000). South central Flores, between Manggarai and Ngada, and south of Wae Rana.Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, BimaSumba More information. [hvn] 110,000 (1997). 15,000 to 25,000 outside of Sabu (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Kabupaten Kupang; south of Flores and west of Timor, Sawu and Raijua Islands; Sumba (especially Waingapu and Melolo); Flores Island, Ende; Timor. Alternate names: Havunese, Hawu, Savu, Savunese, Sawu, Sawunese. Dialects: Seba (Heba), Timu (Dimu), Liae, Mesara (Mehara), Raijua (Raidjua). Similar to Waioli [wli], Gamkonora [gak]. Related to Dhao [nfa]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central MalayoPolynesian, Bima-Sumba More information. [sas] 2,100,000 (1989). Lombok Island. Alternate names: Lombok. Dialects: Kuto-Kute (North Sasak), NgetoNgete (Northeast Sasak), Meno-Mene (Central Sasak), Ngeno-Ngene (Central East Sasak, Central West Sasak), Mriak-Mriku (Central South Sasak). Complex dialect network. Some dialects have difficult mutual intelligibility. Related to Sumbawa [smw] and Bali [ban]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Sumbawan, North and East, Bali-Sasak-Sumbawa, Sasak-Sumbawa More information. [swt] 3,000 (Grimes, Therik, Grimes, Jacob 1997). East Alor Island, between Kula and Wersing. Alternate names: Tanglapui. Dialects: Sawila, Lona, Salimana, Lalamana, Sileba. Marginal intelligibility but structurally similar to Kula [tpg]; distinct historical ethnic identities. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, West TimorAlor-Pantar, Tanglapui More information. 39

Sika

Soa

Sumbawa

Tereweng

Termanu

Tetun

Tewa Tii

Uab Meto

Wae Rana

Wanukaka

Wejewa

[ski] 175,000 (Lewis and Grimes 1995). Lesser Sundas, eastern Flores Island, between Lio and Lamaholot. Alternate names: Krowe, Maumere, Sara Sikka, Sikka, Sikkanese. Dialects: Sara Krowe (Central Sikka), Sikka Natar (South Coast Sikka, Kanga), Tana Ai. Wide linguistic and cultural variation. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Timor, Flores-Lembata More information. [ssq] 10,000 (1994). Central Flores, central Kabupaten Ngada, between Ngada and Riung. Alternate names: Soa. Dialects: Similar to Ngada [nxg]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, CentralEastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Sumba More information. [smw] 300,000 (1989). West end of Sumbawa Island, west of the isthmus. Alternate names: Semawa, Sumbawarese. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Sumbawan, North and East, BaliSasak-Sumbawa, Sasak-Sumbawa More information. [twg] 800 (1997). Ethnic population: 800 (Grimes, Therik, Grimes, Jacob 1997). Tereweng Island off southeast Pantar Island. 2 villages northern side, 1 on Pantar. Dialects: Whether this is a dialect of Blagar [beu] or a separate language is disputed. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, West Timor-Alor-Pantar, AlorPantar, Pantar More information. [twu] 30,000 (2002 UKAW). Ethnic population: 30,000. Central Rote Island, Termanu, Keka, Talae, Korbafo, Bokai domains; Kupang, West Timor, and Jakarta. Alternate names: Central Rote, Pada, Rote, Rote Tengah, Roti, Rotinese. Dialects: Pada (Termanu), Pada Kona (Keka-Talae, Southern Termanu), Korbafo (Korbaffo), Bokai. Seems more similar to Lole [llg] than to other varieties on Rote. Korbafo and Bokai may need to be separated for sociolinguistic reasons. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Timor, Extra-Ramelaic, West More information. [tet] 400,000 in Indonesia (2004). Population total all countries: 450,000. Central Timor corridor north, to south coasts, east of Atoni, west of Bunak (in Batagude); Batibo area, south coast, Viqueque and Soibada areas. Also in East Timor. Alternate names: Belo, Belu, Fehan, Teto, Tettum, Tetu, Tetum, Tetun Belu, Tetung. Dialects: Eastern Tetun (Soibada, Natarbora, Lakluta, Tetun Loos, Tetun Los), Southern Tetun (Lia Fehan, Plain Tetun, Tasi Mane, Belu Selatan, South Belu, South Tetun), Northern Tetun (Lia Foho, Hill Tetun, Tasi Feto, Belu Utara, North Belu, Tetun Terik, Tetun Therik). Wide variation in morphology and syntax among major dialects; variation in social structure. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, CentralEastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Timor, Extra-Ramelaic, Central More information. [twe] 5,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Central Pantar. Dialects: Deing, Madar, Lebang. Classification:TransNew Guinea, West, West Timor-Alor-Pantar, Alor-Pantar, Pantar More information. [txq] 20,000 (2002 UKAW). Ethnic population: 20,000. Rote Island southwest, Tii domain, east of DelaOenale, west of Lole, south of Dengka. Alternate names: Rote, Rote Barat, Roti, Rotinese, Thie, Ti, Western Rote. Dialects: Minor variation, third singular verb prefix na-fada varies with ifada. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Timor, Extra-Ramelaic, West More information. [aoz] 586,000 ( Grimes, Therik, Grimes, and Jacob 1997). Western Timor Island. Alternate names: Atoni, Dawan , Meto, Orang Gunung, Rawan , Timol, Timor, Timor Dawan , Timoreesch, Timoreezen, Timorese, Uab Atoni Pah Meto, Uab Pah Meto. Dialects: Amfoan-Fatuleu-Amabi (Amfoan, Amfuang, Fatuleu, Amabi), Amanuban-Amanatun (Amanuban, Amanubang, Amanatun), Mollo-Miomafo (Mollo, Miomafo), Biboki-Insana (Biboki, Insanao), Kusa-Manlea (Kusa, Manlea). Much dialect variation. Ethnological and linguistic differences in nearly every valley. Similar to Amarasi [aaz]. Classification:Austronesian, MalayoPolynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Timor, Extra-Ramelaic, West More information. [wrx] 4,240 (2000). South central Flores, between Manggarai and Ngada. Alternate names: Waerana. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central MalayoPolynesian, Bima-Sumba More information. [wnk] 10,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Sumba Island, southwest coast, east of Lamboya. Alternate names: Wanokaka. Dialects: Wanukaka, Rua. Similar to, but unintelligible to Wejewa [wew], Mamboru [mud], Lamboya [lmy], and Anakalangu [akg] speakers. Intelligibility with varieties in east Sumba and Kambera uncertain. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Sumba More information. [wew] 65,000 ( Grimes, Therik, Grimes, Jacob 1997). Lesser Sundas, West Sumba Island interior.Alternate names: Veveva, Waidjewa, Wajewa, West Sumbanese, Wewewa, Wewjewa, Weyewa. Dialects: Weyewa, 40

Wersing

Lauli (Loli), Tana Righu. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central MalayoPolynesian, Bima-Sumba More information. [kvw] 3,700 ( Grimes, Therik, Grimes, Jacob 1997). Alor Island, Kolana east coast area, southeast coast, Pietoko and Pureman, 2 enclaves on north central north coast. Alternate names: Kolana, Kolana-Wersin, Warsina, Wersin. Dialects: Kolana, Maneta, Langkuru (Pureman, Mademang). Similar to Kamang [woi]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, West Timor-Alor-Pantar, Kolana More information.

41

Languages of Indonesia (Papua)

See language maps. Indonesia (Papua). 2,220,934 (2000 census). Information mainly from M. Donohue 1998 1999; C. Roesler 1972; C. Voorhoeve 1975; SIL 19752003. The number of individual languages listed for Indonesia (Papua) is 276. Of those, 274 are living languages and 2 are second languages without mother-tongue speakers. Abinomn [bsa] 300 (Clouse, Ma, and Donohue 2002). Sarmi Regency, Mamberamo Hulu subdistrict, Lakes Plain area, Baso River mouth east of Dabra at Idenburg River, to headwaters in Foya Mountains. Alternate names: Avinomen, Baso , Foja, Foya. Dialects: Similar to Warembori [wsa]. Classification: Language isolate More information. Abun [kgr] 3,000 (1995 SIL). Sorong Regency; Ayamaru, Sausapor, Moraid subdistricts; North coast and interior of central Birds Head, north and south of Tamberau ranges. About 20 villages. Alternate names: A Nden, Karon, Manif, Yimbun. Dialects: Abun Tat (Karon Pantai), Abun Ji (Madik), Abun Je. Classification:Language isolate More information. Aghu [ahh] 3,000 (1987 SIL). Merauke Regency, Jair subdistrict, south coast area, Digul River west of Mandobo language. Alternate names: Djair, Dyair. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Awyu-Dumut, Awyu More information. Airoran [air] 1,000 (1998 SIL). Jayapura Regency, Mamberamo Hilir, Pantai Barat subdistricts, Subu, Motobiak, Isirania, other villages; north coast area on lower Apauwer River. Alternate names: Adora, Aeroran, Iriemkena. Classification: Tor-Kwerba, Greater Kwerba, Kwerba, West Coast More information. Ambai [amk] 10,100 (2000). Yapen Waropen Regency, Yapen Selatan and Yapen Timur subdistricts. On Ambai Island in Cenderawasih Bay, south of Serui Island, along the south coast of Serui Island. 10 villages.Alternate names: Ambai-Menawi. Dialects: Randawaya, Ambai (Wadapi-Laut), Manawi. Closely related to Ansus [and], Woi [wbw], Pom [pmo], Wabo [wbb], Marau [mvr], Papuma [ppm], Munggui [mth], Kurudu [kjr]. Lexical similarity: 77% with Serui-Laut [seu], 71% with Wandamen [wad]. Classification: Austronesian, MalayoPolynesian, Central-Eastern, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Yapen, Central-Western More information. Anasi [bpo] 2,000 (1993 R. Doriot). Jayapura Regency, Mamberamo Hilir subdistrict. North coast, lower west bank Mamberamo River. Alternate names: Bapu. Classification: East Geelvink Bay More information. Ansus [and] 4,600 (1987 SIL). Yapen Waropen Regency, Yapen Barat subdistrict, Ansus, Kairawi, Aibondeni and Yenusi villages; Miosnum Island and Serui Island south coast. Dialects: Lexical similarity: 82% with Marau Papuma [ppm], 77% with Wandamen [wao]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, CentralEastern, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Yapen, Central-Western More information. Anus [auq] 320 (2005 SIL). Jayapura Regency, Bonggo subdistrict, Coastal area and island off north coast east of Biri River. Alternate names: Koroernoes, Koru. Dialects: Similar to Podena [pdn]. Classification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Sarmi-Jayapura Bay, Sarmi More information. Arandai [jbj] 1,000 (1987 SIL). Manokwari Regency, Bintuni subdistrict, South Birds Head, east and west of Wariaga River, Sebyar (Timoforo) River area. Alternate names: Dombano, Jaban, Sebyar, Sumuri, Yaban. Dialects: Kemberano (Tomu), Dombano (Arandai). Related to Kais [kzm]. Lexical similarity: 71% between the Kemberano and Dombano dialects. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, South Birds Head, South Birds Head Proper, Eastern More information. Arguni [agf] 150 (2000 S. Wurm). Northwest coast of Bomberai Peninsula on an island in the Maccluer Gulf. Alternate names: Argoeni. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central MalayoPolynesian, North Bomberai More information. As [asz] 230 (2000 S. Wurm). West Birds Head, north coast, Asbakin (main center), Maklaumkarta, Mega villages. Dialects: Lexical similarity: 60% with some dialects on Misool Island. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Raja Ampat More information. Asmat, Casuarina [asc] 9,000 (1991 SIL). 5,200 in Matia and 3,400 in Sapan. Mappi Regency, Pantai Kasuari and Edera Coast subdistricts; Casuarina coast from Ewta River north to Kuti River south, and inland. Alternate names:Kaweinag. Dialects: Matia, Sapan (Safan). Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Asmat-Kamoro, Asmat

42

Asmat, Central

Asmat, North

Asmat, Yaosakor Atohwaim

Auye

Awbono

Awera Awyi Awyu, Asue

Awyu, Central

Awyu, Edera Awyu, Jair Awyu, North

Awyu, South Bagusa

Baham

More information. [cns] 7,000 (Roesler 1972). Asmat Regency; Sawa-Erma, Agats, Atsy, and Pantai Kasuari subdistricts. South coast from Owap River northwest to Farec River southwest, inland toward the foothills and inland. Also Mappi Regency coast, Nambai and Edera subdistricts, south of Yaqay [jaq] language. Alternate names: Jas, Manowee, Yas. Dialects: Simai (Simay), Misman, Ajam (Ayam). North Asmat most distinct dialect. Related to Sempan [xse] north of the rivers. Similar to Kamoro [kgq] and Citak [txt]. Classification:Trans-New Guinea, Asmat-Kamoro, Asmat More information. [nks] 1,000 (1991 SIL). Merauke Regency, Sawa-Erma subdistrict. Near Paterle Cocq River headwaters west to Unir River east to the foothills. Alternate names: Keenok. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, AsmatKamoro, Asmat More information. [asy] 2,000 (1991 SIL). Asmat Regency, Agats and Atsy subdistricts. South coast along Sirac River. Alternate names: Yaosakor. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Asmat-Kamoro, Asmat More information. [aqm] 1,000 (1987 SIL). Mappi Regency, Pantai Kasuari subdistrict. South coast on Cook and Kronkel rivers, between Sawi [saw] and Kayagar [kyt]. Alternate names: Kaugat. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Kayagar More information. [auu] 350 (1995 SIL). Ethnic population: 350 (2000 SIL). Paniai Regency, Napan subdistrict. Central Highlands, Siriwo River, mountains southeast of Cenderawasih Bay. Alternate names: Auwje. Dialects:Related to Ekari [ekg]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Wissel Lakes More information. [awh] 100 (1999 SIL). 100% monolingual. Modera River, south of Kopkaka [opk] and northwest of Korowai [khe]. Alternate names: Kvolyab. Dialects: Not related to Ok, Asmat, Awyu-Dumut, Momuna [mqf], or highland languages like Dani or Mek. Lexical similarity: 55% with Bayono [byl]. Classification: BayonoAwbono More information. [awr] 70 (2000 S. Wurm). Yapen Waropen Regency, Waropen Bawah subdistrict. East side of Cenderawasih Bay, Wapoga River mouth. 1 village. Classification: Lakes Plain, Awera More information. [auw] 350 (2000 S. Wurm). Jayapura Regency, Arso subdistrict, northeast near Papua New Guinea border, just south of Jayapura. Alternate names: Awje, Awji, Awye, Njao, Nyao. Classification: Border, Taikat More information. [psa] 6,500 (2002 SIL). South coast area, southwest of Wildeman River, east of Kampong River, inland from Pirimapun. Alternate names: Miaro, Miaro Awyu, Pisa. Dialects: Similar to Edera Awyu [awy], South Awyu [aws]. Distinct from Central Awyu [awu], Jair Awyu [awv]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, AwyuDumut, Awyu More information. [awu] 7,500 (2002 M. Sohn). Mappi and Boven Digul Regencies; Obaa, Citak Mitak, Mandobo and Bimikia subdistricts. South coast east of Bipim, northwest of Yaqay [jaq], west of Tanamerah, southwest of Boma.Alternate names: Ajau, Auyu, Avio, Awju, Awya, Nohon. Dialects: 4 dialects. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Awyu-Dumut, Awyu More information. [awy] 3,870 (2002 SIL). Southeast near coast, north of lower Digul River. Alternate names: Jenimu, Oser, Siagha, Sjiagha, Syiagha, Yenimu. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Awyu-Dumut, Awyu More information. [awv] 2,300 (2002 SIL). South coast area, west of Mandobo Bawah [bwp], south of Aghu [ahh].Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Awyu-Dumut, Awyu More information. [yir] 1,500 (1987 SIL). South coast west side of Digul River, south of Kombai [tyn], east of Central Awyu [awu]. Alternate names: Awyu, Djair, Dyair, Jair, Yair. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, AwyuDumut, Awyu More information. [aws] 9,340 (2002 SIL). Southeast near coast, north of lower Digul River. Alternate names: Jenimu, Oser, Siagha, Sjiagha, Syiagha, Yenimu. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Awyu-Dumut, Awyu More information. [bqb] 300 (1987 SIL). Jayapura Regency, Mamberamo Tengah subdistrict. East of Mamberamo, Lake Rombebai, north of Kauwera [xau]. Alternate names: Kapeso, Suaseso. Dialects: Lexical similarity: 64% with Kwerba [kwe]. Classification: Tor-Kwerba, Greater Kwerba, Kwerba, Nuclear More information. [bdw] 1,100 (1987 SIL). Fakfak Regency; Kaimana, Fakfak and Kokas subdistricts. West Bomberai Peninsula east of the Iha [ihp] language. Alternate names: Patimuni. Dialects: Similar to Iha. Classification:Trans-New

43

Barapasi

Bauzi

Bayono

Bedoanas

Beneraf

Berik

Betaf Biak

Biga

Biritai

Bonggo

Burate

Burmeso

Guinea, West, West Bomberai, West Bomberai Proper More information. [brp] 2,500 (1995 SIL). Yapen Waropen Regency, Waropen Atas subdistrict. East Cenderawasih Bay just east of the Waropen language [wrp], along Barapasi River and tributaries. Alternate names: Baropasi. Dialects: Sipisi, Marikai. Lexical similarity: 67% with Kofei [kpi], 71% with Sauri [srt], 61% with Tefaro [tfo], 64% with Woria [wor]. Classification: East Geelvink Bay More information. [bvz] 1,500 (1991 SIL). 1,350 monolinguals. Jayapura and Yapen Waropen regencies. Lake Holmes area near mid-Mamberamo River; Danau Bira area, northeast, Kasonoweja north of Kustera; Mamberamo Tengah and Waropen Atas subdistricts, Vakiadi, Noiadi, Danau Bira, Solom, Kustera, Neao, Itaba villages. Alternate names: Baudi, Baudji, Baudzi, Bauri. Dialects: Gesda Dae, Neao, Aumenefa. Classification:East Geelvink Bay, Bauzi More information. [byl] 100 (1999 SIL). South of Awbono [awh] on Steenboom River. Dialects: Not related to language families like Ok, Asmat, Awyu-Dumut, Momuna, or highlands language families like Dani or Mek. Lexical similarity: 55% with Awbono. Classification: Bayono-Awbono More information. [bed] 180 (2000 S. Wurm). Fakfak Regency, Kokas subdistrict, northwest coast, Bomberai Peninsula.Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Bomberai More information. [bnv] 200 (2005 SIL). Sarmi Regency, Pantai Timur subdistrict. North coast area east of Tor River mouth, Beneraf and part of Nenke villages. Alternate names: Boneraf, Bonerif. Classification: Tor-Kwerba, Orya-Tor, Tor More information. [bkl] 1,200 (1994 SIL). Sarmi Regency, Tor Atas subdistrict; Bora Bora, Waf, Doronta, Beu, Togonfo, Dangken, Kondirjan, Somanente, Tenwer, Sewan, Safrontani and Taminambor villages. North coast area along mid and upper Tor River, inland from Sarmi. Alternate names: Berick, Berrik, Sewan Teteris, Upper Tor. Dialects: Lexical similarity: 45% with Keijar [kdy], 13% with Orya [ury]. Classification: Tor-Kwerba, OryaTor, Tor More information. [bfe] 600 (2005 SIL). Sarmi Regency, Pantai Timur subdistrict. North coast area east of Sarmi. Alternate names: Tena. Classification: Tor-Kwerba, Orya-Tor, Tor More information. [bhw] 30,000 (2000 S. Wurm). Biak and Numfor Islands north, numerous small islands east and west of Birds Head, including Mapia Island. Biak Numfor Kabupaten. Alternate names: Biak-Numfor, Mafoor, Mafoorsch, Mefoor, Myfoorsch, Noefoor, Noefoorsch, Nufoor. Dialects: Ariom, Boo, Dwar, Fairi, Jenures, Korim, Mandusir, Mofu, Opif, Padoa, Penasifu, Samberi, Sampori (Mokmer), Sor, Sorendidori, Sundei, Wari, Wadibu, Sorido, Bosnik, Korido, Warsa, Wardo, Kamer, Mapia, Mios Num, Rumberpon, Monoarfu, Vogelkop. Some consider Biak and Numfor dialect 2 languages. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, CentralEastern, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Biakic More information. [bhc] 300 (Remijsen 2001). Misool Island, Biga village. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Raja Ampat More information. [bqq] 250 (1988 SIL). Lakes Plain just north of mid-Rouffaer River, Biri village. Alternate names: Aliki, Ati, Biri. Dialects: Lexical similarity: 69% with Obokuitai [afz], 61% with Eritai [ert], 60% with Kwerisa [kkb], 69% with Kaiy [tcq]. Classification: Lakes Plain, Tariku, East More information. [bpg] 790 (2006 SIL). Sarmi Regency, Bonggo subdistrict. Northeast coast, near Kaisau River, Taronta, Tarawasi, Armopa villages. Alternate names: Armopa, Bogu, Bongo. Classification: Austronesian, MalayoPolynesian, Central-Eastern, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Sarmi-Jayapura Bay, Sarmi More information. [bti] 100 (2000 S. Wurm). Yapen Waropen Regency, Waropen Bawah subdistrict, near Wapoga River mouth. 1 village. Dialects: Lexical similarity: 69% with Demisa [dei], 75% with Tunggare [trt]. Classification:East Geelvink Bay More information. [bzu] 250 (1998 M. Donohue). Sarmi Regency, Mamberamo Tengah subdistrict, mid-Mamberamo River between Trimuris and Sikari northeast of Danau Bira (Lake Holmes). 1 village and isolated temporary houses along nearby rivers. Alternate names: Boromeso, Borumesso, Burumeso, Manau, Monao, Monau, Taurap. Dialects: Less than 5% lexical similarity with other languages. Classification: East Birds Head44

Burumakok

Buruwai

Busami

Citak

Citak, Tamnim

Dabe Damal

Dani, Lower Grand Valley Dani, Mid Grand Valley Dani, Upper Grand Valley Dani, Western

Dao

Dem Demisa

Dera

Sentani, Burmeso More information. [aip] 40 (1994 Kroneman). Jayawijaya Regency, Kurima subdistrict, village of Burumakok, south of Sumtanon, east of Siradala, lowlands area south of main ranges, southeast of Sumo and Dekai, south of Langda and Bomela. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Ok, Western Nearly extinct. More information. [asi] 1,000 (2000). Fakfak Regency, Kaimana subdistrict, south Bomberai Peninsula, Kamrau Bay southwest, Yarona, Kuna, Esania, Marobia, Guriasa, Tairi, Hia, and Gaka villages. Alternate names:Asianara, Asienara, Karufa, Madidwana, Sabakor, Sebakoor. Dialects: Lexical similarity: 60% with Kamberau [irx]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Asmat-Kamoro, Sabakor More information. [bsm] 700 (1993 R. Doriot). Yapen Waropen Regency, Yapen Barat and Yapen Selatan subdistricts, South and north coast, Serui Island, Kamanap, Masiaroti, Kaonda villages. Dialects: 3 dialects. Lexical similarity: 71% with Ansus [and], 63% with Serui-Laut [seu]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, CentralEastern, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Yapen, Central-Western More information. [txt] 8,000 (1985 M. Stringer). Mappi Regency, Citak-Mitak subdistrict, south coast area, west of upper Digul River, north of Awyu, east of Asmat, Senggo, and north. 19 villages. Alternate names: Asmat Darat, Cicak, Kaunak, Tjitak, Tjitjak. Dialects: Senggo, Komasma, Bubis, Esaun, Pirabanak, Vakam, Tiau. Similar to Asmat. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Asmat-Kamoro, Asmat More information. [tml] 290 (1993 R. Doriot). Mappi and Asmat Regencies, near Senggo, Tamnim, Epem, Zinak, Wowi villages. Alternate names: Asmat Darat, Tamnim. Dialects: May be linguistically more similar to Asmat, but speakers want to be called Citak, not Asmat. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Asmat-Kamoro, Asmat More information. [dbe] 440 (2005 SIL). Sarmi Regency, Pantai Timur subdistrict, north coast east of Sarmi, Dabe village.Classification: Tor-Kwerba, Orya-Tor, Tor More information. [uhn] 14,000 (2000 S. Wurm). Paniai Regency, Ilaga and Beoga subdistricts, central highlands west of Western Dani, east of Ekari, southeast of Kemandoga River source, throughout Puncak Jaya, north and south Carstens Mountains. Alternate names: Amung, Amung Kal, Amungme, Amuy, Enggipiloe, Hamung, Oehoendoeni, Uhunduni. Dialects: Damal, Amung, Amongme, Enggipilu. Related to Ekari [ekg], Moni [mnz], Wolani [wod]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Damal More information. [dni] 20,000 (1996 SIL). Central highlands, Baliem Grand Valley, and upper gorge. Dialects: Lower Grand Valley Hitigima (Dani-Kurima, Kurima), Upper Bele, Lower Bele, Lower Kimbin (Kibin), Upper Pyramid. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Dani, Dani Proper More information. [dnt] 50,000 (1990 UBS). Baliem Valley. Alternate names: Baliem Valley Dani, Central Grand Valley Dani, Tulem. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Dani, Dani Proper More information. [dna] 20,000 (1996). Central highlands, Baliem Grand Valley, and upper gorge. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Dani, Dani Proper More information. [dnw] 180,000 (1993 census). Central highlands, west of Baliem Grand Valley, east from upper Kemandoga Valley. Alternate names: Dani Barat, Ilaga Western Dani, Laany, Lani, Oeringoep, Timorini. Dialects: Western Dani of Pyramid, Western Dani of Bokondini. Other dialects not as distinct as those listed. Lexical similarity: 65% with Obokuitai [afz], 60% with Wano [wno]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Dani, Dani Proper More information. [daz] 250 (1991 SIL). West central highlands, Paniai Regency, Napan subdistrict, east of Cenderawasih Bay along Dao River. Alternate names: Maniwo, X-Ray. Dialects: Lexical similarity: 75% with Auye [auu]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Wissel Lakes More information. [dem] 1,000 (1987 SIL). Western highlands along upper Rouffaer River north of Damal, northeast of Western Dani. Alternate names: Lem, Ndem. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Dem More information. [dei] 400 (2000 S. Wurm). Waropen Bawah subdistrict, Desawa and Muyere coastal villages, Botawa village inland along Wonoi River. Alternate names: Desawa. Dialects: Lexical similarity: 69% with Burate [bti], 64% with Kofei [kpi], 60% with Sauri [srt], 65% with Tunggare [trt], 64% with Woria [wor]. Classification:East Geelvink Bay, Bauzi More information. [kbv] 1,000 in Indonesia (1987 SIL). Population total all countries: 1,690. Northeast Papua, south of Jayapura,

45

Diebroud

Dineor

Diuwe Doutai Duriankere

Dusner

Duvle

Edopi Eipomek Ekari

Elseng

Emem Eritai

Erokwanas

Fayu Fedan

near Waris. 13 villages. Also in Papua New Guinea. Alternate names: Dra, Kamberataro, Mangguar. Classification: Senagi More information. [tbp] 140 (2000 S. Wurm). Sarmi Regency, Mamberamo Hulu subdistrict, Lakes Plain area south of Idenburg River east of Taiyeve. Alternate names: Taworta, Taworta-Aero, Taria, Dabra, Bok. Classification: Lakes Plain, East More information. [mrx] 55 (2006 SIL). North coast near the Bonggo [bpg], Maremgi village. Alternate names: Maremgi, Marengge. Dialects: Unintelligible to speakers in neighboring settlements including Bonggo. Classification:Tor-Kwerba, Orya-Tor, Tor More information. [diy] 100 (1999 SIL). Southwest of Sumo, east of Catalina River. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, AsmatKamoro, Diuwe More information. [tds] 70 (2000 S. Wurm). Ethnic population: 335 (1993 R. Doriot). Lakes Plain area, Toli-Dou village, west and south of Taiyeve. Alternate names: Taori, Taori-So, Tolitai. Classification: Lakes Plain, Tariku, East More information. [dbn] 30 (2000 S. Wurm). Ethnic population: 60. In the strait between Salawati Island and the west end of Birds Head, on a small island in Raja Ampat Islands. Alternate names: Duriankari, Esaro, Sailen. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, South Birds Head, Inanwatan Nearly extinct. More information. [dsn] 6 (1978 SIL). Wandamen Bay area, west coast of Cenderawasih Bay, Dusner town area. 1 village.Alternate names: Dusnir. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Biakic Nearly extinct. More information. [duv] 930 (2000). Lakes Plain area south of Van Daalen River and north of Mulia, Paniai. Eastern dialect along Dagai River, western along Fedide and Wedi rivers. Alternate names: Duvde, Duve, Duvele, Duvre, Wiri. Dialects: Eastern Duvle, Western Duvle. Few dialect differences. Classification: Lakes Plain, Tariku, Duvle More information. [dbf] 1,000 (1995 SIL). Tariku (Rouffaer) and Kliki (Fou) rivers juncture area. Alternate names: Dosobou, Dou, Doufou, Elopi, Foi, Iau, Turu, Urundi, Ururi, Yau. Classification: Lakes Plain, Tariku, Central More information. [eip] 3,000 (1987 SIL). Eastern highlands area, Eipo River, east of Nalca [nlc]. Alternate names: Eipo, TValley. Dialects: Lexical similarity: 75% with Una [mtg]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Mek, Eastern More information. [ekg] 100,000 (1985 Doble). West central highlands, Paniai. Alternate names: Ekagi, Kapauku, Me Mana, Mee Mana, Tapiro. Dialects: Simori, Yabi (Jabi), Mapiya-Kegata, Mee. Most similar to Wolani [wol]. Slight dialect difference with Mapiya-Kegata. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Wissel Lakes More information. [mrf] 300 (1991 SIL). Jayapura and Keerom Regencies, Arso, Abepura, Kemtuk Gresi, Senggi subdistricts, south of Jayapura, northeast of Kaure [khp]. Alternate names: Djanggu, Janggu, Morwap , Sawa, Tabu. Dialects: Not closely related to any other language. Classification: Language isolate More information. [enr] 2,000 (2005 SIL). Border area south of Jayapura. Alternate names: Emumu, Imimkal, Kiamerop. Dialects: Lexical similarity: 25% with Yafi [wfg]. Classification: Pauwasi, Eastern More information. [ert] 530 (2000). Sarmi Regency, Mamberamo Tengah and Mamberamo Hulu subdistricts. West of Mamberamo River, Lakes Plain area in low mountains just south of Danau Bira (Lake Holmes), around Kustera airstrip: Erai (east), Kustera, and Haya (south) villages. Alternate names: Aliki, Babiruwa, Babrua, Babruwa, Baburiwa, Barua, Editode Edai, Erai, Eri, Haya. Dialects: The dialect in Obogwi village is similar but not the same. Also related to Kaiy [tcq], Doutai [tds], Biritai [bqq]. Lexical similarity: 76% with Obokuitai [afz], 50% with Sikaritai [tty]. Classification: Lakes Plain, Tariku, East More information. [erw] 200 (2000 S. Wurm). Northwest coast of Bomberai Peninsula, north of Baham [bdw]. Classification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Bomberai More information. [fau] 350 (2000 S. Wurm). West of juncture of Tariku (Rouffaer) and Kliki (Fou) rivers, west of Kirikiri [kiy].Alternate names: Sehudate. Classification: Lakes Plain, Tariku, West More information. [pdn] 280 (2005 SIL). Sarmi Regency, Bonggo subdistrict, coastal area and island off north coast of Biri River

46

Foau Gresi

Hatam

Hupla Iau

Iha Iha Based Pidgin Irarutu

Iresim

Isirawa

Itik Iwur Jofotek-Bromnya Kaburi

Kais

Kaiy

area. Alternate names: Podena, Fandanus. Dialects: Similar to Anus [auq]. Classification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Sarmi-Jayapura Bay, Sarmi More information. [flh] 230 (1975 SIL). East Lakes Plain area just north of lower Idenburg River, Foa and Mudiay villages.Alternate names: Doa. Dialects: Similar to Diebroud [tbp]. Classification: Lakes Plain, East More information. [grs] 2,500 (1987 SIL). West of Lake Sentani, southeast of Genyem, Hawa, Bring, Tabangkwari, Yansu, Ibub, Sunna, Klaysu villages. Alternate names: Geresi, Glesi, Gresik, Klesi. Dialects: Lexical similarity: 80% with Kemtuik [kmt]. Classification: Nimboran More information. [had] 16,000 (1993 TEAM). Manokwari Regency; Warmare, Ransiki and Oransbari subdistricts. East Birds Head, northeast of Manikion, south and southwest of Manokwari. Alternate names: Adihup, Atam, Borai, Hattam, Mansim, Miriei, Moi, Tinam, Uran. Dialects: Moi (Moire), Tinam, Miriei, Adihup, Uran. Classification:Language isolate More information. [hap] 3,000 (1982 WT). Central highlands area east of Baliem gorge. Alternate names: Soba. Dialects:Similar to Lower Grand Valley Dani [dni]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Dani, Dani Proper More information. [tmu] 600 (2000 SIL), increasing. 500 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 600 or more. Puncak Jaya Regency, Faui, Lakes Plain area between Rouffaer and upper Van Daalen rivers, Barere, Fawi, Taiyai villages. Poi dialect on Rouffaer River; Turu dialect on Van Daalen River. Alternate names: Foi, Iaw, Turu, Urundi, Ururi, Yau. Dialects: Foi, Turu, Iau. Similar to Edopi [dbf]. Distinct from Yawa [yva]. The varieties listed as dialects above may be separate languages. Classification: Lakes Plain, Tariku, Central More information. [ihp] 5,500 (1987 SIL). Alternate names: Kapaur. Dialects: Similar to Baham. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, West Bomberai, West Bomberai Proper More information. [ihb] Bomberai Peninsula, far west end around Fak Fak and north. Classification: Pidgin, Iha based More information. [irh] 4,000 (1987 SIL). East Bomberai Peninsula southwest from Arguni Bay north to Bintuni Bay. 44 villages. Alternate names: Arguni Bay, Irahutu, Irutu, Kaitero, Kasira. Dialects: 6 or 7 dialects. Lexical similarity: 90% with Kuri [nbn]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, South Halmahera More information. [ire] 70 (2000 S. Wurm). South Cenderawasih Bay, west of Nabire and around Yamur Lake. Alternate names: Beduba, Yerisiam. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Iresim More information. [srl] 1,800 (2000 S. Wurm). Jayapura, north coast, Sarmi area and west, Mararena, Kamenawari, Amsira, Siaratesa, Perkami, Martewar, Arsania, Nisero, Arabais, Webro, Wari, Nuerawar, Waim villages. Alternate names: Okwasar, Saberi, Saweri. Dialects: Western Isirawa, Eastern Isirawa. Similar to Kwerba [kwe]. Dialects very similar. Classification: Tor-Kwerba, Greater Kwerba, Isirawa More information. [itx] 80 (2000 S. Wurm). Ethnic population: 200. North coast east of Tor River, along upper Biri River.Alternate names: Betef, Borto, Ittik, Ittik-Tor. Dialects: Ittik, Ittik-Tor. Classification: Tor-Kwerba, Orya-Tor, Tor More information. [iwo] 1,000 (1987 SIL). Iwur River valley border area, Ok Iwur, east to Ok Denom. Alternate names: Iwoer. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Ok, Lowland More information. [jbr] 200 (2007), increasing. Papua Province, Sarmi Regency, Pantai Timur subdistrict, Biridua village; Sarmi Regency, Bonggo subdistrict, Srum village. Classification: Tor-Kwerba, Orya-Tor, Tor More information. [uka] 600 (1986 SIL). Manokwari Regency, Merdei and Inanwatan subdistricts, south Birds Head, north of Kokoda and Fakfak, east of Kemberano [bzp] and Arandai [jbj]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, South Birds Head, South Birds Head Proper, Western More information. [kzm] 700 (1993 R. Doriot). South Birds Head area inland along Kais River. 8 villages. Alternate names:Aiso, Atori, Kampung Baru, Mintamani. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, South Birds Head, South Birds Head Proper, Western More information. [tcq] 220 (2000 S. Wurm). Lakes Plain area around Kaiy airstrip on lower Rouffaer River, Kaiy and Kokou villages. Alternate names: Kai, Taori-Kaiy, Taori-Kei, Todi. Dialects: Lexical similarity: 69% with Biritai

47

Kalabra

Kamberau

Kamoro

Kanum, Bdi

Kanum, Ngklmpw

Kanum, Smrky

Kanum, Sota

Kapauri Kaptiau

Karas Karon Dori Kaure Kauwera

Kawe

[bqq]. Classification: Lakes Plain, Tariku, East More information. [kzz] 3,290 (2000). West Birds Head, south of Madik [kgr] language, east of Moi [msf]. Alternate names:Beraur. Dialects: Most similar to Tehit [kps]. Lexical similarity: 60% with Tehit. Classification: West Papuan, West Birds Head More information. [irx] 1,570 (1993 R. Doriot). Southeast Bomberai Peninsula, Kamrau Bay area, Ubia-Seramuku, Bahomia, Waho, Wamoma, Inari, Tanggaromi, Koi, Wamesa, Coa villages. Alternate names: Iria, Kamkbrau, Kamrau. Dialects: Similar to Buruwai [asi]. Lexical similarity: 60% with Buruwai. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Asmat-Kamoro, Sabakor More information. [kgq] 8,000 (1987 SIL). South coast, Etna Bay to Mukamuga River. Alternate names: Kamora, Kaokonau, Lakahia, Mimika, Mukamuga, Nafarpi, Nagramadu, Nefarpi, Neferipi, Umar, Umari. Dialects: Tarya, Yamur, Nanesa. 4 other dialects. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Asmat-Kamoro, Kamoro More information. [khd] 10 (1996 M. Donohue). South coast border area, east of Merauke, southeast of Marind [mrz], north and west of Smrky Kanum [kxq], Tomer and Onggaya villages. Alternate names: Enkelembu, Kenume, Knwne. Dialects: Kanum varieties are separate languages, with difficult mutual intelligibility. Similar to Yei [jei]. Has also been classified as Australian, Pama-Nyungan. Classification: South-Central Papuan, Morehead-Upper Maro, Tonda Nearly extinct. More information. [kcd] 150 (1996 M. Donohue). South coast border area, east of Merauke, southeast of Marind [mrz], north and west of Smrky Kanum [kxq], Yanggandur, Tomer, Onggaya villages. Alternate names: Enkelembu, Kenume, Knwne. Dialects: Kanum varieties are separate languages, with difficult mutual intelligibility. Similar to Yei [jei]. Has also been classified as Australian, Pama-Nyungan. Classification: South-Central Papuan, Morehead-Upper Maro, Tonda More information. [kxq] 80 (1996 M. Donohue). South coast border area, east of Merauke, southeast of Marind [mrz] and the other Kanum language areas. Yanggandur, Tomer, Tomerau, Rawa Biru, and Kondo villages, bordering Papua New Guinea. Alternate names: Enkelembu, Kenume, Knwne. Dialects: Kanum varieties are separate languages, with difficult mutual intelligibility. Similar to Yei [jei]. Has also been classified as Australian, PamaNyungan. Classification: South-Central Papuan, Morehead-Upper Maro, Tonda More information. [krz] 100 (1996 M. Donohue). South coast border area, east of Merauke, southeast of Marind [mrz], south of Yei [jei], Sota village. Alternate names: Enkelembu, Kenume, Knwne. Dialects: Kanum varieties are separate languages, with difficult mutual intelligibility. Similar to Yei [jei]. Has also been classified as Australian, PamaNyungan. Classification: South-Central Papuan, Morehead-Upper Maro, Tonda More information. [khp] 200 (2006 SIL). Upper Idenburg River, north bank, Pagai village, Kamikaru and Magri hamlets. Alternate names: Kapori. Classification: Kaure, Kapore More information. [kbi] 230 (2006 SIL). Papua Province, Sarmi Regency, Bonggo subdistrict, Kaptiau village. Alternate names: Kaptiauw, Kapitiauw. Dialects: Most similar to Tarpia [tpf]. Classification: Austronesian, MalayoPolynesian, Central-Eastern, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Sarmi-Jayapura Bay, Sarmi More information. [kgv] 240 (1983 SIL). Karas Island, off southwest coast of Bomberai Peninsula, southeast from Fak Fak, Antalisa and Mas. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, West Bomberai, Karas More information. [kgw] 5,000 (1987 SIL). Central Birds Head north of Brat, Pef, Asses, Sunopi, Siakwa villages. Alternate names: Maiyach, Mari, Meon. Dialects: Similar to Mai Brat [ayz]. Classification: Maybrat More information. [bpp] 450 (1995 SIL). Southwest of Lake Sentani, Nawa River, Lereh, Harna, Wes, Masta, Aurina villages.Alternate names: Kaureh. Classification: Kaure, Kaure Proper More information. [xau] 400 (1987 SIL). East of mid-Mamberamo, north and south of Kasonaweja. Alternate names: Kabera, Kaowerawedj, Kauwerawec, Kauwerawetj, Kawera, Koassa, Tekutameso. Classification: Tor-Kwerba, Greater Kwerba, Kwerba, Nuclear More information. [kgb] 600 (Remijsen 2001). Waigeo Island, west end off west coast of Birds Head, Raja Ampat Islands, Salio, Selepele, Bianci, Menyefun villages. Dialects: Related to Maya [slz], Maden [xmx], Matbat [xmt]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Raja Ampat More information. 48

Kayagar

Kayupulau

Kehu Keijar Kemberano

Kembra Kemtuik

Ketengban

Ketum

Kimaghima

Kimki Kirikiri Kofei

Kokoda

Kombai

Komyandaret

[kyt] 10,000 (1993 WT), decreasing. South coast east of Atohwaim [aqm], south of Awyu Asue [psa] languages. Alternate names: Kajagar, Kaygi, Kaygir, Wiyagar. Dialects: Most similar to Tamagario [tcg]; related to Atohwaim. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Kayagar More information. [kzu] 50 (2000 S. Wurm). Ethnic population: 573 (1978 SIL). Jayapura harbor, Kayubatu and Kayupulau villages. Alternate names: Kajupulau. Dialects: Not a dialect of Tobati (Yotafa) [tti]. Classification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Sarmi-Jayapura Bay, Jayapura Bay Nearly extinct. More information. [khh] 25 (2002 SIL). Wapoga River between Auye [auu] and Dao [nfa] in the foothills. Classification:Unclassified Nearly extinct. More information. [kdy] 370 (2005 SIL). North coast east of Tor River mouth. Alternate names: Keder. Dialects: Lexical similarity: 45% with Berik [bkl]. Classification: Tor-Kwerba, Orya-Tor, Tor More information. [bzp] 1,500 (1987 SIL). South Birds Head coast, east of Komundan River, south of Arandai [jbj]; northwest Bomberai Peninsula, south from Kalitami across Bintuni Bay, several villages. Alternate names: Arandai, Barau, Kalitami, Wariagar. Dialects: Barau, Weriagar. Lexical similarity: 85% with Arandai [jbj], 60% with Kokoda [xod]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, South Birds Head, South Birds Head Proper, Eastern More information. [xkw] 20 (2000 S. Wurm). Ethnic population: 50. Jayawijaya Regency, Okbibab subdistrict, east of Sogber River. Classification: Unclassified Nearly extinct. More information. [kmt] 2,500 (1987 SIL). West of Lake Sentani, Mamdayawang, Meikari, Merem, Yanim, Braso, Aib, Sabransamon, Mamda, Sabeyap, Sabeyap Kecil, Sekorup, Aimbe, Sabron Yaru villages. East of Gresi [grs]. Alternate names: Kamtuk, Kemtuk. Dialects: Lexical similarity: 80% with Gresi. Classification:Nimboran More information. [xte] 9,970 (2000). Near Papua New Guinea border, east highland slopes scattered, east of Eipomek [eip] and west of Ngalum [szb]. Alternate names: Kupel, Oktengban. Dialects: Okbap, Omban, Bime, Onya. Lexical similarity: 69% with Una [mtg]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Mek, Western More information. [ktt] 900 (2003 SIL). 99% monolinguals. Northeast of Wambon [wms]. Alternate names: Kitum, WambonKetum. Dialects: Related to Wambon, Mandobo. Lexical similarity: 49% with Wambon. Classification:TransNew Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Awyu-Dumut, Dumut More information. [kig] 3,000 (1987 SIL). West of southeast Papua, Kolopom (Frederik Hendrik) Island, east of Marauke, Ngolar II. Alternate names: Kimaghama, Kaladdarsch, Teri-Kalwasch, Kimaama. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Kolopom More information. [sbt] 500 (2004 SIL). Pegunungan Bintang Regency, Batom subdistrict, border area where Sepik River enters Papua. Alternate names: Aipki, Kimgi, Sukubatom, Sukubatong. Classification: Sepik, Biksi More information. [kiy] 250 (1982 SIL). Most monolingual. Tariku (Rouffaer) and Kliki (Fou) rivers juncture west, Dofu Wahuka, Paniai villages. Alternate names: Kirira. Dialects: Kirikiri, Faia. Classification: Lakes Plain, Tariku, West More information. [kpi] 100 (2000 S. Wurm). East side of Geelvink Bay, recently moved to Sauri-Sirami village. Possibly seminomads in the interior. Dialects: Lexical similarity: 67% with Barapasi [brp], 64% with Demisa [dei], 76% with Sauri [srt], 63% with Woria [wor]. Classification: East Geelvink Bay More information. [xod] 3,700 (1991 SIL). Birds Head, south coast on Maccluer Gulf, east of Inanwatan. Alternate names:Kasuweri, Komudago, Nebes, Oderago, Samalek, Tarof. Dialects: Kasuweri (Komudago), Negri Besar (Negeri Besar), Tarof. Wurm and Hattori (1981) list Kasuweri and Tarof as separate languages. Komudago and Tarof dialects are most similar. Lexical similarity: 60% with Kemberano [bzp]; Kasuweri dialect 86% with Tarof dialect; Negri Besar 82% with Tarof. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, South Birds Head, South Birds Head Proper, Central More information. [tyn] 4,000 (1991 SIL). South coast area east of Senggo, Boma area. Alternate names: Komboy. Dialects:Central Kombai, Tayan. Most similar to Wanggom [wng]. Classification: TransNew Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Awyu-Dumut, Dumut More information. [kzv] 300 (2000 SIL). East of Korowai [khe], north of Tsaukambo [kvz] and Wanggom [wng]. Dialects:Similar to Tsaukambo. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Ok, Ngalum

49

Konda

Koneraw Kopkaka

Korowai

Korupun-Sela

Kosare Kowiai

Kuri

Kurudu

Kwer

Kwerba

Kwerba Mamberamo Kwerisa

Kwesten Kwinsu

More information. [knd] 500 (1988 SIL). Southwest Birds Head, Teminabuan subdistrict, lower Waromge River south of Teminabuan, Konda village. Alternate names: Ogit, Yabin, Yabin-Konda. Dialects: Lexical similarity: 61% with Yahadian [ner]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, South Birds Head, Konda-Yahadian More information. [kdw] 1,200 (2001 SIL). Frederik Hendrik Island south coast. Alternate names: Konorau. Classification:TransNew Guinea, Mombum More information. [opk] 400 (2002 SIL). Jayawijaya Regency, Kurima subdistrict, Siradala, Burungmakok villages. Lowlands area south of the main ranges, southeast of Sumo and Dekai, south of Langda and Bomela. Alternate names: Kopka. Dialects: Marub, Tokuni. Similar to Kwer [kwr]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Ok, Western More information. [khe] 3,500 (2007 P. de Vries). 3,000 monolinguals. South coast area, north of Boma, northeast of Senggo, southeast of Siradela, southwest of Awimbon. Alternate names: Kolufaup. Dialects: North Korowai, South Korowai. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Awyu-Dumut, Korowai More information. [kpq] 8,000 (1996 E. Young). Jayawijaya Regency, Kurima subdistrict, Siradala, Burungmakok villages. East highlands on upper reaches of Erok River, southwest of Nalca, east of Yali of Ninia. Alternate names:Kimyal of Korupun, Korapun. Dialects: Korupun (Duram), Dagi, Sisibna (Gobugdua), Deibula, Sela. Related to Nalca [nlc]. Lexical similarity 60% with Nipsan [nps]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Mek, Eastern More information. [kiq] 250 (1993 R. Doriot). Hulu Atas, west of Nawa and Idenburg rivers juncture. Alternate names:Kosadle. Classification: Kaure, Kaure Proper More information. [kwh] 600 (2000 SIL). Bomberai Peninsula; southwest coast, Kaimana; Kamrau Bay on several islands, Keroi, Adijaya, Namatota, Waikala, Kayumerah villages. Alternate names: Adi, Aiduma, Kaiwai, Kajumerah, Kayumerah, Koiwai, Kuiwai, Namatota, Namatote. Dialects: Keroi, Adijaya, Namatota, Waikala. Central Malayo-Polynesian (1991 R. Blust). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, South Bomberai More information. [nbn] 500 (1982 SIL). Southwest Bomberai Peninsula, Nabi (Kuri) River area west from Wandamen Bay. 16 villages. Alternate names: Modan, Nabi. Dialects: Similar to Irarutu [irh]. Lexical similarity: 90% with Irarutu. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Unclassified More information. [kjr] 2,180 (1993 R. Doriot). Kurudu Island between east tip of Serui Island and mainland of Papua east, Kaipuri, Poiwai villages. Dialects: Lexical similarity: 71% with Wabo [wbb], 46% with Western Serui. Kaipuri dialect has highest lexical similarity with Yapen group. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Yapen, East More information. [kwr] 100 (1998 M. Donohue). Jayawijaya Regency, Kurima subdistrict, Kwer village. Lowlands area south of the main ranges, southeast of Sumo and Dekai, south of Langda and Bomela. Dialects: Similar to Kopkaka [opk]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Ok, Western More information. [kwe] 2,500 (1996 SIL). Upper Tor River area, northeast, headwaters of Apauwer River inland from Sarmi east to Berik language, Aurime, Munukania, Wamariri, Tatsewalem around Apiaweti villages. Alternate names: Airmati, Armati, Koassa, Mataweja, Naibedj, Segar Tor, Serikenam, Tekutameso. Dialects:Serikenam, Sasawa, Nogukwabai. Lexical similarity: 64% with Bagusa [bqb]. Classification: Tor-Kwerba, Greater Kwerba, Kwerba, Nuclear More information. [xwr] 300 (1993 R. Doriot). East of Mamberamo River, south of Kasonaweja, in mountains above Kwerba, Edifalen, Marinafalen, villages. Alternate names: Napok, Nobuk, Nogukwabai, Nopuk, Nopukw, Tatsewalem. Classification: Tor-Kwerba, Greater Kwerba, Kwerba, Nuclear More information. [kkb] 32 (2000 S. Wurm). Ethnic population: 130. Lower Rouffaer River, Kaiy village. Alternate names:Taogwe. Dialects: Lexical similarity: 60% with Biritai [bqq]. Classification: Lakes Plain, Tariku, East Nearly extinct. More information. [kwt] 2,000 (1987 SIL). Lower Tor River, north coast area east of Sarmi, Holmhaven, Mafenter, Arare, Omte villages. Dialects: Lexical similarity: 40% with Berik [bkl]. Classification: Tor-Kwerba, Orya-Tor, Tor More information. [kuc] 500 (2007). Papua Province, Sarmi Regency, Pantai Timur subdistrict, Ansudu village. Alternate

50

Legenyem

Lepki Liki

Maden

Mai Brat

Mairasi

Maklew

Malay, Papuan

Mander Mandobo Atas

Mandobo Bawah

Manem Manikion

Mapia

Marau

names: Ansudu. Classification: Tor-Kwerba, Orya-Tor, Tor More information. [lcc] 250 (2000 S. Wurm). Raja Ampat Islands, Waigeo Island in northwest end of main bay and on south coast, Beo, Lempintol, Wawiai villages. Alternate names: Laganyan. Classification: Austronesian, MalayoPolynesian, Central-Eastern, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Raja Ampat More information. [lpe] 530 (1991 SIL). Jayawijaya Regency, Okbibab subdistrict, on Sogber River, east and north of the Ketengban. Dialects: Possible genetic similarities with Murkim [rmh]. Classification: Unclassified More information. [lio] 11 (2005 SIL), decreasing. Ethnic population: 320. Sarmi Regency, Sarmi subdistrict, Islands off north coast of Sarmi. Alternate names: Moar. Dialects: Similar to Sobei [sob]. Classification: Austronesian, MalayoPolynesian, Central-Eastern, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Sarmi-Jayapura Bay, Sarmi Nearly extinct. More information. [xmx] 600 (Remijsen 2001). Raja Ampat Islands, west Salawati Island. Alternate names: Palamul, Saparan, Sapran. Dialects: Kawait. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Eastern MalayoPolynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Raja Ampat More information. [ayz] 20,000 (1987 SIL). Central Birds Head around Ayamaru Lakes. About 40 villages. Alternate names:Ajamaru, Atinjo, Ayamaru, Brat, Maibrat, Maite, Majbrat, Maybrat, Mey Brat. Dialects: Maisawiet, Maiyah, Maimaka, Maite, Maisefa. Lexical similarity: 10% with Tehit [kps], Mpur [akc], Abun [kgr], its most similar neighbors. Classification: Maybrat More information. [zrs] 3,300 (1996 SIL). Bomberai Peninsula, southwest coast of neck, east and northeast from Kaimana, Wasior, Triton Bay. Alternate names: Faranyao, Kaniran. Dialects: Northeastern Mairasi. Similar to Semimi [etz]. Northeastern Mairasi may be a separate language. Lexical similarity: 69% with Semimi, 61% with Mer [mnu]. Classification: Mairasi More information. [mgf] 120. South coast area, east side of Marianne strait, west of Marind [mrz] and east of Yelmek [jel] languages. Alternate names: Makleu. Dialects: Similar to Yelmek. Classification: South-Central Papuan, Yelmek-Maklew More information. [pmy] 500,000, increasing. Papua. Dialects: Similar to both Ambonese Malay [abs] and Manado Malay [xmm]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Sumbawan, North and East, Malayic, Malay, Trade, East Indonesian More information. [mqr] 20 (1991 SIL). Upper Tor River tributary of upper Bu River, north coast area. Classification: Tor-Kwerba, Orya-Tor, Tor Nearly extinct. More information. [aax] 1,000 (2002 SIL). Fly River border area east of Digul River between Tanahmerah and Mindiptanah.Alternate names: Dumut, Kaeti , Kambon, Kwem, Mandobbo, Nub, Wambon. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Awyu-Dumut, Dumut More information. [bwp] 2,000 (2002 SIL). Fly River border area east of Digul River between Tanahmerah and Mindiptanah, Getentiri, Anggai, Butiptiri, Subur, Aiwat, Kaisah villages. Alternate names: Dumut, Kaeti , Kambon, Mandobbo, Nub. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Awyu-Dumut, Dumut More information. [jet] 400 in Indonesia (1978 SIL). South of Jayapura, northeast border area, Wembi, Yeti, Kiba villages.Alternate names: Jeti, Skofro, Wembi, Yeti. Classification: Border, Waris More information. [mnx] 12,000 (1987 SIL). East Birds Head, east of Meyah, south of Manokwari. About 50 villages. Alternate names: Mantion, Sogh, Sougb. Dialects: 4 dialects. Classification: East Birds Head-Sentani, East Birds Head, Mantion More information. [mpy] 1. Mapia Islands, about 290 kms. north of Manokwari. Alternate names: Mapian. Classification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Eastern MalayoPolynesian, Oceanic, Central-Eastern Oceanic, Remote Oceanic, Micronesian, Micronesian Proper, Ponapeic-Trukic, Trukic Nearly extinct. More information. [mvr] 1,700 (1987 SIL). Serui Island south coast. 5 villages. Dialects: Warabori (Natabui, Warembori). Lexical similarity: 82% with Pom [pmo], Munggui [mth], Papuma [ppm], Ansus [and]. Classification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West

51

Marind

Marind, Bian

Masimasi

Massep

Matbat

Mawes Maya

Mekwei

Meoswar

Mer Meyah

Mlap

Mo

Moi Molof Mombum

New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Yapen, Central-Western More information. [mrz] 7,000 (1987 SIL). Merauke south coast area, and north and west. Alternate names: Gawir, Holifoersch, Southeast Marind, Tugeri. Dialects: Gawir, Southeast Marind, Tugeri, Halifoersch. Significant differences between inland and coastal dialects, but speakers report intelligibility. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Marind, Nuclear Marind More information. [bpv] 2,900 (2002 M. Sohn). Merauke Regency, Muting subdistrict, Upper Bian River area, Maro River, Sanayu village. Alternate names: Bian, Boven-Mbian, Northwest Marind. Dialects: Not inherently intelligible with Marind [mrz]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Marind, Nuclear Marind More information. [ism] 10 (2005 SIL). Sarmi Regency, Pantai Timur subdistrict, Island off north coast east of Tor River mouth. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Sarmi-Jayapura Bay, Sarmi Nearly extinct. More information. [mvs] 25 (2000 S. Wurm). Ethnic population: 85. North coast east of Mamberamo River mouth and west of Sarmi, near Apauwer River. Alternate names: Masep, Potafa, Wotaf. Classification: Language isolate Nearly extinct. More information. [xmt] 1,250 (Remijsen 2001). Raja Ampat Islands, Misool Island, Segaf Islands. Alternate names: Me. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Raja Ampat More information. [mgk] 850 (2006 SIL). Sarmi Regency, Bonggo subdistrict, northeast coast east of Sarmi, Mawes Wres, Mawes Dai, Mawes Mukti villages. Classification: Tor-Kwerba, Greater Kwerba, Mawes More information. [slz] 4,000 (Remijsen 2001). Raja Ampat Islands, central Waigeo Island and central Salawati Island. Alternate names: Sailolof, Salawati, Samate. Dialects: Maya, Banlol, Batanta Island. Classification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Raja Ampat More information. [msf] 1,200 (1987 SIL). West of Lake Sentani, Maribu, Waibrong, Kendate, Sabron Dosay villages. Alternate names: Demenggong-Waibron-Bano, Menggei, Menggwei, Moi, Mooi, Munggai, Mungge, Munkei, Waipu. Dialects: Lexical similarity: 60% with Kemtuik [kmt]. Classification: Nimboran More information. [mvx] 250 (1993 R. Doriot). Meoswar Island, west Cenderawasih Bay. Alternate names: War. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Biakic More information. [mnu] 85 (2000). Central Birds Head, Wosimi and Uremo river headwaters. Alternate names: Miere, Muri. Dialects: Lexical similarity: 63% with Semimi [etz], 61% with Mairasi [zrs]. Classification: Mairasi More information. [mej] 14,800 (2000). East Birds Head, north coast, west of Manokwari, north of Hattam [had]; scattered.Alternate names: Arfak, Mansibaber, Meah, Meax, Mejach, Mejah, Meyach. Dialects: Most similar to Manikion [mnx]. Classification: East Birds Head-Sentani, East Birds Head, Meax More information. [kja] 300 (2000 S. Wurm). West of Lake Sentani, just north of Gresi [grs]. Alternate names: KuangsuBonggrang, Kwangsu-Bonggrang, Kwansu, Kwansu-Bonggrang. Dialects: Lexical similarity: 60% with Kemtuik [kmt]. Classification: Nimboran More information. [wkd] 550 (2005 SIL). Sarmi Regency, Pantai Timur subdistrict, coastal area and Wakde Island off the north coast just east of Tor River. Alternate names: Wakde. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Sarmi-Jayapura Bay, Sarmi More information. [mxn] 4,600 (1993 R. Doriot). Salawati Island, west Birds Head around Sorong. 9 villages. Alternate names: Mekwei, Mooi, Mosana. Dialects: Mosemah. Classification: West Papuan, West Birds Head More information. [msl] 200 (1978 SIL). South of Jayapura, west of Senggi, Molof and Waley villages. Alternate names:Ampas, Poule. Dialects: Not closely related to any other language. Classification: Unclassified More information. [mso] 250 (1993 R. Doriot). Island next to southeast coast of Fredrik Hendrik Island. Alternate names:Kemelom, Kemelomsch, Komolom. Dialects: Most similar to Koneraw [kdw]. Classification: Trans-

52

Momina Momuna Moni Mor

Mor Moraid Morori

Moskona

Mpur Munggui

Murkim Muyu, North

Muyu, South

Nafri Nakai

Nalca

Namla

New Guinea, Mombum More information. [mmb] 200 (1998 M. Donohue). Lowlands just south of main ranges southeast of Una [mtg], Samboka village. Classification: Somahai More information. [mqf] 2,000 (2000 S. Wurm). 2,000 monolinguals. Lowlands just south of main ranges, from south of Silimo east to south of Korupun-Sela [kpq]. Alternate names: Somage, Somahai, Sumohai. Classification:Somahai More information. [mnz] 20,000 (1991 SIL). Central highlands, northeast Lake Paniai area. Alternate names: Djonggunu, Jonggunu, Migani. Dialects: Awembak (Awembiak). Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Wissel Lakes More information. [mhz] 700 (1987 SIL). Mor Islands, east Cenderawasih Bay near Nabire. Alternate names: Austronesian Mor. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Mor More information. [moq] 25 (2000 S. Wurm). Northwest Bomberai Peninsula, Bintuni Bay coast. Alternate names: Mor2. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Mor Nearly extinct. More information. [msg] 1,000 (1988 SIL). South coast border area 20 kms. east of Merauke, east of Marind, west of Kanum.Classification: West Papuan, West Birds Head More information. [mok] 50 (1998 M. Donohue). Ethnic population: 250 (1998 M. Donohue). South coast border area 20 km east of Merauke, east of Marind, west of Kanum. Alternate names: Marori, Moaraeri, Moraori, Morari. Dialects: Menge dialect remembered as the language of ceremony, though the last Menge speaker died in 1997. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Moraori Nearly extinct. More information. [mtj] 8,000 (1996 SIL). Southeast Birds Head, south of Meyah, west of Manikion. Alternate names:Meninggo, Meningo, Meyah, Sabena. Dialects: Lexical similarity: 85% with Meyah [mej]. Also related to Manikion [mnx]. Classification: East Birds Head-Sentani, East Birds Head, Meax More information. [akc] 7,000 (1993 R. Doriot). North coast of Birds Head, west of Manokwari, and Kebar Valley. Alternate names: Amberbaken, Dekwambre, Ekware, Kebar. Dialects: Sirir, Ajiw. Classification: Language isolate More information. [mth] 800 (1982 SIL). North coast of Serui Island, Munggui, Windesi, Murui, Asei Puramati villages.Alternate names: Natabui. Dialects: Lexical similarity: 82% with Marau [mvr] and Papuma [ppm]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Yapen, Central-Western More information. [rmh] 290 (2004 SIL). Pegunungan Bintang Regency, Batom subdistrict, southeast of Yetfa [yet], Mot and Milki villages. Dialects: Possible genetic relationship to Lepki [lpe]. Classification: Unclassified More information. [kti] 8,000 (2002 SIL). South coast border area, north of South Muyu [kts] and east of Wambon [wms].Alternate names: Kataut, Kati-Ninanti, Moejoe, Niinati, Ninatie, North, North Kati, Yonggom, Yongkom, Yongom. Dialects: Kanggewot, Toemoetoe (Are). Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Ok, Lowland More information. [kts] 4,000 (2002 SIL). South coast, just north of Fly River border between Papua, Indonesia, and Papua New Guinea. Alternate names: Digoel, Digul, Kati Metomka, Metomka, Moejoe, Ok Bari, South, South Kati, Yonggom, Yongkom, Yongom. Dialects: Metomka. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Ok, Lowland More information. [nxx] 1,630 (1975 SIL). Jayapura area, southeast end of Yotafa Bay, Nafri village. Classification: East Birds Head-Sentani, Sentani, Sentani Proper More information. [nkj] 700 (1999 M. Donohue). East of upper Digul River, Awimbom village in the center of 5 other villages extending toward Ok Sibil northeast, and southwest toward Iwur. Alternate names: Naai, Nai, Nagai. Dialects: Probably 3 dialects, two of these may constitute a separate language called Nagi. Classification:Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Ok, Mountain More information. [nlc] 11,100 (2000). Northeast of Korupun and southeast of Nipsan, north slopes, east highlands area.Alternate names: Hmanggona, Hmonono, Kimjal, Kimyal, Naltje, Naltya. Dialects: Lexical similarity: 59% with Kosarek Yale [kkl]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Mek, Eastern More information. [naa] 30 (2005 SIL). Senggi Subistrict, Keerom Regency, Namla village. Dialects: Possible genetic

53

Narau Ndom Nduga

Ngalum

Nggem

Nimboran

Ninggerum

Nipsan

Nisa Obokuitai

Onin

Onin Based Pidgin Ormu

Orya

Papasena Papuma

Pom

relationship to Tofanma [tlg]. Classification: Unclassified Nearly extinct. More information. [nxu] 85 (2000 S. Wurm). Jayapura area, Kecamatan Kaureh. Classification: Kaure, Kaure Proper More information. [nqm] 1,200 (2002 SIL). Kolopom (Frederik Hendrik) Island. Dialects: Most similar to Kimaghima [kig], Riantana [ran]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Kolopom More information. [ndx] 10,000 (1985 M. Owen). Jayawijaya, Tiom, central highlands, south of high ranges, south of Western Dani, north of Asmat. Scattered. Alternate names: Dauwa, Dawa, Ndauwa, Ndugwa, Pesecham, Pesechem, Pesegem. Dialects: Sinak Nduga, Hitadipa Nduga. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Dani, Ngalik More information. [szb] 10,000 in Indonesia (1987 SIL). Population total all countries: 18,000. Northeast of Nakai, valleys of Ok Sibil, Ok Tsop, perhaps Ok Bon, main range border area north of Muyu [kts] (Yongkom) and Iwur [iwo]. Also in Papua New Guinea. Alternate names: Sibil. Dialects: Ngalum, Apmisibil, Sibil. Classification:Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Ok, Ngalum More information. [nbq] 4,400 (2005). North of Wamena, middle Haflifoeri River. Dialects: Similar to Walak [wlw]. Lexical similarity: 67% with Yali (Pass Valley) [yac], 62% with Walak, and 50% with Western Dani [dnw]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Dani, Dani Proper More information. [nir] 2,000 (1987 SIL). Ethnic population: 3,500 (1987 SIL). North Papua, due west of Lake Sentani. About 26 villages. Alternate names: Nambrong. Dialects: Lexical similarity: 40% with Kemtuik [kmt]. Classification: Nimboran More information. [nxr] 1,000 in Indonesia. Border area and in Papua New Guinea between Ok Birim and Ok Tedi rivers.Alternate names: Kasiwa, Kativa, Muyu, Ninggeroem, Ninggirum, Ninggrum, Orgwo. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Ok, Lowland More information. [nps] 2,500 (1993 R. Doriot). Jayawijaya, Kurima, just west of Hmanggona. Alternate names: Southern Jale, Yale-Nipsan. Dialects: Lexical similarity: 78% with Kosarek Yale [kkl], 59% with Nalca [nlc]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Mek, Eastern More information. [njs] 500 (1987 SIL). East side of Geelvink Bay inland, Danau Nisa area. Alternate names: Bonefa, Kerema. Classification: East Geelvink Bay More information. [afz] 120 (2000 S. Wurm). Lakes Plain just north of mid-Rouffaer River, Obogwi village. Alternate names:Aliki, Ati, Obogwitai. Dialects: Related to Doutai [tds], Biritai [bqq], Sikaritai [tty]. Lexical similarity: 78% with Eritai [ert], 69% with Biritai. Classification: Lakes Plain, Tariku, East More information. [oni] 500 (2000 S. Wurm). North and northwest Bomberai Peninsula. Alternate names: Onim, Sepa. Dialects: Nikuda, Ogar, Patipi, Sepa. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, CentralEastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, North Bomberai More information. [onx] Onin Peninsula. Classification: Pidgin, Onin based More information. [orz] 500 (2000 S. Wurm). North coast area just west of Jayapura, north of Cyclops Mountains, Ormu Besar, Ormu Kecil villages. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Eastern MalayoPolynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Sarmi-Jayapura Bay, Jayapura Bay More information. [ury] 1,600 (1985 SIL). No monolinguals. 900 in Unurum-Guay, 100 in Bonggo subdistrict, 600 in Lereh subdistrict. Unurum-Guay, Bonggo subdistrict, Lereh subdistrict, Taja, Witi, and Wamho (formerly of Orya) villages. Alternate names: Oria, Uria, Warpok, Warpu. Dialects: Barat (West Orya), Timur (East Orya), YapsiTaja. Slight dialect differences. Classification: Tor-Kwerba, Orya-Tor, Orya More information. [pas] 400 (1982 SIL). Lakes Plain area, lower Idenburg River just east of Rouffaer River juncture. Dialects:Lexical similarity: 23% with Sikaritai [tty]. Classification: Lakes Plain, Tariku, East More information. [ppm] 600 (1982 SIL). Serui Island south coast, Papuma village. Dialects: Lexical similarity: 82% with Munggui [mth], Marau [mvr], Ansus [and]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Yapen, Central-Western More information. [pmo] 2,000 (1987 SIL). Miosnum Island, west Serui Island, Pom, Serewen, Mias Endi

54

Puragi Rasawa Riantana Roon

Samarokena

Saponi Sauri

Sause Saweru Sawi

Seget Sekar

Semimi

Sempan

Sentani

Serui-Laut

villages. Dialects:Jobi. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Eastern MalayoPolynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Yapen, CentralWestern More information. [pru] 700 (1991 SIL). Southwest Birds Head along Maccluer Gulf, inland Matamani River area. Alternate names: Mogao. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, South Birds Head, South Birds Head Proper, Western More information. [rac] 200 (1987 SIL). Waropen Bawah subdistrict, south coast. 2 villages. Classification: Lakes Plain, RasawaSaponi More information. [ran] 1,100 (Voegelin and Voegelin 1977). Frederik Hendrik Island. Alternate names: Kimaam. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Kolopom More information. [rnn] 1,100 (1993 R. Doriot). Roon Island west of Cenderawasih Bay, north of Wandamen Peninsula.Alternate names: Ron. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Yapen, Central-Western More information. [tmj] 400 (1982 SIL). North coast inland just east of Apawar River, west of Sarmi, Karfasia, Samarkena, Maseb, Tamaya villages. Alternate names: Karfasia, Samarkena, Tamaja, Tamaya. Classification: TorKwerba, Greater Kwerba, Kwerba, West Coast More information. [spi] 4 (2000 S. Wurm). Interior Waropen Bawah subdistrict, Botawa village. Classification: Lakes Plain, Rasawa-Saponi Nearly extinct. More information. [srt] 100 (1987 SIL). East side of Cenderawasih Bay near Waropen [wrp], Sauri-Sirami village, near Sirami River. Dialects: Lexical similarity: 71% with Barapasi [brp], 60% with Demisa [dei], 76% with Kofei [kpi], 63% with Tefaro [tfo]. Classification: East Geelvink Bay More information. [sao] 250 (2000 S. Wurm). Southwest of Sentani, northwest of Lereh, Ures, Mubararon, Sause-Bokoko, WittiYadow, Lidya, Puaral villages. Alternate names: Seuce. Classification: Tor-Kwerba, Orya-Tor, Sause More information. [swr] 300 (1991 SIL). Serui Waropen Regency, Yapen Selatan subdistrict, central Serui Island, an island south of Yapen Island near Serui. Alternate names: Sarwar Use. Classification: West Papuan, Yapen More information. [saw] 3,500 (1993 R. Doriot). Asmat Regency, Pantai Kasuari and Fayit subdistricts, near south coastal lowland, between Kronkel and Ayip rivers and upper Fayit River area, Kamur, Esebor, Wiagas, Minahai, Comoro villages. Alternate names: Aejauroh, Sawuy. Dialects: Most similar to Awyu languages. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Awyu-Dumut, Sawi More information. [sbg] 1,200 (1988 SIL). West Birds Head southwest of Sorong, west and southwest of Moi [mxn], Walian, Sailolof, Segum, Seget villages. Classification: West Papuan, West Birds Head More information. [skz] 450 (Voegelin and Voegelin 1977). Northwest Bomberai Peninsula coast and one small island. Alternate names: Seka. Dialects: Lexical similarity: highest with Arguni [agf]. Classification: Austronesian, MalayoPolynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, North Bomberai More information. [etz] 1,000 (1991 SIL). Bomberai Peninsula near Kaniran, south part of neck extending west to Triton Bay.Alternate names: Etna Bay, Muri, Wesrau. Dialects: Lexical similarity: 69% with Mairasi [zrs], 63% with Mer [mnu]. Classification: Mairasi More information. [xse] 1,000 (1987 SIL). Middle south coast, between Kokonao and Agats, east of Kamoro [kgq], west of Asmat languages. Alternate names: Nararapi. Dialects: Similar to Kamoro [kgq]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Asmat-Kamoro, Sempan More information. [set] 30,000 (1996 SIL), increasing. Few monolinguals. Lake Sentani area, about 30 villages. Scattered in Papua and other parts of Indonesia. Alternate names: Buyaka. Dialects: East Sentani, West Sentani, Central Sentani. Lexical similarity: 30% with Tabla [tnm]. Classification: East Birds Head-Sentani, Sentani, Sentani Proper More information. [seu] 1,200 (1987 SIL). South central Serui Island, Nau Island south of Serui. 5 villages. Alternate names:Arui. Dialects: Lexical similarity: 82% with Ansus [and], 77% with Ambai [amk]. Classification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Yapen, Central-Western

55

Sikaritai

Silimo

Skou

Sobei

Sowanda Sowari Suabo

Sunum

Tabla

Taikat Tamagario

Tanahmerah Tandia

Tangko Tarpia

Tause

More information. [tty] 800 (1993 R. Doriot). Lakes Plain area, Idenburg and Rouffaer River junctions north, Mamberamo River, Sikari, Haya, Iri villages. Alternate names: Aikwakai, Araikurioko, Ati, Sikari, Tori, Tori Aikwakai. Dialects: Lexical similarity: 86% with Eritai [ert]. Classification: Lakes Plain, Tariku, East More information. [wul] 5,000 (1987 SIL). 50% monolinguals. Central highlands south of the range immediately west of Baliem River, Amo, Kiniage valleys. Alternate names: Paiyage, South Ngalik, Usak, Wulik. Dialects: Lower Samenage. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Dani, Ngalik More information. [skv] 700 (1999 M. Donohue). East of Jayapura, north coast border area, Tami River mouth, Sko-Yambe, Sko-Mabu, Sko-Sai villages. Alternate names: Sekol, Sekou, Sko, Skouw, Skow, Sukou, Te Mawo, Tumawo. Dialects: Related to Vanimo [vam], Wutung [wut], Margu [mhg]. Classification: Sko, Vanimo More information. [sob] 1,000 (2000 S. Wurm). Ethnic population: 1,850 (2000 D. Tryon). Sarmi Regency, Sarmi subdistrict, north coast area east of Sarmi. Alternate names: Biga, Imasi, Liki. Dialects: Comprehension of, Liki [lio], Papuan Malay [pmy]. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Eastern MalayoPolynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Sarmi-Jayapura Bay, Sarmi More information. [sow] 210 in Indonesia (2002 SIL). South of Jayapur, northeast border area. Alternate names: Waina, WainaSowanda, Wanja, Wanya, Wina. Classification: Border, Waris More information. [dmy] 1,300 (2000), decreasing. North coast west of Tanamerah Bay, Muris Besar, Muris Kecil, Ambora, Yougafsa villages. Alternate names: Demta, Muris. Classification: East Birds Head-Sentani, Sentani, Demta More information. [szp] 1,100 (1987 SIL). South Birds Head along Maccluer Gulf. 15 villages. Alternate names: Iagu, Inanwatan, Mirabo, Suabau. Dialects: Most similar to Duriankere [dbn]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, South Birds Head, Inanwatan More information. [ymn] 560 (2005 SIL). Sarmi Regency, Pantai Timur subdistrict, coastal area and an island off north coast, east of Tor River. Alternate names: Yamna. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, CentralEastern, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Sarmi-Jayapura Bay, Sarmi More information. [tnm] 3,750 (1990 UBS). Jayapura, Demta, Depapre, 13 villages on north coast east and west of Tanahmerah Bay. Alternate names: Jakari, Tabi, Tanah Merah, Tanahmerah 2, Tepera. Dialects: Yokari, Tepera, YewenaYongsu. Yokari dialect understood by other dialects at 80% to 95%, others have 95%100% mutual intelligibility. Lexical similarity: 30% with Sentani [set]. Classification: East Birds Head-Sentani, Sentani, Sentani Proper More information. [aos] 500 (2000 S. Wurm). Straight south of Jayapura, northeast border area. Alternate names: Arso, Tajkat. Dialects: Most similar to Awyi [auw]. Classification: Border, Taikat More information. [tcg] 3,500 (1987 SIL). South coast area, south and east of Kayagar [kyt] and west of Yaqay [jaq]. Alternate names: Buru, Tamaraw, Wagow, Wiyagar. Dialects: Most similar to Kayagar [kyt], also related to Atohwaim [aqm]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Kayagar More information. [tcm] 500 (1978 SIL). North Bomberai Peninsula, Gondu and Bapai rivers. Alternate names: Sumeri, Sumerine. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Tanah Merah More information. [tni] 2 (1991 SIL). Birds Head neck area just south of Wandamen Peninsula, Wohsimi River. Classification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Tandia Nearly extinct. More information. [tkx] 100 (2000 SIL). West of Nakai [nkj], Kawemaot village. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Ok, Tangko More information. [tpf] 630 (2006 SIL). Province of Papua, Jayapura Regency, Demta subdistrict, Tarpia village. Alternate names: Tarfia, Sufrai. Dialects: Most similar to Kaptiau [kbi] and Bonggo [bgp]. Classification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Sarmi-Jayapura Bay, Sarmi More information. [tad] 300 (2000 S. Wurm). West Lakes Plain (Paniai), southwest of Danau Bira, Deraposi area, northeast of Fayu [fau], northwest of Edopi [dbf]. Alternate names: Darha, Doa. Dialects: Tause, Weirate, Deirate. Related

56

Tebi Tefaro

Tehit

Tobati

Tofanma

Towei Trimuris

Tsaukambo

Tunggare

Una

Uruangnirin

Usku

Viid Vitou Wabo

to Fayu, Kirikiri [kiy]. Classification: Lakes Plain, Tariku, West More information. [dmu] 220 (2005 SIL). Border area south of Jayapura, south of Yafi [wfg], east of Emem [enr], north of Towei [ttn], Dubu, Jembatan Web, Affi villages. Alternate names: Dubu. Classification: Pauwasi, Western More information. [tfo] 100 (1987 SIL). East side of Cenderawasih Bay, Tefaro and Demba villages. Alternate names:Demba. Dialects: Lexical similarity: 61% with Barapasi [brp], 63% with Sauri [srt], 70% with Tunggare [trt]. Classification: East Geelvink Bay More information. [kps] 10,000 (2000 R. Hesse). 500 monolinguals. Southwest Birds Head, Regency Sorong, most of Teminabuan subdistrict, half of Sawiat subdistrict. About 31 villages. Alternate names: Kaibus, Tahit, Tehid, Teminabuan. Dialects: Tehit Jit, Mbol Fle, Saifi, Imyan, Sfa Riere, Fkar, Sawiat Salmeit. Most similar to Kalabra [kzz]. Lexical similarity: 60% with Kalabra. Classification: West Papuan, West Birds Head More information. [tti] 350 (1998 M. Donohue). Jayapura Bay, near Jayapura, Tobati, Enggros, Entrop, Kota Raja, Tanah Hitam villages. Alternate names: Enggros, Humboldt Jotafa, Jayapura, Jotafa, Tobwadic, Yautefa, Yotafa. Dialects: Formerly classified as Papuan. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, CentralEastern, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Sarmi-Jayapura Bay, Jayapura Bay More information. [tlg] 250 (2005 SIL). South Jayapuraborder area, Keerom Regency, Senggi subdistrict, Tofanma Satu, Tofanma Dua, and most of Namla villages. Alternate names: Tofamna. Dialects: Not closely related to any other language. Classification: Unclassified More information. [ttn] 120 (1975 SIL). Border area south of Jayapura, Towe Hitam village, south of Dubu [dmu], west of Emem [enr]. Alternate names: Towe. Classification: Pauwasi, Western More information. [tip] 300 (1999 SIL). Jayapura Regency, Mamberamo Tengah subdistrict, Mamberamo River east bank, between Kauwera [xau] and Bagusa [bqb]. Dialects: Low intelligibility of Kwerba [kwe]. Lexical similarity: 70% with Kauwera and 60% with Kwerba. Classification: Tor-Kwerba, Greater Kwerba, Kwerba, Nuclear More information. [kvz] 780 (2000 SIL). West side of upper Digul River, north of Wanggom, south of Komyandaret. Alternate names: Kotogt, Tsokwambo, Tsakwambo. Dialects: Most similar to Komyandaret [kzv]. Also related to Korowai [khe], Wanggom [wng], Kombai [tyn]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Ok, Ngalum More information. [trt] 500 (1993 R. Doriot). North central, west of Mamberamo River, east Geelvink Bay near Nabire, inland from Waropen [wrp]. Alternate names: Tarunggare, Turunggare. Dialects: Most closely related to Bauzi [bvz]. Lexical similarity: 70% with Bauzi, 75% with Burate [bti], 65% with Demisa [dei], 70% with Tefaro [tfo], 69% with Woria [wor]. Classification: East Geelvink Bay More information. [mtg] 4,000 (1991 SIL). East highlands on south slopes of main ranges east of Sela Valley, west of Ngalum, Bidabuh, east Weip Valley, Yay Valley, around Langda, Bomela, Sumtamon. Alternate names:Goliath, Langda, Mt. Goliath, Oranje-Gebergte. Dialects: Lexical similarity: 75% with Eipomek [eip], 69% with Ketengban [xte]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Mek, Eastern More information. [urn] 400 (1983 SIL). Karas Island and 2 small islands between Karas Island and mainland of southwest Bomberai Peninsula. Alternate names: Faur, Tubiruasa. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, North Bomberai More information. [ulf] 110 (2004 SIL). South of Jayapura, Usku village; west of Namla [naa], south of Molof [msl] areas.Alternate names: Afra. Dialects: Not closely related to any other language. Classification: Unclassified More information. [snu] 250 (2005 SIL). Border area south of Jayapura, Senggi village. Alternate names: Senggi. Classification: Border, Waris More information. [vto] 630 (2007). Papua Province, Sarmi Regency, Pantai Timur subdistrict, Takar village. Alternate names:Takar. Classification: Tor-Kwerba, Orya-Tor, Tor More information. [wbb] 1,500 (1987 SIL). Serui Island, north and south coast of east end. 6 villages. Alternate names:Nusari, Woriasi. Dialects: Lexical similarity: 71% with Kurudu [kjr], 46% with Western Serui. Classification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Yapen, East

57

Waigeo

Walak Wambon Wandamen

Wanggom

Wano

Warembori

Wares Waris Waritai Warkay-Bipim Waropen

Wauyai

Woi

Wolani

More information. [wgo] 300 (1978 SIL). North central Waigeo Island off western Birds Head, Sorong Regency, Waigeo Selatan subdistrict, Warsanbin, Selegop, Waifoi, Go, Kabilol, Kabare, and Nyandesawai villages. Alternate names: Ambel, Amber, Amberi, Waigiu. Dialects: Metnyo, Metsam. Classification: Austronesian, MalayoPolynesian, Central-Eastern, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Raja Ampat More information. [wlw] 1,500 (1993 R. Doriot). Ilugwa, Wodo, Bugi, Mogonik, Wurigelebut villages. Alternate names: Lower Pyramid, Wodo. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Dani, Dani Proper More information. [wms] 3,000 (1987 SIL). South coast area north of Mandobo [aax], [bwp] area. Dialects: Kenon, Kenyam. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Awyu-Dumut, Dumut More information. [wad] 5,000 (1993 R. Doriot). Wasior, Manokwari, west Cenderawasih Bay along Wandamen Bay extending west to east end of Bintuni Bay. Alternate names: Bentoeni, Bentuni, Bintuni, Wamesa, Wandamen-Windesi, Windesi, Windessi. Dialects: Windesi, Bintuni, Wamesa, Wasior, Ambumi, Dasener, Aibondeni, Steenkool, Waruritinao. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Yapen, Central-Western More information. [wng] 1,180 (2002 SIL). Upper Digul River area. East of Kombai [tyn], west of Wambon [wms] areas.Alternate names: Wanggo, Wangom. Dialects: Most similar to Kombai [tyn]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, OkAwyu, Awyu-Dumut, Dumut More information. [wno] 7,000 (2001 SIL), decreasing. Ethnic population: 7,000. Central highlands area, upper Rouffaer River basin north of Damal, northwest of Dem, south of Kirikiri, Iau and Duvele, east of Moni, west of Western Dani. Alternate names: Waano. Dialects: East, Central, West. Similar to Western Dani [dnw], Nggem [nbq], Walak [wlw]. Lexical similarity: 65% with Western Dani. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Dani, Wano More information. [wsa] 600 (1998 SIL). North coast, Mamberamo River mouth and west to Poiwai, Warembori, Tamakuri, Bonoi villages. Alternate names: Waremboivoro, Warenbori. Dialects: Bonoi Buroro. Similar to Yoke [yki]. Lexical similarity: 33% with Yoke and 30% with Austronesian. Classification: Lower Mamberamo More information. [wai] 200 (1993 R. Doriot). North coast area inland from Kwesten language on upper Biri River, south side, Maweswares village. Classification: Tor-Kwerba, Orya-Tor, Tor More information. [wrs] 1,500 in Indonesia. Northeast Papua, Keerom Regency, Waris subdistrict, south of Jayapura. Alternate names: Walsa. Classification: Border, Waris More information. [wbe] 150 (2000 S. Wurm). Lakes Plain area around Taiyeve. Alternate names: Wari, Weretai. Dialects:Related to Doutai [tds]. Classification: Lakes Plain, Tariku, East More information. [bgv] 300 (1993 R. Doriot). South coast area bordering Asmat to east and Sawi to west, lower Eilanden River. 3 villages. Alternate names: Bipim, Bipim As-So. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Marind, Yaqay More information. [wrp] 6,000 (1987 SIL). South coast of Serui Island, East Cenderawasih Bay. Alternate names: Aropen, Wonti, Worpen. Dialects: Waropen Kai, Napan, Moor. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, CentralEastern, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Waropen More information. [wuy] 300 (Remijsen 2001). Southwest Waigeo Island, Wauyai village. Classification: Austronesian, MalayoPolynesian, Central-Eastern, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Raja Ampat More information. [wbw] 1,300 (1987 SIL). Miosnum and west Serui Islands, Wooi and Wainap villages. Alternate names:Wooi. Dialects: Lexical similarity: 77% with Pom [pmo], Marau [mvr], Ansus [and]. Classification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Yapen, Central-Western More information. [wod] 5,000 (1992 UBS). West central highlands, Kemandoga and Mbiyandogo rivers, north of Ekari [ekg] northeast of Lake Paniai, north of Wissel Lakes and northwest of Moni [mnz]. Alternate names: Woda, WodaMo, Wodani. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Wissel Lakes More information.

58

Woria

Yahadian

Yale, Kosarek

Yali, Angguruk

Yali, Ninia

Yali, Pass Valley

Yaqay

Yarsun

Yaur

Yawa

Yei

Yelmek

Yeretuar

Yetfa

Yoke

[wor] 6 (2000 S. Wurm). Interior Waropen Bawah, Botawa village. Dialects: Lexical similarity: 64% with Barapasi [brp], 64% with Demisa [dei], 63% with Kofei [kpi], 69% with Tunggare [trt]. Classification: East Geelvink Bay Nearly extinct. More information. [ner] 500 (1991 SIL). South Birds Head, along Maccluer Gulf between lower Mintamani and Sekak rivers.Alternate names: Jahadian, Nerigo, Yabin Yahadian. Dialects: Lexical similarity: 60% with Konda [knd]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, South Birds Head, Konda-Yahadian More information. [kkl] 2,300 (1993 R. Doriot). Nearly 100% are monolingual. Ethnic population: 2,300. Eastern highlands, just east of Yali of Ninia, northwest of Nipsan, east of Dani, north of Yali [yli] of Angguruk. Alternate names:In-lom, Kosarek, Wanam, Yale-Kosarek. Dialects: Kosarek, Gilika (Kilika), Tiple. Similar to Nipsan [nps], Nalca [nlc], and the Gilika dialect. Lexical similarity: 78% with Nipsan, 59% with Nalca. Classification:Trans-New Guinea, Mek, Eastern More information. [yli] 15,000 (1991 UBS). Central highlands area northwest of Nalca, east of Grand Valley Dani. Alternate names: Angguruk, Northern Yali, Yalimo. Dialects: Related to Yali of Ninia [nlk], Yali of Pass Valley [yac]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Dani, Ngalik More information. [nlk] 10,500 (1999 J. Wilson). Central highlands area south of Angguruk, east of Soba, west of Korupun, Ninia, Holuwon, and Lolat villages; Elelim, transmigrated by government in 1989 following earthquake. More than 50 villages. Alternate names: Jal, Jaly, Ninia, North Ngalik, Southern Yali, Yali Selatan. Dialects: Different from Yali of Pass Valley [yac], Yali of Angguruk [yli], Hupla [hap]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Dani, Ngalik More information. [yac] 5,000 (1988 SIL). Central highlands, east of Angguruk and northwest of Naltya, Jayawijaya, Kurulu, and Kurima. Alternate names: Abendago, North Ngalik, Pass Valley, Western Yali, Yaly. Dialects: Pass Valley, Landikma, Apahapsili. Related to Yali of Ninia [nlk], Yali of Angguruk [yli]. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Dani, Ngalik More information. [jaq] 10,000 (1987 SIL). South coast Obaa River area, southeast of Kayagar [kyt] and southwest of Central Awyu [awu]. Alternate names: Jakai, Jaqai, Mapi, Sohur, Yaqai. Dialects: Oba-Miwamon, Nambiomon-Mabur, Bapai. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Marind, Yaqay More information. [yrs] 200 (1991 SIL). Sarmi Regency, Bonggo subdistrict, Island off north coast east of Biri River.Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Sarmi-Jayapura Bay, Sarmi More information. [jau] 350 (1978 SIL). Lower end of Cenderawasih Bay, west of Iresim. Alternate names: Jaur. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Yaur More information. [yva] 6,000 (1987 SIL). Central Serui Island, Serui Waropen, Serui Selatan, Timur Barat, 8 north coast villages, 2 interior villages, 18 south coast villages. Alternate names: Iau, Mantembu, Mora, Turu, Yapanani, Yava. Dialects: Central Yawa (Mora), West Yawa, South Yawa, North Yawa, East Yawa. Classification:West Papuan, Yapen More information. [jei] 2,390 (2001 SIL). South coast border area, east of Marind along Maro River. 6 villages. Alternate names: Je, Jei, Yei-Nan, Yey. Dialects: Upper Yei, Lower Yei. Dialects are mutually inherently intelligible only with difficulty. Classification: South-Central Papuan, Morehead-Upper Maro, Yey More information. [jel] 400 (1978 SIL). South coast area, east side of Marianne Strait between Kolopom (Frederik Hendrik) Island and mainland. Alternate names: Jab, Jabsch, Jelmek, Jelmik. Dialects: Most similar to Maklew [mgf]. Classification: South-Central Papuan, Yelmek-Maklew More information. [gop] 350 (2000). Lower Cenderawasih Bay, south of Wandamen [wad]. Alternate names: Goni, Umar, Umari. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Yeretuar More information. [yet] 1,000 in Indonesia (1996). Population total all countries: 1,200. Pegunungan Bintang Regency, Okbibab subdistrict, border area east and north of Sobger River, south of Ji Mountain. Also in Papua New Guinea. Alternate names: Biaksi, Biksi, Inisine. Dialects: Yetfa and Biksi are 2 ethnic groups, speaking the same language. Classification: Sepik, Biksi More information. [yki] 200 (1998 M. Donohue). Sarmi Regency, east of Warembori east of Mamberamo River, Mantarbori 59

Zorop

village. Recently moved to coast from interior. Alternate names: Bitovondo, Jauke, Pauwi, Yauke, Yoki. Dialects: Lexical similarity: 33% with Warembori [wsa]. Classification: Lower Mamberamo More information. [wfg] 230 (2005 SIL). Northeast Papua, border area south of Jayapura, Warlef village, Yabanda Satu.Alternate names: Yafi, Jafi, Yaffi, Wagarindem, Wargarindem, Jafi Wagarindem, Warlef. Dialects: Lexical similarity: 25% with Emem [enr]. Classification: Pauwasi, Eastern More information.

60

Language Family Trees Austronesian Austronesian (1257) Atayalic (2) Bunun (1) Atayal [tay] (Taiwan) Taroko [trv] (Taiwan)

Bunun [bnn] (Taiwan) East Formosan (5) Central (2) Amis [ami] (Taiwan) Amis, Nataoran [ais] (Taiwan) Northern (2) Basay [byq] (Taiwan) Kavalan [ckv] (Taiwan) Southwest (1) Siraya [fos] (Taiwan) Malayo-Polynesian (1237) Celebic (64) Eastern (33) Saluan-Banggai (6) Southeastern (27) Kaili-Pamona (16) Northern (10) Southern (6) Tomini-Tolitoli (10) Tolitoli (2) Tomini (8) Wotu-Wolio (5) Kalao (2) Wolio-Kamaru (2) Wotu [wtw] (Indonesia (Sulawesi)) Central-Eastern (718) Central Malayo-Polynesian (169) Aru (14) Babar (11) Bima-Sumba (27) Central Maluku (55) North Bomberai (4) South Bomberai (1) Southeast Maluku (5) Teor-Kur (2) Timor (49) West Damar (1) Eastern Malayo-Polynesian (547) Oceanic (506) South Halmahera-West New Guinea (41) Hukumina (1) Hukumina [huw] (Indonesia (Maluku)) Unclassified (1) Kuri [nbn] (Indonesia (Papua)) Chamorro (1) Chamorro [cha] (Guam) Enggano (1) Enggano [eno] (Indonesia (Sumatra)) Greater Barito (33) Barito-Mahakam (2) Ampanang [apg] (Indonesia (Kalimantan)) Tunjung [tjg] (Indonesia (Kalimantan)) East (18) Central-South (5) Malagasy (11) North (2) Sama-Bajaw (8)

61

Abaknon (1) Sulu-Borneo (7) West (5) Javanese (5) North (3) South (2)

Lampung (3)

Javanese [jav] (Indonesia (Java and Bali)) Javanese, Caribbean [jvn] (Suriname) Javanese, New Caledonian [jas] (New Caledonia) Osing [osi] (Indonesia (Java and Bali)) Tengger [tes] (Indonesia (Java and Bali))

Komering [kge] (Indonesia (Sumatra)) Lampung Api [ljp] (Indonesia (Sumatra)) Lampung Nyo [abl] (Indonesia (Sumatra)) Land Dayak (13) Bakati (3) Bakati [bei] (Indonesia (Kalimantan)) Bakati, Rara [lra] (Malaysia (Sarawak)) Bakati, Sara [sre] (Indonesia (Kalimantan)) Bidayuh (4) Core (3) Eastern (1) Southern (4) Jangkang [djo] (Indonesia (Kalimantan)) Kembayan [xem] (Indonesia (Kalimantan)) Ribun [rir] (Indonesia (Kalimantan)) Semandang [sdm] (Indonesia (Kalimantan)) Benyadu [byd] (Indonesia (Kalimantan)) Sanggau [scg] (Indonesia (Kalimantan)) Malayo-Sumbawan (71) Madurese (2) Kangean [kkv] (Indonesia (Java and Bali)) Madura [mad] (Indonesia (Java and Bali)) North and East (67) Bali-Sasak-Sumbawa (3) Chamic (11) Malayic (53) Sundanese (2) Badui [bac] (Indonesia (Java and Bali)) Sunda [sun] (Indonesia (Java and Bali)) Moklen (2) Moken [mwt] (Myanmar) Moklen [mkm] (Thailand) North Borneo (99) Melanau-Kajang (11) Kajang (6) Melanau (5) North Sarawakan (53) Berawan-Lower Baram (8) Bintulu (1) Dayic (18) Kayan-Kenyah (25) Punan Tubu (1) Rejang-Sajau (5) Basap [bdb] (Indonesia (Kalimantan)) Burusu [bqr] (Indonesia (Kalimantan)) Penan, Bah-Biau [pna] (Malaysia (Sarawak)) Punan Merap [puc] (Indonesia (Kalimantan)) Sajau Basap [sjb] (Indonesia (Kalimantan)) Sabahan (29) Dusunic (22) Idaan (1) Paitanic (6)

62

Punan Batu 1 [pnm] (Malaysia (Sarawak)) Northwest Sumatra-Barrier Islands (12) Batak (7) Northern (3) Simalungan (1) Southern (3) Nias (2) Nias [nia] (Indonesia (Sumatra)) Sikule [skh] (Indonesia (Sumatra)) Gayo [gay] (Indonesia (Sumatra)) Mentawai [mwv] (Indonesia (Sumatra)) Simeulue [smr] (Indonesia (Sumatra)) Palauan (1) Palauan [pau] (Palau) Philippine (179) Bashiic (3) Ivatan (2) Yami (1) Bilic (5) Blaan (2) Tboli (1) Giangan [bgi] (Philippines) Tiruray [tiy] (Philippines) Central Luzon (10) Pampangan (1) Sambalic (8) Sinauna (1) Greater Central Philippine (93) Central Philippine (47) Danao (3) Gorontalo-Mongondow (9) Manobo (15) Palawanic (7) South Mangyan (4) Subanon (5) Umiray Dumaget (3) Kalamian (2) Agutaynen [agn] (Philippines) Tagbanwa, Calamian [tbk] (Philippines) Minahasan (5) North (4) Tonsawang [tnw] (Indonesia (Sulawesi)) North Mangyan (3) Alangan [alj] (Philippines) Iraya [iry] (Philippines) Tadyawan [tdy] (Philippines) Northern Luzon (52) Arta (1) Ilocano (1) Meso-Cordilleran (34) Northern Cordilleran (16) Sangiric (5) Northern (2) Southern (3) Agta, Villa Viciosa [dyg] (Philippines) Rejang (1) Rejang [rej] (Indonesia (Sumatra)) South Sulawesi (31) Bugis (4) Tamanic (2) Bugis [bug] (Indonesia (Sulawesi)) Campalagian [cml] (Indonesia (Sulawesi)) Lemolang (1) Lemolang [ley] (Indonesia (Sulawesi))

63

Bentong [bnu] (Indonesia (Sulawesi)) Konjo, Coastal [kjc] (Indonesia (Sulawesi)) Konjo, Highland [kjk] (Indonesia (Sulawesi)) Makasar [mak] (Indonesia (Sulawesi)) Selayar [sly] (Indonesia (Sulawesi)) Northern (17) Mamuju (1) Mandar (1) Masenrempulu (4) Pitu Ulunna Salu (5) Toraja-Sadan (6) Seko (4) Panasuan (2) Seko Padang [skx] (Indonesia (Sulawesi)) Seko Tengah [sko] (Indonesia (Sulawesi)) Unclassified (3) Gorap [goq] (Indonesia (Maluku)) Katabaga [ktq] (Philippines) Nasal [nsy] (Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara)) Northwest Formosan (2) Kulon-Pazeh [uun] (Taiwan) Saisiyat [xsy] (Taiwan) Paiwan (1) Paiwan [pwn] (Taiwan) Puyuma (1) Puyuma [pyu] (Taiwan) Rukai (1) Rukai [dru] (Taiwan) Tsouic (3) Kanakanabu [xnb] (Taiwan) Saaroa [sxr] (Taiwan) Tsou [tsu] (Taiwan) Unclassified (1) Ketangalan [kae] (Taiwan) Western Plains (3) Central Western Plains (2) Babuza [bzg] (Taiwan) Papora-Hoanya [ppu] (Taiwan) Thao (1) Thao [ssf] (Taiwan) Language Family Index

Makassar (5)

64

Kaili-Pamona (16) Northern (10) Kaili (8)

Baras [brs] (Indonesia (Sulawesi)) Kaili, Daa [kzf] (Indonesia (Sulawesi)) Kaili, Ledo [lew] (Indonesia (Sulawesi)) Kaili, Unde [unz] (Indonesia (Sulawesi)) Lindu [klw] (Indonesia (Sulawesi)) Moma [myl] (Indonesia (Sulawesi)) Sedoa [tvw] (Indonesia (Sulawesi)) Topoiyo [toy] (Indonesia (Sulawesi))

Pamona (2) Pamona [pmf] (Indonesia (Sulawesi)) Tombelala [ttp] (Indonesia (Sulawesi)) Southern (6) Badaic (3) Bada [bhz] (Indonesia (Sulawesi)) Behoa [bep] (Indonesia (Sulawesi)) Napu [npy] (Indonesia (Sulawesi)) Rampi [lje] (Indonesia (Sulawesi)) Sarudu [sdu] (Indonesia (Sulawesi)) Uma [ppk] (Indonesia (Sulawesi)) Tomini-Tolitoli (10) Tolitoli (2) Tomini (8)

Boano [bzl] (Indonesia (Sulawesi)) Totoli [txe] (Indonesia (Sulawesi)) Northern (3) Dondo [dok] (Indonesia (Sulawesi)) Lauje [law] (Indonesia (Sulawesi)) Tomini [txm] (Indonesia (Sulawesi)) Southern (5) Balaesang [bls] (Indonesia (Sulawesi)) Dampelas [dms] (Indonesia (Sulawesi)) Pendau [ums] (Indonesia (Sulawesi)) Taje [pee] (Indonesia (Sulawesi)) Tajio [tdj] (Indonesia (Sulawesi))

Wotu-Wolio (5) Kalao (2)

Kalao [kly] (Indonesia (Sulawesi)) Laiyolo [lji] (Indonesia (Sulawesi)) Wolio-Kamaru (2) Kamaru [kgx] (Indonesia (Sulawesi)) Wolio [wlo] (Indonesia (Sulawesi)) Wotu [wtw] (Indonesia (Sulawesi))

Chamorro (1) Chamorro [cha] (Guam) Enggano (1) Enggano [eno] (Indonesia (Sumatra)) Greater Barito (33) Barito-Mahakam (2) Ampanang [apg] (Indonesia (Kalimantan)) Tunjung [tjg] (Indonesia (Kalimantan)) East (18) Central-South (5) Central (1) Dusun Deyah [dun] (Indonesia (Kalimantan)) South (4) 65

Dusun Malang [duq] (Indonesia (Kalimantan)) Dusun Witu [duw] (Indonesia (Kalimantan)) Maanyan [mhy] (Indonesia (Kalimantan)) Paku [pku] (Indonesia (Kalimantan)) Malagasy (11) Bushi [buc] (Mayotte) Malagasy, Antankarana [xmv] (Madagascar) Malagasy, Bara [bhr] (Madagascar) Malagasy, Masikoro [msh] (Madagascar) Malagasy, Northern Betsimisaraka [bmm] (Madagascar) Malagasy, Plateau [plt] (Madagascar) Malagasy, Sakalava [skg] (Madagascar) Malagasy, Southern Betsimisaraka [bjq] (Madagascar) Malagasy, Tandroy-Mahafaly [tdx] (Madagascar) Malagasy, Tanosy [txy] (Madagascar) Malagasy, Tsimihety [xmw] (Madagascar) North (2) Lawangan [lbx] (Indonesia (Kalimantan)) Tawoyan [twy] (Indonesia (Kalimantan)) Sama-Bajaw (8) Abaknon (1) Inabaknon [abx] (Philippines) Sulu-Borneo (7) Borneo Coast Bajaw (3) Bajau, Indonesian [bdl] (Indonesia (Sulawesi)) Bajau, West Coast [bdr] (Malaysia (Sabah)) Mapun [sjm] (Philippines) Inner Sulu Sama (3) Balangingi [sse] (Philippines) Sama, Central [sml] (Philippines) Sama, Southern [ssb] (Philippines) Western Sulu Sama (1) Sama, Pangutaran [slm] (Philippines) West (5) North (3) Kohin [kkx] (Indonesia (Kalimantan)) Ot Danum [otd] (Indonesia (Kalimantan)) Siang [sya] (Indonesia (Kalimantan)) South (2) Bakumpai [bkr] (Indonesia (Kalimantan)) Ngaju [nij] (Indonesia (Kalimantan)) Javanese (5) Javanese [jav] (Indonesia (Java and Bali)) Javanese, Caribbean [jvn] (Suriname) Javanese, New Caledonian [jas] (New Caledonia) Osing [osi] (Indonesia (Java and Bali)) Tengger [tes] (Indonesia (Java and Bali)) Lampung (3) Komering [kge] (Indonesia (Sumatra)) Lampung Api [ljp] (Indonesia (Sumatra)) Lampung Nyo [abl] (Indonesia (Sumatra)) Land Dayak (13) Bakati (3) Bakati [bei] (Indonesia (Kalimantan)) Bakati, Rara [lra] (Malaysia (Sarawak)) Bakati, Sara [sre] (Indonesia (Kalimantan)) Bidayuh (4) Core (3) Central (1) Sembaan (1) 66

Eastern (1) Southern (4)

Western (1) Bidayuh, Bukar-Sadong [sdo] (Malaysia (Sarawak))

Jangkang [djo] (Indonesia (Kalimantan)) Kembayan [xem] (Indonesia (Kalimantan)) Ribun [rir] (Indonesia (Kalimantan)) Semandang [sdm] (Indonesia (Kalimantan)) Benyadu [byd] (Indonesia (Kalimantan)) Sanggau [scg] (Indonesia (Kalimantan))

67

Language Family Trees Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Sumbawan Austronesian (1257) Malayo-Polynesian (1237) Malayo-Sumbawan (71) Madurese (2) Kangean [kkv] (Indonesia (Java and Bali)) Madura [mad] (Indonesia (Java and Bali)) North and East (67) Bali-Sasak-Sumbawa (3) Sasak-Sumbawa (2) Sasak [sas] (Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara)) Sumbawa [smw] (Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara)) Bali [ban] (Indonesia (Java and Bali)) Chamic (11) Achenese (1) Aceh [ace] (Indonesia (Sumatra)) Coastal (3) Cham (2) Haroi [hro] (Viet Nam) Highlands (7) Chru-Northern (5) Jarai [jra] (Viet Nam) Rade [rad] (Viet Nam) Malayic (53) Ibanic (6) Balau [blg] (Malaysia (Sarawak)) Iban [iba] (Malaysia (Sarawak)) Mualang [mtd] (Indonesia (Kalimantan)) Remun [lkj] (Malaysia (Sarawak)) Seberuang [sbx] (Indonesia (Kalimantan)) Sebuyau [snb] (Malaysia (Sarawak)) Kendayan (2) Keninjal [knl] (Indonesia (Kalimantan)) Kendayan [knx] (Indonesia (Kalimantan)) Malay (45) Trade (11) Bangka [mfb] (Indonesia (Sumatra)) Banjar [bjn] (Indonesia (Kalimantan)) Brunei [kxd] (Brunei) Col [liw] (Indonesia (Sumatra)) Duano [dup] (Indonesia (Sumatra)) Haji [hji] (Indonesia (Sumatra)) Indonesian [ind] (Indonesia (Java and Bali)) Jakun [jak] (Malaysia (Peninsular)) Kaur [vkk] (Indonesia (Sumatra)) Kerinci [kvr] (Indonesia (Sumatra)) Kubu [kvb] (Indonesia (Sumatra)) Loncong [lce] (Indonesia (Sumatra)) Lubu [lcf] (Indonesia (Sumatra)) Malay [zlm] (Malaysia (Peninsular)) Malay, Bacanese [btj] (Indonesia (Maluku)) Malay, Berau [bve] (Indonesia (Kalimantan)) Malay, Bukit [bvu] (Indonesia (Kalimantan)) Malay, Central [pse] (Indonesia (Sumatra)) Malay, Jambi [jax] (Indonesia (Sumatra)) Malay, Kedah [meo] (Malaysia (Peninsular)) Malay, Kota Bangun Kutai [mqg] (Indonesia (Kalimantan)) Malay, Pattani [mfa] (Thailand) Malay, Sabah [msi] (Malaysia (Sabah)) Malay, Standard [zsm] (Malaysia (Peninsular)) Malay, Tenggarong Kutai [vkt] (Indonesia (Kalimantan)) Malayic Dayak [xdy] (Indonesia (Kalimantan)) Minangkabau [min] (Indonesia (Sumatra))

68

Musi [mui] (Indonesia (Sumatra)) Negeri Sembilan Malay [zmi] (Malaysia (Peninsular)) Orang Kanaq [orn] (Malaysia (Peninsular)) Orang Seletar [ors] (Malaysia (Peninsular)) Pekal [pel] (Indonesia (Sumatra)) Temuan [tmw] (Malaysia (Peninsular)) Urak Lawoi [urk] (Thailand) Sundanese (2) Badui [bac] (Indonesia (Java and Bali)) Sunda [sun] (Indonesia (Java and Bali)) Roglai, Cacgia [roc] (Viet Nam) Roglai, Northern [rog] (Viet Nam) Roglai, Southern [rgs] (Viet Nam) Tsat [huq] (China) Trade (11) East Indonesian (6) Malay, Ambonese [abs] (Indonesia (Maluku)) Malay, Banda [bpq] (Indonesia (Maluku)) Malay, Kupang [mkn] (Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara)) Malay, Manado [xmm] (Indonesia (Sulawesi)) Malay, North Moluccan [max] (Indonesia (Maluku)) Malay, Papuan [pmy] (Indonesia (Papua)) Betawi [bew] (Indonesia (Java and Bali)) Malay, Balinese [mhp] (Indonesia (Java and Bali)) Malay, Cocos Islands [coa] (Malaysia (Sabah)) Malay, Larantuka [lrt] (Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara)) Malay, Makassar [mfp] (Indonesia (Sulawesi))

Language Family Index

69

North Borneo (99) Melanau-Kajang (11) Kajang (6)

Melanau (5)

Bukitan [bkn] (Indonesia (Kalimantan)) Kajaman [kag] (Malaysia (Sarawak)) Lahanan [lhn] (Malaysia (Sarawak)) Sekapan [skp] (Malaysia (Sarawak)) Sian [spg] (Malaysia (Sarawak)) Ukit [umi] (Malaysia (Sarawak)) Melanau, Central [mel] (Malaysia (Sarawak)) Melanau, Daro-Matu [dro] (Malaysia (Sarawak)) Melanau, Kanowit-Tanjong [kxn] (Malaysia (Sarawak)) Melanau, Sibu [sdx] (Malaysia (Sarawak)) Seru [szd] (Malaysia (Sarawak))

North Sarawakan (53) Berawan-Lower Baram (8) Berawan (3) Central-East Berawan (2) Berawan, Central [zbc] (Malaysia (Sarawak)) Berawan, East [zbe] (Malaysia (Sarawak)) Berawan, West [zbw] (Malaysia (Sarawak)) Lower Baram (5) Central (5) A (2)

Belait [beg] (Brunei) Kiput [kyi] (Malaysia (Sarawak))

B (3) Lelak [llk] (Malaysia (Sarawak)) Narom [nrm] (Malaysia (Sarawak)) Tutong [ttg] (Brunei) Bintulu (1) Dayic (18) Bintulu [bny] (Malaysia (Sarawak)) Kelabitic (6) Kelabit [kzi] (Malaysia (Sarawak)) Lengilu [lgi] (Indonesia (Kalimantan)) Lun Bawang [lnd] (Indonesia (Kalimantan)) Putoh [put] (Indonesia (Kalimantan)) Saban [snv] (Malaysia (Sarawak)) Tring [tgq] (Malaysia (Sarawak)) Murutic (12) Murut (6) Keningau Murut [kxi] (Malaysia (Sabah)) Okolod [kqv] (Indonesia (Kalimantan)) Paluan [plz] (Malaysia (Sabah)) Selungai Murut [slg] (Indonesia (Kalimantan)) Tagal Murut [mvv] (Malaysia (Sabah)) Timugon Murut [tih] (Malaysia (Sabah)) Bookan [bnb] (Malaysia (Sabah)) Bolongan [blj] (Indonesia (Kalimantan)) Kalabakan [kve] (Malaysia (Sabah)) 70

Northern (1) Tidong (5)

Kayan-Kenyah (25) Kayanic (17)

Sembakung Murut [sbr] (Indonesia (Kalimantan)) Serudung Murut [srk] (Malaysia (Sabah)) Tidong [tid] (Indonesia (Kalimantan)) Kayan Proper (8) Bahau [bhv] (Indonesia (Kalimantan)) Kayan Mahakam [xay] (Indonesia (Kalimantan)) Kayan, Baram [kys] (Malaysia (Sarawak)) Kayan, Busang [bfg] (Indonesia (Kalimantan)) Kayan, Kayan River [xkn] (Indonesia (Kalimantan)) Kayan, Mendalam [xkd] (Indonesia (Kalimantan)) Kayan, Rejang [ree] (Malaysia (Sarawak)) Kayan, Wahau [whu] (Indonesia (Kalimantan)) Modang (2) Modang [mxd] (Indonesia (Kalimantan)) Segai [sge] (Indonesia (Kalimantan)) Muller-Schwaner Punan (5) Aoheng [pni] (Indonesia (Kalimantan)) Hovongan [hov] (Indonesia (Kalimantan)) Kereho [xke] (Indonesia (Kalimantan)) Punan Aput [pud] (Indonesia (Kalimantan)) Punan Merah [puf] (Indonesia (Kalimantan)) Muller-Schwaner Punan (1) Bukat [bvk] (Indonesia (Kalimantan)) Murik Kayan (1) Murik [mxr] (Malaysia (Sarawak)) Kayanic Kenyah (3) Kenyah, Wahau [whk] (Indonesia (Kalimantan)) Long Wat [ttw] (Malaysia (Sarawak)) Sebop [sib] (Malaysia (Sarawak)) Upper Pujungan (2) Uma Lasan [xky] (Malaysia (Sarawak)) Uma Lung [ulu] (Indonesia (Kalimantan)) Kenyah, Mainstream [xkl] (Indonesia (Kalimantan)) Penan, Eastern [pez] (Malaysia (Sarawak)) Penan, Western [pne] (Malaysia (Sarawak))

Kenyah (6)

Penan (2)

Punan Tubu (1) Punan Tubu [puj] (Indonesia (Kalimantan)) Rejang-Sajau (5) Basap [bdb] (Indonesia (Kalimantan)) Burusu [bqr] (Indonesia (Kalimantan)) Penan, Bah-Biau [pna] (Malaysia (Sarawak)) Punan Merap [puc] (Indonesia (Kalimantan)) Sajau Basap [sjb] (Indonesia (Kalimantan)) Sabahan (29) Dusunic (22) Bisaya (4) Southern (1) Bisaya, Brunei [bsb] (Brunei) Bisaya, Sabah [bsy] (Malaysia (Sabah)) Bonggi [bdg] (Malaysia (Sabah)) Tatana [txx] (Malaysia (Sabah)) Central (6) Dusun, Central [dtp] (Malaysia (Sabah)) Dusun, Sugut [kzs] (Malaysia (Sabah)) Dusun, Tambunan [kzt] (Malaysia (Sabah))

Dusun (17)

71

Eastern (1)

Dusun, Tempasuk [tdu] (Malaysia (Sabah)) Kota Marudu Tinagas [ktr] (Malaysia (Sabah)) Minokok [mqq] (Malaysia (Sabah))

Kadazan, Labuk-Kinabatangan [dtb] (Malaysia (Sabah)) Gana [gnq] (Malaysia (Sabah)) Kadazan, Coastal [kzj] (Malaysia (Sabah)) Kadazan, Klias River [kqt] (Malaysia (Sabah)) Kimaragang [kqr] (Malaysia (Sabah)) Kota Marudu Talantang [grm] (Malaysia (Sabah)) Kuijau [dkr] (Malaysia (Sabah)) Lotud [dtr] (Malaysia (Sabah)) Papar [dpp] (Malaysia (Sabah)) Rungus [drg] (Malaysia (Sabah)) Tobilung [tgb] (Malaysia (Sabah)) Unclassified (1) Dumpas [dmv] (Malaysia (Sabah)) Idaan (1) Idaan [dbj] (Malaysia (Sabah)) Paitanic (6) Upper Kinabatangan (3) Kinabatangan, Upper [dmg] (Malaysia (Sabah)) Lobu, Lanas [ruu] (Malaysia (Sabah)) Lobu, Tampias [low] (Malaysia (Sabah)) Abai Sungai [abf] (Malaysia (Sabah)) Tombonuo [txa] (Malaysia (Sabah)) Yakan [yka] (Philippines)

Moklen (2) Moken [mwt] (Myanmar) Moklen [mkm] (Thailand) Austronesian (1257) Malayo-Polynesian (1237) Northwest Sumatra-Barrier Islands (12) Batak (7) Northern (3) Batak Alas-Kluet [btz] (Indonesia (Sumatra)) Batak Dairi [btd] (Indonesia (Sumatra)) Batak Karo [btx] (Indonesia (Sumatra)) Simalungan (1) Batak Simalungun [bts] (Indonesia (Sumatra)) Southern (3) Batak Angkola [akb] (Indonesia (Sumatra)) Batak Mandailing [btm] (Indonesia (Sumatra)) Batak Toba [bbc] (Indonesia (Sumatra)) Nias (2) Nias [nia] (Indonesia (Sumatra)) Sikule [skh] (Indonesia (Sumatra)) Gayo [gay] (Indonesia (Sumatra)) Mentawai [mwv] (Indonesia (Sumatra)) Simeulue [smr] (Indonesia (Sumatra)) Palauan (1) Palauan [pau] (Palau) Philippine (179) Bashiic (3) Ivatan (2) Yami (1)

Ibatan [ivb] (Philippines) Ivatan [ivv] (Philippines) Yami [tao] (Taiwan)

72

Bilic (5)

Blaan (2) Blaan, Koronadal [bpr] (Philippines) Blaan, Sarangani [bps] (Philippines) Tboli (1)

Tboli [tbl] (Philippines) Giangan [bgi] (Philippines) Tiruray [tiy] (Philippines) Central Luzon (10) Pampangan (1) Pampangan [pam] (Philippines) Sambalic (8) Ayta, Abellen [abp] (Philippines) Ayta, Ambala [abc] (Philippines) Ayta, Bataan [ayt] (Philippines) Ayta, Mag-Anchi [sgb] (Philippines) Ayta, Mag-Indi [blx] (Philippines) Bolinao [smk] (Philippines) Sambal, Botolan [sbl] (Philippines) Sambal, Tin [xsb] (Philippines) Sinauna (1) Sinauna [agv] (Philippines)

73

Greater Central Philippine (93) Central Philippine (47) Bikol (8) Coastal (4) Naga (3) Agta, Isarog [agk] (Philippines) Agta, Mt. Iraya [atl] (Philippines) Bicolano, Central [bcl] (Philippines) Virac (1) Inland (3) Bicolano, Southern Catanduanes [bln] (Philippines)

Buhi-Daraga (1) Bicolano, Albay [bhk] (Philippines) Iriga (1) Bicolano, Iriga [bto] (Philippines) Agta, Mt. Iriga [agz] (Philippines) Bicolano, Northern Catanduanes [cts] (Philippines)

Pandan (1) Greater Central Philippine (93) Central Philippine (47) Bisayan (21) Banton (1) Cebuan (1) Central (9)

Bantoanon [bno] (Philippines) Cebuano [ceb] (Philippines) Peripheral (5) Ati [atk] (Philippines) Capiznon [cps] (Philippines) Hiligaynon [hil] (Philippines) Masbatenyo [msb] (Philippines) Porohanon [prh] (Philippines) Romblon (1) Romblomanon [rol] (Philippines) Warayan (3) Gubat (1) Sorsogon, Waray [srv] (Philippines) Samar-Waray (1) Waray-Waray [war] (Philippines) Sorsogon, Masbate [bks] (Philippines) Butuan-Tausug (2) Butuanon [btw] (Philippines) Tausug [tsg] (Philippines) Surigao (1) Surigaonon [sul] (Philippines) Aklan (2) Inakeanon [akl] (Philippines) Malaynon [mlz] (Philippines) Kinarayan (1) Kinaray-a [krj] (Philippines) Kuyan (2) Cuyonon [cyo] (Philippines) Ratagnon [btn] (Philippines) North Central (1) Inonhan [loc] (Philippines) Caluyanun [clu] (Philippines)

South (3)

West (7)

Central Philippine (47) Mansakan (9) Davawenyo (1) Davawenyo [daw] (Philippines) Eastern (4) Caraga (1)

74

Mandaya, Karaga [mry] (Philippines) Mandayan (3) Mandaya, Cataelano [mst] (Philippines) Mandaya, Sangab [myt] (Philippines) Mansaka [msk] (Philippines) Northern (1) Western (3) Kalagan [kqe] (Philippines) Kalagan, Kagan [kll] (Philippines) Kalagan, Tagakaulu [klg] (Philippines) Mamanwa (1) Mamanwa [mmn] (Philippines) Tagalog (2) Filipino [fil] (Philippines) Tagalog [tgl] (Philippines) Ata [atm] (Philippines) Ayta, Sorsogon [ays] (Philippines) Ayta, Tayabas [ayy] (Philippines) Karolanos [kyn] (Philippines) Magahat [mtw] (Philippines) Sulod [srg] (Philippines) Danao (3) Magindanao (1) Maguindanao [mdh] (Philippines) Maranao-Iranon (2) Iranun [ill] (Malaysia (Sabah)) Maranao [mrw] (Philippines) Gorontalo-Mongondow (9) Gorontalic (7) Bintauna [bne] (Indonesia (Sulawesi)) Bolango [bld] (Indonesia (Sulawesi)) Buol [blf] (Indonesia (Sulawesi)) Gorontalo [gor] (Indonesia (Sulawesi)) Kaidipang [kzp] (Indonesia (Sulawesi)) Lolak [llq] (Indonesia (Sulawesi)) Suwawa [swu] (Indonesia (Sulawesi)) Mongondowic (2) Mongondow [mog] (Indonesia (Sulawesi)) Ponosakan [pns] (Indonesia (Sulawesi)) Manobo (15) Central (8) East (3) Manobo, Agusan [msm] (Philippines) Manobo, Dibabawon [mbd] (Philippines) Manobo, Rajah Kabunsuwan [mqk] (Philippines) South (3) Ata-Tigwa (2) Manobo, Ata [atd] (Philippines) Manobo, Matigsalug [mbt] (Philippines) Obo (1) Manobo, Obo [obo] (Philippines) West (2) Manobo, Ilianen [mbi] (Philippines) Manobo, Western Bukidnon [mbb] (Philippines) North (4) Binukid [bkd] (Philippines) Higaonon [mba] (Philippines) Kagayanen [cgc] (Philippines) Kamayo [kyk] (Philippines)

75

South (3)

Manobo, Cinamiguin [mkx] (Philippines) Manobo, Cotabato [mta] (Philippines) Manobo, Sarangani [mbs] (Philippines) Tagabawa [bgs] (Philippines)

Palawanic (7) Batak [bya] (Philippines) Molbog [pwm] (Philippines) Palawano, Brookes Point [plw] (Philippines) Palawano, Central [plc] (Philippines) Palawano, Southwest [plv] (Philippines) Tagbanwa [tbw] (Philippines) Tagbanwa, Central [tgt] (Philippines) South Mangyan (4) Buhid-Taubuid (3) Buhid [bku] (Philippines) Tawbuid, Eastern [bnj] (Philippines) Tawbuid, Western [twb] (Philippines) Hanunoo (1) Hanunoo [hnn] (Philippines) Subanon (5) Eastern (5) Subanen, Central [syb] (Philippines) Subanen, Northern [stb] (Philippines) Subanon, Kolibugan [skn] (Philippines) Subanon, Western [suc] (Philippines) Subanun, Lapuyan [laa] (Philippines) Umiray Dumaget (3) Agta, Alabat Island [dul] (Philippines) Agta, Camarines Norte [abd] (Philippines) Agta, Umiray Dumaget [due] (Philippines) Kalamian (2) Agutaynen [agn] (Philippines) Tagbanwa, Calamian [tbk] (Philippines) Minahasan (5) North (4)

Northeast (3) Tombulu [tom] (Indonesia (Sulawesi)) Tondano [tdn] (Indonesia (Sulawesi)) Tonsea [txs] (Indonesia (Sulawesi))

Tontemboan [tnt] (Indonesia (Sulawesi)) Tonsawang [tnw] (Indonesia (Sulawesi)) North Mangyan (3) Alangan [alj] (Philippines) Iraya [iry] (Philippines) Tadyawan [tdy] (Philippines)

76

Northern Luzon (52) Arta (1) Arta [atz] (Philippines) Ilocano (1) Ilocano [ilo] (Philippines) Meso-Cordilleran (34) Alta (2) Alta, Northern [aqn] (Philippines) Alta, Southern [agy] (Philippines) South-Central Cordilleran (32) Central Cordilleran (24) Isinai (1) North Central Cordilleran (23) Southern Cordilleran (8) Ilongot (1) West Southern Cordilleran (7) Northern Cordilleran (16) Cagayan Valley (11) Ibanagic (9) Gaddangic (3) Atta, Faire [azt] (Philippines) Atta, Pamplona [att] (Philippines) Atta, Pudtol [atp] (Philippines) Ibanag [ibg] (Philippines) Itawit [itv] (Philippines) Yogad [yog] (Philippines) Isnag (2) Adasen [tiu] (Philippines) Isnag [isd] (Philippines) Northeastern Luzon (5) Northern (5) Agta, Casiguran Dumagat [dgc] (Philippines) Agta, Dicamay [duy] (Philippines) Agta, Dupaninan [duo] (Philippines) Kasiguranin [ksn] (Philippines) Paranan [agp] (Philippines) South-Central Cordilleran (32) Central Cordilleran (24) Isinai (1) Isinai [inn] (Philippines) North Central Cordilleran (23) Kalinga-Itneg (14) Itneg (5) Itneg, Binongan [itb] (Philippines) Itneg, Inlaod [iti] (Philippines) Itneg, Maeng [itt] (Philippines) Itneg, Masadiit [tis] (Philippines) Itneg, Moyadan [ity] (Philippines) Kalinga (9) Itneg, Banao [bjx] (Philippines) Kalinga, Butbut [kyb] (Philippines) Kalinga, Limos [kmk] (Philippines) Kalinga, Lower Tanudan [kml] (Philippines) Kalinga, Lubuagan [knb] (Philippines) Kalinga, Mabaka Valley [kkg] (Philippines) Kalinga, Madukayang [kmd] (Philippines) Kalinga, Southern [ksc] (Philippines) Kalinga, Upper Tanudan [kgh] (Philippines)

Nuclear Cordilleran (9)

77

Balangaw (1) Balangao [blw] (Philippines) Bontok-Kankanay (4) Bontok (2) Kankanay (2) Ifugaw (4) Ifugao, Amganad [ifa] (Philippines) Ifugao, Batad [ifb] (Philippines) Ifugao, Mayoyao [ifu] (Philippines) Ifugao, Tuwali [ifk] (Philippines) North Central Cordilleran (23) Nuclear Cordilleran (9) Bontok-Kankanay (4) Bontok (2) Bontoc, Central [bnc] (Philippines) Finallig [bkb] (Philippines) Kankanay (2) Kankanaey [kne] (Philippines) Kankanay, Northern [xnn] (Philippines) Southern Cordilleran (8) Ilongot (1) Ilongot [ilk] (Philippines) West Southern Cordilleran (7) Nuclear Southern Cordilleran (6) Ibaloy (2) Ibaloi [ibl] (Philippines) I-wak [iwk] (Philippines) Kallahan (3) Kallahan, Kayapa [kak] (Philippines) Kallahan, Keley-i [ify] (Philippines) Kallahan, Tinoc [tne] (Philippines) Karaw (1) Karao [kyj] (Philippines) Pangasinan [pag] (Philippines) Northern Cordilleran (16) Cagayan Valley (11) Ibanagic (9) Gaddangic (3) Agta, Central Cagayan [agt] (Philippines) Gadang [gdg] (Philippines) Gaddang [gad] (Philippines)

Language Family Index

Atta, Faire [azt] (Philippines) Atta, Pamplona [att] (Philippines) Atta, Pudtol [atp] (Philippines) Ibanag [ibg] (Philippines) Itawit [itv] (Philippines) Yogad [yog] (Philippines) Adasen [tiu] (Philippines) Isnag [isd] (Philippines) Agta, Casiguran Dumagat [dgc] (Philippines)

Isnag (2) Northeastern Luzon (5) Northern (5)

78

Agta, Dicamay [duy] (Philippines) Agta, Dupaninan [duo] (Philippines) Kasiguranin [ksn] (Philippines) Paranan [agp] (Philippines)

79

Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern Austronesian (1257) Malayo-Polynesian (1237) Celebic (64) Eastern (33) Saluan-Banggai (6) Eastern (2) Balantak [blz] (Indonesia (Sulawesi)) Banggai [bgz] (Indonesia (Sulawesi)) Western (4) Saluanic (3) Batui [zbt] (Indonesia (Sulawesi)) Bobongko [bgb] (Indonesia (Sulawesi)) Saluan [loe] (Indonesia (Sulawesi)) Andio [bzb] (Indonesia (Sulawesi)) Southeastern (27) Bungku-Tolaki (15) Eastern (8) East Coast (7) Southwest (1) Western (7) Interior (3) West Coast (4) Muna-Buton (12) Nuclear Muna-Buton (9) Buton (3) Munan (6) Tukangbesi-Bonerate (3) Bonerate [bna] (Indonesia (Sulawesi)) Tukang Besi North [khc] (Indonesia (Sulawesi)) Tukang Besi South [bhq] (Indonesia (Sulawesi)) Language Family Index Bungku-Tolaki (15) Eastern (8)

East Coast (7) Kulisusu (3) Koroni [xkq] (Indonesia (Sulawesi)) Kulisusu [vkl] (Indonesia (Sulawesi)) Taloki [tlk] (Indonesia (Sulawesi)) Bahonsuai [bsu] (Indonesia (Sulawesi)) Bungku [bkz] (Indonesia (Sulawesi)) Mori Bawah [xmz] (Indonesia (Sulawesi)) Wawonii [wow] (Indonesia (Sulawesi)) Southwest (1) Moronene [mqn] (Indonesia (Sulawesi)) Interior (3) Mori Atas [mzq] (Indonesia (Sulawesi)) Padoe [pdo] (Indonesia (Sulawesi)) Tomadino [tdi] (Indonesia (Sulawesi)) West Coast (4) Kodeoha [vko] (Indonesia (Sulawesi)) Rahambuu [raz] (Indonesia (Sulawesi)) Tolaki [lbw] (Indonesia (Sulawesi)) Waru [wru] (Indonesia (Sulawesi))

Western (7)

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Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Southeastern, Muna-Buton Austronesian (1257) Malayo-Polynesian (1237) Celebic (64) Eastern (33) Southeastern (27) Muna-Buton (12) Nuclear Muna-Buton (9) Buton (3) East Buton (2) Kumbewaha [xks] (Indonesia (Sulawesi)) Lasalimu [llm] (Indonesia (Sulawesi)) West Buton (1) Cia-Cia [cia] (Indonesia (Sulawesi)) Munan (6) Munic (5) Western (4) Kioko [ues] (Indonesia (Sulawesi)) Liabuku [lix] (Indonesia (Sulawesi)) Muna [mnb] (Indonesia (Sulawesi)) Pancana [pnp] (Indonesia (Sulawesi)) Kaimbulawa [zka] (Indonesia (Sulawesi)) Busoa [bup] (Indonesia (Sulawesi)) Tukangbesi-Bonerate (3) Bonerate [bna] (Indonesia (Sulawesi)) Tukang Besi North [khc] (Indonesia (Sulawesi)) Tukang Besi South [bhq] (Indonesia (Sulawesi))

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Sangiric (5)

Northern (2) Sangil [snl] (Philippines) Sangir [sxn] (Indonesia (Sulawesi)) Southern (3)

Rejang (1)

Bantik [bnq] (Indonesia (Sulawesi)) Ratahan [rth] (Indonesia (Sulawesi)) Talaud [tld] (Indonesia (Sulawesi)) Agta, Villa Viciosa [dyg] (Philippines)

Rejang [rej] (Indonesia (Sumatra)) South Sulawesi (31) Bugis (4) Tamanic (2) Embaloh [emb] (Indonesia (Kalimantan)) Taman [tmn] (Indonesia (Kalimantan)) Bugis [bug] (Indonesia (Sulawesi)) Campalagian [cml] (Indonesia (Sulawesi)) Lemolang (1) Lemolang [ley] (Indonesia (Sulawesi)) Makassar (5) Bentong [bnu] (Indonesia (Sulawesi)) Konjo, Coastal [kjc] (Indonesia (Sulawesi)) Konjo, Highland [kjk] (Indonesia (Sulawesi)) Makasar [mak] (Indonesia (Sulawesi)) Selayar [sly] (Indonesia (Sulawesi)) Northern (17) Mamuju (1) Mamuju [mqx] (Indonesia (Sulawesi)) Mandar (1) Mandar [mdr] (Indonesia (Sulawesi)) Masenrempulu (4) Duri [mvp] (Indonesia (Sulawesi)) Enrekang [ptt] (Indonesia (Sulawesi)) Maiwa [wmm] (Indonesia (Sulawesi)) Malimpung [mli] (Indonesia (Sulawesi)) Pitu Ulunna Salu (5) Aralle-Tabulahan [atq] (Indonesia (Sulawesi)) Bambam [ptu] (Indonesia (Sulawesi)) Dakka [dkk] (Indonesia (Sulawesi)) Pannei [pnc] (Indonesia (Sulawesi)) Ulumanda [ulm] (Indonesia (Sulawesi)) Toraja-Sadan (6) Kalumpang [kli] (Indonesia (Sulawesi)) Mamasa [mqj] (Indonesia (Sulawesi)) Tae [rob] (Indonesia (Sulawesi)) Talondo [tln] (Indonesia (Sulawesi)) Toala [tlz] (Indonesia (Sulawesi)) Toraja-Sadan [sda] (Indonesia (Sulawesi)) Seko (4) Panasuan (2) Budong-Budong [bdx] (Indonesia (Sulawesi)) Panasuan [psn] (Indonesia (Sulawesi)) Seko Padang [skx] (Indonesia (Sulawesi)) Seko Tengah [sko] (Indonesia (Sulawesi))

Unclassified (3) Gorap [goq] (Indonesia (Maluku)) Katabaga [ktq] (Philippines) Nasal [nsy] (Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara))

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