Augustan Age: Augustus Background: Born: 23rd September 63 BC Death: 19 August 14 AD Reign: 16 Jan 19 Aug Born into the

e family of Gaius Octavius and Atia Balba Caesonia but was adopted by Julius Caesar 1: Establishment of the principate: Augustus established his power 3 ways: Propaganda and bribes from the army Second triumvirate (eliminate political enemies and further his influence) Battle of Actium

Maintained by: First settlement (principles) Second settlement Political, social and legal reforms (popularity across Roman classes)

Impact of Caesars death: 44BC Caesar was assassinated, conducted by Brutus and Cassius Senate corrupted and dominant When Octavius learned of his status he changed it to Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus an swore to avenge his fathers death Agrippa was the one who told Augustus to return to Rome to ensure the inheritance but his mother and step father tried to not persuade him to accept the inheritance.

Early career: Octavius presented a speech at his grandfathers funeral (age 11) and Caesar was impressed by him and thus he (Caesar) elected him to the college of priests and at the age of 16 to be part of the African triumph 46 BC Octavius impressed him again when they went to Spain After going to Spain Caesar made Octavius the heir to his estates (no mention of him being as his successor) When Octavius was 17 he was appointed by Caesar as magister equitum (assistant to the dictator) and was sent to Macedonia with Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa and get military training

Second Triumvirate and civil war:

Triumviri Republica Constituendae (official title of the second triumvirate) lasted for 5 years between Marc Antony and Lepidus. The purpose of this was to set a state in order and attack the republican armies of Brutus and Cassius. 43 BC the formation the second tri was to empower Augustus to avenge Caesars death Battle of Philippi marked the end of republican opposition and restored wealth and economic stability to the Roman state. After the marriage of Octavians sister (Octavia) tension between Antony and Augustus was relieved and ended civil war 36 BC there was a triple attack on Sextus Pompeius resulted in great navel victory Antony married Cleopatra at Antioch 33 BC second triumvirate ended and war of propaganda was created and began and Augustus used this to his advantages and being in Rome he had all the Italian towns and cities swore allegiance to him but supporters of Antony made a speech in his favour but when he (Augustus) entered the senate with guards they all fled the scene And thus Battle of Actium began

Battle of Actium: Augustus conducted a network of allies in Rome and securing his authorities and spreading propaganda against Antony and Cleopatra 2nd Sept 31 BC Augustus outnumbered Cleo and Antony by 500 ships that surrounded them. Also Antonys men were weakened by hunger and malaria and thus committing suicide. After Augustus defeating Cleo and Antony during the naval battle he returned to Rome saying that peace was restored but after that he returned to Egypt and tried to take both of them on. Agrippa was sent to Italy to settle veterans Augustus established authority over the eastern provinces No more civil wars and proscriptions and peace in 200 years The senate voted Augustus honours as the saviour of the sate

Principates: settlements of 27 and 23 BC: Augustus at first tried to avoid of what happened to Caesar being king Old system had failed and was needed to be reformed He established positions simultaneously within and above convention and hence the principate

First Settlement:

Second settlement: 23BC Augustus maintained and consolidated his power through the second settlement Roman population demanded for a tighter formula of government in order to secure security and stability of the empire Also during this time Augustus fell ill and handed his power to Agrippa instead of his nephew Marcellus. But he recovered and relinquished the consulship to quench dissatisfaction and growing resentment Senate pushed for the admin change and resentment over Augustus political influence then Augustus relinquished his power and renouncing his consulship in order to quench dissatisfaction But the senate decided to give him more power and thus getting more titles after relinquishing his power, one Maius Proconsular Imperium (unlimited power to control the army and provinces for life the second being tribunicia Potestas (empowering him to legislate in assembly, summon the senate and veto proposals and speak first in meetings)

Titles and honours: Augustus tribucian power allowed the senate to vote for him and the task to supervise public morals and scrutinising the laws, he did not adopt the title of Censor but was privileged to hold public census. Also shared the name Jupiter