1.

: N = {0,1, 2,3,

: Z = { , 3, 2, 1, 0,1, 2,3, }

/ ,

: Q =

: ..

0}

3, 3 7, 2,

.
N {0} , Z {0} , Q {0} R {0} N* , Z* , Q* *
.

2. - ( R)
+ ( ) = 0.
*

1
*

1
= 1,
0

3. ()
,
() .

.

4.
: > > 0
:

> 0 > 0 + > 0 , < 0 < 0 + < 0

> 0

< 0

+ +

, , ,

> 0 , N

, ( > 0 )

+ +

0 0 (), 0

0 0 (), 0

1 1

5.
:

, 0
=
, < 0
o ,
xx'.
, ( )
xx'.

:
1. 0, ,
2. 2 =

3. 2 =

4. =
5. =
6.

=
,

R*

7. =
8. + + ( )
9. x x 0 < x 0 < x < x 0 + , > 0
10. ) > 0 x = x = x =
) x = x = x =
) > 0 x x
) > 0 x x x

6.

( + )( ) = 2 2

( + )

= 2 + 2 + 2 2 + 2 = ( + ) 2

( )

= 2 2 + 2

( + )

= 3 + 3 2 + 32 + 3 3 + 3 = ( + ) 3 ( + )

( )

= 3 3 2 + 32 3

3 + 3 =

( + ) ( 2 + 2 )

3 3 =

( ) ( 2 + + 2 )

( + + )

( )

= 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2

= 2 + 2 + 2 2 2 + 2

7.
f ( x ) = x 2 + x + , , , R, 0 .
= 2 4
:

+

=
, 2
2
2

> 0 1 , =
2 1

=0 1 =2 =

< 0 R ,

> 0 x 2 + x + = ( x 1 )( x 2 )

=0 x + x + = x +

< 0 x + x + = [ x +
] ,
+
2 4 2

VIETA

S = 1 + 2 =

P =1 2 =

x 2 + x + = 0 x 2 Sx + P= 0

 f ( x ) = x 2 + x +

> 0

=0

< 0 x :
> 0 x 2 + x + > 0 x .
A < 0 x 2 + x + < 0 x ,

8. -
P ( x ) = x + 1x 1 ++ 1x + 0 , , 1 ,..., 1 , 0 N.

x + 1x 1 ++ 1x + = 0, , 1 , 1 , 0
, .

P ( x ) x

P ( x ) , P ( ) =0.

Horner.

10

9. -

A(x)
A(x)
>0
<0
B(x)
B(x)

A(x)
A(x)
> 0 A ( x )B ( x ) > 0 B ( x ) 0,
< 0 A ( x )B ( x ) < 0 B ( x ) 0
B(x)
B(x)

A(x)
0 A ( x )B ( x ) 0 B ( x ) 0
B(x)

A(x)
0
B(x)

.
:

A(x)
0 B ( x ) 0
B(x)

A(x) A ( x ) 0
A(x)
B(x)

B ( x ) > 0

11

10. -
= ( ), N* 2

= +

( )

=
, 0

1
0, = 1, =

x = x =,

x = x = x =

0 , x 2 =

0 , x =

2 =

12

( )

= , =

( )

, = , , 0, ,

, < <

x = , > 0 , ,

x = , > 0 , ,

13

11.

=,
3

=
+

=
+

)(
)(

)
)

3 2
=
3 3

3 2

3 2

3 2
,

),

=0

>

0, , > 0

) , , > 0,

(
)

+ +

+ + +

+ + ( + ) 2
=
( + ) + 2 ( + ) 2

+ + ( + ) 2
=
( + ) + 2 ( + ) 2

)(

+ + + 2

( + )

),

+ 0, , , > 0

14