UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS PREAMBLE

Whereas recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family is the foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world, Whereas disregard and contempt for human rights have resulted in barbarous acts which have outraged the conscience of mankind, and the advent of a world in which human beings shall enjoy freedom of speech and belief and freedom from fear and want has been proclaimed as the highest aspiration of the common people, Whereas it is essential, if man is not to be compelled to have recourse, as a last resort, to rebellion against tyranny and oppression, that human rights should be protected by the rule of law, Whereas it is essential to promote the development of friendly relations between nations, Whereas the peoples of the United Nations have in the Charter reaffirmed their faith in fundamental human rights, in the dignity and worth of the human person and in the equal rights of men and women and have determined to promote social progress and better standards of life in larger freedom, Whereas Member States have pledged themselves to achieve, in co-operation with the United Nations, the promotion of universal respect for and observance of human rights and fundamental freedoms, Whereas a common understanding of these rights and freedoms is of the greatest importance for the full realization of this pledge, Now, Therefore THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY proclaims THIS UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS as a common standard of achievement for all peoples and all nations, to the end that every individual and every organ of society, keeping this Declaration constantly in mind, shall strive by teaching and education to promote respect for these rights and freedoms and by progressive measures, national and international, to secure their universal and effective recognition and observance, both among the peoples of Member States themselves and among the peoples of territories under their jurisdiction.

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Article 1.
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights.They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. ^ Top

Article 2.
Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration, without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status. Furthermore, no distinction shall be made on the basis of the political, jurisdictional or international status of the country or territory to which a person belongs, whether it be independent, trust, non-self-governing or under any other limitation of sovereignty. ^ Top

Article 3.
Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person. ^ Top

Article 4.
No one shall be held in slavery or servitude; slavery and the slave trade shall be prohibited in all their forms. ^ Top

Article 5.
No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. ^ Top

Article 6.
Everyone has the right to recognition everywhere as a person before the law. ^ Top

Article 7.
All are equal before the law and are entitled without any discrimination to equal protection of the law. All are entitled to equal protection against any discrimination in violation of this Declaration and against any incitement to such discrimination. ^ Top

Article 8.
Everyone has the right to an effective remedy by the competent national tribunals for acts violating the fundamental rights granted him by the constitution or by law. ^ Top

Article 9.
No one shall be subjected to arbitrary arrest, detention or exile. ^ Top

Article 10.
Everyone is entitled in full equality to a fair and public hearing by an independent and impartial tribunal, in the determination of his rights and obligations and of any criminal charge against him. ^ Top

Article 11.
(1) Everyone charged with a penal offence has the right to be presumed innocent until proved guilty according to law in a public trial at which he has had all the guarantees necessary for his defence. (2) No one shall be held guilty of any penal offence on account of any act or omission which did not constitute a penal offence, under national or international law, at the time when it was committed. Nor shall a heavier penalty be imposed than the one that was applicable at the time the penal offence was committed. ^ Top

Article 12.
No one shall be subjected to arbitrary interference with his privacy, family, home or correspondence, nor to attacks upon his honour and reputation. Everyone has the right to the protection of the law against such interference or attacks. ^ Top

Article 13.
(1) Everyone has the right to freedom of movement and residence within the borders of each state. (2) Everyone has the right to leave any country, including his own, and to return to his country. ^ Top

Article 14.
(1) Everyone has the right to seek and to enjoy in other countries asylum from persecution. (2) This right may not be invoked in the case of prosecutions genuinely arising from non-political crimes or from acts contrary to the purposes and principles of the United Nations. ^ Top

Article 15.
(1) Everyone has the right to a nationality. (2) No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his nationality nor denied the right to change his nationality. ^ Top

Article 16.
(1) Men and women of full age, without any limitation due to race, nationality or religion, have the right to marry and to found a family. They are entitled to equal rights as to marriage, during marriage and at its dissolution. (2) Marriage shall be entered into only with the free and full consent of the intending spouses. (3) The family is the natural and fundamental group unit of society and is entitled to protection by society and the State. ^ Top

Article 17.
(1) Everyone has the right to own property alone as well as in association with others. (2) No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his property. ^ Top

Article 18.
Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion; this right includes freedom to change his religion or belief, and freedom, either alone or in community with others and in public or private, to manifest his religion or belief in teaching, practice, worship and observance. ^ Top

Article 19.
Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers.

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Article 20.
(1) Everyone has the right to freedom of peaceful assembly and association. (2) No one may be compelled to belong to an association. ^ Top

Article 21.
(1) Everyone has the right to take part in the government of his country, directly or through freely chosen representatives. (2) Everyone has the right of equal access to public service in his country. (3) The will of the people shall be the basis of the authority of government; this will shall be expressed in periodic and genuine elections which shall be by universal and equal suffrage and shall be held by secret vote or by equivalent free voting procedures. ^ Top

Article 22.
Everyone, as a member of society, has the right to social security and is entitled to realization, through national effort and international co-operation and in accordance with the organization and resources of each State, of the economic, social and cultural rights indispensable for his dignity and the free development of his personality. ^ Top

Article 23.
(1) Everyone has the right to work, to free choice of employment, to just and favourable conditions of work and to protection against unemployment. (2) Everyone, without any discrimination, has the right to equal pay for equal work. (3) Everyone who works has the right to just and favourable remuneration ensuring for himself and his family an existence worthy of human dignity, and supplemented, if necessary, by other means of social protection. (4) Everyone has the right to form and to join trade unions for the protection of his interests. ^ Top

Article 24.
Everyone has the right to rest and leisure, including reasonable limitation of working hours and periodic holidays with pay. ^ Top

Article 25.
(1) Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of himself and of his family, including food, clothing, housing and medical care and necessary social services, and the right to security in the event of unemployment, sickness, disability, widowhood, old age or other lack of livelihood in circumstances beyond his control. (2) Motherhood and childhood are entitled to special care and assistance. All children, whether born in or out of wedlock, shall enjoy the same social protection. ^ Top

Article 26.

(1) Everyone has the right to education. Education shall be free, at least in the elementary and fundamental stages. Elementary education shall be compulsory. Technical and professional education shall be made generally available and higher education shall be equally accessible to all on the basis of merit. (2) Education shall be directed to the full development of the human personality and to the strengthening of respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms. It shall promote understanding, tolerance and friendship among all nations, racial or religious groups, and shall further the activities of the United Nations for the maintenance of peace. (3) Parents have a prior right to choose the kind of education that shall be given to their children. ^ Top

Article 27.
(1) Everyone has the right freely to participate in the cultural life of the community, to enjoy the arts and to share in scientific advancement and its benefits. (2) Everyone has the right to the protection of the moral and material interests resulting from any scientific, literary or artistic production of which he is the author. ^ Top

Article 28.
Everyone is entitled to a social and international order in which the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration can be fully realized. ^ Top

Article 29.
(1) Everyone has duties to the community in which alone the free and full development of his personality is possible. (2) In the exercise of his rights and freedoms, everyone shall be subject only to such limitations as are determined by law solely for the purpose of securing due recognition and respect for the rights and freedoms of others and of meeting the just requirements of morality, public order and the general welfare in a democratic society. (3) These rights and freedoms may in no case be exercised contrary to the purposes and principles of the United Nations. ^ Top

Article 30.
Nothing in this Declaration may be interpreted as implying for any State, group or person any right to engage in any activity or to perform any act aimed at the destruction of any of the rights and freedoms set forth herein.

THE FOUNDATION OF INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS LAW

Humberto Calamari of Panama, Vice-Chairman of the UN General Assembly's Third (Social, Humanitarian and Cultural) Committee, presiding, in 1958, over a meeting on the draft International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights - which built on the achievement of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, using it as its foundation. (UN Photo)

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights is generally agreed to be the foundation of international human rights law. Adopted in 1948, the UDHR has inspired a rich body of legally binding international human rights treaties. It continues to be an inspiration to us all whether in addressing injustices, in times of conflicts, in societies suffering repression, and in our efforts towards achieving universal enjoyment of human rights. It represents the universal recognition that basic rights and fundamental freedoms are inherent to all human beings, inalienable and equally applicable to everyone, and that every one of us is born free and equal in dignity and rights. Whatever our nationality, place of residence, gender, national or ethnic origin, colour, religion, language, or any other status, the international community on December 10 1948 made a commitment to upholding dignity and justice for all of us.

Foundation for Our Common Future

Over the years, the commitment has been translated into law, whether in the forms of treaties, customary international law, general principles, regional agreements and domestic law, through which human rights are expressed and guaranteed. Indeed, the UDHR has inspired more than 80 international human rights treaties and declarations, a great number of regional human rights conventions, domestic human rights bills, and constitutional provisions, which together constitute a comprehensive legally binding system for the promotion and protection of human rights. Building on the achievements of the UDHR, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights entered into force in 1976. The two Covenants have developed most of the rights already enshrined in the UDHR, making them effectively binding on States that have ratified them. They set forth everyday rights such as the right to life, equality before the law, freedom of expression, the rights to work, social security and education. Together with the UDHR, the Covenants comprise the International Bill of Human Rights. Over time, international human rights treaties have become more focused and specialized regarding both the issue addressed and the social groups identified as requiring protection. The body of international human rights law continues to grow, evolve, and further elaborate the fundamental rights and freedoms contained in the International Bill of Human Rights, addressing concerns such as racial discrimination,

torture, enforced disappearances, disabilities, and the rights of women, children, migrants, minorities, and indigenous peoples.

Universal Values
The core principles of human rights first set out in the UDHR, such as universality, interdependence and indivisibility, equality and non-discrimination, and that human rights simultaneously entail both rights and obligations from duty bearers and rights owners, have been reiterated in numerous international human rights conventions, declarations, and resolutions. Today, all United Nations member States have ratified at least one of the nine core international human rights treaties, and 80 percent have ratified four or more, giving concrete expression to the universality of the UDHR and international human rights. How Does International Law Protect Human Rights?
International human rights law lays down obligations which States are bound to respect. By becoming parties to international treaties, States assume obligations and duties under international law to respect, to protect and to fulfil human rights. The obligation to respect means that States must refrain from interfering with or curtailing the enjoyment of human rights. The obligation to protect requires States to protect individuals and groups against human rights abuses. The obligation to fulfil means that States must take positive action to facilitate the enjoyment of basic human rights. Through ratification of international human rights treaties, Governments undertake to put into place domestic measures and legislation compatible with their treaty obligations and duties. The domestic legal system, therefore, provides the principal legal protection of human rights guaranteed under international law. Where domestic legal proceedings fail to address human rights abuses, mechanisms and procedures for individual and group complaints are available at the regional and international levels to help ensure that international human rights standards are indeed respected, implemented, and enforced at the local level.

UNITED NATIONS UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS

Introduction The United Nations (UN) came into being in 1945, shortly after the end of World War II. The stated purpose of the UN is to bring peace to all nations of the world. After World War II, a committee of persons headed by Mrs. Eleanor Roosevelt, the wife of US President Franklin D. Roosevelt, wrote a special document which declares the rights th at everyone in the entire world should havethe Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Today there are 192 member states of the UN, all of whom have signed on in agreement with the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Where Do Universal Rights Begin? "In small places, close to homeso close and so small that they cannot be seen on any maps of the world. Yet they are the world of the individual person; the neighborhood he lives in; the school or college he attends; the factory, farm or office where he works. Such are the places where every man, woman, and child seeks equal justice, equal opportunity, equal dignity without discrimination. Unless these rights have meaning there, they have little meaning anywhere. Without concerted citizen action to uphold them close to home, we shall look in vain for progress in the larger world."

Eleanor Roosevelt, wife of US President Franklin D. Roosevelt, and Chair of the United Nations Commission that wrote the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948. Read the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights in a simplified form. >> Read the full text of the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights. >>

UNITED NATIONS UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS

Simplified Version This simplified version of the 30 Articles of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights has been created especially for young people. 1. We Are All Born Free & Equal. We are all born free. We all have our own thoughts and ideas. We should all be treated in the same way. 2. Dont Discriminate. These rights belong to everybody, whatever our differences. 3. The Right to Life. We all have the right to life, and to live in freedom and safety. 4. No Slavery. Nobody has any right to make us a slave. We cannot make anyone our slave. 5. No Torture. Nobody has any right to hurt us or to torture us. 6. You Have Rights No Matter Where You Go. I am a person just like you! 7. Were All Equal Before the Law. The law is the same for everyone. It must treat us all fairly. 8. Your Human Rights Are Protected by Law. We can all ask for the law to help us when we are not treated fairly. 9. No Unfair Detainment. Nobody has the right to put us in prison without good reason and keep us there, or to send us away from our country. 10. The Right to Trial. If we are put on trial this should be in public. The people who try us should not let anyone tell them what to do. 11. Were Always Innocent Till Proven Guilty. Nobody should be blamed for doing something until it is proven. When people say we did a bad thing we have the right to show it is not true. 12. The Right to Privacy. Nobody should try to harm our good name. Nobody has the right to come into our home, open our letters, or bother us or our family without a good reason.

13. Freedom to Move. We all have the right to go where we want in our own country and to travel as we wish. 14. The Right to Seek a Safe Place to Live. If we are frightened of being badly treated in our own country, we all have the right to run away to another country to be safe. 15. Right to a Nationality. We all have the right to belong to a country. 16. Marriage and Family. Every grown-up has the right to marry and have a family if they want to. Men and women have the same rights when they are married, and when they are separated. 17. The Right to Your Own Things. Everyone has the right to own things or share them. Nobody should take our things from us without a good reason. 18. Freedom of Thought. We all have the right to believe in what we want to believe, to have a religion, or to change it if we want. 19. Freedom of Expression. We all have the right to make up our own minds, to think what we like, to say what we think, and to share our ideas with other people. 20. The Right to Public Assembly. We all have the right to meet our friends and to work together in peace to defend our rights. Nobody can make us join a group if we dont want to. 21. The Right to Democracy. We all have the right to take part in the government of our country. Every grown-up should be allowed to choose their own leaders. 22. Social Security. We all have the right to affordable housing, medicine, education, and childcare, enough money to live on and medical help if we are ill or old. 23. Workers Rights. Every grown-up has the right to do a job, to a fair wage for their work, and to join a trade union. 24. The Right to Play. We all have the right to rest from work and to relax. 25. Food and Shelter for All. We all have the right to a good life. Mothers and children, people who are old, unemployed or disabled, and all people have the right to be cared for. 26. The Right to Education. Education is a right. Primary school should be free. We should learn about the United Nations and how to get on with others. Our parents can choose what we learn. 27. Copyright. Copyright is a special law that protects ones own artistic creations and writings; others cannot make copies without permission. We all have the right to our own way of life and to enjoy the good things that art, science and learning bring. 28. A Fair and Free World. There must be proper order so we can all enjoy rights and freedoms in our own country and all over the world.

29. Responsibility. We have a duty to other people, and we should protect their rights and freedoms. 30. No One Can Take Away Your Human Rights.

United Nations Association in Canada Association canadienne pour les Nations Unies Questions and answers about the Universal Declaration of Human Rights
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights is the basic international pronouncement of the inalienable and inviolable rights of all members of the human family. The Declaration was proclaimed in a resolution of the General Assembly on 10 December 1948 as the "common standard of achievement for all peoples and all nations" in respect for human rights. It lists numerous rights - civil, political, economic, social and cultural - to which people everywhere are entitled.

Q: Under what circumstances did the Declaration originate? A: The Declaration was preceded by the United Nations Charter, which defines the procedures
and operations of the United Nations. The Charter was created primarily to avoid a recurrence of the horrors experienced during World War II. Although the UN Charter addresses the need to protect human rights, in order to avoid controversy which might have scuttled the UNs creation, it did not actually define the terms included. The elaboration of these terms and the clarity of the commitment to protect human rights, as declared by the international community, was achieved by drafting the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

Q: Who were the key contributors in the drafting of the Declaration? A: Canada can take great pride in the fact that John Humphrey, a Canadian, played a
fundamental role in the creation and adoption of this landmark document. Humphrey, a Professor of law at McGill University, was called upon to set up the Division for Human Rights in the UN Secretariat, a division he remained in charge of for the next twenty years. It was during his first few years with the UN that Humphrey prepared the first draft of the Declaration and guided it to its adoption by the General Assembly in 1948. The Nobel Laureate, Rene Cassin of France also played a significant role in the initial drafting process. Subsequent drafters include Eleanor Roosevelt of the USA, Dr. Charles Malik of Lebanon and Dr. P.C. Chang of China, demonstrating that the creation of the Universal Declaration was truly an international effort. These individuals sat on the Universal Declaration of Human Rights Drafting Committee which

was set up by the UN Commission on Human Rights (UNCHR).

Q: Is the Declaration upheld universally. How is the Declaration enforced? A: Originally the Universal Declaration was conceived as a statement of objectives to be
pursued by Governments, and therefore it is not part of binding international law. Nonetheless, it is still a potent instrument used to apply moral and diplomatic pressure on states that violate the Declarations principles. In fact, in 1968, the United Nations International Conference on Human Rights agreed that the Declaration "constitutes an obligation for the members of the international community" to protect and preserve the rights of its citizenry.

Q: What are the main principles upheld by the Declaration? A: The Declaration contains, in addition to its preamble, thirty articles that outline peoples
universal rights. Some of the rights championed by the Declaration are:

the right to life, liberty and security of person the right to an education right to participate fully in cultural life freedom from torture or cruel, inhumane treatment or punishment freedom of thought, conscience and religion

Q: Who are the signatories of the Declaration? A: Since the Declaration is not legally binding technically, there are no signatories to the
Declaration. Instead, the Declaration was ratified through a proclamation by the General Assembly on December 10, 1948 with a count of 48 votes to none with only 8 abstentions. This was considered a triumph as the vote unified very diverse, even conflicting political regimes.

Q: To whom does the Declaration apply? A: The Declaration is based on the "inherent dignity" of all people and affirms the equal rights
of all men and women, in addition to their right to freedom. The Declaration gives human rights

precedence over the power of the state. While states are permitted to regulate rights, they are prohibited from violating them.

Q: What is the International Bill of Human Rights? A: The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, together with the Optional Protocol and the
International Covenant on Human Rights collectively form the International Bill of Rights. It is important to note that the creation of the UDHR was only one piece of the UNCHRs three-tiered mandate. In addition to a declaration of principles, the commission was mandated with drafting two legally-binding covenants on human rights. The International Covenants on Human Rights are treaties whose parties (ie. States) undertake to respect, ensure and take steps for the full achievement of a wide range of rights. The two Covenants are the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. Both were adopted by the General Assembly and were opened for signature in December 1966 and both came into effect in 1976. The Covenants recognize and define in more detail most of the rights set out in the Universal Declaration. The Optional Protocol is an adjunct instrument to the Covenant, and was adopted in 1966 and came into effect in 1976.

Q: Why is the Declaration significant?

A: The UDHR is universal in its content and application. It states that all "human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights" and serves as the driving force behind many human rightsbased legislation like the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. In addition, the Declaration has inspired the creation of subsequent international documents such as the International Bill of Rights, and the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination. Furthermore, it makes the protection of human rights an important part of international law. It also serves as a basis for human rights observers like Amnesty International to refer to. Finally, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights sets a standard of achievement for all nations to strive for.

Q: Why is the Declaration particularly significant for Canadians? A: In addition to the fact that John Humphrey played a significant role in drafting the
Declaration, the UDHR is also significant to Canadians because the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms echoes many of the principles upheld by the Declaration. A strong correlation between both texts is proof of this.

Q: Why do we need the Declaration? A: For fifty years the Declaration has served as a vibrant moral conscience to the world
community. It provides international norms and standards to which the world community is expected to adhere. For example, the Declaration may be used to condemn the actions of nationstates that suppress and violate the rights of their own citizens.

Q: Why is the Declaration important to me? A: The values we share - respect for the rule of law and the dignity of the person, fairness and
equitable treatment, tolerance and the acceptance of diversity and the fundamental principle of democratic participation - are inherent both in our laws and in the Universal Declaration.

Q: Why do we need the Charter of Right and Freedoms if we have the Declaration? A: Although the texts of both documents are similar in body, they are applied quite differently
and thus, have a different significance to Canadians. The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms is meant to be a legal instrument, and is particular only to Canada. The Declaration is not legally binding and is an international instrument. In addition, the Charter also contains "Canada-specific" sections such as "Official Languages of Canada" which discusses specifically minority language educational rights. The Charter also makes specific mention to the rights and freedoms of Aboriginal peoples in Canada.

Q: What does the UDHR mean for children and youth? A: Since the Declaration is universally applied, the rights declared by the UDHR apply to
children and young people. However, because children have less power in society, they are left even more disempowered and victimized by human rights violations than the average citizen. As a result, the General Assembly of the United Nations adopted the Declaration of the Rights of the Child in 1959. The Declaration of the Rights of the Child restates several provisions of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights as applicable to children, adding that the child "needs special safeguards and care, including appropriate legal protection, before as well as after birth".

Q: What does the UDHR mean for other marginalized groups in society? A: Significant efforts have been made to draw upon the principles of the UDHR and apply them
to specific communities that are challenged by discriminatory policies and unequal recognition

and/or benefits. For example, in 1952, the General Assembly adopted the first United Nations legal instrument that dealt exclusively with womens rights - The Convention on the Political Rights of Women. In addition, in 1979, the United Nations also adopted the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms Of Discrimination Against Women. In November 1981, the General Assembly adopted and proclaimed the Declaration on the Elimination of All Forms of Intolerance and of Discrimination Based on Religion or Belief. In 1983, the General Assembly called for the recognition of the basic rights of indigenous populations. These are only a few examples which represent a larger effort from the international community in order to build on the principles of the UDHR making them more specific and legally binding as well.

Q: What is the status of the Declaration today? A: Fifty years have passed since the Declaration was adopted. Despite a continuing struggle in
many regions of the world, significant progress has been made in developing legal, moral and institutional regimes consistent with the principles proclaimed in the UDHR. For instance, many human rights non-governmental organizations (NGOs) refer to the Declaration to hold governments accountable for their policies and actions. *****