University of Santo Tomas Faculty of Arts and Letters Manila, Espaa

2LM1 Group 4 (Culture and Artistic Trends) July 5, 2013 Top 10 Most Significant Events 1. 1801-1824 Ludwig Van Beethoven He was a prominent musician in the late 18th century up to the early 19 century and considered as the protagonist of the Romantic era in music. A democrat, a son of the French Revolution, he believed in the art of self-expression. In the latter part of his music career, Beethoven shook loose form the constrictions of the classical form and style, smashing the structural dykes of music. Creativity necessity drove him to venture into dissonance, free tonality, enlargement of instrumental resources. His music grew more intense, more personal rules were altered to meet his artistic demands. Beethoven entered spheres of expression unknown to music. He paved the way for the romantic era in music and even the genres of today with his thinkingout-of-the-box in composing. Some of his most notable works were the Eroica or Symphony no. 3 in April 7, 1805 and Symphony no. 9 in 1824.

2. 1812 Waltz Waltz was introduced to Germany then travelled to France and England (1812) in the early years of 19th century. When the Waltz was first introduced into the ballrooms of the world, it was met with outraged indignation; genteel society was shocked by the intimacy implied by the waltz position for it was the first dance where the couple danced in a modified Closed Position. Before it became popular, a social trend called the Romantic Movement rebelled against the conventional rules, well ordered symmetry, and emotional restraint that characterized the classicism of the previous era. The principles of romanticism stressed that dancing was actually an expression of equality of ones soul. Awkwardness, pretentiousness and arrogance were looked upon with disdain.

In connection to this, the potency of the waltz as a symbol of a new society was reflected at the Vienna Congress in 1814, The congress opened with a series of lavish balls and for the remainder of the assembly, the waltz reigned supreme. To foreigners who are not yet familiar with the new dance craze and its scandalously intimate embrace, the impropriety of the waltz must have seemed intimidating, Yet despite these misgivings, representative knew that in order to succeed in the delicate negotiations of the Vienna Congress, they had to participate in the endless round of balls and entertainments that dominated the affair The Vienna Congress provided perhaps the most effective propaganda for the waltz. The dance spread rapidly through the continent as the huge number of diplomats and their staff returned home and carried the rage of Vienna back to the capitals of Europe. Despite of many protest against it, the waltz was almost universally adopt by high society and its conquest of the fashionable was virtually guaranteed Connection to Rizal: VIENNA -It is written in Rizals diary that when he visited in Vienna, he was fascinated by its haunting waltzes and majestic charm.

3. 1840s Realism In literature, during the mid-nineteenth century there was a transition from romanticism to realism. Romanticism emphasizes the desire in every person to be imaginative, unrestrained and to express their personal emotions freely and warmly. On the other hand, realism, an art that carefully and exactly portrays the social, psychological and physical circumstances of the current day, thus, the works of Rizal mostly were realism. Connection to Rizal: One of the novels that influenced and patterned Rizal's work of the Noli Me Tangere was Harriet Beecher-Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin, which portrays the brutalities of American slave-owners and the unfortunate conditions of the negro slaves, inspired Dr. Jose Rizal to prepare a novel that would depict the miseries of his people under the hands of the Spanish Tyrants. In 1887, one of the novels Rizal had written, the Noli Me Tangere was officially published. Unlike many works of fictional literature, it was a true story of the Philippines' condition during the Spanish Rule, the places, the characters, and the situations really existed but mostly were in a form of symbolism.

4. 1840s and 1850s Western Fashion

The fashion in the 19th century continues the Victorian Style of dressing from the 18th Century. Clothing was a sign of ones class and status in society; it could tell you about a mans level of wealth, respectability and their occupation In England by the 1840s, women wears gowns that have narrow and sloping shoulders with bell shaped skirts. Victorian dresses are series of folds and layers of clothes. Underneath the dress was Hidden mysterious of petticoats, barricade of hoops and stays which hidden her natural lines, this emphasizes womens divorce from the society. Their clothing shows constricted lives of the women during the mid-century. In the 1850s for the men, there are a number of essential items to be worn at all times, including: waistcoat, frock coat, a silk scarf tied as a cravat or bow, and a top hat. Optional items to correctly accessorise the look would include a fob watch (or pocket watch) and a walking stick. Men who wore this type of clothing are distinguished as the rich or elite men in the society. Connection to Rizal: Rizal comes from one of the typical middle-class families of the 19th Century. When he came in Spain he was influenced by the culture and fashion of the place. Where in you should look decent so that you would fit in the society, he most of the time wore a frock coat or a vest.

5. 1857 Divorce Divorce Act which became law 150 years ago in England is one of the most emancipating pieces of legislation in our history. A British feminist Caroline Norton's intense campaigning led to the passing of the Matrimonial Causes Act 1857, the first divorce law of general application. The 1857 Matrimonial Causes Act allowed ordinary people to divorce. Before then, divorce had to be granted by an Act of Parliament, which was hugely expensive, and therefore was also open only to the rich. Divorce was also largely open only to men. The new law restated the moral inequality, granting women equal status in marriage and no longer obliging them to endure life with a loveless, unfaithful or cruel husband. It was the first small step on a remarkable campaign that would transform marriage - and society .Largely due to her unflagging efforts, the Bill she had fought for was passed into law. The new Act transferred jurisdiction from Church courts to a new civil court - a principle which gave rise to the divorce courts of day. 6. 1860s Racial Discrimination In the 19th century racism is a common culture/ belief of most western civilizations at that time. They believed that white/mestizo were far more superior rather than negroes and Asians. In the early 1800s Johann Blumenbach proposed the theory of scientific racism wherein skin colour and the sizes of the head are measured to determine the race a particular group of people is in. Significance

It is significant because even after the United States banned slavery in their country still racial equality is still nowhere to be found. Therefore Asians particularly Chinese and Negroes find it difficult in those times because of the lack of equality in terms of justice, social circles and educational institutions. Connection to Rizal: As a Filipino Rizal experienced discrimination in school, in his works and in proper justice. He also saw the discrimination of and lack of racial equality in the countries he visited particularly in the United States when he travelled there on April 28 1888 the ship he was in was under quarantine because of the cholera epidemic that was rumoured in the far east, yet Rizal knew there was no cholera epidemic. The Chinese coolies meaning cheap paid labourers were mainly the reason why the ship was held because of racism and the abundance in the industry of Chinese coolies rather than American labourers was mainly the reason. Therefore Rizal thought that the United States is a country with liberty but only for the whites.

7. 1870s Feminism In the 19th century working class girls began to get some education. In the early and mid 19th century the churches provided some schools. After 1870 the state finally provided them. From 1865 women in Britain were allowed to become doctors. The first woman doctor in Britain in 1874 was Elizabeth Garrett Anderson (1836-1917). Elizabeth also became the first woman in Britain to become mayor of a town (Aldeburgh) in 1908. The first woman in Britain to qualify as a dentist was Lillian Murray in 1895. The first woman to qualify as an architect in Britain was Ethel Charles in 1898. In 1869 women in Britain were allowed to vote in local elections. Then on September 19, 1893, Lord Glasgow, signed a new Electoral Act into law. As a result of this landmark legislation, New Zealand became the first self-governing country in the world in which all women had the right to vote in parliamentary elections. Followed by South Australia granting female suffrage (the right to vote and stand for parliamentary office) in 1895.

8. 1870s and 1880s Impressionism In the late 19th century the development of the idea of impressionism was growing. Claude Monet founded this idea and the name Impressionism came from his painting Impression, Sunrise which he painted in an open-air landscape as a fundamental in the artworks made by impressionists.

Significance The development of impressionism was a reaction by artists to the challenge of photography wherein the use of photography was in those times beginning to develop because of its realistic and accurate depictions of pictures taken by it. But the impressionists didnt want to copy photography but to surpass its limitation they began to focus on colours in their artworks because of the lack of colours of photographs which only uses sepia or black and white pictures.

9. 1889 Architecture of Eiffel Tower Inaugurated in March 31 1889 made by the celebrated French engineer Alexander Eiffel The Eiffel tower was made to be a suitable centrepiece in the Universal Exposition of 1889 which would celebrate the centennial celebration of the French revolution in 1789. The Eiffel tower is made of iron as Alexander Eiffels company specialized in metal structural work which made possible by many years of his experimental research in building structure made of metal. 984 feet high the Eiffel tower was the tallest man made structure in the 19th century. Significance It was significant in the 19th century because it marked the advancement of architecture and engineering in the late 19th century as the tower is made of iron. The materials such as iron, steel and glass were the valuable resources in making superstructure of many buildings. Therefore the Eiffel Tower signified the innovation of using these materials and also started the evolution for the structures to be built in the 20th century. Connection to Rizal: Rizal was in Paris at the time of the Exposition it opened in May 6 1889 and the Eiffel tower was the centrepiece of the exposition. He and his friends attended the exposition and saw the cutting of the ribbon by President Sadi Carnot and he also joined the international competition which was one of the features of the Exposition.

10. 1896 Olympic Games (Sports) The first recorded Olympic Games were held at Olympia in Ellis, Greece in 776 BC. 400 years after, it was banned by Roman Emperor Theodosius I in 394 AD because of its pagan element honouring Greek god Zeus. In 1824 a young French baron named Pierre de Coubertin raised the idea of reviving the Olympics at a conference on international sports in Paris, where 79 delegates from 9 countries unanimously approved, forming the International Olympic Committee eventually in 1896. The first modern Olympic Games were held in Athens, Greece from April 6 to 15 in 1896.

The Games were not publicized internationally, and contestants were not nationally chosen but rather came individually at their own expense. 245 athletes participated representing 14 countries namely Australia, Austria, Bulgaria, Chile, Denmark, France, Germany, Great Britain and Ireland, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United States. There were 9 sports contested namely Artistic Gymnastics, Athletics, Cycling, Fencing, Shooting, Swimming, Tennis, Weightlifting, Greco-Roman Wrestling. The United States won the most gold medals, while host nation Greece won the most medals overall with 46 medals. Connection to Rizal: The Sports What is not that known to many is that our national hero, Jose Rizal, was a sports lover himself. He Fenced, played Judo, Gun Shooting, and Chess. He underwent sports to learn to defend himself for he was often bullied as a growing child.

References Brown, Pam. Ludwig Van Beethoven.United Kingdom : Exley, 1993.

Clark, Linda L. Women and achievement in nineteenth-century Europe. Cambridge, UK ; New York : Cambridge University Press, 2008. http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/politics/womens-suffrage

http://history1900s.about.com/od/fadsfashion/a/olympics1896.htm

House, John. Impressionism: Paint and Politics. New Haven. Yale University Press. 2004.

The Kyoto Costume Institute.FASHION: From 18th century to the 20th Century. Hong Kong :Taschen, 2004. http://www.localhistories.org/womensrights.html

http://www.olympic.org/athens-1896-summer-olympics Schapiro, Jacob Salwyn. Modern and contemporary European history (1815-1945). Boston :Houghton Mifflin. 1946.

Sperber, Jonathan. Realism: Europe 1850-1994. Pearson Education. 2009

Stravianos, L.S. The World since 1500: A global history. Englewood Cliffs, NJ. Prentice Hall. 1999.

Taruskin, Richard. Music in the nineteenth century. Oxford ; New York : Oxford University Press, 2010. The wife who changed history - by asking for the first divorce http://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-508936/The-wife-changed-history--askingdivorce.html (updated last January 18 2013).

WOMEN'S STATUS IN MID 19TH-CENTURY http://www.hastingspress.co.uk/history/19/overview.htm(accessed June 28, 2013).

Zaide, Gregorio F. Ph.D. and Zaide, Sonia M. Ph.D. Jose Rizal: Life, Works and Writings of a Genius, Writer, Scientist and National Hero Second Edition. Quezon City, Philippines. AllNations Publishing Co. Inc., 2013.

Prepared by: Group 4 (Culture and Artistic Trends) 2LM1 Dela Cruz, Bradley Austin Depano, Machgielis Aaron Dizon, Marianna Enriquez, Edilberto Fernando, Hans William Gammad, Hannah Guevarra, Karl Derrick