Final

Year Projects: 2013-2014

Band A Signal and Image Processing, Communications

A01

Consistent classification fusion (S - algorithmic project)

This project will consider classification problems involving multiple types of sensor (eg using cooperative face and speech recognition for biometric applications). The aim of the project is to improve classification performance in such scenarios. The assessment of current systems for processing a single sensors data will be extended to include a new metric. This metric can quantify whether the system is consistent, ie good at self-diagnosis of performance. Based on this metric, single-sensor subsystems will be down-selected. Classification information from these subsystems will then be fused in a way that models the notion of trust in the sensors data. The student will need to be familiar with MATLAB and/or C++. The project will require some learning of probabilistic signal processing techniques. Supervisor: Prof S Maskell (s.maskell@liverpool.ac.uk)

A02

Pi-Lego-Bot (H hardware/software project)

This project will consider interfacing a Raspberry Pi, the new Raspberry Pi camera board and Lego Mindstorms to make a Pi-Lego-Bot. The aim of the project will be to investigate the potential to host image processing algorithms on the Raspberry Pi. This should make it possible to process real-time video from the camera board and convert the video into control commands that enable the Pi-Lego-Bot explore its environment. The student will need to be familiar with the Raspberry Pi. The project will require some learning of image processing techniques. Supervisor: Prof S Maskell (s.maskell@liverpool.ac.uk)

A03

Spectral super-resolution (S - algorithmic project)

This project will build on current research to apply existing super-resolution techniques to spectra from a novel Quadrupole Mass Spectrometer (QMS) developed at the University of Liverpool. The QMS system is a small, low cost sensor that can detect traces indicating the presence of compounds of interest (eg for producing a chemical nose that can detect the presence of drugs and explosives). The aim of the project will be to use super-resolution to enable the QMS system to emulate the performance normally associated with more expensive sensors. The student will need to be familiar with MATLAB. The project will require some learning of super-resolution techniques. Supervisor: Prof S Maskell (s.maskell@liverpool.ac.uk)

A04

Evolutionary sampling for reduced congestion (S algorithmic project)

This project will consider combining outputs from independent research areas to solve difficult optimisation problems. The problem considered will be the optimising of traffic signals to reduce congestion in the city of Liverpool. The research areas concerned are associated with evolutionary algorithms (EAs, such as genetic algorithms) and Sequential Monte Carlo (SMC) samplers. These algorithms have been developed in computer science and statistics respectively. The aim will be to demonstrate that by using a technique that combines EAs and SMC samplers, we can achieve performance beyond that which either could do alone. The student will need to be familiar with MATLAB and C++. The project will require some learning of traffic modelling (eg using existing simulation engines such as MASON), evolutionary algorithms and statistical sampling techniques. Supervisor: Prof S Maskell (s.maskell@liverpool.ac.uk)

A05

Efficient finite element inversion (S algorithmic project)

This project will develop software to process measurements of a field to estimate electromagnetic parameters. This is relevant to the problem of using novel sensors (eg through wall radar) which have complex phenomenology (eg multi-path) to sense their environment. It is common to solve such problems by dividing the surveillance volume into a large number of finite elements, approximating the relationship between fields and parameters for each finite element and then aggregating those approximations to predict the global behaviour of the field from the known parameters. To deduce unknown parameters from a measured field is typically viewed as computationally burdensome and consists of running the forward model for each of a large number of hypothetical parameter sets. However, by posing the problem as one involving Bayesian Networks, efficient solution is possible. This project will aim to prototype this articulation of the solution and to assess the speed improvement that is offered relative to standard approaches. The student will need to be familiar with C++ and matrix algebra. The project will require some learning of Bayesian Network techniques. Supervisor: Prof S Maskell (s.maskell@liverpool.ac.uk)

A06

Tracking memes (S algorithmic project)

This project will investigate whether it is possible to identify the emergence of memes (ie ideas) in large volumes of blogs. Each blog entry will be processed using existing implementations of topic extraction algorithms (eg the Latent Dirichlet Allocation implementations in NTLK/OpenNLP) to transform the entry into a vector of floating point numbers. The aim will be to apply a particle filter to these vectors and so detect emerging ideas. The student will need to be familiar with MATLAB and C++. The project will require some learning of text processing and statistical signal processing. Supervisor: Prof S Maskell (s.maskell@liverpool.ac.uk)

A07

Polar velocity models (H algorithmic project)

This project will use Laplace transforms to develop probabilistic models for the motion of objects that move with velocities defined in polar co-ordinates. Such models will do better than current models when representing the motion of cars, bicycles and ships. The better representation will help improve the ability to detect such objects in noisy sensor data. The aim of this project will be to develop the models, implement them and show that they can be used to improve such detection performance. The student will need to be familiar with Laplace transforms and MATLAB. The project will require some learning of algorithms for detection in noisy sensor data. Supervisor: Prof S Maskell (s.maskell@liverpool.ac.uk)

A08

Visual SLAM (S algorithmic project)

This project will investigate whether one can improve on the current processing of video data to perform Simultaneous Localisation And Mapping (SLAM). SLAM enables a robot to navigate using a map it has built up of its environment. SLAM algorithms make heavy use of particle filters. New advances in particle filters make it possible to improve on existing SLAM algorithms. The aim will be to implement the image processing that feeds the SLAM algorithm, modify an existing SLAM algorithm in a specific way and compare the performance of the new SLAM algorithm to that of an old SLAM algorithm. The student will need to be familiar with C++. The project will require some learning of SLAM and particle filters. Supervisor: Prof S Maskell (s.maskell@liverpool.ac.uk)

A09

CCTV handover (S algorithmic project)

This project will apply existing techniques for multi-target tracking (ie joining the dots) to features extracted from CCTV data. The aim will be to assess if such a tracker can perform handover, ie associate a person in one image now with the same person in another image previously. A benchmark multi-camera set of CCTV videos will be used. The student will need to be familiar with C++. The project will require some learning of multi-target tracking. Supervisor: Prof S Maskell (s.maskell@liverpool.ac.uk)

A10

Computational-less time-space processing (S algorithmic project)

This project will look at efficient representations for storing information relating to large numbers of dynamic objects. This is relevant to applications that include detecting asteroids that might collide with the Earth and performing surveillance of road vehicles. Conventionally, such information is stored as a spatial database relating to the current state of the objects. As time evolves, all entries in the database need to be modified to make them relevant at each current time. Instead, we can store parameters of the time-space trajectories of the objects. This means that the database stays static with time. No computation should then be needed to move time forwards. The aim of the project will be to implement such a data structure and to investigate to what extent it is possible to increase the number of objects without increasing the processing requirements. The student will need to be familiar with C++. The project will require some learning of spatial data structures. Supervisor: Prof S Maskell (s.maskell@liverpool.ac.uk)

A11

Face super-estimation (S algorithmic project)

This project will investigate the extent to which the length of video considered improves the performance of existing video-based face recognition algorithms. Having more video should facilitate super-estimation; with more data, the relative depths of the facial features should be better estimated thus amplifying the perceivable differences between people. The aim will be to implement the existing algorithms and run experiments to understand how having more video impacts performance in reality. The student will need to be familiar with MATLAB and C++. The project will require some learning of video based face recognition techniques. Supervisor: Prof S Maskell (s.maskell@liverpool.ac.uk)

A12

Uncertainty representation (S algorithmic project)

This project will explore the boundary between different ways of representing uncertainty (eg Fuzzy logic, Dempster-Shafer reasoning and Bayesian statistics). The aim will be to continue existing work that has begun defining problems which are simple enough to illustrate the similarities and differences between the approaches. A problem already considered involves processing three data-points relating to potential terrorist activity to decide whether to evacuate an embassy. The student will need to be familiar with statistics and MATLAB. The project will require some learning of different approaches for handling uncertainty. Supervisor: Prof S Maskell (s.maskell@liverpool.ac.uk)

A13

Tracking queues (S algorithmic project)

This project will develop a multi-target tracking algorithm (ie a technique for joining the dots) that exploits the knowledge that targets are constrained to stay in an ordered sequence. The focus is the processing of Seismic data relating to rock strata for Oil and Gas exploration. The aim will be to extend an existing multi-target tracking algorithm to incorporate this knowledge and then compare the performance of the resulting algorithm with a conventional algorithm. The student will need to be familiar with C++. The project will require some learning of multi-target tracking techniques. Supervisor: Prof S Maskell (s.maskell@liverpool.ac.uk)

A14

Learning to control (S algorithmic project)

This project will investigate non-linear control problems from the perspective of getting a computer to learn how to control a system. The computer will experiment with different control strategies and use the experiments to develop an understanding of how the control strategy affects performance. The problem will be posed as regression, such that nearby control strategies are assumed to give rise to similar performance. The aim of the project will be to build a simulator of a non-linear control system and develop a learning system that develops an understanding of how to control the system. The student will need to be familiar with MATLAB and control theory. The project will require some learning of regression algorithms. Supervisor: Prof S Maskell (s.maskell@liverpool.ac.uk)

A15

Image annotation tool (S algorithmic project)

This project will develop a tool to help in the process of annotating imagery (eg CCTV video or satellite imagery) with ground-truth. Such ground-truth is used by machine learning algorithms to train the computer to detect objects. The aim of the project will be to develop a tool that can annotate large volumes of images and correct the output from a machine learning algorithm. The student will need to be familiar with MATLAB. The project will require some User-Interface design. Supervisor: Prof S Maskell (s.maskell@liverpool.ac.uk)

A16

DAS algorithm development (S algorithmic project)

This project will develop signal processing algorithms for a new kind of sensor, a Distributed Acoustic Sensor (DAS). When you stand on an optical fibre, you get interference. A DAS exploits this effect to turn a 50km long optical fibre into 5,000 2.5kHz microphones. Signal processing for DAS is currently immature. Despite this, DASs are gaining traction in a number of application domains. These include: monitoring oil pipelines; perimeter surveillance; monitoring traffic flow. The aim of the project will be to analyse some DAS data and develop new algorithms capable of processing such data. The student will need to be familiar with MATLAB and C++. The project will require some learning of signal processing techniques. Supervisor: Prof S Maskell (s.maskell@liverpool.ac.uk)

A17

Supply chain simulation (S)

Supply chains are markets in which manufacturing firms purchase the raw materials they need, and sell on their finished products as inputs to further manufacturers. The complexity of a supply chain, with firms independently making choices about pricing, makes it hard to analyse its performance, and to design strategies to mitigate against effects like the "bullwhip", where inventories swing wildly. This project will develop a supply chain model and use it to investigate the bullwhip effect. Supervisor: Prof S Parsons (contact Prof S Maskell regarding allocation of this project s.maskell@liverpool.ac.uk)

A18

Simulating future markets (S)

In standard commodity markets, traders buy and sell goods based on their understanding of the current price of the goods. Trades are for some quantity of a good at a given price, and (in theory at least) lead to good changing hands at the time of the trade. This is the scenario studied by most existing agent-based trading models. However, in modern markets, it is common to trade not the commodities themselves, but futures contracts on the commodities. That is, the contract that is agreed is for some units of a commodity, at a given price, at a future date. The seller thus does not have to own the goods at the time the contract is agreed, but by the future delivery date. Both buyer and seller also have to estimate the correct future price. This project is to implement a simple futures market within the open-source JCAT software platform for agent-based trading, and to evaluate simple futures trading algorithms. Supervisor: Prof S Parsons (contact Prof S Maskell regarding allocation of this project s.maskell@liverpool.ac.uk)

A19

Simple arbitrage strategies (S)

Most existing research in agent-based trading is limited to single markets. This is unrealistic --- whatever goods and services are being traded, there are many possible markets in which they may be traded. This situation sets up the possibility of "arbitrage", that is buying goods in one market and selling them in another at an increased profit. This project is to implement arbitrage traders within the open-source JCAT software platform for agent-based trading, and to investigate the effect that such traders have on a set of markets. Theoretical analysis predicts that the existence of arbitrage traders will reduce the differences between a number of parallel markets, and this project will test the hypothesis. Supervisor: Prof S Parsons (contact Prof S Maskell regarding allocation of this project s.maskell@liverpool.ac.uk)

A20

Stock market simulation (S)

The project will build and evaluate a simulation of a simple stock market. To create this market, the project will implement four simple trading models --- noise traders, who buy and sell at random, fundamentalist traders, who base their decisions on a notion of the value of the stock, momentum traders, who look at the change of a stock as the signal to buy or sell, and market makers, who match buy and sell orders and thus supply liquidity to the market. These traders will be designed to operate in an existing market simulation and they will be evaluated on real market data. Supervisor: Prof S Parsons (contact Prof S Maskell regarding allocation of this project s.maskell@liverpool.ac.uk)

A21

BerryBot (H)
Our research group has developed a low-cost robot based on the combination of Raspberry Pi and Arduino combined with a custom-built chassis. We call this platform the BerryBot. This project is to extend the existing BerryBot, investigating the feasibility of adding a range of sensors (laser range finder, xtion RGB-R vision system, sonar, audio sensors, web-cam), writing software drivers for the resulting robots, and evaluating the effectiveness of robots that use combinations of the new sensors in simple navigation tasks. Supervisor: Prof S Parsons (contact Prof S Maskell regarding allocation of this project s.maskell@liverpool.ac.uk)

A22

Simple sensor network (H)

This project is to build a simple sensor network for intrusion detection. The components of the sensor network will be based on the Raspberry Pi coupled with simple range sensors. The project will involve building the Pi-based components, writing software to control the components, implementing protocols for communication between the components, and testing the effectiveness of the resulting network in detecting intruders in an office environment. Supervisor: Prof S Parsons (contact Prof S Maskell regarding allocation of this project s.maskell@liverpool.ac.uk)

A23

Low cost robot manipulator (H)

To date there has been little work on mobile robots that are equipped with manipulators, largely because such devices have been large, heavy and expensive. However, such platforms offer an exciting range of research possibilities. This project is to design, build and evaluate a low- cost robot arm, built around the Arduino, that can be interfaced to the TurtleBot. Supervisor: Prof S Parsons (contact Prof S Maskell regarding allocation of this project s.maskell@liverpool.ac.uk)

A24

Telepresence robot (H)

Video conferencing is increasingly used as a way of allowing remote participants in a meeting to achieve some kind of physical presence --- being able to see and be seen at the meeting location. However, it only allows for a rather limited set of interactions. It has been suggested that providing these remote participants with a physical embodiment in the form of a robot will enhance the experience. This project is to design, build, and test such a robot. Supervisor: Prof S Parsons (contact Prof S Maskell regarding allocation of this project s.maskell@liverpool.ac.uk)

A25

Mining social network structure (S)

The API provided by Twitter, Facebook, and other social networking sites allows the extraction of data about users of the service. This project will mine this publically-available data to extract information about the structure of these networks. In particular, the project will investigate the distribution of links amongst users, the geographical distribution of users, and spread of information through these networks. The project will ultimately compare the way that these properties of social networks differ between different social-networking platforms. Supervisor: Prof S Parsons (contact Prof S Maskell regarding allocation of this project s.maskell@liverpool.ac.uk)

A26

Conversations in social networks (S)

Social networks can be viewed as a forum for public discussion, and are thus a source of data for understanding the protocols that underlie human conversations. This project will construct tools for extracting conversation data from social networks, and then analyzing them in terms of the protocols used, and the utterances that are used in these conversations. The result of this analysis will then be used to empirically evaluate existing conversation models. The outcome will either be to validate the existing models, or to suggest new models of conversation that better agree with the data that was collected. Supervisor: Prof S Parsons (contact Prof S Maskell regarding allocation of this project s.maskell@liverpool.ac.uk)

A27

Sentiment analysis in Twitter data (S)

Sentiment analysis seeks to look at natural language, and from it to identify the attitude of the writer towards some topic. This project will apply sentiment analysis to text extracted from Twitter, with the aim of being able to track the opinions of users of the social network, in particular with the aim of identifying how a group of users take positions for and against some topic. The project will review existing techniques for this kind of sentiment analysis, pick one promising approach, implement it, verify it against a corpus of data that has been hand-coded, and, finally, use it to analyse views on a political story that emerges in 2014. Supervisor: Prof S Parsons (contact Prof S Maskell regarding allocation of this project s.maskell@liverpool.ac.uk)

A28 Object tracking and ambiguity resolution (S - image processing, algorithmic project)
The project will use object/target tracking algorithms to track and predict the motion of aircraft from noisy sensor measurements. The measurements will be noisy enough for the measurements to be associated with more than one track/target and a decision system will be developed to allow the correct measurements to be associated with the correct object. Supervisor: Prof J F Ralph (jfralph@liv.ac.uk)

A29

Object tracking in low contrast imagery (S - image processing, algorithmic project)

The project will examine the use of target tracking techniques to track the movement of an object in very low contrast imagery where the target may or may not be visible in each image. The properties of standard tracking techniques will be examined as the visibility of the object against the background is changed. Supervisor: Prof J F Ralph (jfralph@liv.ac.uk)

A30

Panoramic imaging with a Spinning Camera (H image processing project)

The project will investigate the use of a camera mounted on a spinning mount to generate 360 images. The aim will be to generate high- resolution images from multiple scans of the scene, and to identify regions containing movement. The project will require the student to develop an understanding of image processing, mechanical control systems and data communications. Supervisor: Prof J F Ralph (jfralph@liv.ac.uk)
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A31

Aircraft data bus simulation for pilot displays (S - avionics/comms project)

The project will use a Matlab simulation of an industry standard data bus (MIL-STD 1553) to generate real-time data cues for a pilot on a Head-Up Display simulation. The information can include standard piloting data (e.g. virtual horizon) and auxiliary information (e.g. points of interest on the ground). Supervisor: Prof J F Ralph (jfralph@liv.ac.uk)

A32

Control and guidance for short range UAVs (S - airframe simulation, avionics project)
The project will use a six-degree of freedom Matlab model to implement the guidance and control of a short range (c. 10km) Uninhabited Air Vehicle (UAV). The model will include flight dynamics, simple sensor modelling and a stabilised control loop.

Supervisor: Prof J F Ralph (jfralph@liv.ac.uk)

A33

Control and guidance for asymmetric UAVs (S - airframe simulation, avionics project)
The project will use a six-degree of freedom Matlab model to implement the guidance and control of an asymmetric Uninhabited Air Vehicle (UAV) asymmetric in the sense that the system is controlled using a combination of bank-to-turn (aircraft-like) commands and skid-to-turn (missile-like) commands. The model will include flight dynamics, simple sensor modelling and a stabilised control loop. Supervisor: Prof J F Ralph (jfralph@liv.ac.uk)

A34

Generalised derivatives for signal analysis (S - mathematical, signal processing project)

The project will be mathematical in nature and use Matlab to investigate the use of generalised derivatives for signal analysis. The standard derivative is defined in terms of a small translational increment (i.e. dx small shift in x as dx tends to zero), but alternatives exist which define derivatives in terms of small expansions/scaling operations (x becomes x*(1+dx) as dx tends to zero). The project will examine how these derivatives affect the use of these differentials for signal processing.

A35

Supervisor: Prof J F Ralph (jfralph@liv.ac.uk)

Signal tracking for very low SNR signals (S - mathematical, signal processing project)
The project will examine the use of frequency estimation algorithms based on notch filters and recursion for sinusoidal signals in very high noise situations. Techniques such as Quinn-Fernandes and Hannan-Huang filters allow the frequencies of sinusoidal signals to be found in very high background noise. The project will examine their use in a range of scenarios. Supervisor: Prof J F Ralph (jfralph@liv.ac.uk)

A36 Spoofing GPS signals (S avionics/comms project)

The project will investigate the use of spoofed GPS (and more generally GNSS) signals to fool a UAV into thinking that it is in a different location and thereby controlling its onboard guidance and control system. This project will require the development of an understanding of GPS/GNSS systems, general navigation systems and how the data from the navigation system is used in a typical guidance/control system. The project will also explore countermeasure methods to avoid GPS spoofing. Supervisor: Prof J F Ralph (jfralph@liv.ac.uk)

A37

Image compression for low-bit depth images (S image processing/comms project)

The project will develop methods to compress noisy images consisting of pixels whose intensity value has been quantized to a small number of bits. The algorithms should be able to reduce the data required to store a low bit noisy image without losing any of the information that the image contains. The project will require the student to develop an understanding of image processing, information theory and signal compression techniques. Supervisor: Prof J F Ralph (jfralph@liv.ac.uk)

A38

Background characterisation for surveillance (H image processing project)

The project will use algorithms to extract background features from imagery taken over a long period of time using a small commercial camera. The aim will be to develop techniques that extract the features that are constant over long periods of time and in different illumination conditions. The project will require the student to develop an understanding of techniques in image processing. Supervisor: Prof J F Ralph (jfralph@liv.ac.uk)

Band B Power and Control

B01 Modelling and operation of wind power generation based on a doubly fed induction generator (R)
Wind energy is one of the promising renewable energy sources. Doubly fed induction generators (DFIG) have been widely installed in large- size wind generation sites. DFIG has advantages such as varying speed operation, reduced size of power electronic device and decoupled control capability of active power and reactive power. This project will investigate the modelling and operation of wind turbine and DFIG. It includes the general background of wind generation, modelling of wind turbine and DFIG, operation mode of DFIG and how to integrate with the power grid. Basic control design of DFIGs will be carried out. Simulation studies will be carried out by using Matlab/Simulink. Suitable for: Someone with an interest in renewable energy, wind power generation and control. Supervisor: Dr L Jiang (l.jiang@liv.ac.uk)

B02

Maximum power point tracking of wind power generation system (R)

This project intends to investigate different control algorithms to achieve the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) for a wind generation system based on doubly fed induction generator. It has similar background to project B01, but its main target focus on the varying speed operation of DFIG at region 2. Methods with and without wind speed measurement will be investigated. It starts with the general background of wind generation and modelling of wind turbine and DFIG. Then different MPPT methods will be designed and compared. The studied system will be verified by simulation studies by using Matlab/Simulink. Suitable for: Someone with an interest in renewable energy and control system design. Supervisor: Dr L Jiang (l.jiang@liv.ac.uk)

B03

Monitoring and control of a vertical axis wind turbine (H)

This project investigates modelling and monitoring of a Vertical Axis Wind Turbines (VAWT) and permanent magnet synchronous generator. VAWTs offer benefits in low wind situations and copes well with turbulent wind typically found in built up areas. They also tend to be safer,

easier to build, can be mounted close to the ground, and are environmentally friendly to birds. A test prototype f PMG/VAWT is installed on the roof of the Department building. The project will be carried out modeling, monitoring and control of the prototype. Students should have an interests of embedded processor, DSP and control, and also good knowledge of Matlab/Simulink and C. Suitable for: Someone with an interest in wind power generation and distribution generation. Supervisor: Dr L Jiang (l.jiang@liv.ac.uk)

B04

Maximum power point tracking of wind turbine based on a permanent magnet synchronous generator (S)
This project investigates the modelling and simulation of direct drive wind power generation system including a wind turbine and permanent magnet synchronous generator. This project will start from the general introduction of wind power generation. Then the basic configuration of a direct driven wind generation system will be investigated. Modelling and simulation of a wind turbine and permanent magnet generator will be carried out. Different control algorithms will be studied to achieve maximum power point tracking (MPPT) of wind generation systems, with and without wind speed measurement. Finally the system will be verified by simulation studies based on Matlab/Simulink/Simpowersystems Toolbox. Suitable for: Someone with an interest in control systems and renewable energy. Supervisor: Dr L Jiang (l.jiang@liv.ac.uk)

B05

Vector control of an induction motor for an electric vehicle (R)

Induction motors are widely used machines in fixed-speed applications due to cost and efficiency. In variable-speed, high-performance drives, the dc machine and permanent magnet synchronous machine have prevailed as the induction machine requires more complex methods of control and more expensive, higher-rated inverters. The method of vector control can provide the same performance from an inverter-driven induction machine as that from a separately excited dc machine. Vector control provides decoupled control of the rotor flux magnitude and the torque-producing current, with a fast, near-step response change in torque achievable. This project investigates the modelling and control of induction motor based on vector control method. The design is verified by simulation using Matlab/Simulink. Suitable for: Someone with an interest in control system design and power electronics. Supervisor: Dr L Jiang (l.jiang@liv.ac.uk)

B06

Embedded implementation of control of DC motors (R)

This project focuses on the hardware implementation and test of control algorithms for motors. A fast prototype platform based on dSpace board and Simulink will be used to implement the control algorithm. The main studies will be carried out from modelling and simulation of DC motors and then based on a test rig, which includes a dc motor/induction motor, power electronics devices, load and dSpace controller board and Simulink. This project will develop the hardware implementation technique for motors. Suitable for: Someone with an interest in power electronics, hardware implementation and control. Supervisor: Dr L Jiang (l.jiang@liv.ac.uk)

B07

Operation and control of a wind turbine (H)

This project investigates the modeling and control of a wind turbine. The wind turbine is modeled as a two mass model and the dynamic of the generator is ignored. The pitch angle control and the generator torque control are investigated for the purpose of maximum power tracking control and the reduction of the mechanical stress. Modelling and simulation studies will be based on Matlab/Simulink. Suitable for: Someone with an interest in renewable energy and wind power generation. Supervisor: Dr L Jiang (l.jiang@liv.ac.uk)

B08

Fault tolerant control of wind turbine (H)

This project investigates the fault tolerant control of a wind turbine considering measurement sensor faults. The wind turbine is modeled as a two mass model and the dynamic of the generator is ignored. The pitch angle control and the generator torque control are investigated considering the modelling of sensor faults. Industrial simulation software and benchmark model will be used. Modelling and simulation studies will be based on Matlab/Simulink. Suitable for: Someone with an interest in wind power generation. Supervisor: Dr L Jiang (l.jiang@liv.ac.uk)

B09

Real-time condition monitoring of a micro grid (H)

This project will investigate the real-time data monitoring and distribution and its application in a smart micro-grid consisting of wind turbine and solar panel. Middleware based on publish/subscribe and UDP/IP protocol will be used. Power line communication will be evaluated. This project will be based on the current installed wind turbine prototype on the roof of the Electrical Engineering building. The student will be required to work with other students on similar projects. Student should have very good programming skill in C/C++ or Java. Suitable for: Someone with an interest in smart grid and renewable energy. Supervisor: Dr L Jiang (l.jiang@liv.ac.uk)

B10

Load frequency control of a smart grid via direct controlled load (S)
This project will investigate the potential usage of demand response and directly controlled load to contribute the load frequency control of smart grid with large scale of wind power penetration in a power system. Aggregated direct control load will be modelled and embedded with the conventional load frequency control at first, then replacing conventional power plant with wind power generators, a complete model of load frequency model will be built up and simulated. Suitable for: Someone with an interest in smart grid and renewable energy. Supervisor: Dr L Jiang (l.jiang@liv.ac.uk)

B11

Capstone project 2
This is a group project involving one student from the Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics working with several other students from the School of Engineering. The project coordinator is Dr Short from the School of Engineering. The EE&E student is responsible for design related with electrical and electronic components of an complete system. Suitable for: Year 4 MEng student who is required to complete a group project. Supervisor: Dr L Jiang (l.jiang@liv.ac.uk)

B12

Design of DC-DC converter for motor control (H)

The project aims to investigate various configurations of DC-DC converters, e.g. Buck Converter, Boost Converter and Buck-Boost Converter, which can be used to control the speed of motors. The circuits will firstly be simulated on professional software and then further be constructed using relevant hardware components. Supervisor: Dr W Tang (whtang@liv.ac.uk)

B13

Computer-based virtual instrumentation design with high-performance NI modules (H)

In this project, a computer-based virtual instrument will be designed and developed with mainstream and high-performance national instruments (NI) modules. The virtual instrument will present a user with an intuitive graphical interface, which can be connected to actual data sampling hardware modules and relevant databases. With this approach, engineers can take the advantage of the freedom to define measurement and automation solutions for network-based data acquisition and advanced signal analysis. Supervisor: Dr W Tang (whtang@liv.ac.uk)

B14

Development of a photovoltaic array simulation model using Matlab (S)

The project aims to develop a photovoltaic array (PVA) simulation model, which is reusable in MATLAB Simulink GUI environment. The model is developed using basic circuit equations of the photovoltaic (PV) solar cells including the effects of solar irradiation and temperature changes. The control of AC/DC load bus voltage and frequency will also be investigated. Suitable for: Someone with an interest in power electronics and a good knowledge of Matlab/Simulink. Supervisor: Dr W Tang (whtang@liv.ac.uk)

B15

Variable speed wind generation using a permanent magnet synchronous generator (S)
Wind energy is one of the most used renewable and clean energy sources. To connect a wind turbine generation system to a power grid, it is important to estimate the power generated and maximise it by using suitable controllers. However, the generated wind power is fluctuated with time and the reason of this fluctuation comes back to fast variations of wind speed. The objective of the project is to develop a control algorithm for maximum power tracking for small-scale variable speed wind turbine, direct-drive low speed permanent magnet synchronous generators. MATLAB/Simulink will be used as a simulation tool. Suitable for: Someone with an interest in renewable energy, energy conversion and control theory. Supervisor: Dr W Tang (whtang@liv.ac.uk)

B16

Electricity market analysis in power systems (S)

The project aims to develop a software package for electricity market analysis in power systems. A number of electricity market models are to be investigated and the MATLAB optimisation toolbox will be employed to obtain the most cost-effective electricity production. Supervisor: Dr W Tang (whtang@liv.ac.uk)

B17

An evidence-based decision making support system in motorcycle purchase (S)

The aim of the project is to develop a decision making support system to help a customer choose the most preferred motorcycles. The technical and economical performances of different motorcycles will be considered, i.e. price, specification, control and comfort etc. A comprehensive and smart architecture will be designed to fulfill the project objective using the evidence theory. Suitable for: Someone good at Matlab programming. Supervisor: Dr W Tang (whtang@liv.ac.uk)

B18 Power system fault simulation and analysis (S)

The project aims to develop a software package for fault simulation and analysis in power systems. A number of power system fault scenarios will be investigated, e.g. grounded faults, double phase faults, three phase faults etc. MATLAB Simulink will be used in this project as the simulation and analysis tool.

B19

Suitable for: Someone interested in power system fault analysis. Supervisor: Dr W Tang (whtang@liv.ac.uk)

A Bayesian network approach to transformer fault classification (S)

The project aims to develop a transformer fault classification system using a Bayesian network approach. A probabilistic reasoning engine will be trained and verified with real data for fault diagnosis. The system can also be utilised to detect junk emails through its reasoning engine. Suitable for: Someone interested in Matlab programming. Supervisor: Dr W Tang (whtang@liv.ac.uk)

B20

Wavelet analysis of partial discharge signals for power transformers (S)

In electrical engineering, a partial discharge is a localised dielectric breakdown of a small portion of a solid or liquid electrical insulation system under high voltage stress. When a partial discharge is initiated, high frequency transient current pulses appear and persist for nano- seconds to a micro-second. The aim of the project is to develop a fault diagnosis system to accurately detect power transformer partial discharges. The MATLAB Wavelet analysis toolbox will be employed to analyse partial discharge signals sampled from a real power transformer. Suitable for: Someone interested in Matlab programming. Supervisor: Dr W Tang (whtang@liv.ac.uk)

B21

Optimal operation and control of wind generation systems (S)

This project investigates the modelling and control of a wind generation system. The wind turbine model will be developed. The pitch angle control and the generator torque control will be investigated for maximum power point tracking to improved machine operation efficiency. MATLAB/Simulink will be used as a simulation tool for simulation studies. Suitable for: Someone with an interest in renewable energy, energy conversion and control theory. Supervisor: Dr W Tang (whtang@liv.ac.uk)

B22

Broken bar detection for induction motors (S)

This project aims to develop an approach for the detection of broken rotor bars in induction motors based on the FFT and the wavelet transformation techniques. Firstly the electrical model of induction motors will be developed and simulations will be performed in MATLAB with broken bar faults. Then the developed stator current will be probed with both the FFT and the wavelet transformation techniques to detect broken bars in the rotor of the induction motor. MATLAB/Simulink will be used as a simulation tool for simulation studies.

Suitable for: Someone with a strong knowledge of advanced electrical machines. Supervisor: Dr W Tang (whtang@liv.ac.uk)

B23

Morphological protection relays (S)

The project aims to develop novel power system protection relays using mathematical morphology (MM). The MM is a nonlinear signal processing method which is much different in principle from Fourier Transform. The application of MM for design of protective relaying algorithms will lead to a new generation of protection relays of power systems. The work will be undertaken using Matlab.

Suitable for: Someone with an interest in power system protection and signal processing. Supervisor: Prof Q H Wu (qhwu@liv.ac.uk)

B24/25 Optimal dispatch of power systems with distributed renewable energy sources embedded (S)
This project involves the application of novel multi-objective optimization algorithm, Group Search Optimiser, to resolve a multi-objective optimisation problem of dispatching distributed renewable energy sources, such as wind and solar energies, which are embedded in a large power grid. Two students are required to undertake the project jointly. Student A will concentrate on an optimization algorithm and Student B will largely work on power system simulation. The simulation work will be undertaken using Matlab. Suitable for: Group project for two students with an interest in power system operation and control and optimisation. Supervisor: Prof Q H Wu (qhwu@liv.ac.uk)

B26

Control of a combined heat and power system (S)

The project aims to develop an optimal control method for the control of a combined heat and power system (CHP) which includes electric, gas, wind and solar energy sources. The model of CHP system will be investigated and based on which a control method will be developed to enable maximum energy saving and operational efficiency of the CHP system. The simulation work will be undertaken using Matlab.

Suitable for: Someone with an interest in renewable energy and system modelling and control. Supervisor: Prof Q H Wu (qhwu@liv.ac.uk)

B27

Wind power prediction (S)

The project is concerned with the application of a novel time series forecasting method to prediction. The onsite data will be collected and used and a local predictor will be developed for wind power forecasting. The development of the prediction algorithms will be undertaken with consideration of the uncertainties of wind speeds varying during the period of a day and a season. The simulation work will be undertaken using Matlab. Suitable for: Someone with an interest in wind power generation and forecasting. Supervisor: Prof Q H Wu (qhwu@liv.ac.uk)

B28

Broker agent for coordination of role agents in wind power generation systems (H)
The project is concerned with the application of multi-agent technology to information management and condition monitoring of wind power generation systems. It will focus on the design of a broker agent for managing the role agents via an agent platform. The project will be undertaken in the e-Automation Laboratory.

Suitable for: Someone with an interest in wind power generation and information management. Supervisor: Prof Q H Wu (qhwu@liv.ac.uk)

B29

Reinforcement learning for signal/image identification (S)

The project is concerned with the application of reinforcement learning techniques to identify a signal or image via feature detection in noise environments. It involves the study of reinforcement learning methods and the development of a program for signal/image identification. It will be undertaken based on Matlab.

Suitable for: Someone with an interest in machine learning and signal and image processing. Supervisor: Prof Q H Wu (qhwu@liv.ac.uk)

B30

IGBT-based power quality conditioner (S)

The project is concerned with the development of a control method for an IGBT-based power quality conditioner to compensate the reactive power and harmonics. It requires support from the knowledge of power electronics, control methods and digital simulation. It will be undertaken based on Matlab. Suitable for : Someone with an interest in power electronics and power quality. Supervisor: Prof Q H Wu (qhwu@liv.ac.uk)

B31

Virtual neural networks (S)

The project is concerned with the development of virtual neural networks for learning of neural network subjects. It integrates the virtualisation of structures, functionalities and applications of neural networks. The project is mainly based on using Macromedia Flash MX. Suitable for : Someone with an interest in neural networks and Adobe Flash. Supervisor: Prof Q H Wu (qhwu@liv.ac.uk)

B32

Power system operation with energy storage (S)

The project investigates the model of the combined heat and power units (CHP) which is connected via power supply and used as a thermal energy storage and affects power system operation. The models of CHP and power grid will be simulated using MATLAB. Supervisor: Prof Q H Wu (qhwu@liv.ac.uk)

B33

Wind power integration to power grid using power electronics based control device (S)
The project is concerned with the power electronics based wind generator control and wind power integration to a power grid. The project will be undertaken using MATLAB. Supervisor: Prof Q H Wu (qhwu@liv.ac.uk)

B34

Distributed computation of optimal power flow (S)

The optimal power flow computation faces challenging of massive computation loads. The project will investigate a distributed computation method for optimal power flow calculation of partitioned power grids. The modelling and computation work will be undertaken using MATLAB. Supervisor: Prof Q H Wu (qhwu@liv.ac.uk)

_________________________________________________________________________________________

Band C Microelectronics
C01 A study of sub-threshold operation for ultra-low power logic circuits (H)
A study will be made into the feasibility of operating MOS logic circuits below the transistor threshold voltage. Suitable test circuit blocks and logic styles will be identified, laid out in Cadence and comparisons made with such circuits operating in the usual mode, above threshold. Experimental work will be conducted to measure the key parameters in CMOS inverters. Both CMOS and pseudo nMOS logic styles will be looked at. The project builds on knowledge gained from the design component of ELEC372. Supervisor: Prof S Hall (s.hall@liv.ac.uk)

C02

An electronic cochlear using micro-power analogue circuits (S)

Analogue circuits can be built from MOS transistors operating in the sub-threshold regime of operation. The low bias currents bring the advantage of ultra-low power operation (microwatts) at the expense of the high frequency performance. For many applications this is acceptable. A range of operational transconductance amplifier with MOSTS operating in sub-threshold, will be designed and laid out in Cadence. The aim will be to design an amplifier that operates at the lowest possible power level for a given bandwidth. The possibilities of employing energy scavenging will be explored also. This project will focus on gaining a deep understanding of the underlying concepts associated with the above remarks. An active filter chain suitable for use as an electronic cochlear in a hearing aid, will be used as demonstrator circuit to focus the work onto a tangible deliverable. Methods to improve the linearity of the circuit will also be explored. It is preferred that interested students agree to take the lecture module ELEC372. Supervisor: Prof S Hall (s.hall@liv.ac.uk)

C03

Micro-power analogue circuits for EEG applications (S)

Electroencephalography is a tool for recording electrical activity in the brain. EEG signals are found at very low frequencies (1-4 Hz, 4-8 Hz, 8- 12 Hz and 13-40 Hz) and are measured by placing electrodes on the scalp. The electrodes deliver very small voltages in the range 2-200uV, associated with the brain waves. The project aim is to design analogue circuits using MOS transistors operating in the sub-threshold regime of operation. The low bias currents bring the advantage of ultra-low power operation (microwatts) at the expense of the high frequency performance which is not an issue here. Operational transconductance amplifier based filters will be designed and laid out in Cadence, to isolate the above frequency bands. Noise (1/f) is a particular issue for MOSFETs working at such low frequencies. This project will focus on gaining a deep understanding of the underlying concepts associated with the above remarks. Methods to improve the linearity of the circuit will also be explored. It is preferred that interested students agree to take the lecture module ELEC372. Supervisor: Prof S Hall (s.hall@liv.ac.uk)

C04

Solid-state neurons and synapses -1: synapses (H)

Circuits that can emulate the electronic processes of the brain are of great interest as they may offer an alternative architect for building powerful computers. We have been working on analogue building blocks for synapses and neurons in our research group. The project will be concerned with establishing layouts of analogue CMOS circuits in the professional tool Cadence for building solid-state neurons and studying by simulation, their properties. We will also try to build analytical models to help explain the simulation. The applications are for the building of neural networks, which offer the promise of fault-tolerant circuits. The circuits blocks can be built and tested in the lab also. It is preferred that interested students agree to take the lecture module ELEC372. Supervisor: Prof S Hall (s.hall@liv.ac.uk)

C05

Solid-state neurons and synapses -2: Axon delay (H)

Circuits that can emulate the electronic processes of the brain are of great interest as they may offer an alternative architect for building powerful computers. We have been working on analogue building blocks for synapses and neurons in our research group. The project will be concerned with establishing layouts of analogue CMOS circuits in the professional tool Cadence for building solid-state neurons and studying by simulation, their properties. We will also try to build analytical models to help explain the simulation. The applications are for the building of neural networks, which offer the promise of fault-tolerant circuits. The circuits blocks can be built and tested in the lab also. It is preferred that interested students agree to take the lecture module ELEC372.

C06

Supervisor: Prof S Hall (s.hall@liv.ac.uk)

Automated Reliability Measurements (H,R)

The Agilent semiconductor parameter analyzer 4155B is used in the microelectronics measurement lab in the department. A LabView program has successfully been developed which controls the unit for current voltage (IV) characteristics measurement of two and three terminal devices and saves the measured date on a PC. The aim of this project is to develop a LabView program to add transient measurement capability. The programme will then be used to control constant voltage stress (CVS) measurements on novel semiconductor devices and analyze the measured data. LabView training will be provided at the start of the project. Supervisor: Prof S Hall / Dr N Sedghi (s.hall@liv.ac.uk)

C07

Analysis of MOS-capacitor, capacitance voltage (CV) plots (H,R)

CV plots are the standard method for measuring key parameters in CMOS devices. State-of-the-art devices have ultra-thin gate oxides and this can create problems of interpretation of data. Specifically, usually there is a frequency dispersion apparent on CV plots often due to high oxide leakage, large series resistance or interfacial effects. The aim of this project is to provide a model for HF CV on MOS devices and use the programming facilities in Origin or Matlab to calculate the ideal CV plot from the measured CV and conductance/ resistance data. The other part of the project is to calculate the density of interface states from CV and conductance voltage data using capacitance method and conductance method. The project includes the HF CV measurement of novel semiconductor MOS devices. Knowledge of simple programming in Matlab or Origin is beneficial. Supervisor: Prof S Hall / Dr N Sedghi (s.hall@liv.ac.uk)

C08

Simple high frequency (HF) CV measurement unit using function generators and digital storage oscilloscope (H)
The aim of this project is to build up a simple multi frequency HF CV measurement unit which is used to measure the capacitance and conductance/ resistance of MOS devices by measuring the small signal superimposed on a sweep ramp voltage. This can be used in the A block labs for measurements on the MOS devices with pre-connected terminals. The project needs to design some hardware such as bridge for measurement, amplifier, and controlled switches for range changing. There is also a need for some simple programming for nearly real time calculation of the capacitance and conductance/ resistance from the measured signal.

Supervisor: Prof S Hall / Dr N Sedghi (s.hall@liv.ac.uk)

C09

Investigation of charge trapping and de-trapping in high-k dielectrics using pulsed-CV technique (H,R)
High-k dielectrics are replacing the silicon dioxide in MOS transistors to allow device dimensions to be scaled to ultimate dimensions. Studying of charge trapping in the high-k MOS devices is very important since it is responsible for threshold voltage shift. A fast and reliable pulsed CV method has already been developed using the LabView programming environment. The aim of this project is to use this measurement technique on novel high-k MOS devices to measure the change of flat band voltage due to trapping and de-trapping. The measured data will be analyzed to find the relationship between the flat band voltage shift and trapping/de-trapping time pulse voltages.

C10

Supervisor: Prof S Hall / Dr N Sedghi (s.hall@liv.ac.uk)

Design and Build a Theremin using CMOS electronics (H)

A Theremin is a musical instrument based on mixing together the signals from two radio-frequency oscillators. The mixing process produces sum and difference products of the two signals. One signal is modulated by a changing capacitance associated with the proximity of the users hand with an antenna which constitutes a stray capacitance. The difference signal can be arranged to be in the audio frequency range. The project is essentially a design and build task but is challenging to get the device to work effectively. Suitable for students interested in building analogue electronic circuits. It is preferred that students take module ELEC371.

Supervisor: Prof S Hall (s.hall@liv.ac.uk)

C11

Design and Build a Theremin using bipolar transistor circuits (H)

A Theremin is a musical instrument based on mixing together the signals from two radio-frequency oscillators. The mixing process produces sum and difference products of the two signals. One signal is modulated by a changing capacitance associated with the proximity of the users hand with an antenna which constitutes a stray capacitance. The difference signal can be arranged to be in the audio frequency range. The project is essentially a design and build task but is challenging to get the device to work effectively. Suitable for students interested in building analogue electronic circuits. It is preferred that students take module ELEC371.

Supervisor: Prof S Hall (s.hall@liv.ac.uk)

C12

Current transport mechanisms in thin high-k films (H&R)

The first phase of the project will entail developing of programmes for various types of conduction in dielectrics, such as Schottky emission, Fowler-Nordheim injection, Poole-Frenkel, space charge limited (SCL) etc. In the second phase, the experimental current-voltage characteristics will be recorded, so that the fitting with the theoretical response determined in phase 1 can give an answer on type of current transport. The project will give contribution to reliability studies of thin high-k films being a critical issue in advanced CMOS technology. Supervisor: Dr I Mitrovic (ivona@liv.ac.uk)

C13

Modelling of the electrical properties of MIM structures (H&R)

This project fits into the research area of the advanced More than Moore arena, as it will entail study of electrical performance of MIM (Metal-Insulator-Metal) capacitor structures to be used in RF and analogue mixed signal process technologies. Full electrical characterization of experimental test structures will be done using current-voltage and capacitance-voltage measurements. The test structures will be provided through activities of Solid-State Electronics research group. Supervisor: Dr I Mitrovic (ivona@liv.ac.uk)

C14

Identification of traps by TDIV technique (R&S)

The reliability is a critical issue in thin high-k dielectric films due to their smaller bandgaps and shallower trap levels compared to the conventional SiO2 insulator films. This project will allow students to study temperature dependent current voltage (TDIV) technique with an aim of identifying position of traps in the high-k oxides. Students are expected to use Matlab, Origin or the Mathcad programme. Supervisor: Dr I Mitrovic (ivona@liv.ac.uk)

C15

Interface passivation of high-k oxide/Ge gate stacks (S)

This project entails understanding of the main principles of X-ray photoemission spectroscopy in characterization thin (< 5 nm) dielectric layers on Ge. The emphasis is on understanding the composition and quality of high-k oxide/semiconductor interface as the most important factor in engineering the transistor channel of advanced devices. The test structures will be provided through activities of Solid-State Electronics research group. Students are expected to use CASA XPS and Origin software programmes. Supervisor: Dr I Mitrovic (ivona@liv.ac.uk)

C16

Structure and optical properties of thin dielectric films (S)

The spectroscopic ellipsometry enables the thickness of the layers, their optical properties and composition to be determined by measuring the difference in the polarization over a spectral range from 235 to 1000 nm. This project focuses on analysis of thin dielectric films using various models available within COMPLETE EASE spectro-ellipsometric software programme. Supervisor: Dr I Mitrovic (ivona@liv.ac.uk)

C17

Band gap determination for novel gate dielectrics (R&S)

This project focuses on understanding of importance of band gap and band line-up study in the area of novel gate dielectrics for advanced devices. It offers the possibility to learn two complementary techniques, spectro-ellipsometry and X-ray photoemission. Students are expected to use COMPLETE EASE, CASA XPS and Origin software programmes. Supervisor: Dr I Mitrovic (ivona@liv.ac.uk)

C18

Electrical properties of TiN/LaLuO3 gate stacks (H&R)

Rare-earth ternary oxides (e.g. LaLuO3, LaScO3, LaAlO3) are considered to be the next candidates for SiO2 replacement. This project will entail understanding the electrical properties of TiN/LaLuO3 gate stacks before and after forming gas annealing. The test structures will be provided through activities of Solid-State Electronics research group. Supervisor: Dr I Mitrovic (ivona@liv.ac.uk)

C19

Optical response of DNA-based transistors (R&S)

Recently a new class of polymers has been proposed: DNA-based polymers, which maintain the same properties as traditional polymers, but are readily available and environmentally friendly. Recent studies have shown a wide diversity of its uses with proven abilities of the bio- polymer in electronics, wireless receivers and optics, and improved capabilities compared to traditional conductive polymers. In this project the aim is to investigate the ability of the DNA as a semiconductor, specifically in a transistor configuration. More specifically, it will bring about study into refractive index and absorption of the DNA-layers using spectroscopic ellipsometry technique. Supervisor: Dr I Mitrovic (ivona@liv.ac.uk)

C20

Interfacial oxide layer design for beyond 22nm node (H&R)

Scaling EOT (Equivalent Oxide Thickness) becomes more challenging as it reflects interfacial oxide layer (IL) scaling causing mobility degradation and difficulty in achieving pMOSFET threshold voltage target. This project will focus on strategies for IL scaling. The aim is to look into solutions using a variety of suitable dielectric layers and compare Si and Ge-based technologies. Supervisor: Dr I Mitrovic (ivona@liv.ac.uk)

C21

Engineering the metal gate work function in low power devices (R&S)
A large effort has recently been focused on the adjustment of MOSFETs threshold voltage by tuning the metal gate work function. The requirement to achieve low threshold voltage is that the metal Fermi level nearly aligns with the Si band edges, that is with the conduction/valence band edge in the nMOS/pMOSFETs respectively. Amongst the various candidates, the TiN metal gate is well suited due to its chemical inertness, low resistivity and process compatibility. This project looks into strategies of deriving the work function from experimental X-ray and ultra violet spectroscopic techniques.

Supervisor: Dr I Mitrovic (ivona@liv.ac.uk)

C22

Design of resonant tunneling nanodiodes for harnessing THz energy (H&R&S)

Terahertz field is an area of global and national importance for many years to come as it holds the promise for advances in energy harvesting, scientific imaging, biosciences, communications, health-care, sensing and particularly security applications. This project will focus on design of double and triple insulator configurations between two different metallic plates (MIIM and MIIIM) to provide nanostructure with increased asymmetry and non-linearity for effective THz energy conversion. Supervisor: Dr I Mitrovic (ivona@liv.ac.uk)

C23

Analysis of disordered organic Schottky diode (R)

Organic Schottky diodes are attractive components for use as rectifiers in various low-cost mixed signal applications such as in RFID tags. This project is involved in the study of the electrical properties of a Schottky diode with disordered organic p-type semiconductor. The use of such semiconductors allows low-cost and flexible application to be realised, however suffers from low mobility and degradation issues. DC and transient measurements and/or temperature measurements of the diode will be carried out using Agilent Parameter analyser. The characteristics will be analysed, and essential parameters associated with the disordered diode will be determined. Supervisor: Dr M Raja (m.raja@liv.ac.uk)

C24 Analysis of Polycrystalline organic Schottky diode (R)

Organic Schottky diodes are attractive component for use as rectifiers in various low-cost mixed signal applications such as RFID. This project is involved in the study of the electrical properties of a Schottky diode with polycrystalline organic p-type semiconductor. Organic polycrystalline semiconductors are considered to have higher mobility and more stable in ambient conditions compared with the disordered counterpart. DC and transient measurements and/or temperature measurements of the diode will be carried out using Agilent Parameter analyser. The characteristics will be analysed, and essential parameters associated with the polycrystalline diode will be extracted.

C25

Supervisor: Dr M Raja (m.raja@liv.ac.uk)

Parameter spread studies on Organic Schottky diodes (R)

Organic Schottky diodes are essential for use as rectifiers in various low-cost mixed signal applications. In such applications, several Schottky diodes may be implemented on a same flexible substrate. For efficient operation of the functional block, it is essential that the diodes operate within the same conditions such as identical turn-on voltages and on/off current ratios. In this project, DC measurements will be carried out on several Schottky diode fabricated on a same plastic substrate, and subsequently, the variation in parameter spreads will be analysed. Optimisation of the processes, particularly the deposition of the semiconductor through spin-coating, and subsequently the thickness will be controlled.

Supervisor: Dr M Raja (m.raja@liv.ac.uk)

C26

Parameter spread studies on Organic MIM structures (R)

Currently in the field of organic electronics, various organic and inorganic dielectrics are investigated for use as the gate dielectric in organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs). The formation of the dielectric layers strongly depends on the optimisation of the deposition techniques i.e. spin coating of the organic dielectric from solution, and the anodisation process for the inorganic dielectric (alumina). Such processes can results in variation in thicknesses of the dielectric and/or oxide capacitances. This project studies the parameter spread of the oxide layers using metal- insulator-metal (MIM) structures with single inorganic dielectric and double organic/inorganic dielectrics, built on respective plastic substrate. Current-Voltage and Capacitance-Voltage will be measured using the Semiconductor Impedance Analyser, and essential parameters will be consequently extracted. Optimisation of the processes will be carried out where necessary. Supervisor: Dr M Raja (m.raja@liv.ac.uk)

C27

Conduction mechanisms of organic/inorganic dielectrics for Organic Electronics (R)

Combination of organic and inorganic dielectrics are commonly used in various organic devices such as the organic thin-film transistor (OTFTs). Inorganic dielectric such as alumina is attractive due to their high dielectric constant resulting in high capacitances, whilst the organic dielectric provides better adhesion to the organic semiconductor, despite the low-dielectric constant. In this project, the conduction mechanisms of the dielectrics will be investigated both independently and combined, using current-voltage measurements, with variation in oxide thicknesses. Supervisor: Dr M Raja (m.raja@liv.ac.uk)

C28

Instability measurement in organic MOS capacitors (R)

The presence of residual dopants in the organic semiconductor and charges in the dielectric can results in instability effects in the characteristics, and consequently affect the performance of an organic electronic device. In this project, such instability effects are studied on organic semiconductors, using the Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor (MOS) structures. The capacitance-voltage characteristics will be obtained

using the Semiconductor parameter analyser, and subsequently the direction of the hysteresis analysed to determine the type and magnitude of the charge present in the either the dielectric or semiconductor or both. Supervisor: Dr M Raja (m.raja@liv.ac.uk)

C29

Study of the electrical properties of an organic MOS capacitor (S)

The organic metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) capacitor forms a key integral part of the organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs). It is commonly used to study interface properties between the oxide-semiconductor, and the bulk properties of both the oxide and semiconductor. In this project, simulations on the capacitance-voltage characteristics will be carried out so as to understand the effect of the presence of various charges within the oxide and semiconductor, and/or thickness of the layers and low mobility, particularly at high frequencies.

Supervisor: Dr M Raja (m.raja@liv.ac.uk)

C30

Assessment of leakage currents in organic thin-film transistors (S)

In organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs), the leakage current is attributed to the oxide leakage and off-currents. The later is dependent on the bulk conductivity of the organic semiconductor, and associated with the presence of ohmic contacts for the source and drain. This project will involve the simulation of various components of the leakage currents, and subsequently investigate methods for minimising such leakage paths i.e. through optimisation of the oxide and semiconductor thicknesses, and possible use of Schottky rather than ohmic contacts.

Supervisor: Dr M Raja (m.raja@liv.ac.uk)

C31

Simulation of organic rectifiers for use in Radio Frequency Identification tag (S)
Rectifiers are vital for use in various mixed signal application such as in the RFID tags. Several structures of the rectifiers can be adapted including the simple Schottky diode and gated-thin film transistors. This project will compare the merit and challenges of using the different structures in terms of ease of processing and performance. For the later, respective simulations will be carried out on taking into consideration their respective material and device properties including the low charge carrier mobilities and minimum feature size.

Supervisor: Dr M Raja (m.raja@liv.ac.uk)

C32

Simulation of pseudo-PMOS inverters (S)

The realisation of CMOS inverters in organics is currently challenging due to complexity in the processing steps, and also mismatches in the mobility values for holes and electrons. P-type organic semiconductors are more attractive compared to n-type semiconductor, due to their higher mobility values, thus the need to develop PMOS inverters. This project will involve the simulation of PMOS inverters, where both the load and driver of the inverter are made of p-channel organic thin-film transistors, with parameter values such as the mobility and turn-on voltage, extracted from experimental data. The voltage transfer characteristics will be analysed and methods for enhancing the performance will be investigated. Supervisor: Dr M Raja (m.raja@liv.ac.uk)

C33

Development of technical roadmap for organic thin-film transistors (S)

Scaling-down the device dimensions is of great importance in improving operational speeds and yield. This project will explore the scaling rules adapted in conventional MOSFETs, and provide revisions, where necessary, for use in organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs), taking into consideration the difference in material and device properties. For example, the OTFT operates in accumulation mode, the charge carrier mobility of the organic semiconductor depends strongly on carrier concentration, and the off-currents depend strongly on the resistivity of the bulk semiconductor. The limitation on scaling of the dimensions such as the channel length, width and oxide thickness will also be studied.

Supervisor: Dr M Raja (m.raja@liv.ac.uk)

______________________________________________________________________________________ Band D Monitoring and Complex Systems

D01 Modelling and testing of a fibre-optic Fabry-Perot interferometric sensor (R)
This project aims to build a theoretical model to study fibre-optic Fabry-Perot (FP) interferometric sensor for small distance/displacement measurement, which can be further used for pressure and temperature sensing. The candidate is expected to carry out testing work with the assistance of laboratory technical experts. Suitable for: Someone with an interest in modelling and hands-on optical experiment. Supervisor: Dr L Su (lsu@liv.ac.uk)

D02

Extract useful information using principal component analysis (S)

This project is to develop a MATLAB/C++ software/code to perform data analysis using principal component analysis (PCA), which will be used to extract useful information from experimentally acquired. Suitable for: Someone with an interest in programming and data analysis. Supervisor: Dr L Su (lsu@liv.ac.uk)

D03

Fabrication of fluorescence sensor array using ink-jet printing technology (H)

This project aims to fabricate fluorescence sensor arrays using ink-jet printing technology. The application of the arrays is for water-quality monitoring. The main task is to understand and learn the ink-jet printing, and then to design and fabricate the sensor arrays with the assistance of technical experts. Suitable for: Someone with an interest in hands-on experiments. Supervisor: Dr L Su (lsu@liv.ac.uk)

D04

Data transmission device for body-worn sensor (H)

This project is to design and make wireless data communication devices for body-worn temperature sensors, including sensor and transmitter. Candidate is expected to develop a prototype device by the end of this project. Suitable for: Someone with an interest in electronic circuits design and wireless data communication. Supervisor: Dr L Su (lsu@liv.ac.uk)

D05

Data receiving device for body-worn sensor (H)

This project is to design and make wireless data communication devices for body-worn temperature sensors, including receiver, data storage and display. Candidate is expected to develop a prototype device by the end of this project. Suitable for: Someone with an interest in electronic circuits design and wireless data communication. Supervisor: Dr L Su (lsu@liv.ac.uk)

D06

Hardware design and instrumentation of a digital-micromirror-device display system (H)

This project is to design and implement a digital-micromirror-device (DMD) display system, which will be used for clinical eye testing. Candidate is expected to develop a prototype device by the end of this project. Suitable for: Someone with an interest in hands-on experiments. Supervisor: Dr L Su (lsu@liv.ac.uk)

D07

Software development of a digial-micromirror-device display system (S)

This project is to develop the software to control a digital-micromirror-device (DMD) display system, which will be used for clinical eye testing. Candidate is expected to have a working programme by the end of this project. Suitable for: Someone with an interest in instrumentation and software development. Supervisor: Dr L Su (lsu@liv.ac.uk)

D08

Modelling of laser speckle pattern and extract information from the laser speckle (S)

This project is to build a theoretical model to study the laser speckle pattern. Candidate is expected to develop a program using MATLAB. Suitable for: Someone with an interest in modeling and progamming. Supervisor: Dr L Su (lsu@liv.ac.uk)

D09

Control program development for an X-Y-Z high-precision translation stage (R)

The candidate will have an excellent opportunity to work on this high precision stage, which is used in a microscope imaging system for high- resolution scan. The main task is to develop a control program using LabView/C++ to control the motion of the scanning system for various applications. Suitable for: Someone with an interest in software development. Supervisor: Dr L Su (lsu@liv.ac.uk)

D10

ZeMax modeling of laser beam delivery in a microscopy system (S)

This project is to model the laser beam path in a microscopy system. The main task is to model the beam path using Z-Max, as well as to optimize the system. Suitable for: Someone with an interest in optics and simulation. Supervisor: Dr L Su (lsu@liv.ac.uk)

D11

Modelling of the transfer function of an optical multimode fibre (S)

This project is to model the complexity of mode coupling in a multimode optical fibre and to calculate the transfer function of the fibre subject to bending. Suitable for: Someone with an interest in fibre optics and simulation. Supervisor: Dr L Su (lsu@liv.ac.uk)

D12

Detection of human position and movement pattern (H)

This project aims to design, build and evaluate an infrared sensor based detection system to monitor the movement pattern of aged people in their residence homes. The system consists of IR sensors aligned vertically and horizontally. The student is expected to carry out systematically designed experiments to study the capability of the system under different conditions, such as people with different height, types of cloth, standing at different distance from the sensor etc. Based on the experimental results, a discussion will be carried out on the suitability of such a system for reliably detecting the occurrence of abnormal event such as fall. Required knowledge and understanding of principles of infrared radiation and sensors, current voltage conversion circuit and amplification circuit, filtering of noise in signal and use of voltage comparator.

Supervisor: Dr J D Yan (yaneee@liv.ac.uk)

D13

Detection of position and movement pattern of human body (S)

A Windows based software package is to be developed to interface with an infrared sensor system as described in the project above. The software should be able to work with the hardware system to display and analyse the signals using an appropriate method and activate alarms at different levels of concern if abnormal events are detected. The software interfaces with the hardware system through a USB based A/D conversion board such as a Labjack board. The alarms can be sent to a remote computer through internet connection. Required knowledge and understanding, good knowledge of C++, Window based programming using MS Studio, principles of analogue/digital conversion, use of device driver to read data from the A/D board into a user written program.

Supervisor: Dr J D Yan (yaneee@liv.ac.uk)

D14

Measurement of the cross-zero values of a high alternating current (R)

The aim of the project is to design and build an electrical circuit that can accurately measure the cross-zero values (up to 10 A) of a high alternating current with magnitude up to 10 kA. Because of the short duration around a current zero point, the measurement circuit should be able to send out a triggering signal when the magnitude of the instantaneous current falls below a threshold value to trigger the recording device. Required knowledge and understanding of high current testing for circuit breakers, current zero period in the interruption process of an SF6 circuit breaker, and operation principles of power diode.

Supervisor: Dr J D Yan (yaneee@liv.ac.uk)

D15

Real-time chromatic processing of data streams from multi-sensors in intelligent electrical apparatus (S)
Parallel data streams, normally produced by arrayed sensors in an intelligent electrical apparatus, need to be processed real time to extract information on the operation of the apparatus. This project aims at developing a software package that can be used to process parallel data streams using the chromatic method and display the results in a user friendly manner. The software will be Windows based with a variety of interfaces for importing data from data file or from the sensors via A/D conversion boards. Required knowledge and understanding of Windows programming based on MS Studio, chromatic method for signal processing, use of device driver to read data from A/D board into a user written program.

Supervisor: Dr J D Yan (yaneee@liv.ac.uk)

D16

Measurement of transient surface temperature using a high speed infrared sensor (R)
Object under severe heating conditions can change their surface temperature from room temperature to its melting point in a milli-second time scale. A typical example is the surface temperature of an electrode supporting an electric arc or a conductor under short circuit conditions. The rate at which the surface temperature changes depends on the heating power available and the material properties of the solid. Valuable information on the heating environment can be obtained if the surface temperature and its variation as a function of time can be accurately measured. An infrared temperature sensor with a micro-second response time is available for use. The objective of the project is to study the change of surface temperature of objects with different materials and size under different heating conditions, thus providing important information characterising the heating environment, such as high temperature gas flow or contact resistance between busbars. Required knowledge and understanding of infrared radiation from hot surface and its relationship to temperature, emissivity, the needs for calibration of intensity measurement, and heating of surface by flame or electric arc. Supervisor: Dr J D Yan (yaneee@liv.ac.uk)

D17

A visual tool for constructing computer simulation models (S)

Computer simulation tools, such as PHOENICS used in circuit breaker manufacturing industry, are very powerful in modelling the physical processes associated with the operation of this type of device. However the construction of a simulation case requires a specialist user of the software to spend days to enter the model parameters. This project aims at studying some of the key issues which are critical to the development of a graphical user interface in an object based approach to allow the design engineers to visually "make" all the components and then "build" the product in a virtual environment. The GUI will automatically perform conversion between the visual product and the simulation model. Required knowledge and understanding of computer simulation of arcing process, Windows based programming using MS Studio and good mathematics. Supervisor: Dr J D Yan (yaneee@liv.ac.uk)

D18

Electrical contact resistance and overheating in modern electrical apparatus (R)

Modern electrical apparatuses tend to employ compact design with limited space for heat generated by electric current to dissipate efficiently. Thermal management in terms of temperature rise of solid components becomes an important issue in product design. This project aims at the experimental determination of electrical contact resistance between two bus-bars and the establishment of a simple model to consider the influence of surface parameters. Required knowledge and understanding of contact resistance and influencing parameters, principles for measuring contact resistance, and contact resistance leading to overheating of solid materials. Supervisor: Dr J D Yan (yaneee@liv.ac.uk)

D19

Thermal energy storage (R)

This project aims at a feasibility study of converting electrical energy into high quality thermal energy using electric arc or other conversion methods for large scale energy storage. It is expected that a small scale device is to be built which will then be used to study the energy loss characteristics of such a design as a function of time. Required knowledge and understanding of the need for energy storage for sustained energy supply, energy and work, advantages of energy storage in the form of thermal energy, and energy conversion and loss. Supervisor: Dr J D Yan (yaneee@liv.ac.uk)

D20

Temperature rise in model switching cabinet (R)

This project aims at the measurement of temperature rise using thermal couples in a model switching cabinet under different electrical load conditions and the use of different shapes of conductors for minimal temperature rise, help establishing principles for optimal product design. Required knowledge and understanding of electrical heating in industrial devices, roles of a switching cabinet, method for heat dissipation, and use of thermal couple for temperature measurement.

Supervisor: Dr J D Yan (yaneee@liv.ac.uk)

D21

Arc-in-water: arc voltage and electrode materials (R)

This project aims to study the basic features of underwater welding, an electric arc burning in gaseous bubbles in water. The student is required to use an existing arcing device to study the shapes of underwater arc and measure the arc voltage with different electrode materials. Based on this, a simplified model is to be proposed to explain the experimental results. Required knowledge and understanding of electric arc and ionised gas, roles of electrodes in sustaining an arc, and Arc in water important parameters to be monitored. Supervisor: Dr J D Yan (yaneee@liv.ac.uk)

D22

A power electronics system for maximum power tracking and grid connection of wind turbines (R)
This project aims at extending an existing power electronics system to enable it to work with a wind turbine for maximum power tracking. Required knowledge and understanding of characteristics of wind power generation, principles of maximum power tracking and principles and configuration of boost converter and inversion between dc and ac. Supervisor: Dr J D Yan (yaneee@liv.ac.uk)

_________________________________________________________________________________________ Band E Bio/Nanoengineering

E01 Chromatic monitoring of a micro-plasma (R & H)
Using a Maztec device the visible light emission of a micro plasma can be monitored at wavelengths corresponding to the red, blue and green parts of the electromagnetic spectrum. This then allows for real time intelligent monitoring of the discharge such as ignition and extinction events and overall stability of the micro-plasma. Supervisor: Dr P M Bryant (pmbryant@liv.ac.uk)

E02

3-D reconstruction of 2-D images (S)

2-D images of cylindrically symmetric light sources can be transformed into 3-D by using Abel Inversion. In this project the Abel Inversion is implemented using Fourier Transforms. A programme in C or C++ will be written, implementing the algorithm, and tested against test functions of known Abel inversions. If successful the program can be applied to real 2-D image data taken from plasma sources to reconstruct the 3-D emission map. Supervisor: Dr P M Bryant (pmbryant@liv.ac.uk)

E03

Build a metal detector (H)

A metal detector works by generating a magnetic field from a coil and listening for the magnetic field generated in the target metal. The simplest circuit, Beat Frequency Oscillator (BFO) is based on Colpitts oscillators, a mixer, low pass filter and amplifier. The presence of metal is heard as an audio signal in headphones. The project involves designing, constructing and testing the sensor and circuit. Supervisor: Dr P M Bryant (pmbryant@liv.ac.uk)

E04

ECG monitoring device (H)

The analysis of the hearts Electrocardiogram (ECG) is a vital tool used by medical professionals to diagnose heart related problems. In this project a battery powered ECG circuit based on the instrumentation op-amp will be designed, tested and built. Supervisor: Dr P M Bryant (pmbryant@liv.ac.uk)

E05

Build a radio receiver (H)

In this project a radio receiver will be designed, tested and built based around a common-emitter BJT amplifier. The receiver (induction coil) will be built and audio output fed into headphones or loudspeaker. The radio station that you wish to listen to must be in the medium to long wave bands and its transmission be of strong enough signal. Supervisor: Dr P M Bryant (pmbryant@liv.ac.uk)

E06

Electromagnetic field modelling using the finite difference method (R,S)

Computation of Electromagnetic (EM) fields is an essential requirement for many applications of electrical engineering and electronics ranging from design and construction of large power system components to nano-electronic quantum computing devices (ion traps). The Finite Difference Method (FDM) is a simple method of EM field determination and is widely used. This project will write a computer programme using the FDM to determine the electrostatic field of a mass analyser. The results will be subsequently verified analytically and/or experimentally using other commercially available software packages e.g. POISSON Superfish: (http://laacg1.lanl.gov/laacg/services/download_sf.phtml ) Suitable for: Someone interested in applied electromagnetics, mathematics and computation. Supervisor: Prof S Taylor (ee63@liv.ac.uk)

E07

Image processing using a Quadrupole Mass Spectrometer (QMS) (R, S)

Quadrupole mass spectrometers are widely used analytical instruments and recently have employed in a range of different applications requiring the detection of substances in the medical, environmental, security and process monitoring fields. This project will use an existing software simulation program created in this Department to compute individual ion trajectories in a QMS. Display of the exit pattern of the ions in the x-y plane produces a 2D image on the PC. This project will investigate how properties of the image are related to the ions injected. Suitable for: Someone with an interest in applied computation (writing code), electromagnetics, mathematics and image processing. Supervisor: Prof S Taylor (ee63@liv.ac.uk)

E08

Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry with an applied magnetic field (H, S)

Quadrupole Mass Spectrometers (QMS) are widely used analytical instruments in the medical, environmental and food industries to monitor a whole range of substances (gaseous, solid and liquid). The aim of the project is to investigate the effect of magnetic field in addition to electric fields on instrument performance. The student will design a driver circuit for the magnetic field and also use a custom software package developed in the Department (QMS-2H) and validate results by performing experiments on a portable QMS. Suitable for: Someone interested in applied electromagnetics, instrumentation and computation. Supervisor: Prof S Taylor (ee63@liv.ac.uk)

E09

Simulation of a miniature ion trap for security and biomedical applications (R, S)
An ion trap is an extraordinary device that serves both as an ion store in which ions or charged particles can be confined for a period of time (a sort of electronic test tube). It works by using a combination of electric or magnetic fields to capture the ions in a vacuum region. The ion trap can be used as a mass spectrometer for sensing applications in the environmental, medical and crime prevention fields. The purpose of the project will be to design and model a novel type of linear ion trap that can be used for as mass analysis. The trap will be simulated using newly created simulation program developed in this Department. Suitable for: Someone with an interest in applied electromagnetics, electronics, nanotechnology and/or computation. Supervisor: Prof S Taylor (ee63@liv.ac.uk)

E10

Sensing of pollution monitoring in the marine environment (H)

Membrane Inlet Mass Spectrometry (MIMS) is an analytical technique capable of detecting trace organic hydrocarbon substances in water. The technique is simple, sensitive and allows analysis of chemical mixtures simultaneously and rapidly. Among the volatile organic compounds of interest are Benzene, Toluene and Xylene. These compounds are the main concerns of regulatory agencies for environmental protection and are also of interest to the oceanographic and atmospheric community. Sample analysis via MIMS is done by the use of hydrophobic and nonporous membranes, usually made of PDMS, or polyethylene. Highly polar compounds such as water do not migrate through the membrane. In this project the student will design and test a suitable membrane inlet based sensor for pollution monitoring. The design will be tested using a Quadrupole Mass Spectrometer coupled to the membrane inlet system. Suitable for: Someone with an interest in hardware, applied electromagnetics, environment and instrumentation. Supervisor: Prof S Taylor (ee63@liv.ac.uk)

E11

Operation of a hydrogen and helium detector for use in the aerospace and nuclear industries (R, S)
Detection of hydrogen in the presence of helium is difficult when the levels of hydrogen are low and/or the levels of helium are large. The problem has relevance to the NASA space program in the USA and is also of interest in the nuclear industry in the UK. A Quadrupole Mass Spectrometer (QMS) can be used to do this, but needs to be operated over a restricted mass range. Building upon previous work the aim of this years individual project is to construct a specialist power supply for the instrument and then to simulate use of the instrument on test mixtures of helium and hydrogen. Suitable for: Electrical engineers with interests in electromagnetics, electronic design, nuclear and aerospace industries. Supervisor: Prof S Taylor (ee63@liv.ac.uk)

E12

Signal analysis of ion trajectories in a QMS (R, S)

Quadrupole Mass Spectrometers (QMS) are widely used analytical instruments (sensors) in the medical, environmental and food industries to monitor a whole range of substances (gaseous, solid and liquid). Such instruments may be configured as electronic noses (e-noses) and are finding interest for security and crime prevention applications. Recent research in this Department has led to the development of the worlds smallest QMS and the first to be micro-engineered in silicon. In parallel with the experimental work a computer simulation tool in visual C of the QMS has also been developed. This program allows the trajectories of ions through the QMS to be calculated and displayed. The project will investigate the use of the simulator to simulate real experimental data and to investigate the trajectories obtained in various operating regions of the QMS. Suitable for: Someone with an interest in computing, simulation and online process monitoring. Supervisor: Prof S Taylor (ee63@liv.ac.uk)

E13

Design and simulation of an ultra high frequency QMS (the Super-Quad) (R, S)
Quadrupole Mass Spectrometers (QMS) are widely used analytical instruments (sensors) in the medical, environmental and food industries to monitor a whole range of substances (gaseous, solid and liquid). Such instruments may be configured as electronic noses (e-noses) and are finding interest for security and crime prevention applications. QMS instruments are now realisable at sub-millimetre dimensions. The aim of this project is to investigate the limits of operation for such devices including operation at high frequencies (> 20 MHz). This will be done by creating a simple mathematical model of the QMS and using it to investigate the performance as QMF dimensions and frequency are scaled. Simulation of the final design using the in house software package QMS2 will be undertaken as the final part of this project. Suitable for: Electronic engineers with interests in mathematical modeling, electromagnetics, electronic design and instrumentation. Supervisor: Prof S Taylor (ee63@liv.ac.uk)

E14/15 Design build, test and simulate of a DAPI sample inlet for portable mass spectrometer (H)

Mass spectrometers are widely used analytical instruments (sensors) in the medical, environmental, security, food and cosmetic industries to monitor a whole range of substances (gaseous, solid and liquid). Miniaturisation of the technology also has resulted in transportable and portable MS instruments that are used out of the lab in harsh environments (e.g. on spacecraft, in oilfields etc). For portable MS instruments appropriate design of the sample inlet is vital. Recently a new method of sample inlet has been developed which is attractive because of its simplicity ease of use. The Discontinuous Atmospheric Pressure Interface (DAPI) uses a low cost pneumatic valve operated in pulse mode to address samples and admit them periodically directly into the MS ion source. Using an ARDIUNO microcontroller board this project will focus on design, build, test of a DAPI system and couple to a lab QMS to gather experimental mass spectra. The project is suitable for an individual or two of students with tasks as follows: Using an ARDIUNO microcontroller board this group project will design, build, test a simple DAPI The results will be simulated theoretically using the method of ion trajectory determination and compared with the experimental results. Project E14: Design and build DAPI coupled through a vacuum flange to the ion source. Couple the DAPI to a QMS in the lab to measure volatile organic components (VOCs) such as acetone, toluene or benzene. Project E15: Use the simulator to simulate real experimental data (spectra) obtained in (b) above Suitable for: 1 or 2 electrical engineers with interests in sensors and hardware instrumentation (E14) and simulation (E15). Supervisor: Prof S Taylor (ee63@liv.ac.uk)

E16/17 Wireless interface between an electronic nose and iPad and/or Android (H)
Portable mass spectrometers now act as electronic noses (e-noses) for a wide range of applications including 'sniffing' for illicit drugs and explosives, and/or medical applications such as breath analysis. This industrially relevant project concerns the wireless interfacing of a portable mass spectrometer (e-nose) to a suitable device (e.g. i-phone, i-pad, Android phone or Android tablet) to include data transfer and display. The project divides into 2 parts: hardware and software. Hardware aspects (2 projects - see below) are to be supervised by Prof S. Taylor and software aspects (2 projects see Band I project list) are to be supervised by Dr W. Al-Nuaimy. Project co-supervision in all cases will also be undertaken by Mr P. Watkinson. Students for all project aspects will meet together on a regular basis. Project E16: one control input and two outputs will be taken to and from the e-nose and linked to e.g. a raspberry pi computer via a suitable ADC (e.g. an ARDUINO board). The data inputs and outputs from the e-nose will be wirelessly transmitted (using WIFI or Bluetooth whichever is best). Basic data transfer to a common standard (e.g. ASCII transfer) to an i-pad (or i-phone) is needed. Project E17: description as for E16 but in this case the receiving device will be an Android tablet (or Android PC) Suitable for: Electronics engineers with interests in hardware, software, communications and instrumentation. Supervisor: Prof S Taylor (ee63@liv.ac.uk)

E18

Looking at atoms (H)

With electronics becoming smaller and smaller it is important that we can see what happens when making the materials needed for the electronic components. One of the most suitable tools for looking at individual atoms is a Scanning Tunnelling Microscope. In this project you will build your own and hopefully look at individual atoms. Suitable for: Someone with an interest in developing skills in the micro- and nano-technology and engineering. Supervisor: Dr H van Zalinge (vzalinge@liv.ac.uk)

E19

Visualising atoms (S)

With electronics becoming smaller and smaller it is important that we can see what happens when making the materials needed for the electronic components. One of the most suitable tools for looking at individual atoms is a Scanning Tunnelling Microscope. In this project you will be developing a user interface and controller to image individual atoms. Suitable for: Someone with an interest in developing skills in the micro- and nano-technology and engineering. Supervisor: Dr H van Zalinge (vzalinge@liv.ac.uk)

E20

Clean polymer electronics (R)

Polymer electronics have a lot of potential for consumer products, think for example about flexible displays. In this project we will look at alternative materials that can be used as the polymer, more specific we will be using DNA, which has the benefits of being environmentally friendly, biodegradable and readily available. However, the DNA requires purification, in this project we will look at how the purity effects the electrical properties of the DNA. Suitable for: Someone with an interest in electronics. Supervisor: Dr H van Zalinge (vzalinge@liv.ac.uk)

E21

Improved polymer electronics (R)

Polymer electronics have a lot of potential for consumer products, think for example about flexible displays. In this project we will look at alternative materials that can be used as the polymer, more specific we will be using DNA, which has the benefits of being environmentally friendly, biodegradable and readily available. However, the exact electronic properties of the DNA might not be perfect for a particular application. In this project we will look at the effect on the electronics properties of the polymer by doping the DNA with other molecules.

Suitable for: Someone with an interest in electronics. Supervisor: Dr H van Zalinge (vzalinge@liv.ac.uk)

E22

Proteins on flat surfaces (R)

A biochip is a device that detects the presence of a specific biomolecule in its surrounding environment, one can think for example of the detection of diseases. One of the major limitations of biochips is the interaction of the target molecule attached to a solid support with the probe molecule suspended in the environment. In this project we aim to look at the adsorption of proteins on a flat surface with a view to image the confirmation of the protein using an atomic force microscope. Suitable for: Someone with an interest in developing skills in the micro- and nano-technology and engineering. Supervisor: Dr H van Zalinge (vzalinge@liv.ac.uk)

E23

Proteins on patterned surfaces (R)

A biochip is a device that detects the presence of a specific biomolecule in its surrounding environment, one can think for example of the detection of diseases. One of the major limitation of biochips is the interaction of the target molecule attached to a solid support with the probe molecule suspended in the environment. In this project we aim to look at the adsorbtion of proteins on a structured surface with a view to image the confirmation of the protein using an atomic force microscope. Suitable for: Someone with an interest in developing skills in the micro- and nano-technology and engineering. Supervisor: Dr H van Zalinge (vzalinge@liv.ac.uk)

E24

DNA nano-structures (R)

Due to its self-assembly properties, DNA is an extremely useful material to act as a scaffold to fabricate nanometer size structures. In this project we will investigate the possibilities of depositing DNA on surfaces using various conditions to create useful structures for electronic purposes. Suitable for: Someone with an interest in developing skills in the micro- and nano-technology and engineering. Supervisor: Dr H van Zalinge (vzalinge@liv.ac.uk)

E25

Beyond Moores Law (R)

Since its conception the electronics industry has complied with Moores Law. It is, however, becoming more and more difficult and expensive to maintain as the semiconductor fabrication techniques are nearing their physical limits. One of the options to move beyond these limits is the use of molecular electronic networks. One of the major advantages of using molecules as the elements of an electronic network is the ability to chemically alter the molecules to optimise the desired response. Here in Liverpool we have been in the forefront of research in the electrical properties of single molecules, ranging from simple wire molecules to more complex active elements, comparable with semiconductor transistors. One of the most promising molecules in order to form the framework of an electronic network is DNA. DNA has excellent self-assembly properties that will facilitate the building of the network. Current experimental methods for measuring molecular electronics heavily rely on dynamic scanning probe techniques, however, an integrated circuit is a static device. In this project we aim to design and test an experimental setup that will allow molecules to be located within a static pair of electrodes in order to study the electrical properties of the molecule. Suitable for: Someone with an interest in electronics. Supervisor: Dr H van Zalinge (vzalinge@liv.ac.uk)

E26

Dynamic single molecule (H)

Since its conception the electronics industry has complied with Moores Law. It is, however, becoming more and more difficult and expensive to maintain as the semiconductor fabrication techniques are nearing their physical limits. One of the options to move beyond these limits is the use of molecular electronic networks. One of the major advantages of using molecules as the elements of an electronic network is the ability to chemically alter the molecules to optimise the desired response. Here in Liverpool we have been in the forefront of research in the electrical properties of single molecules, ranging from simple wire molecules to more complex active elements, comparable with semiconductor transistors. One of the most promising molecules in order to form the framework of an electronic network is DNA. DNA has excellent self-assembly properties that will facilitate the building of the network. In order for molecular electronics to become a viable alternative to traditional semiconductors, it is essential to understand the properties of the individual components. Due to the fact that we are looking at the response of a single molecule it essential that the properties are measured many times in order to obtain a statistically relevant result. The aim of this project is to develop a tool that is capable of measuring the electrical properties of a single molecule quickly and efficiently. Suitable for: Someone with an interest in electronics and mechanics. Supervisor: Dr H van Zalinge (vzalinge@liv.ac.uk)

E27

Understanding charge transport (S)

Since its conception the electronics industry has complied with Moores Law. It is, however, becoming more and more difficult and expensive to maintain as the semiconductor fabrication techniques are nearing their physical limits. One of the options to move beyond these limits is the use of molecular electronic networks. One of the major advantages of using molecules as the elements of an electronic network is the ability to chemically alter the molecules to optimise the desired response. Here in Liverpool we have been in the forefront of research in the electrical properties of single molecules, ranging from simple wire molecules to more complex active elements, comparable with semiconductor transistors. One of the most promising molecules in order to form the framework of an electronic network is DNA. DNA has excellent self-assembly properties that will facilitate the building of the network. The understanding of the charge transport in molecules is at the moment only in its infancy. In this project we aim to develop a toolbox that will to explain the observed molecular electronic properties and ultimately will predict the response of the molecule. Suitable for: Someone with an interest in advancing at the forefront of electronics. Supervisor: Dr H van Zalinge (vzalinge@liv.ac.uk)

E28

High throughput image analysis (S)

We have developed a method to study the effect of drugs on the functioning of the basic unit of muscle action. During these experiments a large amount of movies of filament movement are obtained. In this project you will be developing software needed to track the movement of all filaments in a movie from frame to frame. The parameters that are obtained will provide the necessary information that will give an indication of the effectiveness of a drug. Suitable for: Someone with an interest in advancing at the forefront of bioinformatics. Supervisor: Dr H van Zalinge (vzalinge@liv.ac.uk)

___________________________________________________________________________________________ Band F Technological Plasmas

F01 Plasma-catalytic decomposition of volatile organic compounds (H/R)
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are contaminants that are emitted from a wide range of sources including semiconductor manufacturing plants and chemical processing plants. The remediation of dilute VOCs from waste gas streams is both a health and environmental concern. The objective of this project is to investigate a hybrid technology based on atmospheric non-thermal plasma combined with catalysis for the removal of low concentration gas pollutants (e.g. toluene) in waste gas streams. A neural network model will be developed for the predication of the complex plasma-catalytic chemical reaction.

F02

Supervisor: Dr X Tu (xin.tu@liv.ac.uk)

Plasma-catalytic activation of CO2 (H/R)

Carbon dioxide (CO2) issue has recently become the focus of global attention because of the position of CO2 as the primary greenhouse gas and the implication of its emissions on the problem of climate change. In this project, we will investigate a hybrid plasma-catalysis technology for the conversion of CO2 into value-added chemicals at atmospheric pressure and low temperatures. Experimental design will be used to optimise the plasma chemical reaction.

Supervisor: Dr X Tu (xin.tu@liv.ac.uk)

F03

Ozone measurement (H/R)

Most of ozone for practical applications is produced by non-thermal plasmas. This project involves measurement of the concentration of ozone generated by an AC packed-bed dielectric barrier discharge reactor. A wide range of plasma and processing parameters will be evaluated to optimise the system in terms of ozone generation and energy efficiency.

F04

Supervisor: Dr X Tu (xin.tu@liv.ac.uk)

Analysis of electrical signals in thermal plasma (S)

Thermal plasma technology has been paid much attention due to their extensive industrial applications. One of the major issues concerned in these processes is the fluctuations associated with such plasma devices, which greatly determines the performance of the plasma processing. In this project, time-frequency tools combined with fast Fourier transform (FFT) will be introduced to analyse the electrical signals (arc voltage and arc current) of the plasma, which will help us to get a better understanding of the fluctuation behaviour in the plasma. Supervisor: Dr X Tu (xin.tu@liv.ac.uk)

F05

Motion behavior of atmospheric gliding arc discharge (R)

In this project, the spatial evolution of the gliding arc will be recorded using a high speed digital camera. The motion behaviour (e.g. velocity, direction, shape) of the arc column and arc roots on the electrode walls will be analysed from the recorded plasma images. The effect of gas flow and plasma power on the arc motion behaviour will also be investigated. Supervisor: Dr X Tu (xin.tu@liv.ac.uk)

F06 Numerical simulation of thermal plasma (S)

Thermal plasma jets of considerable length and excellent stability could be obtained by regulating the generating parameters, including torch channel geometry, gas flow rate, and feeding methods, etc. The aim of this project is to modeling the parameter distribution (e.g. temperature, flow velocity, pressure, etc) of the plasma jet at the torch exit, using the CFD commercial code Fluent. The effect of different operating conditions on the characteristics of the plasma flow will be investigated. Supervisor: Dr X Tu (xin.tu@liv.ac.uk)

F07 Numerical simulation of gliding arc discharge (S)

The objective of this project is to develop a nonlinear model of AC gliding arc at atmospheric pressure. We will investigate the effect of gas flow on the evolution of self-magnetic properties, electric field and arc temperature in the gliding arc. Distribution of electro-static field near electrodes will be calculated by using Ansoft Maxwell software. Experimental validation of calculated results will be performed.

F08

Supervisor: Dr X Tu (xin.tu@liv.ac.uk)

Numerical simulation of plasma chemical reaction (S)

In this project, a kinetic model of CO2 decomposition under atmospheric pressure gliding arc discharge will be developed using the CHEMKIN - a chemical kinetics modelling software. The effect of a wide range of processing parameters on the performance of CO2 decomposition process will be investigated. The existing experimental results will be utilised to validate the proposed model.

F09

Supervisor: Dr X Tu (xin.tu@liv.ac.uk)

Optical emission spectroscopic diagnostics of gliding arc (S)

Optical emission spectroscopy (OES) is a powerful tool for plasmas diagnostics, which is nonintrusive and gives rich information about the plasma species. By analysing and interpreting the plasma spectra, we could obtain the important properties of the plasma, such as temperature, densities of chemical species, and ionisation state. In this project, OES will be used to record the spectral of an AC gliding arc discharge along the jet axis and to investigate the axial distribution of temperature and density in the plasma.

F10

Supervisor: Dr X Tu (xin.tu@liv.ac.uk)

Optical emission spectroscopic diagnostics of a plasma-catalysis system (S)

Optical emission spectroscopy (OES) is a powerful tool for plasmas diagnostics, which is nonintrusive and gives rich information about the plasma species. By analysing and interpreting the plasma spectra, we could obtain the important properties of the plasma, such as temperature, densities of reactive species, and ionisation state. In this project, OES will be used to record the spectral of a dielectric barrier discharge with and without packing catalyst and to investigate the axial distribution of temperature/density in the plasma.

F11

Supervisor: Dr X Tu (xin.tu@liv.ac.uk)

Online measurement of discharge power in a DBD plasma reactor (H)

The measurement of plasma power consumption in a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) reactor is essential to assess the energy efficiency of plasma chemical reactions. The discharge power in a DBD reactor can be measured by calculating the area of a Lissajous figure obtained from two signals: applied voltage and integrated charge. The aim of this project is to develop a user-friendly interface using Labview system to transfer electrical signals to the PC and show the results of power measurement in real time.

F12

Supervisor: Dr X Tu (xin.tu@liv.ac.uk)

Multistage electromagnetic projectile accelerator (H)

This project involves the development of an electromagnetic projectile accelerator. A microprocessor control system will be implemented to detect the position of the projectile and energise several coils placed along the track which guides it; thus achieving multistage acceleration.

In such an application, the timing between detection of the projectile and energising the coil is critical. Various sensing and control methodologies will be explored to obtain the highest possible efficiency. Suitable for: A student with an interest in power electronics with strong microprocessor programming skills. Supervisor: Dr J L Walsh (jlwalsh@liv.ac.uk).

F13

An optical spectroscopy tool kit (S)

In plasma, atoms and molecules are excited by energetic electrons, when these excited states decay a photon with a specific wavelength is emitted. Optical emission spectroscopy involves capturing and analysing these photons in order to establish numerous physical properties of the discharge such as chemical composition and temperature. This project is to develop a suite of spectroscopic tools to calibrate and analyse the data recorded by a spectrometer from a typical gas discharge. Suitable for: Someone with good programming skills in Matlab and an interest in spectroscopy. Supervisor: Dr J L Walsh (jlwalsh@liv.ac.uk)

F14

Plasma temperature measurements (OH molecule) (S)

The shape and intensity of lines emitted from a gas discharge can be used to determine the temperature of neutrals (i.e. the background gas). This project involves modeling the emission profile from the OH molecule to determine the rotational temperature and consequently gas temperature. It is well known that the spectrum cannot be simulated accurately using a single temperature; hence this project will consider a two-temperature fitting routine. Suitable for: students with an excellent knowledge of Matlab and interests in plasmas/spectroscopy. Supervisor: Dr J L Walsh (jlwalsh@liv.ac.uk)

F15

Plasma temperature measurements (N2 molecule) (S)

The shape and intensity of lines emitted from a gas discharge can be used to determine the temperature of neutrals (i.e. the background gas). This project involves modeling the emission profile from the N2 molecule to determine both the rotational and vibrational temperature of the Nitrogen second positive band. An automated fitting routine will be developed to simultaneously determine both temperature components from experimental data. Suitable for: students with an excellent knowledge of Matlab and interests in plasmas/spectroscopy. Supervisor: Dr J L Walsh (jlwalsh@liv.ac.uk)

F16

Optical emission spectrometer design and development (H)

All the components necessary to design and construct a high quality optical spectrometer will be made available to the student (this includes a high resolution line camera, appropriate grating and variable slit). The project will involve the development of both the hardware and software aspects of a spectrometer followed by a rigorous characterization of the spectrometers optical performance. Suitable for: students with both practical skills and a working knowledge of Matlab; an interest in spectroscopy is preferable. Supervisor: Dr J L Walsh (jlwalsh@liv.ac.uk)

F17

High power, variable wavelength light source (H/R)

High power RGB LEDs are now widely available; this project involves the development of a large array of RGB LEDs that are individually addressable using a microcontroller. Through the use of pulse width modulation the colour of each LED in the array will be user controlled. The resulting LED array will be used to investigate the impact of different wavelength light on the growth of plants. Suitable for: students with a good knowledge of microcontroller systems and preferably knowledge of switched mode power supplies. Supervisor: Dr J L Walsh (jlwalsh@liv.ac.uk)

F18 Hydroponics system (H/R)
Hydroponics is a method of growing plants using mineral nutrient solutions, in water, without soil. Generating a plasma in liquid leads to the generation of a wide variety of dissolved Nitrogen based species; these have the potential to replace the use of Nitrogen based fertilisers. This project involves the development of a temperature controlled environment an appropriate nutrient delivery system. Suitable for: students with a good knowledge of control system design and excellent practical skills. Supervisor: Dr J L Walsh (jlwalsh@liv.ac.uk)

F19

Automated micro-brewery system (H)

This project involves the construction of an automated all grain micro-brewing system. In the brewing process it is essential to maintain a tight control over the temperature of the wort and the timing at which ingredients are added. A key aspect of the project is to implement a micro controller based control system with data logging functionality to ensure optimum brewing conditions. Suitable for: students with excellent practical skills, knowledge of control systems design. Supervisor: Dr J L Walsh (jlwalsh@liv.ac.uk)

F20

Wideband RF amplifier using paralleled current feedback op-amps (H)

Current feedback op-amps offer exceptional performance compared to voltage feedback devices. By combining multiple current feedback amplifiers in to an array, a single high-power, wide-band amplifier can be constructed. This project involves designing and building an amplifier capable of delivering >20W to a load with a flat gain from 1-20MHz. The performance of the amplifier will be characterized and compared with the results from a SPICE simulation. Suitable for: students with excellent practical skills, knowledge of control systems design. Supervisor: Dr J L Walsh (jlwalsh@liv.ac.uk)

F21

Chemical kinetic model of air plasma discharge (S)

Air plasma is a complex mixture of molecules, ions, atoms, electrons and radicals. To accurately model such a plasma 60+ species must be considered, which take part in some 500+ reactions. Many of these species are extremely difficult to measure experimentally hence simulation is the only realistic means to gain an insight in to their production pathways. This project involves the development of an air plasma chemistry using either Matlab or Comsol. Suitable for: students with excellent Matlab/Comsol skills and a good understanding of numerical methods (to efficiently solve many ODEs). Supervisor: Dr J L Walsh (jlwalsh@liv.ac.uk)

F22 Modeling the flow from a plasma jet (S)
Recent work published by the Technological plasmas group (doi: 10.1088/0022-3727/46/5/052001) has demonstrated a link between the generation of a plasma in a gas channel and the rapid onset of turbulence. This project involves the use of commercial computational fluid dynamics software packages to model the flow of helium exiting a narrow capillary and extending in to the open air. The results from the model will be compared with those obtained using the Schlieren imaging facility in the Technological Plasmas laboratory. Suitable for: students with an interest in fluid dynamics; prior knowledge of Comsol/Fluent would be highly advantageous but not essential. Supervisor: Dr J L Walsh (jlwalsh@liv.ac.uk)

__________________________________________________________________________________ Band G High Frequency Engineering

G01/2 Development of RFID tags for indoor wireless positioning system (H & S)
GPS (Global Positioning System) is becoming an essential aid for our daily life. However it doesnt work for the indoor environment due to significant attenuation, poor signal to noise ratio and multipath effects. There is now a strong demand for indoor positioning systems. In our lab, a novel RFID based indoor positioning system has been developed. At the moment, the tags used are off-the-shelf commercial products which are not idea for this system. The tags for indoor application might be placed on different walls and ceilings (concrete, brick, wood, glass and even metal), and the radiation pattern at some locations should be omni-directional but at other locations may need to be unidirectional. This project is aimed at developing a number of tags which are optimized for different locations and wall materials. The student is expected to 1) investigate existing commercial RFID tags (mainly UHF ISM band, from 865 to 868 MHz in EU and from 902 to 928 in US); 2) understand their operational and design principles and 3) design and make the optimized RFID tags. Relevant design and simulation software will be provided and some hardware will need to be identified and purchased. Suitable for: 2 students who have a strong interest and solid foundation in RF engineering and wireless communications. One student is to work on omni-directional tags while the other student is to focus unidirectional tags. Supervisor: Prof Y Huang (Yi.Huang@liv.ac.uk)

G03/4

A mobile phone antenna for digital TV reception (H & S)

The mobile phone has now become an essential part of life. We carry and use it every day. It is not only for communications but also for other applications such as entertainment. Watching TV is also part of our life, but at the moment we are not able to watch TV on most mobile phones a main reason is that there is no efficient antenna small enough to fit into the mobile since the DTV frequency starts from about 470 MHz and the antennas size should be comparable with the wavelength (say about wavelength). The challenge is how to make the antenna broad-band, small but effective. Industrial standard design software will be made available to the project. The student is expected to design, make and test an antenna for this special application. Suitable for: 2 students who have a strong interest and solid foundation in RF engineering and wireless communications. Each student is expected to produce an independent design and should select the optional module Antennas (ELEC312). Supervisor: Prof Y Huang (Yi.Huang@liv.ac.uk)

G05/6

Development of a wireless system for medical implant applications (H & S)

The design of implantable RF communication systems requires careful considerations of transceiver design, power consumption, and data integrity. The development of high-performance, low-power RF system will facilitate clinically significant improvements in healthcare for the development of the next generation of medical implants. The student is expected to review the current technology and develop part of the system, such as the antenna and the other required components (such as a Zarlinks chip) may be purchased from the market. Suitable for: 2 students who have a strong interest and solid foundation in RF engineering and wireless communications. Supervisor: Prof Y Huang (Yi.Huang@liv.ac.uk)

G07

Power line condition monitoring (H & S)

Smart-grid is now a hot topic while the power line communications (PLC) is likely to be an essential part of it. For any communications systems, the signal to noise ratio (S/N, or SNR) is a KPI (key performance indicator). This project is aimed to develop a device to monitor the current and voltage noise in the EEE department building. Ideally the device should be linked to a computer to record the monitored current and voltage as a function of time which will then be post-processed. The results will be used for PLC system designs. Suitable for: Someone who is interested in hardware and understands how to link the hardware to a computer. Supervisor: Prof Y Huang (Yi.Huang@liv.ac.uk)

G08

Body antenna? (H & S)

It is well known that our body contains a lot of water and is relatively lossy. That is, our body is different from the surrounding material (air) thus it is possible to act as a dielectric or conducting antenna. This project is highly innovative and challenging: it is aimed to investigate the possibility of using our body as an antenna for a communication system. You need to identify which frequency range our body (our height is

from 1.50 to 2.00 m for example) is most suitable and how to be connected the body to a communications system. Some basic design, simulation and measurement should be conducted. Suitable for: Someone who likes challenging and has a solid foundation in applied electromagnetics. The student is expected to select the optional module Antennas (ELEC312). Supervisor: Prof Y Huang (Yi.Huang@liv.ac.uk) Ultra-wideband (UWB) communication systems are one of the next generation systems to meet the increasing demand in higher data rate for communication systems. Antenna is an important and essential device for such systems. This project will start from the basics by studying the bandwidth broadening techniques, and then work towards the aim: to design, simulate, make and measure some UWB antennas. Our lab has all the necessary simulation tools and test equipment for this challenging but interesting project. Suitable for: 2 students who should have a solid foundation in applied electromagnetics and communications. Each student is expected to produce an independent design and should select the optional module Antennas (ELEC312). Supervisor: Prof Y Huang (Yi.Huang@liv.ac.uk)

G09/10 Development of ultra-wideband antennas for wireless communication systems (H & S)

G11

How to make a single band antenna become multiband antenna (H & S)

Antennas are essential devices in any radio system which covers a wide range of applications: from radio communications to radar. In most antenna books, only single band antennas are introduced while in many modern devices (such as mobile phones) different frequency bands are used. A challenging question is how to make a multi-band antenna. This project is going to look into this question by starting from a single band antenna, and then step-by-step to make it a multi-band antenna. An anechoic chamber, simulation software, and a vector network analyser can be made available for this study. Suitable for: Someone with a strong interest in high frequency engineering and wireless systems. The student should select the optional module Antennas (ELEC312). Supervisor: Prof Y Huang (Yi.Huang@liv.ac.uk)

G12

Metal detector for location application (H & S)

Metal detectors are now widely available and can be purchased from online or shops. Their main function is to detect metal: hunt for lost items and hidden treasures! This project is aimed at a different application using such a system: locating a metal target without access. For example, sometimes we would like to locate a target behind a wall, but we cannot see the target. The student is expected to first understand the operational and design principle, and then identify the limitations of current commercial metal detectors. The final step is to improve or design a metal detector which can detect a small metal target at a reasonable distance behind a wall.

Suitable for: Someone who is interested in applied electromagnetics. Supervisor: Prof Y Huang (Yi.Huang@liv.ac.uk)

G13

Bulk permittivity of mixtures (H)

This project looks at the overall effect of combining different amounts of high permittivity material with a binder (such as epoxy resin) and examining the overall permittivity. The resultant material has the benefit that it can be shaped to whatever is required by the end user. This project will involve a mixture of practical and theoretical work as the samples will need to be fabricated and characterised by the student. Supervisor: Dr L Ridgway (lmr@liv.ac.uk)

G14

Investigation into the effect of surface roughness on measurements of bulk permittivity using the parallel plate capacitor method (H)
The parallel plate capacitor method to calculate the permittivity of bulk samples remains popular due to its inherent simplicity; a dielectric material is placed between two conductive plates. This project will investigate the effect of the surface roughness of a dielectric material upon the output measurement and will involve a mixture of practical and theoretical work. The project could potentially be extended to include the porosity of the material into the output.

Supervisor: Dr L Ridgway (lmr@liv.ac.uk)

G15

Wearable electronics Remote control of a robotic hand (H)

Flex sensors are strips of material with the property that bending alters their resistance. This project aims to utilise this property to allow remote control of a robotic hand via the flex sensors attached to the users hand. Work will involve selection of a suitable robot hand, designing a user interface and constructing and testing the system. This project is aimed primarily at Mechatronics and Robotics students (but also available to other degree programmes). Supervisor: Dr L Ridgway (lmr@liv.ac.uk)

G16

Wearable electronics Glove interface (H)

The aim of this project is to develop a glove which can be used to act as an interface to an electronic system using piezoelectric sensors. The movement of the hand in the glove will be detected and used to control electronic circuitry. Suitable sensors will need to be selected and tested and the system as a whole will need to be evaluated. Supervisor: Dr L Ridgway (lmr@liv.ac.uk)

G17

Wearable electronics Emergency alert system (H)

This project will develop an item of clothing embedded with sensors which could be used by people taking part in extreme sports to alert a nominated contact if the participant suffers an injury. The system should monitor the wearer so that it will send an alert if they loose

consciousness but should not be bulky or cumbersome. The system could also be extended to include the position of the wearer in the case of emergency. This project may be of particular interest to students studying Medical Electronics and Instrumentation, however is suitable to students on all degree programmes. Supervisor: Dr L Ridgway (lmr@liv.ac.uk)

G18

Brain wave detection for control of peripheral devices (H)

This project will use the commercially available Mindwave headset to monitor brainwaves as an input to a system. The aim of this project is to perform processing and produce an output which can be used as an input to electronic devices. This system has potential applications in communicating with people unable to move and also for control of systems by people who have lost the use of limbs. Supervisor: Dr L Ridgway (lmr@liv.ac.uk) Interactive wall (H) The aim of this project is to develop a wall which a child can interact with. It should be decorated so that the electronics required for the interaction are unobtrusive (for example, simple paper circuits with copper tape rather than wires) and have a variety of outputs such as movements, lights and sounds to stimulate the child as they interact with their environment. Artistic talent not required but would be helpful.

G19

Supervisor: Dr L Ridgway (lmr@liv.ac.uk)

G20

Automatic plant watering system (H)

The concept of an automatic plant watering system is a deceptively simple one! By the end of this project you will have designed a system which monitors the moisture level of the plant soil and supplies the correct amount of water. Attention must be paid to the safety issues of water and electronics and what will happen if the water supply reservoir runs dry. The final device should have a renewable energy supply which is not required to be connected to the mains supply. The project can be extended to incorporate a pH monitoring system for the soil. Supervisor: Dr L Ridgway (lmr@liv.ac.uk)

G21

Laser tweet (H)

This project requires both hardware and software skills to construct a laser system connected to an Arduino and programmed to display text selected from twitter using a hashtag. The student who takes up this project will have to be aware of the safety issues involved in using lasers and complete risk assessments during all stages of the project when appropriate. The system will be designed from the ground up, so electronic design and construction skills are essential. Supervisor: Dr L Ridgway (lmr@liv.ac.uk)

G22

Design and construction of a Vibrating Sample Magnoneter, VSM (H)

Vibrating Sample Magnometers are used to characterise the magnetic properties of materials and are used to produce the familiar magnetic hysteresis loop seen in textbooks. The goal of this project is to build a system which can be used to characterise a variety of materials. Excellent design and construction skills are mandatory for this project and an interest in electromagnetism is an advantage. Further reading is available on request.

Supervisor: Dr L Ridgway (lmr@liv.ac.uk)

G23

Development of an electronic tachometer (H)

Automotive electronics is an exciting area with the potential for the device developed in this project to be sold to the public. The goal is to develop an electronic tachometer (rev counter) which plugs into the cigarette lighter of a car. The system to be designed will take the electrical signal from the car alternator as an input and then output an electronic display for the engine revs. The student who takes up this project should have a through grasp of digital signal processing (including Fourier analysis) in addition to construction and testing skills. This project has been developed in conjunction with Advent Controls: http://www.adventcontrols.co.uk Supervisor: Dr L Ridgway (lmr@liv.ac.uk)

G24

Terahertz and Infrared Imaging: single pixel camera (R)

The terahertz (THz) region of the electromagnetic spectrum spans the frequency range between the mid infrared and the microwave (300GHz30THz). THz imaging can be used in surveillance, such as security screening, to uncover concealed weapons on a person or illicit drugs inside an envelope, remotely. The imaging acquisition rate is currently low as terahertz detector array is not readily available. This project is to study the feasibility of using single terahertz detector for fast imaging through imaging processing. Suitable for: students interested in obtaining hands-on experimental skills. Supervisor: Dr Y C Shen (ycshen@liv.ac.uk)

G25

Terahertz Pulsed Imaging: 3D image processing and volumetric visualization (S)

The terahertz (THz) region of the electromagnetic spectrum spans the frequency range between the mid infrared and the microwave (300GHz30THz). THz imaging can be used in surveillance, such as security screening, to uncover concealed weapons on a person or illicit drugs inside an envelope, remotely. In a typical terahertz pulsed imaging (TPI) measurement, a three-dimensional data cube is usually obtained. In this project the student will study how to process the 3D TPI data, and in particular, to explore volumetric visualization techniques to display the rich information of the 3D TPI data. Suitable for: students interested in obtaining advanced image processing and visualisation techniques (matlab skills are highly desirable). Supervisor: Dr Y C Shen (ycshen@liv.ac.uk)

G26

A webcam-based spectrometer (PC interface & algorithm) (S&H)

A typical spectrometer in visible, infrared or terahertz range is usually bulk and expensive. Recently with the advances in CCD technology, miniature spectrometers are available with a price tag below ten thousand pounds. On the other hand, with the mass production, a typical webcam (and mobile phone camera) costs only ten pounds. This project is to investigate the feasibility of using webcam as a spectrometer. The student will connect a webcam to a PC and develop algorithms to control/interface with the webcam. Suitable for: students with good programming skills (Matlab or C++). Supervisor: Dr Y C Shen (ycshen@liv.ac.uk)

G27

A webcam-based spectrometer (optics) (R)

A typical spectrometer in visible, infrared or terahertz range is usually bulk and expensive. Recently with the advances in CCD technology, miniature spectrometers are available with a price tag below ten thousand pounds. On the other hand, with the mass production, a typical webcam (and mobile phone camera) costs only ten pounds. This project is to investigate the feasibility of using webcam as a spectrometer. The student will design and build a demo spectrometer unit using off-the-shelf optics. Suitable for: students interested in obtaining hands-on experimental skills. Supervisor: Dr Y C Shen (ycshen@liv.ac.uk)

G28

A webcam-based indoor position tracking system (H)

Various techniques including GPS (Global positioning system), UBW (Ultra-wideband) microwave or even terahertz (THz) have been proposed for indoor position tracking and navigation application. There are strong interests and research activities to improve the reliability and position precision, and to reduce the overall cost. This project is to study the feasibility of using webcam (mobile phone camera), which is cheap and widely available owing to mass production, for indoor positioning applications. The student will be working on both experimental measurements and computer simulations to conclude the positioning precision of such a system. Suitable for: students with basic knowledge in optics and good programming skills (Matlab or C++). Supervisor: Dr Y C Shen (ycshen@liv.ac.uk)

G29

A webcam-based indoor position tracking system: image analysis automation (S&H)

Various techniques including GPS (Global positioning system), UBW (Ultra-wideband) microwave or even terahertz (THz) have been proposed for indoor position tracking and navigation application. There are strong interests and research activities to improve the reliability and position precision, and to reduce the overall cost. A webcam-based system (or mobile phone camera), which is much less expensive, has great potential for indoor positioning applications. In this project, the student will first take a series of images of a pre-defined pattern at various positions. The student will then implement algorithms for automatic analysis of the image pattern size. Suitable for: students with an interest in optics and spectrometers and has good programming skills (Matlab or C++). Supervisor: Dr Y C Shen (ycshen@liv.ac.uk) Advanced Lighting Control/Driver for high-power LED lighting (H) Industry interest in the light-emitting diode (LED) for a variety of lighting applications has accelerated in the past several years. LEDs are growing in popularity because they are following the major trends in the lighting industry, in which there is strong demand for lighting equipment that is getting smaller, smarter and more colourful. In this project we will develop advanced LED Control/Driver for maximising the peak power of a LED whilst minimising the heat generation. Suitable for: students with good experimental skills and Matlab programming skills. Supervisor: Dr Y C Shen (ycshen@liv.ac.uk)

G30

G31

A passive automobile collision warning system (S&H)

It is well-known that a certain safety distance while driving must be maintained between cars to avoid collisions. This is because the response of a driver to an emergency is limited by his natural physical condition and acquired driving skill. Currently, due to the development of anti- skid braking systems (ABS) the braking distance is effectively shortened. However, when a car reduces speed quickly, it is susceptible to collision in the rear by a car which is not equipped with an ABS. Many cars are installed with a third brake light at the rear window to improve the warning to the rear car driver. Nevertheless, collision accidents are likely to occur due to failure to maintain safety distances. Therefore, the development of a device which is able to provide the driver with accurate information on the front and rear safety distance becomes essential. The student will study the feasibility of using a camera (mobile phone or webcam) to develop a low cost and passive collision warning device.

Suitable for: students with good experimental &programming skills (Matlab/C++). Supervisor: Dr Y C Shen (ycshen@liv.ac.uk)

G32

Smart Phone for sound source localization: hardware (S&H)

Mobile phones are gaining popularity as sensing platforms. They already come with a set of built-in sensors, such as GPS, accelerometer and microphone, enabling interesting applications. Sound source localization is the method capable of estimating the direction/position of the detected sound signal. The built-in microphone of a mobile phone may not be able to support such an application because of the fact that the typical phone is carried in a pocket or bag shielding the microphone from the environment. In this project, we will study the feasibility of using smart phone for sound source localization, e.g., a mobile phone-based counter-sniper system. We will use an external acoustic sensor that interfaces with a mobile phone to support continuous monitoring of sounds in the environment. This project will focus on the hardware implementation, e.g., acoustic sensors, amplifier if needed, data acquisition, and basic signal processing. Suitable for: students with a keen interest in developing their experimental skills. Supervisor: Dr Y C Shen (ycshen@liv.ac.uk)

G33

Smart Phone for sound source localization: algorithm (S&H)

Mobile phones are gaining popularity as sensing platforms. They already come with a set of built-in sensors, such as GPS, accelerometer and microphone, enabling interesting applications. Sound source localization is the method capable of estimating the direction/position of the detected sound signal. The built-in microphone of a mobile phone may not be able to support such an application because of the fact that the typical phone is carried in a pocket or bag shielding the microphone from the environment. In this project, we will study the feasibility of using

smart phone for sound source localization, e.g., a mobile phone-based counter-sniper system. We will use an external acoustic sensor that interfaces with a mobile phone to support continuous monitoring of sounds in the environment. This project will focus on the software implementation, e.g., signal processing and efficient algorithms to determine the location of the sound source from the measured signal. Suitable for: students with good programming skills (Matlab or C++). Supervisor: Dr Y C Shen (ycshen@liv.ac.uk)

G34

Smart sensor system using a Raspberry PI single-board computer (S&H)

Raspberry Pi is a low-cost and low-power single board computer. In this project, you will use it to develop a smart sensor system capable of
recording and processing, for example, the temperature and audio information of an office area. Supervisor: Dr Y C Shen (ycshen@liv.ac.uk)

_________________________________________________________________________________________

Band H Digital and Embedded Systems

H01 Design and implementation of FPGA-based Fourier synthesiser kit (H)
The computing power, cost-effectiveness, simplicity and low power consumption of FPGAs have led to an increase in their use in developing systems that are analogue in nature or at least deals with analogue processes, like oscilloscopes, function generators and mutimeters. This project is aimed at designing and implementing a Fourier synthesiser kit that can be used in experiment to prove Fourier theorem. The kit should be able to provide 10 different sinusoidal harmonics, from 1 kHz to 10 kHz, with amplitude range from 0 to 5 V. The phase of the o o o o sinusoidal component should be selected to be either 0 , 90 , 180 or 270 . With the aid of an external oscilloscope, each individual component (harmonic) or the sum of all the harmonics can be viewed. Suitable for: Someone interested in FPGAs, Verilog HDL and electronic circuits. Supervisor: Ali Al-Ataby (aliataby@liv.ac.uk)

H02/3

Developing applications on Apple devices (iPhone, iPad) using Objective-C programming language two projects (S)
This project is aimed at developing a certain application on Apple devices (iPhone and/or iPad) using Objective-C programming language. The application could be a game or a utility that is helpful in the area of education. It could be left to students to choose. Suitable for: Someone interested in developing applications for Apple devices using Objective-C programming. Supervisor: Ali Al-Ataby (aliataby@liv.ac.uk)

H04

Foreground object detection algorithm for surveillance videos (S)

The security surveillance systems are being used enormously worldwide and their deployment is increasing at a high rate. Surveillance videos convey information for specific events when the events are present in the video otherwise the video has no special information to convey. One of the major events is the presence of different objects like human/cars etc. In this project, state-of-the-art techniques for object detection (like particle filter, mean-shift filter..etc) will be investigated and some of them will be implemented to get experimental comparison. The possibility of implementing these techniques on a hardware basis (using FPGAs for example) will be assessed as well. Suitable for: Someone interested in image/video processing, MATLAB and FPGAs. Supervisor: Ali Al-Ataby (aliataby@liv.ac.uk)

H05

Implementation of edge detection algorithms on FPGAs (H)

Video and image processing typically require very high computational power. Given the increasing processing demands, the parallel processing capabilities of Altera programmable logic devices (PLDs) make them an attractive implementation option for highly repetitive tasks found in video and imaging functions. Instead of using multiple programmable digital signal processors, a single FPGA with an embedded Nios II processor can deliver the requisite level of computing power more cost-effectively, while simplifying board complexity. This project is aimed at implementing edge detection algorithms using FPGAs. Suitable for: Someone interested in FPGAs, Verilog HDL, image processing and MATLAB. Supervisor: Ali Al-Ataby (aliataby@liv.ac.uk)

H06

Design of digital multimeter using AVR microcontrollers (H)

The project is aimed at building a measurement circuit to measure the main electrical quantities which are the voltage, resistance and capacitance by using the AVR microcontroller (ATEMEGA-8 or 16). Three different circuits will be interfaced with the microcontroller to achieve this task. The microcontroller will be programmed using C language and the written code is meant to control the communication between the microcontroller and the external circuits. An analogue-to-digital converter (ADC) is needed since there is an interaction between digital and analogue worlds and for that purpose the built-in ADC on the microcontroller will be used. The measured values of the three quantities should be shown on a display and for that purpose the 1602 character LCD will be used. Suitable for: Someone interested in microcontrollers, digital design and electronic circuits. Supervisor: Ali Al-Ataby (aliataby@liv.ac.uk)

H07

Design and implementation of a digital oscilloscope using AVR microcontrollers (H)

This project is aimed at designing a digital oscilloscope based on the AVR microcontroller and display the output on a graphical LCD (GLCD). For that purpose, a PC, an AVR microcontroller development board and GLCD are needed. The AVR microcontroller development board will be interfaced with the PC, and it will be programmed using the AVR Studio-5 software packages by writing C code. The GLCD will be connected to the AVR microcontroller to show the output waveform. A laboratory function generator will be used to input different waveforms to the AVR microcontroller for processing, and an oscilloscope will be used for comparison purposes. Suitable for: Someone interested in microcontrollers, digital design and electronic circuits. Supervisor: Ali Al-Ataby (aliataby@liv.ac.uk)

H08

Design and implementation of a direct digital synthesiser (DDS) on FPGAs (H)

A DDS is a device that generates a waveform (electric signal) according to a given frequency. The main task of this project is to generate sine, square and triangular waves. A 4 x 4 matrix keypad will be used to enter the information (type of the required waveform, frequency and amplitude). Therefore, a keypad scanner (digital circuitry) will be required. The identified variables (the input) via keypad will be fed into registers (an input RAM) accordingly. The output of the input RAM will manipulate the main controller to generate the digital representation of the desired waveform. This signal will then pass through an 8-bit DAC creating the analogue waveform. Afterwards a LPF will be used to enhance the analogue signal. The digital circuitry on the FPGA will be programmed in Verilog HDL codes. Simulations will be done using Quartus II software tools. Outputs of the DDS will be monitored by a digital oscilloscope. Further advancements will be considered. Suitable for: Someone interested in FPGAs, Verilog HDL, digital design and electronic circuits. Supervisor: Ali Al-Ataby (aliataby@liv.ac.uk)

H09

Robust and high-capacity image Steganography using Wavelet/Curvelet transforms (S)

Steganography is the art and science of concealing information in unremarkable cover media so as not to arouse an eavesdroppers suspicion. It is an application that is classified under information security. Today, computer and network technologies provide easy-to-use communication channels for steganography. The aim of this project is to propose a robust and high-capacity image steganography technique that depends on Wavelet\Curvelet transforms with acceptable levels of imperceptibility and distortion in the cover image and high level of overall security. Suitable for: Someone interested in image/video processing, Matlab and C/C++. Supervisor: Ali Al-Ataby (aliataby@liv.ac.uk)

H10

Graffiti interpretation using Support Vector Machines (S)

The aim of this project is to recognise handwritten (or symbols) graffiti using support vector machines. Different types of support vector machines, i.e., support vector classifiers and support vector regressors will be employed to construct the graffiti interpreters. Based on the optimisation theory, with the sampled points of the graffiti, the optimal parameters of the support vector machines will be determined. The graffiti interpreters will be implemented by MATLAB and the performances will be investigated through computer simulations. Suitable for: Someone interested in image processing and mobile robotics. Supervisor: Ali Al-Ataby (aliataby@liv.ac.uk)

H11

Student proposed project (H)

Open for discussion with students, using one or more of the technologies mentioned in below, areas like automation (home or industrial), mobile electronics, biomedical electronics, PC peripheral/interfacing or any related areas.

Suitable for: Someone interested in FPGAs/ARM Microprocessor/ATMEGA electronic circuits. Supervisor: Ali Al-Ataby (aliataby@liv.ac.uk)

H12

Survey Toolbox (S)

The aim of this project is to design and develop a toolkit for the gathering and processing of data. Enabling the creation of open/closed surveys, participation administration, email invitations and basic statistics, opinions could be analysed and viewed in different ways, as well as sharing and collecting information through social network applications.

Suitable for: Someone interested in web application development and related programming languages. Supervisor: Jane Bainbridge (jlb@liv.ac.uk).

H13

Biometric Attendance System (S + H)

The aim of this project is to develop a system to monitor student attendance through biometric data, ie. fingerprints, as opposed to using a barcode reader to scan individuals ID cards. The system will consist of a web platform with varied user privileges and be capable of recording and reporting individuals attendance data, along with other relevant functionality.

Suitable for: Someone interested in web application development and related programming languages. Supervisor: Jane Bainbridge (jlb@liv.ac.uk).

H14

Self-Indexing Secure Document Archive (S)

This project is to develop an online interface to a desktop document repository for use within a working group. The web-based application should allow http and ftp access to the document archive and maintain a searchable index, providing a user-friendly interface and a customisable report of results.

Suitable for: Someone interested in web application development and related programming languages. Supervisor: Jane Bainbridge (jlb@liv.ac.uk).

H15

Interactive web-based stock management system (S)

This project aims to develop a web-based interactive system to facilitate the management of stock levels and inventory records in a small organization. The system will consist of a user-friendly interface which calls on a backend database, allowing for stock entry management, scheduling, messaging, status indicators, and other relevant functionality.

Suitable for: Someone interested in web application development and related programming languages. Supervisor: Jane Bainbridge (jlb@liv.ac.uk)

H16

Student Proposed Project (S)

This project is open for discussion with the supervisor and will involve the design and development of a system related to web programming and/or mobile phone application development. The skilled student can choose and define the deliverables of the project with the supervisor. Suitable for: Someone interested in web application development and related programming languages. Supervisor: Jane Bainbridge (jlb@liv.ac.uk).

H17

A very high performance biosignal amplifier and A-to-D for characterizing visual impairment (H)
This project has been proposed by senior staff in the Dept. of Medical Physics and Clinical Engineering. The device will contribute to ophthalmic electrodiagnostic work which the department uses to diagnose many of the diseases which cause sight loss or total blindness. If the device is successful, it will provide an extremely valuable addition to the techniques used everyday in clinical service in the Royal Liverpool Hospital. The student will be well supported by academic, Clinical Scientist and technical staff in the Dept. of Medical Physics and Clinical Engineering. The amplifier will have a very high performance (high CMRR, high gain and very low noise) to detect and characterize the minute electrical signals arising from the eyes and from the brain in response to visual light stimuli. The analogue-to-digital converter should use at least 20 bits. The Dept. of Medical Physics and Clinical Engineering will be responsible for detailing the exact specification with particular attention being given to the challenges of Patient Electrical Safety.

Supervisor: Dr J S Marsland (marsland@liv.ac.uk)

H18

Bat detector design, build and test (H)

Bats use ultrasound to find their prey by echolocation. A bat detector detects this ultrasound signal and converts it into a signal that is audible to human beings to be transmitted by a loudspeaker. Frequency shifting of the signal can be realized by heterodyning. Commercial kits are available but this project requires a complete design and build from first principles. The device should be battery powered and hand- held.

H19

Supervisor: Dr J S Marsland (marsland@liv.ac.uk)

Sun tracker design, build and test (H)

The efficiency of solar cells (photovoltaic arrays) is optimized when the direction of the Sun is orthogonal to the surface of the solar cell. This project will design, build and test a device that will turn a solar cell to point directly towards the Sun. Programmable hardware (such as a PIC or Raspberry Pi) will calculate the required angles based upon an input from a GPS module and will provide outputs to two stepper motors which will turn the solar cell in both horizontal and vertical directions. The power output from the moving solar cell will be measured and compared to a static solar cell.

Supervisor: Dr J S Marsland (marsland@liv.ac.uk)

H20

Fragile, handle with care (H)

This project will design, build and test a device for measuring vibrations inside an envelope or parcel (labeled fragile, handle with care) that is delivered by the postal service. The device will use programmable hardware, such as a PIC or Raspberry Pi, which will take inputs from a piezoelectric sensor and a GPS module, and will record the strength of vibration and location where the vibration occurred on a memory card. This information will be downloaded from the memory card to a computer after the envelope or parcel has reached the destination address. The device will need to be small, lightweight and battery powered and should be tested by sending it in the Royal Mail post. Supervisor: Dr J S Marsland (marsland@liv.ac.uk)

H21

Demonstration of electrical concepts for use in schools (H)

This project will design, build and test some simple devices that can be used to demonstrate electrical concepts for school students (aged 11 to 18). These simple devices can include, but are not limited to, shaker flashlights, salt water battery power and an incandescent light demo. The demonstration kits should be cheap, robust and easy to assemble by a student and/or teacher. Supporting material must be produced, including easy to follow assembly instructions and powerpoint presentations with animation explaining the relevant electrical concepts. Supervisor: Dr J S Marsland (marsland@liv.ac.uk)

H22

Photodiode testing system (H)

This project will design, build and integrate the optical, electromechanical and electronic elements of a system for testing avalanche photodiodes (APDs) by detecting the very small voltage signals produced by the APD in response to a light signal. These elements will include a stable light source (possibly a laser pointer) and a mechanical chopper to modulate the light beam. The chopper disc will be rotated by a motor with variable speed control and a reference signal will be generated by an LDR coupled with an LED. The reference signal, which is in phase with the test signal from the APD, will feed into a lock-in amplifier which uses phase sensitive detection to extract weak modulated signals from a noisy background. The main difficulty of this project will be to exclude ambient light from the system.

Suitable for: Someone with good practical/measurement skills. Supervisor: Dr J S Marsland (marsland@liv.ac.uk)

H23

Measurement of periodic photodiode breakdown (H)

Avalanche photodiodes (APDs) have a characteristic breakdown voltage in reverse bias above which the steady state current is limited only by the external resistance. APDs can be biased above the breakdown voltage for very short periods of time whilst the avalanche current increases. This project will use a bias tee circuit to combine DC and AC voltages that, when applied to the APD, will drive the APD into reverse breakdown once per period of the AC component. Then the time dependence of the avalanche current will be measured using an oscilloscope at the highest frequency range allowed by the system. The main challenges of this project are (i) high frequency operation and (ii) controlling the light incident on the APD and excluding ambient light sources. If the light incident on the APD can be reduced to very low levels then it may be possible to bias the APD continuously above the breakdown voltage and operate in so-called photon counting mode. Suitable for: Someone with good practical/measurement skills. Supervisor: Dr J S Marsland (marsland@liv.ac.uk) Image processing of medical images (S) The enhancement of medical images, either X-ray or CT scans, can greatly assist in the diagnosis of certain medical conditions. This project will use MATLAB to process images of endovascular stents used in the treatment of aortic aneurysms. The database of images has been provided through a collaboration with a Consultant Radiologist working at the Royal Liverpool Hospital and a researcher in the University Department of Medical Imaging. Suitable for: Someone with a good knowledge of Matlab. Supervisor: Dr J S Marsland (marsland@liv.ac.uk)

H24

H25

Training spiking neural networks with limited precision (S)

Neural network based systems have a huge potential for solving complex problems by mimicking the processes of the human brain. Electronic hardware neural networks need to store a weight value for each synapse and for a neural network that is a small fraction of the size of a human brain there can be millions of synapses. Traditionally the synaptic weight is a continuous numerical value (floating point) but there are big advantages to be realized if integer values can be used. This project will continue ongoing research on training spiking neural networks with limited precision weights and delays. Suitable for: Someone with a good knowledge of Matlab. Supervisor: Dr J S Marsland (marsland@liv.ac.uk)

H26

Digital hardware design for neural networks with limited precision (H)
This project is linked to the previous project but will consider how to design spiking neural networks with limited precision weights and delays in digital hardware using FPGA. Suitable for: Someone with a good knowledge of programming Altera FPGA boards preferable should be doing module ELEC373 Digital System Design. Supervisor: Dr J S Marsland (marsland@liv.ac.uk)

H27 Excess noise factor in avalanche photodiode (S)

Internal gain in semiconductor diodes can be produced by the process of avalanche multiplication where a carrier is accelerated in an electric field until it has sufficient energy to create an electron-hole pair (impact ionization). These secondary carriers can also create more carriers - hence avalanche. This gain is used in devices such as photodiodes to amplify very small signals. However it is a random process that can produce noise. This project will use an existing MATLAB programme to calculate the excess noise factor for a variety of electric field strengths, diode lengths and other parameters. The project is strongly related to research undertaken in the Department that has shown that the excess noise can be significantly reduced by something called the dead space effect. Suitable for: Someone with an interest in semiconductor physics and research. Knowledge of MATLAB is essential. Supervisor: Dr J S Marsland (marsland@liv.ac.uk)

H28 Simultaneous Location and mapping (SLAM) using Microsoft Kinect (H)
Identification of a mobile robots position and also the layout of the environment is a key issue in developing mobile robotics systems that can autonomously navigate themselves from A to B. To achieve this Simultaneous Location and Mapping (SLAM) systems are required that can infer the current location of the system and also update the internal map based upon the data received. This project aims to use a Microsoft Kinect sensor to obtain range images which are then used in a SLAM system. Suitable for: Someone with an interest in image processing and mobile robotics. Supervisor: Prof J S Smith (j.s.smith@liv.ac.uk)

H29 Mobile robot control using Android (H)

Mobile phones and tablets running the Android operating system provide significant processing power and sensors for relatively low cost. Typical sensors would include, video camera, GPS position, Compass, accelerometers and inclinometers. Additionally they include good connectivity via Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, 2G and 3G. This project will develop software on the android platform to allow control of a small mobile platform. Suitable for: Someone with an interest in image processing and mobile robotics. Supervisor: Prof J S Smith (j.s.smith@liv.ac.uk)

H30 CAN to Ethernet Gateway (H)

The Controller Area Network (CAN) is used in many automation and robotic systems to allow the interconnection of actuators and sensors. This project aims to develop a CAN to Ethernet Gateway to allow control of CAN systems from the Internet and also to allow data from the CAN devices to be displayed on a web browser. Suitable for: Someone with an interest in networking and microcontrollers. Supervisor: Prof J S Smith (j.s.smith@liv.ac.uk)

H31 Cartesian Robot Controller (R)

There are a number of operating systems for controlling multitasking robotics systems including; This project aims to use ROS the Robot Operating System to develop a robot controller for a Cartesian robot. Suitable for: Someone with an interest in robotics and microcontrollers. Supervisor: Prof J S Smith (j.s.smith@liv.ac.uk)

H32 Video image acquisition and processing using FPGAs (H)

This project aims to implement low level image processing algorithms in digital hardware. A digital design will be implemented to use the Altera DE2 board to capture an image which will then be processed. The results from the low level routines will then be analysed and displayed. An external illumination system will integrated to the system to allow short shutter speed acquisition. Suitable for: Someone with an interest in digital design and image processing. Supervisor: Prof J S Smith (j.s.smith@liv.ac.uk)

H33 Finding ground truth disparity using a laser range finder system (H)
This project aims to develop a laser range finder system to measure the ground truth disparity for stereoscopic images. A pair of stereoscopic images and the ground truth will provide a benchmark stereo dataset for stereoscopic vision research. Suitable for: Someone with an interest in image processing. Supervisor: Prof J S Smith (j.s.smith@liv.ac.uk)

H34

Integrating OpenCV with ROS (H)

OpenCV is widely used for image processing research, it contains extensive libraries to allow the rapid development of image processing algorithms from single or multiple cameras. This project will aim to develop an infra-structure to allow OpenCV to be integrated with ROS so that the results from the image processing can be used to control the robot. Suitable for: Someone with an interest in image processing. Supervisor: Prof J S Smith (j.s.smith@liv.ac.uk)

H35 Controlling a 6 axis manipulator with ROS (H)

This project will integrate a Hitachi 6 axis industrial robot with the ROS operating system to allow the robot to be controlled within the ROS Environment. Suitable for: Someone with an interest in robotics. Supervisor: Prof J S Smith (j.s.smith@liv.ac.uk)

H36 An inertial navigation sensor (H)

This project aims to develop an inertial navigation sensor that will be supplemented with the input from a 3 axis magnetometer. MEMS devices have allowed the development of accurate and low cost accelerometers and gyroscopes. This project will integrate the data from a 3 axis gyro, a 3 axis accelerometer and a 3 axis magnetometer to estimate the position and orientation of the sensor system. Suitable for: Someone with an interest in robotics. Supervisor: Prof J S Smith (j.s.smith@liv.ac.uk)

H37 Accurate disparity map determination from stereoscopic images (H)

This project aims to develop a stereo matching global algorithm to calculate accurate disparity maps. Disparity maps provide depth information of scenery. They are widely used in many applications, such as 3D stereo display, robotics vision, virtual reality training, architecture 3D modelling etc. Suitable for: Someone with an interest in image processing. Supervisor: Prof J S Smith (j.s.smith@liv.ac.uk)

H38

Gaze tracking using a webcam (H)

This project will develop a gaze tracking system simply using a webcam. Gaze tracking can be widely applied in gaze-controlled PC, gaze- controlled robots, etc. Suitable for: BEng or MEng students. Individual project for someone with an interest in image processing. Supervisor: Prof J S Smith (j.s.smith@liv.ac.uk)

H38

Gaze tracking using a webcam (H)

This project will develop a gaze tracking system simply using a webcam. Gaze tracking can be widely applied in gaze-controlled PC, gaze- controlled robots, etc. Suitable for: Someone with an interest in image processing. Supervisor: Prof J S Smith (j.s.smith@liv.ac.uk)

H39

Direct eye contact video conferencing (H)

Video conferencing has problems as there is seldom direct eye contact, as cameras are not located in the middle of the computer screen. This project will develop a virtual camera located in the screen to make video conferencing with direct eye to eye contact possible. Suitable for: Someone with an interest in image processing. Supervisor: Prof J S Smith (j.s.smith@liv.ac.uk)

H40

Real time stereo matching using FPGAs (H)

The aim of this project is to implement stereo matching algorithms in FPGAs to generate disparity maps in real time. A hardware digital design will be implemented to process a pair of stereoscopic images and produce a disparity map, i.e. 3D depth information. Suitable for: Someone with an interest in image processing and digital design. Supervisor: Prof J S Smith (j.s.smith@liv.ac.uk)

H41

Sensor Networking (H)

The aim of this project is to develop a sensor network using the ZigBee communications modules and analyse their performance. The system will be targeted at monitoring the temperature of a domestic house and controlling the heating to ensure that a comfortable environment is maintained. Suitable for: Someone with an interest in digital design and communications. Supervisor: Prof J S Smith (j.s.smith@liv.ac.uk)

H42 Near Field Communications (H)

The aim of this project is to evaluate the performance of Near Field Communications in embedded systems. A demonstration system will be constructed and its performance for medical diagnostic applications will be evaluated. Suitable for: Someone with an interest in digital design and communications. Supervisor: Prof J S Smith (j.s.smith@liv.ac.uk)

H43 An ARM based biosignal control and communication system for characterizing visual impairment (H)
This project has been proposed by senior staff in the Dept. of Medical Physics and Clinical Engineering. The device will contribute to ophthalmic electrodiagnostic work used to diagnose many of the diseases which cause sight loss or total blindness. If the device is successful, it will provide an extremely valuable addition to the techniques used everyday in clinical service in the Royal Liverpool Hospital. The student will be well supported by academic, Clinical Scientist and technical staff in the Dept. of Medical Physics and Clinical Engineering. An ARM microprocessor will be used for the control and communication of signals that arise from the eyes and from the brain in response to visual light stimuli. The microprocessor will also trigger the light stimuli at a frequency selected by a clinician. The input to the system will come

from an A-to-D converter which is the responsibility of another final year project. The system will communicate with a PC over WiFi and/or Bluetooth and the PC will provide a graphical display of the measured signals. Suitable for: Someone with an interest in digital design and embedded systems. Supervisor: Prof J S Smith (j.s.smith@liv.ac.uk) ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Band I Machine Learning/AI and Machine Vision

I1

Biomechanical motion capture using Microsoft Kinect controller (H) This project aims to develop a novel use of the Microsoft Kinect console controller. The specific application is yet to be decided, but is
expected to involve extensive C# programming. Supervisor: Dr Al-Nuaimy (wax@liv.ac.uk)

I2

Automatic segmentation of borehole camera images (S)

In this project, 360-degree panoramic images taken by a borehole camera are to be analysed and segmented to delineate different layers of rock. The suggested approach is to use visual texture discriminators to distinguish between the different layers. The work is expected to be carried out in Matlab. Supervisor: Dr Al-Nuaimy (wax@liv.ac.uk)

I3

Automatic detection of rail track features in ground-penetrating radar data (S)

This project attempts to automatically identify a number of surface features in radar taken from a moving train. The different surface features display a number of unique target signatures in the radar images, and extensive pattern recognition will be required to automatically identify them. The work is expected to be carried out in Matlab, of which a working knowledge is expected. Supervisor: Dr Al-Nuaimy (wax@liv.ac.uk)

I4

Development of a communications experiment on a tablet computer (S)

This project involves developing a new undergraduate laboratory experiment on AM/FM modulation using an iPad as the main interface with the student. The project will involve Objective C programming, and some hardware development (mainly for interfacing), as well as authoring a lab script, complete with (interactive) items of assessment. Supervisor: Dr Al-Nuaimy (wax@liv.ac.uk)

I5

Development of a feedback control experiment on a tablet computer (H)

This project involves developing a new undergraduate laboratory experiment on feedback control using an iPad as the main interface with the student. The project will involve Objective C programming, and some hardware development, as well as authoring a lab script, complete with interactive items of assessment. Supervisor: Dr Al-Nuaimy (wax@liv.ac.uk)

I6

Comparison of performance of two gaze-tracking systems (H)

This project involves developing a number of protocols and experiments that can be used to characterise the performance of a gaze-tracker. These tests will then be used to quantify and benchmark the performance of three gaze trackers: a low-cost webcam-based tracker, a medium-cost dual-LED system, and a high-end system. Supervisor: Dr Al-Nuaimy (wax@liv.ac.uk)

I7

Activity monitoring of fish in a tank (S)

This project, in partnership with the Veterinary Science Department, involves the analysis of multi-source sensor data (mainly video) of fish swimming in a tank, for the purpose of monitoring and analyzing the behavior of fish subject to different conditions and stimuli. This is a practical project, but the majority of the work will be carried out in software (image analysis and pattern recognition), for which a working knowledge of MATLAB is desireable.

Supervisor: Dr Al-Nuaimy (wax@liv.ac.uk)

I8

Registration of corneal microscope images (S)

This is a variation of the familiar image registration problem. The project involves analysis of a number of biomedical images of the cornea taken at different depths from a corneal microscope, in order to determine which of the images might be looking at the same areas and would hence have some overlap. Image processing is involved, most likely using Matlab.

Supervisor: Dr Al-Nuaimy (wax@liv.ac.uk)

I9

Raspberry Pi development: wireleless control (H)

Raspberry Pi is a low-cost single-board ARM Linux computer with advanced graphics and networking capabilities. The primary interest for this project is to develop a wireless control protocol to enable remote control of the main RP functionality. The project will involve some interfacing and networking, but mainly require programming (Python, Perl or C). Supervisor: Dr Al-Nuaimy (wax@liv.ac.uk) (assistance from P Watkinson)

I10 Raspberry Pi development: interfacing (co-supervised with Prof S Taylor) (H)

Raspberry Pi is a low-cost single-board ARM Linux computer with advanced graphics and networking capabilities. The primary interest for this project is to develop protocols for interfacing with laboratory equipment/instrumentation, for data logging and transmission. The project will involve some interfacing and networking, but mainly require programming (Python, Perl or C). Supervisor: Dr Al-Nuaimy (wax@liv.ac.uk) (assistance from P Watkinson)

I11

Anomalous behavior detection using multiple video cameras (H)

This project involves the fusion of data from multiple video surveillance cameras for the analysis of a complex scene to identify and recognize anomalous behavior patterns. This is a practical project, but the work will involve extensive image and pattern recognition, for which a working knowledge of MATLAB will be very useful. Supervisor: Dr Al-Nuaimy (wax@liv.ac.uk)

I12

Spatial modeling using augmented reality on a smartphone (H)

Inspired by recent project to create a virtual (AR) TARDIS and using AR for novel digital airbrushing, this project aims to explore similar novel AR possibilities using a smartphone interface. The exact scope of the project is open for discussion, and student ideas are welcome. This is a practical project, but requires substantial hardware development in more than one language, and the learning curve is likely to be rather steep. Supervisor: Dr Al-Nuaimy (wax@liv.ac.uk)

I13

Pain relief device using a smartphone (H)

This project will investigate implementing a TENS (Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation) device using a smartphone for the main electronics and user interface. Such devices use bursts of electric current to stimulate the nerves for therapeutic purposes, mainly pain relief. This project will NOT involve testing the device, but will investigate the feasibility of implementing such a device based around smartphone hardware. Supervisor: Dr Al-Nuaimy (wax@liv.ac.uk)

I14

Face recognition using Machine Learning / A.I. (S)

The project will design and implement an artificial intelligence algorithm, such as a neural network, component analysis or protective transform for automated recognition of human faces or expressions. Such algorithms are based on mathematical models that process the face image information content to classify faces. A web-cam based demonstration prototype could be constructed at the end of the project. Supervisor: Dr J Y Goulermas (goulerma@liv.ac.uk)

I15

Chinese character recognition using Machine Learning / A.I. (S)

The project will design and implement an intelligent algorithm, such as a neural network, discriminant analysis or fuzzy logic, for automated recognition of complex handwriting. Such algorithms are based on mathematical models that extract letter and shape features to construct internal representations for robust recognition of handwritten symbols despite human variability. Supervisor: Dr J Y Goulermas (goulerma@liv.ac.uk)

I16

Neural Networks for time-series prediction (S)

Neural networks are distributed models that mimic biological brains. They are able to perform very powerful tasks, such as function approximation from sample data points. There are different types of neural networks that differ in the model, learning ability and task. This project will involve the design and implementation of a neural network models applied to time-series analysis for the financial sector, or environmental, medical, etc. Supervisor: Dr J Y Goulermas (goulerma@liv.ac.uk)

I17

Image segmentation using unsupervised machine learning (S)

Image segmentation is the separation of an image to regions of pixels with similar colour and scene properties. Examples of segmented image regions include a tiger, trees, a table or a car. This project will design and implement image analysis or clustering algorithms to achieve accurate and automated image segmentation. Supervisor: Dr J Y Goulermas (goulerma@liv.ac.uk)

I18

Student proposed project in pattern recognition, A.I. , image analysis, or computer vision (S)
This project is open for discussion with the supervisor and will involve implementation of a system related to one of the following exciting topics: image processing, neural networks, fuzzy logic, discriminant analysis or any other artificial intelligence topic. Also, any application area can be chosen, such as biomedical engineering, the financial sector, power, automotive or entertainment. The details of the project must be discussed with the supervisor.

Supervisor: Dr J Y Goulermas (goulerma@liv.ac.uk)

I19

Genetic algorithms for image processing (S)

Genetic algorithms or evolutionary programming are a class of algorithms that mimic the natural evolution of biological species, DNA interaction and species behaviour. The project will design and build one of these bio-inspired algorithms in any programming language the student decides, to solve one of the following problems: edge detection in images, object detection, or image scene classification. Supervisor: Dr J Y Goulermas (goulerma@liv.ac.uk)

I20

Detection of geometric shapes in images (S)

A natural 3D scene is composed of objects which are built by simpler geometric shapes, such as spheres, parallelepipeds, cylinders, etc. Their projection on a 2D image produces even simpler structures, such as ellipses, lines, circles, etc. This project will involve the implementation of well-known methods (such as template matching, Hough transforms, A.I. etc.) for detection of 2D shapes, under translation, scale and rotation invariance. Supervisor: Dr J Y Goulermas (goulerma@liv.ac.uk)

I21

Bioinformatics using machine learning techniques (S)

In the area of bioinformatics, datasets of very large number of samples and dimensionalities are typically collected. One of the challenges is to collect the samples into separate groups of similar properties. The student will implement and compare different clustering algorithms using real-world datasets from the field of bioinformatics, biomechanics or biomedical engineering. Supervisor: Dr J Y Goulermas (goulerma@liv.ac.uk)

I22

Intelligent game playing on an iPhone (S)

The project will involve the programming of a computer game, such as Sudoku, Connect-4, Reversi, or any other game the student wishes on an Apple iPhone using Xcode and Objective C. The construction of this game will involve graphics programming and intelligent algorithms. Supervisor: Dr J Y Goulermas (goulerma@liv.ac.uk)

I23

Clinical engineering application on an iPhone for eye treatment (S)

This project will be in collaboration with the Department of Medical Physics & Clinical Engineering. It will involve the design and implementation of an iPhone application to facilitate Matlab automation across the Internet. The software will utilise eye anatomy and treatment information across the Internet. The software will utilize eye anatomy and treatment information to perform calculations necessary for eye-tumour radiotherapy treatment. This application may have immediate use in hospitals world-wide. Supervisor: Dr J Y Goulermas (goulerma@liv.ac.uk)

I24

Clinical engineering application on a mobile device for eye diagnosis (S)

This project will be in collaboration with the Department of Medical Physics & Clinical Engineering. It will involve the design and implementation of an iPhone application to facilitate Matlab automation across the Internet. The software will translate the www.strabnet.com web GUI developed for the differential diagnosis of strabismus (eye squint) into a iPhone, iPad and Android-type app. StrabNet uses the MatSOAP environment to implement an artificial neural network solution written in Matlab. A particularly challenging feature of the mobile application will be the design of the machine interface. This application may have immediate use in hospitals world- wide. Supervisor: Dr J Y Goulermas (goulerma@liv.ac.uk)

I25

Automatic document categorization using artificial intelligence (S)

Document categorisation is one of the most important information management tasks in text mining. It automatically assigns text documents to one or more predefined categories based on their content. This project will design and implement artificial intelligence algorithms for document categorisation, such as vector space model for feature extraction, latent semantic analysis for dimensionality reduction, and k- nearest neighbour for classification. Supervisor: Dr T Mu (t.mu@liv.ac.uk)

I26

Search results clustering for text information retrieval (S)

Search results clustering is an important information management task in text mining and information retrieval. It first groups semantically related fragments of documents retrieved by a search engine, then summarises the content of each group with comprehensible and succinct text descriptive labels. This project will design and implement clustering and content summarisation algorithms for search results clustering, such as descriptive k-means clustering, concept-driven clustering. Supervisor: Dr T Mu (t.mu@liv.ac.uk)

I27

Hidden topic discovery from articles using machine learning (S)

Automatic discovery of hidden topics from articles is an important task in computational linguistic and artificial intelligence. It automatically discovers the meaning in text based on words. The discovered topic captures what an article is about. The project will design and implement machine learning algorithms for topic modelling, such as latent semantic analysis, k-means clustering, based on the word counts computed from given articles. Supervisor: Dr T Mu (t.mu@liv.ac.uk)

I28

Clinical trial analysis using machine learning (S)

This project will design and implement machine learning algorithm for clinical trial analysis, aiming at discovery of connections and distinctions between different diseases, also possible symptoms and treatments. Such algorithms process the word and phrase counts computed from the main text bodies of the clinical trials. Either classification or clustering models can be used to perform the analysis. Supervisor: Dr T Mu (t.mu@liv.ac.uk)

I29

Large-scale feature analysis in computational linguistic (S)

Analysing large number, high redundancy and noise of linguistic features is always a very important task in natural language processing. This project will design, implement and compare dimensionality reduction algorithms for efficient large-scale linguistic feature analysis, such as latent semantic analysis, principal component analysis, and empirical kernel mapping. Supervisor: Dr T Mu (t.mu@liv.ac.uk)

I30

Traffic prediction using supervised learning techniques (S)

Automatic traffic prediction is a fundamental and important problem in intelligent transportation systems. This project will design, implement and compare supervised algorithms for traffic prediction, such as current-travel-time prediction, historical mean prediction, and regression analysis based on delay embedding. Supervisor: Dr T Mu (t.mu@liv.ac.uk)

I31

Computer-aided breast cancer detection using machine learning (S)

Computer-aided breast cancer detection automatically recognises breast abnormalities without any input from human experts/doctors. This is achieved by applying machine learning algorithms to numerical features that describe important characteristics of breast masses. This project will design and implement machine learning algorithms for diagnosing breast cancer, such as genetic algorithm for feature selection and linear discriminant analysis for classification.

Supervisor: Dr T Mu (t.mu@liv.ac.uk)

I32

Automatic modulation recognition using signal processing and machine learning techniques (S)
Automatic recognition of the modulation format of a detected signal is a major task in intelligent receiver design for communication systems, especially in civilian and military applications. This project will design and implement a modulation recognition system, using signal processing techniques for feature extraction and machine learning techniques for classification.

Supervisor: Dr T Mu (t.mu@liv.ac.uk)

I33

Proximity analysis in pattern classification (S)

Learning a good proximity model in feature space is very crucial in many real-world applications, e.g. image retrieval, text categorisation, and signal pattern matching. This project will design, implement and compare mathematical models for unsupervised and supervised proximity construction in feature space, by studying and assessing different types of classification datasets.

Supervisor: Dr T Mu (t.mu@liv.ac.uk)

I34

Evolving pattern interaction using genetic algorithm (S)

A large number of machine learning algorithms for solving classification and clustering tasks mainly build on a proximity model that captures how objects interact with each other. Performance of such algorithms is closely related to the quality of the used proximity models. In this project, students will use genetic algorithms to evolve an optimal proximity model that best describes the pattern interaction for a given classification dataset. Supervisor: Dr T Mu (t.mu@liv.ac.uk)

I35

Data visualisation using machine learning (S)

Data visualisation is one of the most important objectives in exploratory data analysis. This project will design, implement and compare machine learning algorithms for visualising and enhancing the cohort of a high-dimensional data in a 2-dimensional feature space, such as principal component analysis and Fisher discriminant analysis, as well as their nonlinear versions. Supervisor: Dr T Mu (t.mu@liv.ac.uk)

I36 Dynamic resource allocation for relay based 4G wireless communication systems (S)
Future broadband wireless communication systems are expected to support high speed and high quality multimedia services, which require a large bandwidth. Cooperative communications is a promising technology to improve the spectral efficiency, where relays are used to help transmit signals from the source to the destination. This project will investigate dynamic resource allocation for a relay based 4G wireless communication system, including power allocation and subchannel allocation. Suitable for: Someone with an interest in computer simulation and is familiar with basic communications theory, mathematics and Matlab. Supervisor: Dr X Zhu (xuzhu@liv.ac.uk)

I37

Dynamic physical resource block allocation for 4G wireless systems (S)

The 4 Generation wireless communication systems, standardised by the Long Term Evolution (LTE) working group, employs multicarrier technology for data transmission, which enables high speed broadband services. A physical resource block (PRB) is a bundle of neighbouring subcarriers which are grouped together for a customers use. Determining which PRBs are allocated to which users plays a key role in system performance. Exhaustive search for the optimal allocation scheme involves a prohibitive complexity. This project aims to investigate effective low-complexity PRB allocation schemes for the uplink 4G systems. Suitable for: Computer simulation based project for someone who is familiar with basic communications theory, mathematics and MATLAB. Supervisor: Dr X Zhu (xuzhu@liv.ac.uk)
th

I38

Cross-layer optimization for 4G broadband wireless communication networks (S)

Conventional wireless communication networks are based on the 7-layer open systems interconnection (OSI) model, where different layers are designed independently. The endless needs for higher speed, high quality, and anytime anywhere wireless connections lead to the necessity of optimising the system performance by utilising interactions between different layers, which is called cross-layer optimisation. This project is aimed at optimal cross-layer design for 4G broadband wireless networks, with a focus on physical and link layers, by considering multiple issues such as the system throughput, traffic delay, and data amount, etc. Suitable for: Computer simulation based project for someone who is familiar with basic communications theory, mathematics and MATLAB. Supervisor: Dr X Zhu (xuzhu@liv.ac.uk)

I39

Support vector machines for multiple-input multiple-output wireless communication systems (S)
The multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technology is effective to enhance the spectral efficiency of wireless communication, and has been employed in the 3G and 4G systems. Machine learning algorithms are associated with artificial intelligence, which allow computers to learn from observations. Support vector machine (SVM) is a powerful machine learning technique. This project is aimed at investigating signal detection in MIMO systems via SVMs. Performance comparison of SVMs with conventional detection methods will be investigated. Suitable for: Computer simulation based project for someone who is familiar with basic communications theory, mathematics and MATLAB. Supervisor: Dr X Zhu (xuzhu@liv.ac.uk)

I40

Independent component analysis for multiple-input multiple-output wireless communication systems (S)
The multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technology is effective to enhance the spectral efficiency of wireless communication, and has been employed in the 3G and 4G systems. The independent component analysis (ICA) is a technique suitable for blind signal detection at the receiver, and therefore is spectral efficient and energy efficient. The aim of the project is to employ ICA in MIMO systems and evaluate its performance in comparison with existing algorithms. Suitable for: Computer simulation based project for someone who is familiar with basic communications theory, mathematics and MATLAB. Supervisor: Dr X Zhu (xuzhu@liv.ac.uk)

I41

Peak-to-average power ratio reduction for OFDM based wireless 4G communication systems (S)
The orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) technology is an effective solution to enable high speed transmission of wireless communications, and has been employed in the 4G standards. One of the main drawbacks of OFDM is the high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR), which causes signal distortion due to nonlinearity of the power amplifier. The aim of the project is to investigate PAPR reduction for OFDM based wireless 4G systems. Various schemes will be employed, which include the blind approach assisted by independent component analysis (ICA) and their performances will be evaluated. Suitable for: Computer simulation based project for someone who is familiar with basic communications theory, mathematics and MATLAB. Supervisor: Dr X Zhu (xuzhu@liv.ac.uk)

I42

Frequency domain equalization for 4G wireless communication systems (S)

Frequency domain equalization (FDE) is an effective technique for high-speed wireless communications due to its low complexity and high th performance. FDE has been proposed in the 4 generation (4G) wireless communication standards, such as the IEEE802.16 standard for WiMax. This project is aimed at investigating the performance of FDE for broadband wireless communication systems. Suitable for: Computer simulation based project for someone who is familiar with basic communications theory, mathematics and MATLAB. Supervisor: Dr X Zhu (xuzhu@liv.ac.uk)

I43

Frequency domain channel estimation for broadband 4G wireless communication systems (S)
Frequency-domain channel estimation is an effective solution to acquire the knowledge of the multipath channels in the 4G broadband wireless communications, due to its low complexity and high performance. This project is aimed at investigating different frequency-domain channel estimation methods and evaluating their complexity and performance. Suitable for: Computer simulation based project for someone who is familiar with basic communications theory, mathematics and MATLAB. Supervisor: Dr X Zhu (xuzhu@liv.ac.uk)

I44

Ultra wideband (UWB) radio technology for wireless indoor positioning (S)
Conventional positioning systems such as GPS are not suitable for indoor applications due to weak signal strength and poor estimation accuracy indoors. The ultra wideband (UWB) radio technology is a promising candidate for short-range high-speed indoor wireless communications and positioning, has been proposed in the IEEE802.15 standards. UWB utilises free spectrum with an extremely low power spectral density, and therefore requires low cost and low power. This project is aimed at investigating the UWB based indoor positioning algorithms. The angle of arrival (AOA), time of arrival (TOA), and time difference of arrival (TDOA) will be used for positioning. The proposed system can be applied to a wide range of case scenarios such as prisons, hospitals and warehouses. Suitable for: Someone who is familiar with basic communications theory, mathematics and MATLAB simulations. Supervisor: Dr X Zhu (xuzhu@liv.ac.uk)

I45

Noise modeling and mitigation for power line communication in a smart grid (H)
Power line communication (PLC) is regarded as an effective solution for smart grid communications, and has been adopted by many countries such as USA. There are various types of noise in PLC, such as background noise, and periodic and aperiodic impulsive noise. This project is aimed at investigating noise modelling based on measured results, and mitigation methods for PLC. The work is conducted mainly via simulation and analysis. A small amount of experiments will be conducted in the Department to obtain the measured PLC noise for the purpose of modelling. Suitable for: Someone who is familiar with basic communications theory, mathematics and MATLAB simulations. Supervisor: Dr X Zhu (xuzhu@liv.ac.uk)

I46

Channel characterization and modeling for broadband over power line communication (H)
Broadband over power line communication (PLC) is regarded as an effective alternative solution to broadband Internet services and can cover the areas within a building unreachable by WiFi with a higher speed than the latter. The PLC network topology is dynamic due to the change of loads. Correspondingly, the channel is dynamic and is dependent on the number of branches. This project is aimed at investigating channel characterisation and modelling for PLC in a smart building, to enable hybrid wireless+wired communications. The work is conducted mainly via analysis and simulation. A small amount of experiments will be conducted in the Department to obtain the measured PLC channels. Suitable for: Someone who is familiar with basic communications theory, mathematics and MATLAB simulations. Supervisor: Dr X Zhu (xuzhu@liv.ac.uk)