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Lecture 01 Introduction
My details Dr. Zhe Liu Room 219, Building 82 (New Horizons) Phone 990 53627 EMAIL: zhe.liu@monash.edu Available consultation hours: Monday: 2pm-5pm
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Often it is difficult to get an analytical solution. A computer model is thus required to solve the mathematical models, often, repetitively. Solving simultaneous equations Solving ordinary or partial differential equations integration
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Why do this project? Why would an engineer use a computer to solve problems?
Problem may be difficult to test in practice High precision required Economic concerns Fast results required Many models to test Computer
Scien:sts
learn
how
to
program:
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They have not learnt about: Thermodynamics Solid Mechanics Fluid Mechanics Kinema:cs
Why do this subject? Computer can model where experiments cant venture (e.g., crack propagation and dislocation motion)
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Why do this subject? Computer model can predict (e.g., weather forecast)
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Why do this subject? Today, 97 of the top 100 industrial companies invest in engineering simulation as a key strategy to win in a globally competitive environment.
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How?
Hardware
http://www.top500.org/
Location --- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, California, US Funded by --- National Nuclear Security Administration as part
of the Advanced Simulation and Computing Program (ASC)
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Processors and speed --- A total of 1,572,864 cores; 16.32 petaflop/s Power consumption --- 7.890 MW.
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How?
Hardware
31th on the top 500 list
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In 2013, ANU will have a new supercomputer manufactured by Japanese ICT and Fujitsu performing at 1.2TFlop/s.
How?
Software/Programming
Computer program are merely a set of instructions that direct the computer to perform certain tasks.
Simple information representation Advanced information representation Input/output Mathematical formulas Logic representation Modular programming
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How?
Software/Programming
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Unit Overview In this unit, you will learn how to use computer to do the followings
Finding roots of functions/interpolation Numerical Integrate and Numerical Differentiation Solving O.D.E.s Initial-value problems Boundary-value problems Solving P.D.E.s 1D. Problem 2D. Problem Fourier analysis
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We will focus on
Techniques to solve problems Accuracy of the technique Stability of the technique Efficiency of the technique
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Attitudes
Confidence in writing/using/developing codes Be critical of numerical results they may be wrong
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Numerical integration
Newton-Cotes technique Richardson/Romberg technique Gauss quadrature
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Numerical Methods for Engineers, Chapra & Canale, 6th edi:on McGraw-Hill. Large number of engineering- related methods detailed. Virtually no programming, but substan:al theory.
Unit Overview
Recommended texts and readings
Applied
Numerical
Methods
with
Matlab
for
Engineers
and
Scien:sts,
Steven
C.
Chapra,
McGraw
Hill,
2005.
This
text
is
good
because
it
marries
both
MATLAB
programming
and
the
applica:on
of
Numerical
Methods.
Numerical
Methods
in
Engineering
with
Matlab,
Kiusalaas,
Cambridge
University,
2005.
This
text
is
also
good
because
it
marries
both
MATLAB
programming
and
the
applica:on
of
Numerical
Methods.
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Recommended texts and readings
Numerical Methods, J. Faires and R. Burden 3rd Ed. Thomson Brooks/Cole, 2003 An excellent textbook. Goes into a lot of detail, some programming - uses the "Maple" programming language.
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Numerical Recipes in C, Flannery, Ve_erling, Press & Teukolsky. (also available in Pascal, C++ and Fortran.) Explana:ons & code for a wide range of numerical algorithms. Advanced techniques.
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Tutorial Questions and Solutions
Several practical questions of math derivation and hand calculations for each topic.
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Computer laboratories
Students must attend computer laboratory session assigned via Allocate+ system. Please contact me ASAP to report any clashes. Lab questions will be available on Moodle. An instruction video will be provided before the lab session. You are suggested to read the laboratory handout and watch the instruction video prior to arriving at the laboratory class.
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Computer laboratory contents
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Computational Error Although the numerical technique yields estimate that close to the exact analytical solution, there was a discrepancy or error. There are two types of computational errors in our numerical models.
Round-off error (induced by hardware) Truncation error (induced by algorithm)
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m ~ 310-8
Round-off error is accumulative. Every time a floating point arithmetic operation is performed an error will be introduced of size m.
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0.4000
i10 4
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For a hypothe:cal computer with 4-digit man:ssa, the nal result is 0.4000104
b b 2 4 ac x= 2a
Truncation Error
Truncation errors are those that results from using an approximation in place of an exact mathematical formula. Truncation error is due to the algorithm used. Think truncation in terms of the removal of higher-order terms in a Taylors series expansion.
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( x) y
(0.5) = 0.5 y y(0.5) = ln(1 + 0.5) = 0.405465108
The
TRUNCATION
error
is
true
-
approxima:on
=
0.405465108
0.5
=
-0.094534892
(23%)
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