Gas

Dynamics
1
An Introduction to
Compressible Flow
Gas
Dynamics
The Course Outcomes
Understand the definition
and fundamental aspects of
compressible flow
Understand the definitions
and types of shock and
expansion waves: oblique-
shock waves, shock-
expansion interaction, and
unsteady expansion waves.
Be able to do simple
calculations related to
applications of compressible
flow on variations in
geometry
Understand the concept of
generalization of subsonic
and supersonic flows
Aims
To provide and introductory to the theories of compressible flows as part of
the curriculum requirement and as a fundamental background to aerospace
propulsion courses
Gas
Dynamics
Course Contents
Introduction to compressible flows
Definitions and equations of compressible flow, Conservation laws, Sonic
velocity and Mach number
Isentropic Flow (IF)
Equations of isentropic flows and stagnation properties, IF in a converging
and converging-diverging nozzle, and application
Normal shock waves
Stationary and moving normal shock wave, Working equations and shocks
in nozzles, and application
Oblique shock wave
Working equations, Oblique shock analysis
Prandt-Meyer Flow
Analysis of Prandtl-Meyer flow
Shock-expansion interaction
Adiabatic flow
Working equations, nozzle operation, and analysis of Fanno flow
Flow with heat transfer
Analysis of Rayleigh subsonic & supersonic flow.
Gas
Dynamics
Recommended Text books
n Fundamentals of Gas Dynamics by Robert D. Zucker : ISBN 0-916460-12-6
n Gas Dynamics by James John and Theo Keith : ISBN 0-13-202331-8
n Fundamental of Aerodynamics by John D. Anderson, Jr : ISBN 0-07-
001656-9
n Dr Zulfa lecture notes Gas dynamics
Course Assesment
n Midterm 30%
n Final Exam 70%
Gas
Dynamics
5
De Laval Nozzle
High Speed flows often seem counter-intuitive when
Compared with low speed flows
Example: Convergent-Divergent Nozzle (De Laval)
In 1897 Swedish Engineer Gustav De Laval designed
A turbine wheel powered by 4- steam nozzles
De Laval Discovered that if the steam nozzle
first narrowed, and then expanded, the efficiency of
the turbine was increased dramatically
Furthermore, the ratio of the minimum area
to the inlet and outlet areas was critical for achieving
maximum efficiency Counter to the wisdom of the day
flow
Convergent / Divergent Nozzle
Credit: NASA GSFC
Gas
Dynamics
6
De Laval Nozzle (contd)
Mechanical Engineers of the 19th century were
Primarily hydrodynamicists .. That is they were
Familiar with fluids that were incompressible liquids
and Low speed gas flows where fluid density was
Essentially constant
Primary Principles are Continuity and Bernoullis Law
Gas
Dynamics
7
De Laval Nozzle (contd)
A
e
A
I A
t
p
I
V
I
A
I

p
e
V
e
A
e

p
t
V
t
A
t

When Continuity and Bernoulli are applied to a

De Laval Nozzle and density is Assumed constant
At Throat
Continuity
Bernoulli
Pressure Drop
Velocity Increases
classic Venturi
High Pressure Inlet
Gas
Dynamics
8
De Laval Nozzle (contd)
A
e
A
I A
t
p
I
V
I
A
I

p
e
V
e
A
e

p
t
V
t
A
t

When Continuity and Bernoulli are applied to a

De Laval Nozzle and density is Assumed constant
At Exit
Bernoulli
Continuity
Pressure Increases
Velocity Drops
High Pressure Inlet
Gas
Dynamics
9
De Laval Nozzle (concluded)
A
e
A
I A
t
p
I
V
I
A
I

p
e
V
e
A
e

p
t
V
t
A
t

But De Laval Discovered that when the Nozzle throat

Area was adjusted downward until the pressure ratio became
p
t
/ p
I
< 0.5484 -> then the exit Pressure dropped (instead of
Rising compared to the throat pressure)
And the exit velocity rose (instead of dropping)
Which is counter to What Bernoullis law predicts
he had inadvertently ,,, Generated supersonic flow!
High Pressure Inlet
fundamental principle that makes rocket motors possible
Review of prerequisite elements
10
Perfect gas
Thermodynamics laws
Isentropic flow
Conservation laws
Gas
Dynamics
constant area duct
quasi one-dimensional flow
compressible flow
steady flow
isothermal flow
ideal gas
Diameter (D) 4 /
2
D A
is a constant
speed (u)
x
u varies only in x-direction
Density () is NOT a constant
Temperature (T) is a constant
Obeys the Ideal Gas equation
u A m &
Mass flow rate is a constant
Gas
Dynamics
Friction factor: (shear stress acting on the wall)
For laminar flow in circular pipes:
where Re is the Reynolds number of the flow defined as follows:
For lamina flow in a square channel:
For the turbulent flow regime:
Re / 16 f

uD
Re

D
A
m&

D
D
m
2
4 &

D
m& 4

Re / 227 . 14 f

,
_

D
f
7 . 3
log 0 . 4
1
10
Quasi one-dimensional flow is closer to turbulent
velocity profile than to laminar velocity profile.
2 /
2
u f
w

Gas
Dynamics
Ideal Gas equation of state:
mRT pV
pressure
volume
mass
specific gas constant
(not universal gas constant)
temperature
RT
V
m
p
Ideal Gas equation of state can be rearranged to give
RT p
kg/m
3
J/(kg.K)
K
Pa = N/m
2
Gas
Dynamics
Review of prerequisite elements
Perfect gas:
Equation of state
For calorically perfect gas
T
q
ds

RT P
v
p
v p
v
p
c
c
R c c
dT c du
dT c dh
RT u h
T u u

) (
Entropy
Entropy changes?
1
]
1

1
]
1

1
]
1

+
1
]
1

1
2
1
2
1 2
2
1
1
2
1 2
ln ln
ln ln
P
P
R
T
T
c s s
R
T
T
c s s
p
v

p
v
c R
p
c R
v
P
P
c
s s
T
T
c
s s
T
T

,
_

1
1
]
1

,
_

1
]
1

1
2 1 2
1
2
1
2 1 2
1
2
exp
exp

T
vdP dh
T
Pdv du
ds

Gas
Dynamics
Review of prerequisite elements Cont.
Forms of the 1
st
law
dp dh Tds
pd de Tds
e w q

+
+
T
q
ds

The second
law
Gas
Dynamics
Review of prerequisite elements Cont.

,
_

,
_

,
_

1
2
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
2
P
P
P
P
T
T
For an isentropic flow

1
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
1
2
1
2
1
2

,
_

,
_

,
_

,
_

P
P
P
P
T
T
T
T
p
v
c
R
c
R
If ds=o
constant

P
Gas
Dynamics
Review of prerequisite elements Cont.
Conservation of mass (steady flow):
Rate of mass
enters control
volume
Rate of mass
leaves control
volume
=
1 2
dA A
dV V
d
+
+
+
A
V

dx
flow
A
dA
V
dV
A
dA
V
dV d
VdA AdV VAd
dA A dV V d VA
A V A V
m m

+ +
+ +
+ + +

0
0
) )( )( (
2 2 2 1 1 1
2 1

& &
If is constant (incompressible):
Gas
Dynamics
Review of prerequisite elements Cont.
Conservation of momentum (steady flow):
Rate momentum
leaves control
volume
Rate momentum
enters control
volume
-
Net force on
gas in control
volume
=
( ) ( )
1 2
V m V m F F
p
& & +

Euler equation (frictionless flow):

+ constant
2
2

dp V
1 2
dA A
dV V
d
dp p
+
+
+
+

A
V
p

dx
flow
Gas
Dynamics
Review of prerequisite elements Cont.

,
_

+ +

,
_

+ + +
e
e
e e i
i
i i
CV
gz
V
u m gz
V
u m W Q
dt
dE
2 2
2 2
& &
& &
heat transfer energy transfer due to mass flow work transfer
Basic principle:
Change of energy in a CV is
related to
energy transfer by heat, work,
and energy in
the mass flow.
Conservation of energy for a CV (energy balance):
Gas
Dynamics
Review of prerequisite elements Cont.
i e p
p CV
W W W
W W W
& & &
& & &

+
( )

,
_

+ +

,
_

+ + +
+

,
_

+ + +

,
_

+ + + +

,
_

+ +

,
_

+ + +
e
e
e e i
i
i i CV
CV
e
e
e e e e i
i
i i i i CV
CV
e
e
e e i
i
i i i i i e e e CV
CV
gz
V
h m gz
V
h m W Q
dt
dE
pv u h
gz
V
v p u m gz
V
v p u m W Q
dt
dE
gz
V
u m gz
V
u m v p m v p m W Q
dt
dE
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
& &
& &
& &
& &
& & & &
& &
pv m W
AV v m AV m
V F W pA F
p
p p p
&
&
& &
&

Most important form

of energy balance.
Analyzing more about Rate of Work Transfer:
work can be separated into 2 types:
work associated with fluid pressure as mass entering or leaving the CV.
other works such as expansion/compression, electrical, shaft, etc.
Work due to fluid pressure:
fluid pressure acting on the CV boundary creates force.
Gas
Dynamics
Review of prerequisite elements Cont.
( )
( )
2
2 2
2 2
2 2
i e
i e
i
i i
e
e e
V V
h h dw dq
V
h m
V
h m W Q

,
_

,
_

+ & &
& &
1 2
dV V
dh h
dT T
+
+
+
V
h
T
dx
flow
T c h
p

For adiabatic flow (no heat transfer)

and no work:
For calorically perfect gas (dc
p
=dc
v
=0):
0 +VdV dT c
p
Gas
Dynamics
Conservation of mass
(compressible flow):
Conservation of momentum
(frictionless flow):
Conservation of energy
(adiabatic):
0
2 1
+ +
A
dA
V
dV d
m m

& &
( ) ( ) 0
1 2
+ + VdV
dP
V m V m F F
p

& &
( )
( )
0
2
2 2
+

+ VdV dT c
V V
h h dw dq
p
i e
i e
Review of prerequisite elements Cont.
Conservation
laws
Gas
Dynamics
Exercises 1
1. Given that standard atmospheric conditions for air at 15
0
C are a
pressure of 1.013 bar and a density of 1.225kg, calculate the gas
constant for air. Ans: R=287.13J/kgK
2. The value of Cv for air is 717J/kgK. The value of R=287 J/kgK.
Calculate the specific enthalpy of air at 20
0
C. Derive a relation
connecting Cp, Cv, R. Use this relation to calculate Cp for air
using the information above. Ans:
h=294.2kJ/kgK,Cp=1.004kJ/kgK
3. Air is stored in a cylinder at a pressure of 10 bar, and at a room
temperature of 25
0
C. How much volume will 1kg of air occupy
inside the cylinder? The cylinder is rated for a maximum pressure
of 15 bar. At what temperature would this pressure be reached?
Ans: V=0.086m2, T=174
0
C.
Gas
Dynamics
Sound Speed and Mach Number
24
Gas
Dynamics
Speed of sound
0 V
T
P

dV V
dT T
d
dP P

+
+
+

Sound
wave
Sounds are the small pressure disturbances in the gas
around us, analogous to the surface ripples produced
when still water is disturbed
a V
T
P

dV a V
dT T
d
dP P

+
+
+

Sound
wave
Sound wave moving
through stationary gas
Gas moving through
stationary sound wave
Gas
Dynamics
Derivation of speed of sound
Speed of sound cont.
( )( )
a
dV d
A dV a d aA m

&
( ) ( )
adV dP
a m dV a m A dP P PA

+ & &
d
dp
a
constant
1
2
1
2

,
_

P
P
P
RT
P
a
P
d
dP

Conservation of mass
Conservation of
momentum
Combination of mass and
momentum
For
isentropic
flow
Finally
Gas
Dynamics
What is a Mach number?
Definition of Mach number (M):
M
Speed of the flow (u)
Speed of sound (c) in the fluid
at the flow temperature
Incompressible flow assumption is not valid if Mach
number > 0.3
RT c
For an ideal gas,
specific heat ratio
specific gas constant (in J/kg.K)
absolute temperature of the flow at the point concerned (in K)
Gas
Dynamics
For an ideal gas,
Unit of c =[(J/kg.K)(K)]
0.5
= [m
2
/s
2
]
0.5
= m/s
= [kg.(m/s
2
).m/kg]
0.5
M=
u
u
RT
c
=
Unit of u =m/s
=[J/kg]
0.5
= (N.m/kg)
0.5
Gas
Dynamics
Mach Number
M=V/a
Source of
disturbance
Distance traveled =
speed x time = 4at
Zone of
silence
Region of
influence
If M=0
M<1 Subsonic
M=1 Sonic
M>1 Supersonic
M>5 Hypersonic
Distance traveled =
at
Gas
Dynamics
Mach Number cont.
Source of
disturbance
If M=0.5
Original
location of
source of
disturbance
Gas
Dynamics
31
As the object approaches the speed of sound, it begins to catch up with
the pressure waves and creates an infinitesimally weak flow discontinuity
just ahead of the aircraft
Mach Number cont.
Gas
Dynamics
Mach Number cont.
Source of
disturbance
If M=2
Original
location of
source of
disturbance
ut
ut
ut
ut
M ut
at 1
sin
Mach wave:
Direction
of motion