Inspection Trends

Dealing with
Arc Strikes
Reviewing
Welding
Procedures
www.aws.org
July 2013 / Vol. 16 / No. 3
THE MAGAZINE FOR MATERIALS INSPECTION AND TESTING PERSONNEL
Known
Flaws Aid
Training
Cover July 2013_IT Spring 4/06 6/26/13 9:09 AM Page C1
For Info go to www.aws.org/ad-index
spencer mfg_FP_TEMP 6/24/13 4:23 PM Page C2
July 2013 / Vol. 16 / No. 3
Features
19 22
What Can a Flawed Specimen Teach You?
by Alan Caulder / Known flaws provide an accurate and reliable standard
for training, testing, and technique development / 19
Understanding Arc Strikes
by Brent Boling / Arc strikes should be perceived as a serious condition
needing proper repair followed by reinspection / 22
Reviewing Welding Procedures
by Spencer O. Luke / A competent review of welding procedures will help
ensure production welding complies with the requirements of the code of
construction / 26
Departments
Editors Note................................6
News Bulletins.............................8
Print and Product Showcase ......14
Technology Notes ......................18
The Answer Is ............................30
Mark Your Calendar...................32
Certification Schedule................33
Advertiser Index ........................35
Inspection Trends / Summer 2013 5
INSPECTION TRENDS (ISSN 1523-7168) is
published quarterly by the American Welding
Society. Editorial and advertising offices are located
at 8669 NW 36 St., #130, Miami, FL 33166-6672;
telephone (305) 443-9353. Printed by R. R.
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Subscriptions $30.00 per year for noncertified,
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$20.00 per year for noncertified members and
students; $10.00 single issue for nonmembers and
$7.00 single issue for members. American Welding
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POSTMASTER: Send address changes to
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Readers of Inspection Trends may make copies of
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resale. Permission is granted to quote from articles,
provided customary acknowledgment of authors
and sources is made. Starred (*) items excluded from
copyright.
AWS MISSION STATEMENT
The mission of the American Welding Society
is to advance the science, technology, and
application of welding and allied processes
worldwide, including joining, brazing, soldering,
cutting, and thermal spraying.
TOC Layout July 2013_Layout 1 6/26/13 8:48 AM Page 5
Editors Note
By Mary Ruth Johnson
Inspection Trends / July 2013 6
Dear Readers,
You may have seen a news item
recently about the collapse of an outdoor
deck at a popular Miami area sports bar
during a Miami Heat/San Antonio Spurs
game. The deck fell into Biscayne Bay and
rescuers had to pull people out of the
water. Although about two dozen were
injured, fortunately there were no fatalities.
Ive never eaten at that restaurant,
but my husband and I have good friends who go there often and we had
talked about joining them there sometime. We were grateful to learn our
friends werent there that night.
Investigations are still being conducted as to why the deck
collapsed and, of course, lots of fingers are being pointed as to who is to
blame and lawsuits are being filed. Many of the questions being asked
are related to when and if the deck had been inspected.
There are no definitive answers yet about this particular situation,
but the episode got me to thinking about inspections and how important
they are to the publics well-being. And that doesnt apply solely to weld
inspections, but to all types of health, safety, and quality inspections.
Governmental bodies at all levels, from your local muncipality to
federal agencies, are working on tighter budgets and Ive read about or
heard of proposed changes to codes and regulations that would reduce
the frequency of certain types of inspections as a way to save money.
Its a move that worries me.
When I first came to work at the American Welding Society, I knew
little about welding or weld inspection, so when I would hear AWS
officials or CWIs talk about how human lives could be affected by the
quality of welding or of weld inspections, I thought they were being
somewhat melodramatic. Ive learned a lot since then.
I know that most of you are very proud of your CWI credentials.
You have worked hard to earn your certification and to keep it in good
standing. However, out of modesty, most of you would downplay the
significance of your role in the manufacturing/fabrication industries.
Youd say youre just doing your job. But dont sell yourself short. The
general public may not be aware it needs and depends on you, but it
does. Well never know how many tragedies have been prevented
because you did your job well.
Publisher
Andrew Cullison
cullison@aws.org
Editor
Mary Ruth Johnsen
mjohnsen@aws.org
Associate Editors
Howard Woodward
woodward@aws.org
Kristin Campbell
kcampbell@aws.org
Editorial Assistant
Melissa Gomez
mgomez@aws.org
Production Manager
Zaida Chavez
zaida@aws.org
Senior Production Coordinator
Brenda Flores
bflores@aws.org
National Sales Director
Rob Saltzstein
salty@aws.org
Advertising Sales Representative
Lea Paneca
lea@aws.org
Senior Advertising Production Manager
Frank Wilson
fwilson@aws.org
Subscriptions Representative
Tabetha Moore
tmoore@aws.org
American Welding Society
8669 NW 36 St., #130
Miami, FL 33166-6672
(800/305) 443-9353
Copyright
Copyright 2013 by American Welding Society in both
printed and electronic formats. The Society is not
responsible for any statement made or opinion expressed
herein. Data and information developed by the authors of
specific articles are for informational purposes only and
are not intended for use without independent,
substantiating investigation on the part of potential users.
Editor's Note IT Summer 2013_Layout 1 6/25/13 4:17 PM Page 6
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News Bulletins
GE Opens Advanced Inspection Technologies
Customer Solutions Center
GE recently held a grand opening ceremony for its state-
of-the-art Customer Solutions Center (CSC) at GE
Measurement & Controls Inspection Technologies facility in
Lewistown, Pa. The company has invested $10 million in this
52,000-sq-ft expansion project, which increases the sites
floor space by more than 63%. GE Measurement & Control
is part of GEs Oil & Gas division.
GE officials, customers, and local officials attended the
ribbon-cutting ceremony and official opening May 22.
Beside the opportunity to see product demonstrations,
attendees could participate in technical sessions related to
inspection in the oil and gas, power generation, and
aerospace industries.
Customers come to us with specific problems,
explained Jeff Anderson, general manager, Inspection
Technologies for GE Measurement & Control, discussing the
reasoning behind the expansion. They are manufacturing a
part and need a way to inspect it, or they have an asset in the
field and need to determine its condition.
Therefore, he said, We wanted to put all modalities in
one place. I like to use the health care analogy in that this is a
place where we can offer triage for problems. With all of the
companys remote visual, ultrasonic, electromagnetic,
advanced radiography, and computed tomography inspection
equipment and data management software in one place,
company experts can help customers determine the right
inspection processes for their needs.
Currently, the company hosts more than 200 customer
Www.FlawTech.com
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The exterior of GEs new Customer Solutions Center in
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News Bulletins IT Summer 2013_Layout 1 6/25/13 2:52 PM Page 8
visits a year at the Lewistown site, a number expected to
increase with the expanded facility. The CSC also contains a
large testing area to which customers can bring components
and the company can simulate real-life inspection situations.
The facility is also the North American hub for GEs
Inspection Academy, which trains both GE employees and
customers on the companys latest nondestructive testing
instruments. The academy offers both traditional and on-line
classes. The Inspection Academy is GEs response to the
brain drain in NDE, explained Peter Park, services growth
leader, Training & Development, GE Measurement &
Control. By brain drain, Park was referring to the fact that
more workers in the NDE field are retiring than there are new
workers entering the profession.
The CSC was designed to be energy efficient with an open
floor plan that could be easily reconfigured, and for all cabling
and wiring to be out of the way so it can be walked through
easily. All of the firms hired to design and build the facility are
located in the central Pennsylvania area. Anderson said GEs
philosophy is to work with local companies wherever it has
new construction Mary Ruth Johnsen, editor.
Laboratory Testing Offers New
Radiography Services
Laboratory Testing, Inc. (LTI), Hatfield, Pa., has
expanded its services available for radiographic testing. The
companys Nondestructive Testing Dept. now performs
computed radiography with a Carestream Industrex HPX-1
digital system as well as conventional film radiography. It is
offering digital radiography to customers as an alternative to
film-based X-ray inspection at no additional charge.
Laboratory Testing is a full-service materials testing,
nondestructive examination, and metrology lab.
In other news, the company has launched a new Web site
at www.labtesting.com. The updated site includes new
A view of part of the CSCs demonstration area. During the
grand opening festivities, customers were able to see
demonstrations of the equipment, speak with GE officials,
and attend a variety of presentations and panel discussions
on inspection-related topics.
features that provide
easier access to
frequently used
materials. Calibration
customers will find a
tabbed section dedicated
to the capabilities and
services provided by
LTI Metrology, the
calibration and
dimensional inspection
division of the company.
In addition, Brandon
McVaugh has been
promoted to Destructive
Testing manager
(Mechanical Testing &
Machining). He has
served as assistant
manager of the
department since
August 2012 and prior
to that worked as LTIs
Customer Service
supervisor. McVaugh
takes over from Glenn Derstine, who has moved into the role
of senior technical advisor for Mechanical Testing and
Machining. He held his previous position since joining
LTI in 1988.
Element Materials Technology Acquires
Sherry Laboratories
Element Materials Technology, Amsterdam, The
Netherlands, recently acquired Sherry Laboratories, one of the
largest independent materials testing businesses in the United
States. The transaction will add nearly 300 specialized staff and
10 facilities to Elements existing network of 30 laboratories.
Sherry, headquartered in Daleville, Ind., provides a
variety of testing services to the aerospace, oil and gas, and
power generation industries. The 66-year-old company has
laboratories supporting more than 6000 clients throughout
Ohio, Indiana, Oklahoma, and Louisiana.
Sherry Laboratories has a great reputation and first-
class testing facilities, but the companys most valuable asset
is its people, said Charles Noall, Elements president and
CEO. This acquisition is a superb fit for Element and we are
very much looking forward to bringing Sherrys numerous
engineers, scientists, and technicians on board to join forces
with our own engaged experts.
SGS Providing NDE Services in Nigeria,
Australia, and Malaysia
Switzerland-based inspection, verification, testing, and
certification company SGS recently provided
nondestructive examination services for West African
Ventures Escravos Gas Project (EGP-3) in Nigeria. Ten
Among the news from Laboratory
Testing, Inc., Hatfield, Pa., was the
announcement of the promotion of
Brandon McVaugh to Destructive
Testing manager.
SGS employees conducted testing on 18 km of 24-in.-
diameter pipeline. SGS inspected the pipe material and the
welds that join each section of this newly constructed
pipeline on the Jacson 30 pipelay crane vessel using internal
industrial X-ray crawlers, ultrasonic testing, and magnetic
particle inspection.
Situated within the Niger Delta and 1000 km southeast
of Lagos, EGP-3 aims to harness the rich gas resources found
at the Escravos field. Production began late last year and,
upon completion, is expected to produce 395 million ft
3
of
gas per day.
In addition, a petrochemical company has selected SGS
to provide welding and crane fabrication inspections in
Sydney, Australia, and Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Under the
12-month-long contract, the SGS team will carry out
inspections to identify, analyze, and eliminate obsolete and
failed welds to ensure the safety of heavy-duty cranes in
accordance with the standards, regulations, and engineering
practices of both countries.
ASQ Joins Manufacturing Coalition
ASQ, Milwaukee, Wis., recently joined the Smart
Manufacturing Leadership Coalition, a public-private
partnership developing test beds and training for next-
generation manufacturing technology platforms.
Led by Alcoa, Rockwell Automation, University of
California Los Angeles, University of Texas, and National
Institute of Science and Technology, among others, the
SMLC was launched in July 2012 to drive improved
manufacturing efficiencies, reduce waste, and integrate
manufacturing intelligence in real-time across an entire
production operation. ASQ has been indirectly involved in
SMLC initiatives for several months.
Historic Fort Pitt Block House Undergoing
Computed Radiography Inspection
TV Rheinland Industrial Solutions, Aliquippa, Pa.,
recently completed its first computed radiographic inspection
of the Fort Pitt Block House, Pittsburgh, Pa., a national
historic landmark. The X-ray examination kicked off the Fort
Pitt Societys preservation and restoration efforts for the
structure dating back to 1764.
The Block House is all that remains of Fort Pitt, a British
fort that was built in the last days of the French and Indian
War. It was given to the Fort Pitt Society of the Daughters of
the American Revolution of Allegheny County in 1894, and
since that time has remained open and free to visitors. The
current preservation project is to get the structure ready for
its 250th anniversary next year.
The two-story redoubt features mostly original stone
foundation, bricks, and timbers. Both floors have a tier of
wooden gun loopholes going around the building. The
loopholes provided a 360-deg view for the soldiers stationed
in the Block House to defend Fort Pitt. The soldiers could
fire their muskets through the gun loops at enemies trying to
attack. The Society intended to preserve the gun loop timers
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and needed to know their structural condition to determine
the scope of restoration work. TV Rheinland conducted the
radiographic inspection of the original wood in the Block
House and learned the gun loops did not have any significant
wood deterioration and did not require complicated internal
structural repairs. Rather, wood deterioration worked its way
from the exterior surfaces inward, requiring only relatively
simple repairs applied to the surface.
Working to help preserve an important national
landmark was very rewarding, said Chris Dugan, the
companys radiation safety director. Its good to know
modern technology and expert knowledge can save the 18th
Century timbers for the future generations.
In other news, the company has increased its mobile
radiography capabilities, bringing its fleet of inspection
trucks to 12. The versatile mobile trucks can go out to remote
locations and offer on-site inspections of welding material
and castings, including piping systems, tanks, pressure
vessels, and steel bridge components.
The new units run off inverters and converters and AC
power, without the need for generators, helping the company
transition to a more eco-friendly fleet. They are completely
insulated and leakproof, and highly chemical and weather
resistant. A new system dries the film in less than 20 min,
speeding up handling and reporting.
Inside the Fort Pitt Block House, radiographic crew
members Jake Fetchin, assistant radiographer (left), and
Phil Martin, radiographer, perform a radiation survey of
the equipment to ensure the radioactive material is
returned to its safe and shielded position.
Radiographer Phil Martin sets up the imaging plates for
the next exposure during the radiographic inspection of the
gun loops at the Fort Pitt Block House.
Sign up anytime and start preparing at
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Visit awo.aws.org or call (800) 443-9353 ext 449 for details.
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cwi seminar_FP_TEMP 6/27/13 12:53 PM Page 13
Print and Product Showcase
Inspection Trends / July 2013
14
Track Light Offers Strong
Lighting for NDE Inspections
The Spectroline ONT-365 On-Trak
NDT Inspection System features four
broad-beam lamp heads, each with three
ultrahigh-flux UV-A (365-nm) LEDs for
NDE inspections and one white light
LED for general illumination. The
overhead track-style modular system is
attached to a mountable platform for
maximum versatility. It can be used for
NDE inspection booths and for
preinspections and screening
applications requiring maximum
uniformity of coverage over a large
area. It features electronic intensity
stabilizers that ensure consistent UV
LED performance during extended use,
built-in cooling fans, and instant-on
operation. It comes with UVS-30 UV-
absorbing spectacles; additional lamp
heads and an optional remote control
with three-position rocker switch are
sold separately.
Spectronics Corp.
www.spectroline.com
Catalog Showcases Materials
Testing Accessories
The 6th edition of the companys
materials testing accessories catalog
features detailed information on
hundreds of grips, extensometers,
fixtures, environmental chambers, load
cells, furnaces, and other items. The
more than 420-page catalog features
full-color images and was designed for
easier navigation. It is available free of
Print & Product IT Summer 2013_Layout 1 6/25/13 12:34 PM Page 14
charge from the companys Web site or
by calling any of its sales offices.
Instron
www.instron.com
Shield Protects Instrument
from Damage
The Titan Detector Shield protects
the detector window from being
punctured by sharp objects like scrap
shavings and wires, while allowing fast,
accurate analysis of almost any material.
The patent-pending shield minimizes the
chance that the hand-held XRF analyzer
will be damaged, thus avoiding the cost
and difficulties associated with
replacement of a broken detector
window. The shield is available for the
companys S1 TITAN
LE
, SDD-based
analyzer, and the S1 TITAN
SP
, Si-PIN-
based analyzer.
Bruker Corp.
www.bruker.com/shield
Chemical System Aids in
Visual Inspection
Weld Check is a three-step
penetrant system designed to quickly
detect weld discontinuities/defects such
as cracks, incomplete fusion, and
cavities. It is an extension of the visual
inspection method. The system includes
the following: A can of Weld Check
Weld Cleaner and Penetrant Remover,
which removes dirt and contaminants
from the surface to be analyzed and
removes the penetrant and developer
postinspection; Weld Check Penetrant, a
red-colored liquid penetrant; and Weld
Check Developer, which is left on the
surface for 5 to 15 min and shows
defects, which will appear red in color.
CRC Industries, Inc.
www.crcindustries.com/ei
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Management Service Electronic
Newsletter Launched
The company has issued its first
Management Service E-ssentials
electronic newsletter. It delivers
updates on the latest regulations and
standards as well as advice from the
companys management services
experts to help readers comply with
current and future safety, quality, and
environmental regulations.
TV SD America
www.tuvamerica.com
Pocket Flashlight Offers
High Output
An ultrahigh-output, 390410 nm
UV LED powers the TQC UV pocket
flashlight. It is used to detect
contaminations that react under UV-
illumination and cannot be seen with
the naked eye such as some organic
fats, alkaline contaminants, etc. It is
useful for checking the cleanliness of
steel prior to painting, among other
applications.
Thermimport Quality Control
www.tqc.eu
Looking for a Welding Job?
The American Welding Society has enhanced its Jobs In Welding Web site at
www.jobsinwelding.com.
The redesigned career portal includes additional capabilities for companies
seeking workers and individuals looking for jobs.
Through relationships with many job boards and distributors, it offers direct
access to more than 88% of the welding-related jobs posted on the Internet.
Users may search various openings for welders, Certified Welding Inspec-
tors, engineers, technicians, and managers/supervisors.
In addition, the Web site contains the following highlights:
The home page displays featured welding jobs along with the companies look-
ing to fill them and city/state locations.
The job seeker section connects individuals to new career opportunities by
allowing them to post an anonymous rsum, view jobs, and make personal
job alerts. This area has rsum tips, certification information, and a school
locator.
The employer area enables association with qualified applicants. Rsums, job
postings, and products/pricing options may be viewed here.
Visit the Web site to create or access job seeker and employer accounts.
ANNUAL
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A distinguished panel of aluminum-industry
experts will survey the state of the art in
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The 16
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network informally with speakers and other
participants, and to visit an exhibition
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the aluminum welding industry.
Aluminum lends itself to a wide variety of
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aluminum conf_FP_TEMP 6/24/13 2:18 PM Page 17
Errata: D1.4/D1.4M:2011
Structural Welding Code
Reinforcing Steel
Page 40, Figure 6.5 (c), the 8 in the
formula should read B.
Correct the formula to read:
LMIN = 2L1 + 16D + B
Official Interpretation
AWS A5.26/A5.26M-97
Specification for Carbon and
Low-Alloy Steel Electrodes
for Electrogas Welding
AWS Log: A5.26/A5.26M-97-I01
Inquiry: If a manufacturer of self-
shielded electrogas electrodes does not
manufacture a 0.120-in. (3.0-mm) wire,
then can they classify their electrode
based on the use of a
3
32-in. (2.4-mm)
size (if that is the closest size
produced) using their recommended
procedure appropriate for that size,
which could require use of a beveled
joint?
Response: Yes
AWS A5.01M/A5.01:2008
(ISO 14344:2002 MOD)
Procurement Guidelines for
Consumables Welding and Allied
Processes Flux and Gas Shielded
Electrical Welding Processes
Inquiry: Is analysis of weld metal
chemical composition sufficient to
satisfy that all wet mixes within the lot
are equivalent per AWS A5.01
controlled chemical composition?
Response: No.
AWS 3.0
Standard Welding Terms
and Definitions
Subject: Overlap at the ends of welds
Document: A3.0M/A3.0:2010,
Standard Welding Terms and
Definitions
Provision: Page 30, Definition for
overlap, fusion welding; and Page 47,
Definition for weld toe.
Inquiry: Due to the absence of
discussion and figures related to weld
end-conditions, it is unclear whether
requirements for overlap are applicable
at the ends of a weld bead, where the
arc starts and stops.
Response: The overlap condition (as
currently defined) does apply to the ends
of welds, not just the sides which are
illustrated in the referenced figures.
Technology Notes
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Technology Notes IT Summer 2013_Layout 1 6/25/13 1:31 PM Page 18
Flawed specimens with defects of
a known type, size, and location are an
invaluable tool for the nondestructive
examination (NDE) industry.
Regardless of the inspection method or
technique, these known flaws provide
an accurate and reliable standard for
training, testing, and technique
development.
Flaw manufacturing is a
combination of machining, welding,
and proprietary special processes. The
end goal is to provide a product with
real flaws that can be used to train or
test an NDE technician, develop and
prove inspection techniques, or
demonstrate equipment capabilities.
These flawed specimens can be
manufactured to meet the requirements
of a specific code or to accommodate a
single customers unique application.
Note that while in actual welds not all
discontinuities (such as porosity) are
considered flaws or defects, for the
purposes of this article all
discontinuities mentioned are termed
defects/flaws.
Defects for Ultrasonic
Testing
Manufactured defects for
ultrasonic testing (UT) comprise
possibly the largest portion of the
industry need for flawed specimens.
These defects typically fall into one of
two categories: cracks or weld volume
defects. Cracking usually occurs in the
weld root, toe, or heat-affected zone
(HAZ), and is often a product of cyclic
fatiguing. The desired ultrasonic
response is a sharp but jagged signal
characteristic that displays a
discernable tip signal for depth sizing.
The process used by FlawTech to
create these crack-like indications is a
combination of mechanical and thermal
fracturing and can be controlled with a
size tolerance of 1 mm, when
required.
Weld volume defects, in the field,
are typically a byproduct of the
welding process. These defects include,
but are not limited to, slag inclusions,
porosity, incomplete penetration, and
incomplete fusion. There is a reliable
and controlled process for intentionally
inducing defects in the weld volume,
and a tolerance size of 1 mm with
these flaws can be maintained. Each
type of weld defect has a unique
ultrasonic signature that, coupled with
the signals location within the weld
geometry, the inspector can use to
identify the defect type. Figure 1 shows
an example of porosity, as viewed in a
conventional A-Scan ultrasonic x/y:
distance/amplitude display. The pores
provide a multifaceted signal that is
Feature
By Alan Caulder
What Can a Flawed Specimen Teach You?
Known flaws aid in training, testing, and technique development
Fig. 1 An example of porosity as viewed in a conventional UT A-Scan display.
Caulder Feature IT Summer 2013_Layout 1 6/25/13 2:23 PM Page 19
distinguishable from other defects, as
well as weld geometry.
As ultrasonic inspection
technologies have advanced over the
years, from analog signals on
oscilloscopes to todays automated
phased array systems, the ability of end
users to evaluate the implanted defects,
as well as the balance of the weld
volume, has required manufacturers of
flawed specimens to place nearly as
much focus on maintaining an
ultrasonically signal-free balance of the
weld as on manufacturing the defects
themselves. The goal is for no
unintended defects from the welding
process to confuse the inspector in
finding and quantifying the implanted
flaws. This is an overarching challenge
for manufacturing defects across all
inspection methods: ensuring that no
unintentional defects are present that
will affect the usability of the specimen
for testing or training.
Specimens for Magnetic
Particle and Penetrant Testing
Defects for magnetic particle
testing (MT) and penetrant testing (PT)
are typically manufactured and
classified together. When
manufacturing defects for MT and PT,
surface condition is critical. The
presence of any
unintentional indications
on the weld area surface
or on the surface of a
machined or forged part
can affect the usability
of a specimen, and also
cause confusion during
training or testing.
The majority of
defects manufactured for
MT and PT applications
are linear, crack-like
indications. In machined
or forged parts, these
defects are placed in the
areas of stress most
likely to exhibit cracking
in a typical industrial
application. As with any
flawed specimen, the
more realistic the defect
appearance and location,
the better a tool it is for
the NDE technician. See
Fig. 2 for an example of a linear crack
indication at one of the typical stress
points along a bolt shank.
Defects manufactured for MT and
PT in welded specimens typically are
located in the weld or HAZ, and may
orient transverse or longitudinally.
These defects are most often linear,
but also encompass welding defects
such as porosity or overlap. Defects in
the weld root area are typically
located along the root or in the
associated HAZ.
Defects for Visual Inspection
Manufacturing defects for visual
inspection may be the most challenging
endeavor in this industry. They are, of
course, visible, and are difficult to
manufacture in both an intentional and
realistic manner. The processes to
create these defects, such as overlap,
undercut, and surface porosity have
been refined over the years. The
American Welding Society has used
FlawTechs manufactured defects for
visual inspection for Certified Welding
Inspector (CWI) testing, and many
other companies and industries have
used them as well.
These defects are often used in a
show and tell manner to provide a
visual and portable representation of
what a technician may find in the field.
When held to the appropriate tolerance,
these visual defects are also a great tool
for testing technicians knowledge of
metrology and their ability to
determine if a certain flaw is
acceptable or rejectable according to
the applicable code.
Defects for Radiographic
Inspection
Defects are also available for
radiographic testing (RT). This
inspection technique is a great tool for
identifying weld defects that may or
may not be readily detectable by UT.
The focus of this method is typically
flaws in the weld volume, but with the
proper film sensitivity, cracks may also
be detected.
Specimens for RT feature the
appropriate flaw types, such as slag
inclusions and porosity. These
specimens can train the technician in
appropriate shot setup, as well as film
interpretation.
Radiographic film interpretation
is a submethod in itself. There are
customers who, for film interpretation
training purposes, do not need an
actual specimen, but only need film
that shows typical known flaws, as
well as film processing defects. These
film processing defects can train a
technician to identify when there are
issues with the inspection technique,
rather than with the part being
inspected. A set of films can be
provided that contains typical flaws as
well as processing defects, such as
lack of density and double exposure,
to support the need for film
interpretation training.
Specimen Design
Understanding specific defects and
being able to reliably reproduce them is
the basis of flawed specimen
manufacturing, but another critical
component is combining defects of the
right size and type with the correct
material and geometry to end up with a
part that is correctly designed for the
specific application. Typically, flawed
specimens fall into three categories:
Fig. 2 An example of a linear crack indication
manufactured to be located at one of the typical stress
points along a bolt shank.
standard, code-specific, and custom.
Standard specimens, such as the
companys Ultrasonic Testing Kit, are
designed to contain flaws typical for a
certain method. The flaw types and
sizes are not dictated by any certain
code, but are manufactured to a
generally representative size that will
be adequate for training or testing a
technician.
Code-specific specimens are
typically part of a kit, or group of
specimens, manufactured to meet the
criteria of a specific code. These could
be manufactured to be acceptable or
rejectable in accordance with the
applicable code, with a mixture of both
usually being the most desirable
scenario. Code-specific specimens for
various API, AWS, and ASME codes
and code cases are available.
Although the general requirements
for a flawed specimen for a particular
inspection method allow for off-the-
shelf items to be manufactured, custom
specimens are in great demand to
support specific inspection
applications. This requires close
cooperation between customer and
manufacturer to create a flawed
specimen with the exact flaw design
and overall configuration that is most
relevant to the customers unique need.
The typical process involves an
agreement on flaw distribution and
size, as well as applicable tolerances,
before manufacturing. Also, issues
such as required inspections, quality
assurance, and final acceptance
requirements should be discussed and
agreed upon prior to project
commencement.
Conclusion
Just as the world of NDE is vast
and encompasses a multitude of
inspection methods, the need for
known defects is also varied and
evolving. These known defects provide
a quantified and reliable standard for
NDE applications. It is, and will
continue to be, imperative for the flaw
manufacturer to stay in tune with
industry and technological changes to
create realistic and accurate defects to
support the full breadth of NDE.
ALAN CAULDER
(acaulder@flawtech.com) is vice
president, FlawTech, Concord, N.C.
He has been with the company for 11
years and is responsible for
managing all production activities as
well as overseeing implementation of
the companys quality program. The
company was started by the late Dr.
George Pherigo, a forefather of the
NDE field, who created the first
college program for NDE, then
known as Metal Testing Technology,
at Hutchinson Vocational-Technical
School (now Ridgewater College),
Hutchinson, Minn. FlawTech has
manufactured flawed specimens for
more than 30 years.
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Feature
By
By Brent Boling
There appears to be a number of
misconceptions with regard to the term arc
strike. They are often overlooked and/or
ignored by many inspectors and, when found,
can be the cause of disagreements between
inspectors and fabricators.
Lets look at some of the facts about this
particular discontinuity.
What Arc Strikes Are
What do we mean when we use the term
arc strike?
AWS A3.0, Standard Welding Terms and
Definitions, defines arc strike as a
discontinuity resulting from an arc, consisting
of any localized remelted metal, heat-affected
metal, or change in the surface profile of any
metal object.
In the Welding Handbook, Vol. 1,
Welding Science and Technology, we find this
description in Chapter 13, Weld Quality: An
arc strike is a discontinuity that results from
intentionally or accidentally initiating the arc
momentarily on the surface of the base or
weld metal away from the intended weld
joint. This can be caused by electrodes or
electrode holders contacting the workpiece,
ground clamps being too close to the weld
location, bare spots in the welding cable, or a
combination of these. An arc strike consists of
localized re-melted metal and heat-affected-
zone metal. Arc strikes can initiate failure of
the weldment in bending or cyclic loading as
these contain hard spots and usually quench
cracks. They create a hard and brittle
condition in alloy steels and are inadvisable
even on mild steel when high tensile stresses
or normal cyclic loading may be
encountered.
The Welding Handbook goes on to say,
To prevent the occurrence of this
discontinuity, the welder or welding operator
should avoid striking an arc on base metal
Understanding Arc Strikes
More attention needs to be paid to this often overlooked discontinuity
Fig. 1 Spatter marks.
Fig. 2 An example of a remote arc strike.
Boling Feature IT Summer 2013_Layout 1 6/25/13 1:04 PM Page 22
that is not intended to be fused into the
weld metal. A small volume of base
metal may melt momentarily when the
arc is initiated. The molten metal may
crack from quenching, or a small
surface pore may form in the solidified
metal. Microscopic examination of the
surface and resulting microstructure
typically reveals a martensitic structure
with a carbon content that is usually
higher than expected. These
discontinuities may lead to extensive
cracking in service. With respect to
repair procedures, cracks or blemishes
caused by arc strikes should be ground
to a smooth contour and reinspected for
soundness.
More information about arc
strikes is found in Section C-5.29 of
the Commentary for AWS D1.1,
Structural Welding Code Steel:
Arc strikes result in heating and very
rapid cooling. When located outside
the intended weld area, they may
result in hardening or localized
cracking, and may serve as potential
sites for initiating fracture.
D1.1 Section 5.29 includes the
following statement: Arc strikes
outside the area of permanent welds
should be avoided on any base metal.
Cracks or blemishes caused by arc
strikes shall be ground to a smooth
contour and checked to ensure
soundness.
The message in these texts,
especially when considered together,
appears to be clear. Arc strikes are
Blemishes
Discontinuities
Changes to surface profiles
Not meant to be in the intended weld
joint
Potential sites for initiating fracture
To be carefully avoided.
Every arc strike needs to be taken
as a serious condition and receive
proper repair procedures followed by
reinspection. This reinspection the
intent of which is to ensure soundness
is generally accomplished by
magnetic particle testing (MT). Prior to
the repair by grinding, and even after,
porosity and/or cracks are often visible
thus requiring further attention.
What Arc Strikes Are Not
To better understand arc strikes,
lets look at the converse to see what
Fig. 3 An arc strike a few inches to the side of a fillet weld. Fig. 4 Arc strike coupon without grinding after bend
testing.
Fig. 5 Arc strike after grinding when run through a bend
test.
Fig. 6 Notice the small cracks on left side of ground
edge of arc strike.
they are not. First of all, an arc strike is
not a mark on the steel and/or paint
from hot sparks rolling across the steel
from welding or cutting operations,
even when those sparks are hot enough
to develop into tightly adherent
spatter according to D1.1, 5.30.2.
While spatter should be removed per
5.30.2, it is not required to be ground,
as an arc strike is, when it has bonded
to the base material unless required for
ultrasonic testing (UT) or some other
application Fig. 1.
Conditions Resulting in Arc Strikes
Next, arc strikes are not
necessarily close to an area that
received welding Fig. 2. Lets look
at some situations that have resulted in
arc strikes.
1) An accidental bump of the
trigger on a welding machine with a
wire feeder when parts were moved
during repositioning for additional
work causes a momentary arc that
leaves behind an arc strike. It is
possible no one even saw it happen,
including the welder.
2) The work lead is attached to a
skid/horse and a beam placed upon it
for fabrication. Upon initiating the
arc, the current arcs at the contact
between the beam and the skid. Again,
it is possible no one even noticed the
arc strike and it is nowhere near an
area of welding.
3) A wide flange beam is rolled
over on the skids and pinches the
electrode lead, which causes an arc
blowing out a small area on the corner
of the flange and leaving behind a heat-
affected zone with hard spots.
4) Lets not forget some other
common situations that cause arc
strikes, such as accidentally striking
an arc with a shielded metal arc
welding (SMAW) electrode because
the welder did not remove the
electrode. While leaving the electrode
holder sitting on the work, it flips over
and strikes the member. Or, when
striking an arc, the electrode sticks,
and when the welder yanks it loose,
the electrode scoots across the
member leaving behind half a dozen
arc strikes.
Why Are Arc Strikes Ignored?
Now that we have identified what
an arc strike is and seen some of the
conditions that cause them, a question
arises. Why do welders, supervisors, in-
house inspectors, and even many
third-party inspectors overlook and/or
ignore arc strikes (Fig. 3)? My personal
opinion, based on many encounters with
welders and management, is that lack of
training across all levels of welders and
inspectors is the major reason for this
problem. Training needs to include
practical information as to the serious
nature of arc strikes.
The information from the AWS
literature makes it clear that even a
small arc strike is a potential
problem. In fact, a small arc strike can
be the worst. Even on members not
requiring preheat, a quick arc with a
minimal amount of deposited material,
because of the shortness of the heat
from the arc, will cool so quickly as to
leave behind a hard spot with potential
cracks. On heavier pieces, this fast
cooling is multiplied.
A Practical Illustration
Following is a description of an
experiment I performed after reading
about some tests another inspector did
on arc strikes. The experiment can be
accomplished easily and I encourage
you to do it as well. It was very
enlightening and the results can be
used to demonstrate the severity of this
condition to others.
I saw a description of this written
by John Wright, a fellow CWI, a few
years ago, and decided it was
something I needed to do myself. It
requires a coupon bender, so I built one
to D1.1 specs for doing welder
qualifications.
I then prepared a set of guidelines
with some constants. Namely, I ran two
pieces of
3
8 1 6-in. A-36 flat bar
through the bender. Both bent
perfectly.
Next, I ran a couple of coupons
through that had been welded as for
welder qualifications. Since this was a
dependable operator with current
qualifications, these also came through
with no failures. I now had my baseline
proofs. Pretty standard stuff so far.
Next, I worked to make arc strikes
that would imitate those I have seen in
the field. I played with it until I had
several using two welding processes,
gas shielded flux cored arc welding and
SMAW using 7018 electrode.
I ran each through the bend test
with no repairs of any kind and the
obvious happened, they fractured right
along the arc strike area Fig. 4.
Since D1.1 requires arc strikes to
be ground down and tested, I sanded
samples from the first process nice
and smooth and tested/bent them. One
Fig. 7 Coupon after welding over the arc strike and grinding it down.
of the parts fractured (Fig. 5), the
other did not, so I did a couple more
from the second process. Again, one
broke and one did not though there
was evidence of cracks initiating from
the area of the arc strike on the one
that did not fracture Fig. 6. To my
way of thinking, these ground parts
were not performing very favorably.
Fifty percent are not good odds,
especially when human lives are in the
balance. I dont know how this would
have gone, as far as percentages, if
say 100 samples were tested, but even
if you got it down to 10% breakage, I
still dont like the odds. It may
become a question of the severity of
the arc strike. Some strikes may
grind down successfully while others
may not.
Next, I tried one more thing. I took
parts with arc strikes and welded across
the damaged area, then sanded them
down. During these tests, I ran four
coupons through the bender and not
one broke, not even a visible crack or
blemish Fig. 7.
One more point: when I did these
tests, I did not have access to a magnetic
particle yoke. Instead, I did a visual
inspection using a 4magnifying glass.
Sometimes I saw some cracking,
sometimes not. But my purpose was to
simulate what I often see in shops, which
is that if anything is done at all it gets
ground down and is then let go.
Conclusions
The following are my conclusions:
1) When I speak with welders, the
results of these tests have changed the
way many of them look at arc strikes.
2) I now try to look over the whole
member when doing inspections
because I dont like the odds if I miss
an arc strike.
3) If the welders are working to
the requirements of D1.1, I cant insist
on anything other than grinding unless
the MT technician finds signs of
cracking after the grinding operation.
But in my own small fabrication shop,
we weld them and then grind them
down to a smooth contour.
4) It is not my intent to interpret or
define arc strikes. Neither is it my
intent to insist they be dealt with in any
particular fashion. The codes and other
AWS reference materials handle those
responsibilities just fine.
5) It is my intent to make sure that
we as inspectors understand the
importance of the cautions expressed in
the codes and are doing our best to
handle a discontinuity that seems to be
getting far less attention than it
deserves. Arc strikes are going to
happen. My understanding of the use
of the phrase should be avoided is
that it is impossible to eliminate arc
strikes completely. But, the
terminology that they shall be
ground smooth and reinspected when
found makes it clear that arc strikes
must be given careful attention.
6) Finally, we as educated, trained,
informed, and certified inspectors have
an obligation to take every opportunity
to advance the understanding of
welders, managers, and in-house quality
control (QC) personnel to the potential
danger of letting arc strikes go by with
such low levels of consideration. Arc
strikes need to be searched for with at
least some degree of diligence. As I
walk by a member that has been
completed and inspected by the in-
house QC person, I can cover a piece
fairly quickly and still look at it close
enough to catch most arc strikes without
slowing down my process. But, beyond
my time involved, if I have the
understanding and cooperation of
welders, management, and QC, then I
should hardly ever find an arc strike that
hasnt already been dealt with.
My questions to you are, do you
inspect the entire member? Do you
insist arc strikes be ground down per
D1.1 and then reinspected? That is the
least you should be doing.
BRENT E. BOLING
(inspector@arctechwelding.com) is
president of Arc-Tech Welding, Inc.,
Prescott Valley, Ariz. He is also an
AWS CWI with a Bolting
Endorsement, an ASNT Level II in VT,
and chair of the AWS Arizona Section
and its Certification Committee.
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Boling Feature IT Summer 2013_Layout 1 6/27/13 8:06 AM Page 25
Feature
By
By Spencer O. Luke
A competent review of welding
procedures is an essential safeguard
that can help ensure production
welding (e.g., by the fabricator,
contractor, subsuppliers, and erector) is
in compliance with the requirements of
the construction code and any
additional requirements imposed by a
contract specification and applicable
industry standards.
Imagine the consequences if any of
the following occurred:
Grade 91 (9Cr-1Mo-V) piping for
critical steam service was welded
with B3 consumables (2Cr-1Mo).
Austenitic stainless steels for
corrosive service were welded using
plain carbon steel welding
consumables.
Piping or vessels for cryogenic
service were welded with a welding
procedure qualified without the
required Charpy impact tests.
Gas tungsten arc welding occurred
using an argon/oxygen shielding gas
mixture.
ASME code work took place using
AWS D1.1 welding procedures.
These are just a few examples of
glaring errors found during welding
procedure reviews. The list of errors
(and omissions) goes on and on
from minor, inconsequential errors and
typographical errors to major critical
errors.
Just because a Welding Procedure
Specification (WPS) or Procedure
Qualification Record (PQR) has been
certified by the manufacturer or
contractor as being in conformance
with code requirements, does not mean
that is actually the case. In some
instances, nothing could be further
from the truth.
Common Mistakes
Experience after many years and
reviews of thousands of welding
procedures has shown there are a few
common mistakes of which both
writers and reviewers should be made
aware. A large percentage of errors is
due to the writer failing to do the
following:
Proofread the document
Do a variable-by-variable code check
Fail to ask him- or herself if the
procedure makes good welding
common sense.
Most errors seem to be due to a lack
of attention to detail, so heres a quick
checklist that will help eliminate a lot
of errors.
Check the code.
Check the contract.
Check for special service
requirements.
Proofread.
As with writing any formal
document, its advisable to draft the
procedure, walk away from it for a day
or two or even longer when possible,
and then come back to it again and
review it for technical content and
accuracy. Whenever possible, ask
another competent individual to review
the document. Also consider asking an
experienced welder to look at the
procedure.
A review by independent
organizations or third-party insurers
who have welding experts generally
helps to ensure the documents are
properly qualified, written, and
certified.
Using Software to Write
Procedures
Writing procedures using available
welding procedure software programs
does help ensure that all the required
variables are properly addressed;
however, the writer may still need to
address any special items such as
mandatory preheat or postweld heat
treatment (PWHT) requirements, and
special contract requirements. The
person qualifying the procedure still
needs to do so using appropriate filler
metals and be knowledgeable enough
to specify appropriate welding
parameters. Before overriding any item
within the software program, the user
must know whether or not it will
violate any code requirement.
Its not uncommon to find an
electronically produced WPS or PQR
(such as created in MS Word or Excel)
that was apparently created by
modifying another electronic WPS or
PQR. The writer duplicated the
existing WPS or PQR in order to
modify it and generate a new WPS or
PQR; however, the person failed to
update all the necessary fields. One of
the most common errors of this type is
where the filler metal on the new WPS
Reviewing Welding Procedures
Heres a look at some of the mistakes commonly found in Welding Procedure Specifications
and how to avoid them
Luke Feature IT Summer 2013_Layout 1 6/25/13 3:42 PM Page 26
or PQR was changed without updating
the base material type (or vice versa).
For example, a WPS might incorrectly
indicate an E7018 electrode to weld an
ASME P-No. 8 (stainless steel) base
material. Mechanical test data on PQR
forms are often inappropriately
duplicated from one PQR to another.
This same problem occurs when
multiple references to the welding
consumables are used on a WPS. For
example, a WPS might indicate E7018
on the first page and E8018-B2 on the
second page. Always check for
multiple references to make sure the
consumable classifications are
consistent. Using a WPS or PQR form
that specifies the consumable
classification(s) in only one location on
the form eliminates this type of error.
Beware of Outdated or
Incomplete Forms
Using incorrect forms leads to
errors. For example, if a form for the
shielded metal arc welding (SMAW)
process is used for the gas metal arc
welding (GMAW) process, the writer
can easily fail to address shielding gas
since there isnt a data field for that
variable.
Errors occur when outdated or
incomplete forms, without data fields
for all the required code variables,
are used. It is much easier to identify
any missing information when proper
up-to-date forms with all the necessary
fields are used.
Always use the latest code edition
to qualify a welding procedure unless
there is a specific reason to use an
earlier edition. Often the code edition
year listed on PQRs is a much earlier
edition than was current at the time of
qualification. Laboratories performing
testing should also be requested to use
and identify the latest code edition on
the report forms.
All the pages of a WPS should
have the same identification number
and the same revision level, and all
pages of a PQR should have the
same identification number. When
WPSs are revised, the revision level
should be increased. When PQRs are
corrected or amended, a notation and
recertification signature should be
added in order to document the
correction or amendment.
Particular attention should be
made to the contractors document
control procedures. The same errors
identified and corrected on one
contract sometimes resurface on
submittals for a later contract.
The Review Process
Review of procedures is
complicated when insufficient
information is provided with the
submittal. Its not uncommon to be
asked to review a stack of procedures
without being provided much other
information. It is time consuming for
the reviewer to track down contract
specifications, materials of
construction, identify any special
service requirements or applicable
industry standards, etc. For
professional submittals, the submitter
should consider at least developing a
cover page that briefly describes the
contract, materials of construction, any
special requirements, and the
assignment of the WPSs.
While the review process should
ultimately result in procedures that have
been accepted, the shop or field CWI
should verify the procedures are
implemented properly; for example,
verifying that the WPS is used only
within its qualified limits. Occasionally a
contractor will try to sneak through a
WPS to weld on base materials the WPS
is not qualified for, maybe with the
thinking that the WPS is close enough.
Fabrication codes generally require
contractors or fabricators responsible
for welding also to be responsible for
qualifying their own welding
procedures. In the end, the contractor
or fabricator is also technically
responsible for the content and
accuracy of the welding documents.
For reviewers who are not employed
by the contractor or fabricator, the
review comments should be worded so
to avoid giving final approval of the
welding documents, in which case the
reviewer might be held responsible for
any consequences from oversights in
review of the welding procedures.
While a reviewer might not always
check every variable in a welding
procedure, the reviewer and especially
the writer should be aware of possible
consequences of any oversights. An
authorized inspector, for example,
might decide that welds produced with
a noncompliant WPS needs to be cut
out rather than accept the welds as a
nonconformance.
Verifying that welding procedures
are properly qualified, meet contract
requirements, and are properly
implemented is serious business. In
extreme instances, noncompliance can
potentially result in loss of life, or
rework costs and delays totaling
hundreds of thousands if not millions
of dollars.
Commonly, errors are attributed to
the submitter or writer of the
procedures failing to pay attention to
the details of the contract or the
particular service requirements. The
writer, submitter, and reviewer should
always have a basic checklist in mind
regarding how welding procedures are
written and qualified for the industry
they serve. That checklist would vary
from industry to industry.
A mental checklist might include,
for example, contract specification
special requirements, specific code
restrictions, NACE service, cryogenic
service, seismic service, etc. Specific
code restrictions might include, for
example, mandatory preheat or PWHT
requirements found in ASME B31.1.
Writing and reviewing a welding
procedure based on the base code
welding requirements is usually a
straightforward task. Making sure
requirements of all associated relevant
standards are addressed can require
much more diligence.
When writing a procedure, it is
always advisable to use the appropriate
code tables and references like a
checklist in order to verify that all the
necessary code variables have been
addressed in the WPS and PQR.
How to Review Procedures
Following is a suggested
methodology for reviewing procedures:
1. Use a common sense approach
to identify errors.
This step is a high-level review and
can commonly be done even without a
full variable check between the WPS
and PQR. For example, are filler
metals appropriate for the base
materials being welded, are shielding
gases or fluxes appropriate for the
welding consumables being used, do
welding parameters appear to be
correct, is the electrical current and
polarity correct, is this a material that
requires preheat, is the information
believable (for example, GMAW
process using ER70S-6 with argon gas
shielding recorded on both a PQR and
WPS), is it accurate, etc.
2. Perform a detailed check.
This step is a detailed check of all
welding variables required by the code
as well as requirements from other
applicable standards.
Examples of additional
requirements include NACE hardness
limitations, Charpy toughness,
mandatory fabrication code preheat or
PWHT, as well as special filler metal
requirements.
Examples of Common Errors
Following are some
omissions/errors commonly identified
during reviews.
For the GMAW process:
Failure to indicate the arc transfer
mode (globular, short arc, spray).
Where the transfer mode is indicated,
parameters such as amps, volts, and
wire feed speed will not produce the
indicated arc transfer.
Welding Positions:
Failure to indicate uphill or downhill
progression on the WPS or PQR.
Interchanging qualification testing
terminology on the PQR and WPS,
e.g., using 1G, 2G, 3G, 4G, 6G on a
WPS instead of F, H, V, OH.
Procedure Qualification Tensile
Testing:
Failure to perform tensile testing in
which the specimen(s) represents the
full thickness of the PQR test coupon
(reference ASME IX, QW-151.1).
Adoption/use of standard AWS
WPSs for work under ASME Section
IX requirements (ASME IX, Article
V):
Failure of the contractor to perform
and document a demonstration test
required by ASME IX, Article V.
300 Series Stainless Steel:
Failure to utilize a filler metal as
corrosion resistant or as creep resistant
as the base material. For example, Type
308 is commonly specified for welding
Type 316 base materials. While 308
satisfies ASME Section IX
qualification requirements, Type 308
fillers in many environments will not
be as corrosion resistant as Type 316
base materials. Note that contractor
procedures commonly indicate
austenitic filler metals such as ER3xx,
F-No. 6, A-No. 8 for welding ASME P-
No. 8 base materials. For the reviewer,
its not clear what base material type
will be welded nor the specific filler
metal AWS Classification that will be
used.
While this may be correct from an
ASME Section IX perspective, a
preferred, unambiguous way to specify
the filler is also by AWS classification
vs. actual base material type. For
example, commonly assigned filler
metals on a WPS could be listed as in
Table 1.
For welding of stainless steels and
high-alloy materials, project
specifications typically require purging
during welding of single-pass,
complete-joint-penetration welds.
Welding procedures are commonly
submitted, however, without amended
requirements for purging.
Miscellaneous:
Failure to address mandatory code
preheat requirements; e.g. ASME
B31.1 mandates minimum preheat for
some P-No. base materials.
Utilizing the wrong code edition
when specifying PWHT parameters.
For procedures qualified for Charpy
impact testing, specifying welding
parameters that far exceed the
allowable heat input range. Unless a
welder has been trained to calculate
and control heat input, a heat input
limitation stated on the WPS may
likely be exceeded during production
welding without the appropriate
welding parameters listed on the WPS.
Failure to list the applicable code or
testing standards on the PQR.
AWS D1.1 Qualifications:
Failure to perform or document the
required visual examination or
radiography examinations on the PQR
test coupon.
Failure to identify the specific weld
joint details on qualified WPSs.
Conclusion
While writing and reviewing WPSs
and PQRs may seem confusing and to
require too many steps at first, keep in
mind that many common errors can be
found simply by making a checklist,
proofreading your work, and using
some common sense.
Table 1 How to Specify Filler Metal Types
ASME P-No. 8 Base Metal Type AWS Filler Metal Classification
304 E/ER308
304L E/ER308L
304H E/ER16-8-2
316 E/ER316
316L E/ER316L
316H E/ER16-8-2
SPENCER O. LUKE, P. E.,
(lukeso@bv.com) is an engineer, Black &
Veatch, Overland Park, Kan. He is also
an AWS CWI. One of his daily duties is to
review welding procedures from
companies around the world.
Promote your full-color photos of your newest and hottest welding products and
services to 80,000 AWS member and customers.
Reach by email 55,000 AWS Members in the digital version of Welding Marketplace
that is included on the Welding Journal announcement letter and also includes
active links which sends clients directly to your website.
Downloadable from the AWS Website, with active links that sends clients directly to
your website. Website averages 100,000 plus views a month.
Ask us how you can get your company photo on the Welding Marketplace cover.
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Published by the
and the

that is included on the
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80,000 services to

elding Journal W that is included on the
WS Members in the digital version of A 55,000 Reach by email
WS member and customers. A 80,000

announcement letter and also includes elding Journal
WS Members in the digital version of
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elding Marketplace W WS Members in the digital version of

elding Marketplace

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Ask us how you can get your company photo on the
your website. W
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and the
Ask us how you can get your company photo on the
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and the
elding Marketplace W Ask us how you can get your company photo on the
plus views a month. 100,000
ebsite, with active links that sends clients directly to

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cover elding Marketplace
plus views a month.

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Published by the

Email: l
1-800-305-443-9353 Ext: 220, 243 or 254
Call Now and
and the

ea@aws.org, salty@aws.org or sjorgensen@aws.org. Email: l
1-800-305-443-9353 Ext: 220, 243 or 254
Ask How! Call Now and

ea@aws.org, salty@aws.org or sjorgensen@aws.org.
1-800-305-443-9353 Ext: 220, 243 or 254
Ask How!

ea@aws.org, salty@aws.org or sjorgensen@aws.org.
Page 29_FP_TEMP 6/26/13 9:22 AM Page 29
The Answer Is
By K. Erickson and A. Moore
The Society is not responsible for any statements made or opinion expressed herein. Data and information developed by the authors are for specific
informational purposes only and are not intended for use without independent, substantiating investigation on the part of potential users.
Q: Can an AWS Certified Welding
Inspector or Senior Certified
Welding Inspector qualify and
certify welders in accordance with
ASME requirements?
A: (from A. Moore) The ASME Boiler
and Pressure Vessel Code is comprised
of a number of sections. Each section
addresses a specific aspect of pressure
vessel construction. No section is self-
sustaining. The construction codes, i.e.,
Section I, Section VIII, B31.3, etc.,
reference other sections when they
apply. For instance, Section V is
applicable when referenced by Section
VIII regarding NDE or Section IX for
the qualification of welders. Let us
start with the premise the welder is
required to be qualified and certified in
accordance with ASME Section IX,
Qualification Standard for Welding and
Brazing Procedures, Welders, Brazers,
and Welding and Brazing Operators.
Fact: ASME Section IX contains
no provisions regarding the
qualifications required to administer
and evaluate welder qualifications.
Opinion: One does not have to be
an AWS CWI or SCWI to qualify and
certify welders in accordance with
ASME Section IX.
Fact: ASME Section IX assigns
the responsibility for qualifying and
certifying the welders and welding
operators to the contractor or
manufacturer. In short, the entity that
performs the welding is responsible for
qualifying and certifying the welders
and welding operators they employ.
The requirements for qualifying
welders and welder operators are listed
in Article III of Section IX. Paragraph
QW-300.2 states, These paragraphs
require that each manufacturer or
contractor shall be responsible for
conducting tests to qualify the
performance of welders and welding
operators in accordance with qualified
Welding Procedure Specifications,
which his organization employs in the
construction of weldments built in
accordance with the Code.
The same paragraph ends with the
following sentence, This
responsibility cannot be delegated.
Regarding the welding of the test
coupons, paragraph QW-300.2 part (b)
further states, The welder or welding
operators used to produce such
weldments shall be tested under the full
supervision and control of the
manufacturer, contractor, assembler, or
installer during the production of these
test weldments.
Opinion: My understanding of the
requirements listed above means that
the contractor must be present when the
welder or welding operator is welding
the test coupon. That responsibility
cannot be delegated to an individual
who is not an employee. That being the
case, the contractor cannot send the
welder (an employee) to a third party
who is charged with the responsibility to
administer and witness the welding of
the coupons. Assuming my
understanding is correct, the implication
is that a contractor or manufacturer
cannot delegate the responsibility for
qualifying and certifying welders to a
third-party testing agency such as a
testing laboratory or school that offers
testing services.
Furthermore, under the auspices of
Section IX, the contractor or
manufacturer cannot use welder and
welding operator certifications issued
by a third-party testing agency in lieu
of testing the welders in-house.
Back to the original question, can
an AWS CWI or SCWI qualify and
certify welders and welding operators
in accordance with ASME Section IX?
My response is yes if the CWI is an
employee of the contractor or
manufacturer who is qualifying the
welder or welding operator. If the AWS
CWI or SCWI is not an employee of
the contractor or the manufacturer, my
response is the AWS CWI or AWS
SCWI cannot qualify and certify the
contractors or manufacturers welders
or welding operators.
Can the AWS CWI or SCWI
perform the destructive tests required
to qualify the welder or welding
operator under the auspices of ASME
Section IX? My response is yes. The
justification is paragraph QW-300.2
part (b), which states: It is
permissible, however, to subcontract
any or all of the work of preparation of
test materials for welding and
subsequent work on the preparation of
test specimens from the complete
weldments, performance of
nondestructive examination and
mechanical tests, provided the
manufacturer, contractor, assembler, or
installer accepts full responsibility for
any such work.
In closing, note the original inquiry
did not reference a specific construction
code. This is an important omission
because the construction code, i.e.,
Section I, Section VIII, 31.3, etc., may
modify the provisions contained in
Section IX. If the AWS CWI or SCWI is
involved in qualifying and certifying
welders and welding operators, it is
imperative he or she review the
applicable construction code to see if
there are additional requirements,
restrictions, or limitations that apply.
With that in mind, my responses are
subject to change if the specific
construction code modifies the
requirements of Section IX.
Q: An interesting scenario recently
happened at our shop during the
qualification of a structural plate
welder. During a face bend test, a
discontinuity appeared in the center
root of the weld exceeding the
acceptance criteria in length
Fig. 1. Can this be a cause for
rejection?
A: (from K. Erickson) AWS D1.1,
paragraph 4.9.3.3 specifically states that
the convex surface of the bend test
specimen shall be visually examined for
surface discontinuities. The linear
indication developed on the opposite
surface, which is the concave surface
and thus per AWS is not the surface for
which evaluation is being conducted in
regard to the mechanical test.
Visual examinations of all weld
qualification test specimens shall be
The Society is not responsible for any statements made or opinion expressed herein. Data and information developed by the authors are for specific
informational purposes only and are not intended for use without independent, substantiating investigation on the part of potential users.
The Answer Is IT Summer 2013_Layout 1 6/25/13 2:02 PM Page 30
applied per paragraph 4.31.1. This is
not specific just to the final weld only
but can and should be applied during
any portion of the qualification process
to include fitup and tack, root and
intermediate pass deposition, welding
completion, backing bar removal
(when applicable), weld cap removal,
and prior to and upon completion of
any mechanical testing, etc. AWS Form
N-4 (welder qualification test record)
even designates a location and check-
off for visual inspection. Should a
relevant linear indication be detected at
any point in the qualification process,
an applicable acceptance criteria
should then be applied to evaluate this
condition.
In addition, if mechanical tests are
not employed and radiography was
substituted for any bend tests, there is a
high probability that this discontinuity
would have been detected and rejected.
Not all visual inspections will
reveal and detect relevant linear
indications, although there is a greater
opportunity to identify these
discontinuities if and when visual
inspection is employed throughout the
entire welding process. The main
objective for any welder qualification
test is to accurately determine if the
subject welder can satisfactorily
complete a specific weldment in
accordance with an approved document
and/or set of parameters while applying
known and established acceptance
criteria. It would be highly advisable to
discuss and/or provide a handout of the
acceptance criteria with the test welder
before beginning.
The primary consideration when
applying any acceptance criteria in
regard to visual welding inspection and
nondestructive testing is to ensure
completely that the part or item has
been thoroughly inspected and/or
tested in accordance with the
established criteria to address each
relevant indication.
Inspection Trends encourages
question and answer submissions. Please
mail to the editor (mjohnsen@aws.org).
KENNETH ERICKSONis manager of qual-
ity at National Inspection & Consultants,
Inc., Ft. Myers, Fla. He is an AWS Senior
Certified Welding Inspector, an ASNT Na-
tional NDT Level III Inspector in four meth-
ods, and provides expert witness review
and analysis for legal considerations.
ALBERT J. MOORE JR. is vice president,
Marion Testing & Inspection, Canton,
Conn. He is an AWS Senior Certified
Welding Inspector and an ASNT ACCP
NDT Level III. He is also a member of the
AWS Certification Committee and the
Committee on Methods of Inspection of
Welds.
Fig 1 This discontinuity in the root
of the weld appeared following a face
bend test.
AWS agreement with
ASNT offers ACCP to
qualified CWIs & SCWIs.
Do you need visual testing certification
which meets the guidelines for Recommended
Practice No. SNT-TC-1A as required by some
sections of the ASME Code? Through this
agreement, qualified SCWIs and CWIs
can obtain ACCP Level II VT certification
without examination.
Enhance your credentials and satisfy
work requirements with the addition
of an ACCP credential.
To apply and for more details visit
www.asnt.org or call 614.274.6003
or 800.222.2768 US/Canada.
Opportunity Knocks.
Image Longview Inspection
The Answer Is IT Summer 2013_Layout 1 6/25/13 2:04 PM Page 31
Mark Your Calendar
AWS Codes and Standards Conference. July 16, 17.
Orlando, Fla. Contact American Welding Society, (800) 443-
9353, ext. 223, e-mail Alina Blanco at ablanco@aws.org, or
visit www.aws.org/conferences.
Workshop on NDE Modeling and Simulation. July 20, 21.
Hilton Baltimore, Baltimore, Md. Contact World Federation
of NDE Centers, QNDE, Heidi Long, heidil@iastate.edu,
(515) 294-9749; FAX (515) 294-7771; or
www.qndeprograms.org/worldfedsc.php.
QNDE Conference (Review of Progress in Quantitative
Nondestructive Evaluation). July 2126. Hilton Baltimore,
Baltimore, Md. Contact QNDE, Sarah Kallsen,
kallsen@iastate.edu, (515) 294-9749; FAX (515) 294-7771;
or www.qndeprograms.org/QNDE.html.
12th International Conference on Application of
Contemporary Non-Destructive Testing in Engineering.
September 46. Grand Hotel Metropol, Portoroz, Slovenia.
Contact The Slovenian Society for Non-Destructive Testing,
www.fs.uni-lj.si/ndt.
Schweissen & Schneiden 2013 International Trade Fair
Joining, Cutting, Surfacing. September 1621. Essen,
Germany. Contact DVS, German Welding Society.
www.schweissenuschneiden.de/en/schweissen_neshingoprize.
org.
AWS 16th Annual Aluminum Conference. September
17, 18. Chicago, Ill. Contact American Welding Society,
(800) 443-9353, ext. 223, e-mail Alina Blanco at
ablanco@aws.org, or visit www.aws.org/conferences.
National Manufacturing Day. Oct. 4. Events held
nationwide. Sponsored by Fabricators & Manufacturers Assn.
To find events planned near you, visit www.mfgday.com for
interactive map.
ASNT Annual Conference and Quality Testing Show. Nov.
47. Rio Hotel, Las Vegas, Nev. Contact American Society
for Nondestructive Testing, (800) 222-2768 or www.asnt.org.
FABTECH 2013. Nov. 1821. McCormick Place,
Chicago, Ill. Contact American Welding Society, (800) 443-
9353, or www.fabtechexpo.com.
Welding Dissimilar Metals Conference. Nov. 18.
FABTECH 2013, McCormick Place, Chicago, Ill. Contact
American Welding Society, (800) 443-9353, ext. 223, e-mail
Alina Blanco at ablanco@aws.org, or visit
www.aws.org/conferences.
2014 ASNT Annual Conference and Quality Testing Show.
Oct. 2730. Charleston Convention Center, Charleston, S.C.
Contact American Society for Nondestructive Testing, (800)
222-2768 or www.asnt.org.
Educational Opportunities
GE Inspection Academy Courses. Online e-courses, onsite
classes, and week-long classroom programs in the major
industrial evaluation techniques. For information, visit
www.geinspectionacademycom.
NDE Classes. Moraine Valley Community College, Palos
Hills, Ill., offers NDE classes in PT, MT, UT, RT, radiation
safety, and eddy current, as well as API 510 exam prep and
weld inspection. For more information, contact (708) 974-
5735; wdcs@morainevalley.edu; morainevalley.edu/NDE.
EPRI NDE Training Seminars. EPRI offers NDE technical
skills training in visual examination, ultrasonic examination,
ASME Section XI, UT operator training, etc. Contact Sherryl
Stogner, (704) 547-6174, e-mail: sstogner@epri.com.
Nondestructive Examination Courses. A course schedule is
available from Hellier, 277 W. Main St., Ste. 2, Niantic, CT
06357, (860) 739-8950, FAX (860) 739-6732.
Preparatory and Visual Weld Inspection Courses. One- and
two-week courses presented in Pascagoula, Miss., Houston,
Tex., and Houma and Sulphur, La. Contact Real Educational
Services, Inc., (800) 489-2890; info@realeducational.com.
CWI/CWE Course and Exam. A ten-day program presented
in Troy, Ohio. Contact Hobart Institute of Welding Technology
(800) 332-9448; www.welding.org; hiwt@welding.org.
T.E.S.T. NDT, Inc., Courses. CWI preparation, NDE
courses, including ultrasonic thickness testing and advanced
phased array. On-site training available. T.E.S.T. NDT, Inc.,
193 Viking Ave., Brea, CA 92821; (714) 255-1500; FAX
(714) 255-1580; ndtguru@aol.com; www.testndt.com.
NDE Training. NDE training at the companys St. Louis-
area facility or on-site. Level III services available. For a
schedule of upcoming courses, contact Quality Testing
Services, Inc., 2305 Millpark Dr., Maryland Heights, MO
63043; (888) 770-0103; training@qualitytesting.net;
www.qualitytesting.net.
CWI/CWE Prep Course and Exam and NDT Inspector
Training Courses. An AWS Accredited Testing Facility.
Courses held year-round in Allentown, Pa., and at customers
facilities. Contact: Welder Training & Testing Institute (WTTI).
Call (800) 223-9884, info@wtti.edu, or visit www.wtti.edu.
Note: A diamond () denotes an AWS-sponsored event.
Mark Your Calendar IT Summer 2013_Layout 1 6/25/13 4:43 PM Page 32
Certification Schedule
Certified Welding Inspector (CWI)
LOCATION SEMINAR DATES EXAM DATE
Anchorage, AK Exam only Sept. 21
Miami, FL Sept. 1520 Sept. 21
Idaho Falls, ID Sept. 1520 Sept. 21
St. Louis, MO Sept. 1520 Sept. 21
Houston, TX Sept. 1520 Sept. 21
New Orleans, LA Sept. 2227 Sept. 28
Fargo, ND Sept. 2227 Sept. 28
Pittsburgh, PA Sept. 2227 Sept. 28
Indianapolis, IN Sept. 29Oct. 4 Oct. 5
Corpus Christi, TX Exam only Oct. 12
Long Beach, CA Oct. 611 Oct. 12
Tulsa, OK Oct. 611 Oct. 12
Cedar Rapids, IA Oct. 611 Oct. 12
Miami, FL Exam only Oct. 17
South Plainfield, NJ Oct. 1318 Oct. 19
Portland, OR Oct. 1318 Oct. 19
Nashville, TN Oct. 1318 Oct. 19
Atlanta, GA Oct. 2025 Oct. 26
Shreveport, LA Oct. 2025 Oct. 26
Detroit, MI Oct. 2025 Oct. 26
Roanoke, VA Oct. 2025 Oct. 26
Cleveland, OH Oct. 27Nov. 1 Nov. 2
Spokane, WA Oct. 27Nov. 1 Nov. 2
Sacramento, CA Nov. 38 Nov. 9
Corpus Christi, TX Exam only Nov. 16
Miami, FL Nov. 1015 Nov. 16
Anapolis, MD Nov. 1015 Nov. 16
Dallas, TX Nov. 1015 Nov. 16
Chicago, IL Exam only Nov. 21
Miami, FL Exam only Dec. 5
Los Angeles, CA Dec. 813 Dec. 14
Orlando, FL Dec. 813 Dec. 14
Reno, NV Dec. 813 Dec. 14
Houston, TX Dec. 813 Dec. 14
St. Louis, MO Exam only Dec. 14
9Year Recertification Seminar for CWI/SCWI
(No exams given.) For current CWIs and SCWIs needing to
meet education requirements without taking the exam. The
exam can be taken at any site listed under Certified Welding
Inspector.
LOCATION SEMINAR DATES
Denver, CO Sept. 1520
Dallas, TX Oct. 611
New Orleans, LA Oct. 27Nov. 1
Seattle, WA Nov. 38
Miami, FL Dec. 813
Certified Welding Supervisor (CWS)
Miami, FL Sept. 2327 Sept. 28
Norfolk, VA Oct. 1418 Oct. 19
CWS exams are also given at all CWI exam sites.
Certified Radiographic Interpreter (CRI)
Chicago, IL Sept. 2327 Sept. 28
Pittsburgh, PA Oct. 1418 Oct. 19
The CRI certification can be a stand-alone credential or can
exempt you from your next 9-Year Recertification.
Certified Welding Sales Representative (CWSR)
CWSR exams will be given at CWI exam sites.
Certified Welding Educator (CWE)
Seminar and exam are given at all sites listed under Certified
Welding Inspector. Seminar attendees will not attend the
Code Clinic portion of the seminar (usually the first two
days).
Certified Robotic Arc Welding (CRAW)
The course dates are followed by the location and phone
number
Dec. 913 at
ABB, Inc., Auburn Hills, MI; (248) 3918421
Aug. 1923, Dec. 26 at
Genesis-Systems Group, Davenport, IA; (563) 445-5688
Oct. 14 at
Lincoln Electric Co., Cleveland, OH; (216) 383-8542
Oct. 2125 at
OTC Daihen, Inc., Tipp City, OH; (937) 667-0800
Training: Sept. 2325, Nov. 1820
Exams: Sept. 2627, Nov. 2122 at
Wolf Robotics, Fort Collins, CO; (970) 225-7736
On request at
MATC, Milwaukee, WI; (414) 297-6996
IMPORTANT: This schedule is subject to change without notice. Applications are to be received at least six weeks prior to the semi-
nar/exam or exam. Applications received after that time will be assessed a $250 Fast Track fee. Please verify application deadline dates by visiting
our website www.aws.org/certification/docs/schedules.html. Verify your event dates with the Certification Dept. to confirm your course status be-
fore making travel plans. For information on AWS seminars and certification programs, or to register online, visit www.aws.org/
certification or call (800/305) 443-9353, ext. 273, for Certification; or ext. 455 for Seminars. Apply early to avoid paying the $250 Fast Track fee.
Certification Sched. IT Summer 2013_Layout 1 6/25/13 1:46 PM Page 33
Page 34_FP_TEMP 6/26/13 9:23 AM Page 34
american.................................................................7
aww.org .............................................800-443-9353
Classified Ads
july 2013 it classified index 2_Layout 1 6/25/13 3:38 PM Page 35
Classified Ads
American Society for Nondestructive Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . .11, 31
www.asnt.org . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(800) 222-2768
Astaras Welding Accessories, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .OBC
www.e3tungsten.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .web contact only
AWS Education Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13, 17
www.aws.org . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(800) 443-9353, ext. 455
AWS Member Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12, 14, 16
www.aws.org . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(800) 443-9353, ext. 480
Dalus S.A. de C.V. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8
www.dalus.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .+52 (81) 8386-1717
EST Group/Curtis Wright Flow Control Co. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21
www.estgroup.cwfc.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(800) 355-7044
FABTECH 2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7
www.fabtechexpo.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(800) 443-9353, ext. 297
FlawTech . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8
www.FlawTech.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(704) 795-4401
G.A.L. Gage Co. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9
www.galgage.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(269) 465-5750
Gradient Lens Corp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15
www.gradientlens.com/welding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(800) 536-0790
Hobart Institute of Welding Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9
www.welding.org . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(800) 332-9448
ISTUC/Instituto de Soldadura y Tecnologias de Union . . . . . . . . .25
www.istuc.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(52)-442-2201486 & 2201699
NDT Seals, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10
www.ndtseals.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(800) 261-6261
Olympus Corp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .IBC
www.olympus-ims.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(781) 419-3900
Quality Testing Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21
www.qualitytesting.net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(314) 770-0607
Sakura of America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18
www.sakuraofamerica.com/industrial . . . .(800) 776-6257, ext. 113
Spencer Mfg., Ltd. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .IFC
www.spencermfg.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .+1 (780) 469-4619
Steel Structures Technology Center, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10
www.steelstructures.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(734) 878-9560
IFC = Inside Front Cover
IBC = Inside Back Cover
OBC = Outside Back Cover
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Advertiser Index
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july 2013 it classified index 2_Layout 1 6/25/13 3:39 PM Page 36
OmniScan SXPA OmniScan SXUT
OmniScan SX
Smaller, Lighter Still an OmniScan
The new OmniScan
SX flaw detector benefits from more than 20 years of phased array experience and
is the latest addition to the OmniScan family. Compared to the OmniScan MX2, the OmniScan SX is 33%
lighter and 50% smaller, offering cost-effectiveness and an unprecedented level of portability.
The single group OmniScan SX features two-axis encoding and data recording capabilities, as well as a
streamlined touch-screen interface for both of the available models:
t SX PA: 16:64 PA conguration and one UT channel for P/E, P-C, or TOFD inspection.
t SX UT: one UT channel for P/E, P-C, or TOFD inspection.

OmniScan SX

OmniScan SX

OmniScan SX

eamlined touch-scr
oup OmniScan SX featur The single gr
lighter and 50% smaller
is the latest addition to the OmniScan family
The new OmniScan
Smaller
OmniScan SX

ff ff
een interface for both of the available models: eamlined touch-scr
es two-axis encoding and data r oup OmniScan SX featur
fec fering cost-ef , of smallerr,
is the latest addition to the OmniScan family
SX flaw detector benefits fr
The new OmniScan

, Lighter rr
OmniScan SX

een interface for both of the available models:

es two-axis encoding and data r
ecedented level of portability fectiveness and an unpr
ed to the Omni . Comparre is the latest addition to the OmniScan family
e than 20 years of phased array experience and om mor SX flaw detector benefits fr
Still an OmniScan
OmniScan SX

ding capabilities, as ecord a rr

. ecedented level of portability
ed to the OmniScan MX2, the OmniScan SX is 33%
e than 20 years of phased array experience and
Still an OmniScan
ding capabilities, as well as a

ed to the OmniScan MX2, the OmniScan SX is 33%
e than 20 years of phased array experience and

: one UT SX UT t
: 16:64 P SX PA t
eamlined touch-scr str

T channel for P/E P-C or

A conguration and one PPA
een interface for both of the available models: eamlined touch-scr

TOFD inspection
A conguration and one UT channel for P/E, P-C, or TOFD inspection.
een interface for both of the available models:

A conguration and one UT channel for P/E, P-C, or TOFD inspection.

.olym www w.

.olympus-ims.com For Info go to www.aws.org/ad-index

olympus ndt_FP_TEMP 6/24/13 4:22 PM Page C3

2% thoriateo thiro pass
erosion visible
Field Testing

For Info go to www.aws.org/ad-index
astaras_FP_TEMP 6/24/13 4:24 PM Page C4

Inspection Trends

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high pressure test plug uses proven self gripping

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Qualification of welding processes

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The new OmniScan

een interface for both of the available models:

ding capabilities, as ecord a rr

ding capabilities, as well as a

T channel for P/E P-C or

A conguration and one UT channel for P/E, P-C, or TOFD inspection.

.olympus-ims.com For Info go to www.aws.org/ad-index

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