Wood as a construction material

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION (AR 202) ACCURATE INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTURE AND PLANNING GREATER NOIDA 12/MARCH/2013

Why wood is great to use??

Built in the year 1791 French Rose wood and stands adorned with pillars, arches and balconies

Easily Carved

Great Strength

Easy Workability

Toughness & Elasticity

Durability

Weather Resistance &Fire Resistance

Structure of Tree

How to make it useful for construction??

How to make it useful for construction

How to make it useful for construction??

Movie 1

What are the Factors which effects the strength of Timber??

Defects In Timber
A defect is an irregularity or abnormality occurring in or on wood which is responsible for its: 1. Strength Reduction 2. Lowering Of Durability 3. Lowering Of Utility 4. Poor Appearance 5. Decay

Classification Of Defects In Timber

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Natural Forces Insects Fungi Conversion Seasoning

Defects in wood Due To Natural Forces

THESE ARE THE BASES OF BRANCHES OR LIMBS WHICH ARE BROKEN OR CUT OFF FROM THE.AS CONTINUITY OF WOOD FIBRES ARE BROKEN BY KNOTS,THEY FORM A

SOURCE OF WEAKNESS.

1.Knot

THESE ARE CRACKS WHICH EXTEND FROM

BARK TOWARDS THE SAP WOOD.THESE ARE USUALLY CONFINED

UPTO THE PLANE OF SAP WOOD.THESE ARE WIDER ON OUTSIDE ENDS AND NARROWER ON INSIDE ENDS.THEY ARE USUALLY FORMED DUE TO EXTREME HEAT OR SEVERE FROST DURING THE GROWTH OF TREE.

2.Star Shakes

IT APPEARS AS CURVED SPLIT WHICH PARTLY OR WHOLLY SEPERATES ANNUAL RINGS FROM ONE ANOTHER.IT IS CAUSED DUE TO EXCESSIVE FROST ACTION ON SAP PRESENT IN THE TREE ESPECIALLY WHEN THE TREE IS YOUNG

3.Cup shakes and ring shakes

THESE CRACKS OCCUR IN CENTRE OF

CROSS-SECTION OF TREE AND THEY EXTEND FROM PITH TO SAP WOOD IN DIRECTION OF MEDULLARY RAYS.THESE CRACKS OCCUR DUE TO SHRINKAGE OF INTERIOR PART OF
TREE WHICH IS APPROACHING MATURITY.THE HEART SHAKE DIVIDE THE TREE CROSS-SECTION INTO TWO OR FOUR PARTS.

4.Heart shakes

THE RIND MEANS BARK AND GALL INDICATES ABNORMAL GROWTH.HENCE PECULIAR CURVED SWELLING FOUND ON THE BODY OF TREE ARE KNOWN AS RIND GALL.THEY DEVELOP AT POINTS FROM WHERE

5.Rind Galls

BRANCHES ARE IMPROPERLY CUT OFF OR REMOVED.THEY ARE RARELY FOUND IN A TREE AND THE TIMBER IN THIS PART IS VERY WEAK AND NOT DURABLE.

6.Wind Cracks

THESE INDICATE WOOD FIBRES WHICH ARE

INJURED BY CRUSHING OR COMPRESSION.THE UPSETS ARE MAINLY

DUE TO IMPROPER FELLING OF TREE AND EXPOSURE OF TREE IN ITS YOUNG AGE TO

FAST BLOWING WIND

7.Upset or Ruptures

Limitations and defects of wood

age of tree not easily available heart shakes stars shakes cup shakes and ring shakes radial shakes rind galls upset or ruptures twisted fibers wind cracks knots

Defects in wood Due To Fungus

BROWN ROT :-THE TERM ROT IS USED TO INDICATE DECAY OR DISEASE OF TIMBER,THE FUNGI OF CERTAIN TYPE REMOVES CELLULOSE COMPOUNDS FROM WOOD AND HENCE WOOD ASSUMES THE BROWN COLOUR

WHITE ROT:-IT IS JUST OPPOSITE OF BROWN ROT.IN THIS CERTAIN TYPE OF FUNGI ATTACK LIGNIN OF WOOD AND WOOD ASSUMES THE APPEARANCE OF A WHITE MASS CONSISTING OF CELLULOSE COMPOUNDS

HEART ROT:-THIS IS FORMED WHEN BRANCH HAS COME OUT OF THE TREE.IN SUCH CASE,THE HEART WOOD IS EXPOSED TO ATTACK OF ATMOSPHERIC AGENTS.ULTIMATELY THE TREE BECOMES WEAK AND IT GIVES HOLLOW SOUND WHEN STRUK WITH HAMMER

WET ROT:-SOME KIND OF FUNGI CAUSEDCHEMICAL DECOMPOSITION OF WOOD OF TIMBER AND IN DOING SO CONVERT TIMBER INTO GREYISH BROWN POWDER.IT IS KNOWN AS WET ROT. SOME IMPORTANT POINTS TO BE REMEMBERED ABOUT WET ROT ARE.

DRY ROT :- SOME TYPES OF FUNGI FEED ON WOODS AND DURING FEEDING THEY ATTACK ON WOOD AND CONVERT IT INTO DRY POWDER FORM.THIS IS KNOWN AS DRY.

Defects in wood Due To Insects

Beetles

Beetles

Marine Borers

Termites

1. Bad storage 2. Improper seasoning 3. Use of timber without preservative on its surface

How to make timber more durable??

Seasoning of timber
is a process of drying out the timber or removal of sap to a moisture content approximately equal to a average humidity of situation where it is to be used.

Natural or air seasoning:

With this process the timber is roughly sawn to size and stacked using spacers called stickers, with the timber stacked in the open air. Vertical spacing achieved by using timber battens (25mm) of the same species. The piling sticks should be spaced close enough to prevent bowing (600 to 900 mm centres) This allows the free movement of air. The stack should be protected from the direct influence of the elements. The ends of the beams must be painted to prevent splitting.

Natural or air seasoning: video

Artificial seasoning:
Kiln seasoning: There are two main types of kiln used in artificial seasoning

Compartmental Kilns Progressive Kilns.

Both methods rely on the controlled environment to dry out the timber and require the following factors:

Forced air circulation by using large fans, blowers, etc. Heat of some form provided by piped steam. Humidity control provided by steam jets. The amount and duration of air, heat and humidity again depends on species, size, quantity, etc. In general, the atmosphere in the kiln at first will be cool and moist. The
temperature is gradually increased and the humidity reduced until the required moisture content is achieved.

Compartmental Kilns:
This kiln is a single enclose container or building, etc. The timber is stacked same manner as air seasoning Whole stack is seasoned using a programme of settings(temperature and humidity) until the whole stack is reduced to the

Moisture Content
required.

Progressive Kilns.

A progressive kiln has the stack on trolleys that progressively travel through a

sequence of chambers.
Each chamber has varying atmospheres that change the Moisture Content of the timber stack as it travels through. Advantages of this system- has a continuous flow of seasoned timber coming off line

Quality of timber depends upon how its being cut from wood.

Different types of board

Why are they made & how? Plywood Mdf hdf