ENGLISH

My family:
MY FAMILY The members of family are: Grandfather (or granddad), grandmother (or grandma), father, mother, brother, sister (son and girl - children), aunt, uncle, cousin, nephew (man), niece (woman), grandson (granddaughter), brother and sister-in-law and so on.

Days of the Week The history of the days of the week is closely intertwined with the advancement of mankind through the centuries. The Week came to have seven days mainly because it was a relatively easy way to break up the month into four manageable segments. There was also the fact that the Hebrews believed that God created the Earth and heavens in seven days. This notion of a holy sanction for the seven day week was passed on to other peoples and religions, including Christians and Moslems. Sunday is the Lord's day for Christians, yet it is named for the sun. Like many other days of the week it was actually named by the Norsemen who invaded England in

the centuries preceding the Norman Conquest. It is a Norse change of the Roman designation of the day. If the sun has its own day why not the moon on Monday? Astronomic bodies played a prominent place in the beliefs of early peoples. The moon and its phaseswas especially fascinating. Tuesday is not named for the number. It is named for the Norse god of War. WasWednesday named for weddings? Not even close. (Close only counts inhorseshoes and hand grenades.) Another in the line of days named for Norse gods. This one was for Woden (or Odin), the chief of the pantheon. When you hear thunder on Thursday you will remember how this day got its name. It was named for the Scandanavian god of thunder, Thor. Friday is the only day of the week named for a woman. Her name was Frigga and she was the consort of Odin. If Friday falls on the 13th, it is considered by some to be unlucky. The last day of the week is Saturday. It is the only day of the week in the English language that retained its Roman character. It takes its name from the Roman god of time and the harvest. Click on the links in the navbar above to find the history of a particular day, or read through the entire site by clicking on the "next page" links at the bottom of each page.

A CALENDAR There are 12 months in a year. The first month of the year is January. The last month of the year is December. Some months have 30 days and some have 31. January, March, May, July, August, October and December have 31 days. April, June September and November have 30 days. February has 28 days and sometimes 29. We use the months of the year to write the important dates about us, for example our birthday, our familiar dates and special dates of our country as the independence Day and more of them. The months of the year are:

Vegetative reproduction is asexual reproductionother terms that apply are vegetative propagation or vegetative multiplication.

Vegetative growth is enlargement of the individual plant; vegetative reproduction is any process that results in new plant "individuals" without production of seeds or spores.

Plants reproduction

Non-flowering plants Some plants don't produce flowers and seeds. Plants such as ferns and mosses are called nonflowering plants and produce spores instead of seeds. There is also another group called the Fungi, that include mushrooms, and these also reproduce by spores. We often think of these individuals as "non photosynthetic plants" when in fact they belong to their very own group or kingdom.

Spores are microscopic specks of living material. Ferns produce their spores on the undersides of the leaves (fronds). You may have seen them. They are the brown "spots" or "pads" on the bottom of the leaves. If you have access to a microscope, use it to look at the spores. You will find them to be a variety of shapes and unique to each kind of fern.

Plants from parts is a form of asexual or vegetative propagation. This process is sometimes called cloning because every new plant is exactly like the parent. One type of cloning uses cuttings--parts of plants that grow into new plants. Both stems and leaves can be used as cuttings. Another kind of cloning is grafting--the joining together of two plants into one. Other kinds of cloning use bulbs or tubers--underground parts that make new plants.

Flowering plants

Pollination is very important. It leads to the creation of new seeds that grow into

new plants.

But how does pollination work? Well, it all begins in the flower. Flowering plants have several different parts that are important in pollination. Flowers have male parts called stamens that produce a sticky powder called pollen. Flowers also have a female part called the pistil. The top of the pistil is called the stigma, and is often sticky. Seeds are made at the base of the pistil, in the ovule. To be pollinated, pollen must be moved from a stamen to the stigma. When pollen from a plant's stamen is transferred to that same plant's stigma, it is called self-pollination.

When pollen from a plant's stamen is transferred to a different plant's stigma, it is called cross-pollination. Cross-pollination produces stronger plants. The plants must be of the same species. For example, only pollen from a daisy can pollinate another daisy. Pollen from a rose or an apple tree would not work.

Canada is a country occupying most of northern North America, extending from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west and northward into the Arctic Ocean. It is the world's second largest country by total area, and shares land borders with the United States to the south and northwest. The land occupied by Canada was inhabited for millennia by various aboriginal peoples. Beginning in the late 15th century, British and French expeditions explored and later settled the Atlantic coast. France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 after the Seven Years War. In 1867, with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation, Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces. This began an accretion of additional provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom, highlighted by the Statute of Westminster in 1931 and culminating in the Canada Act in 1982 which severed the vestiges of legal dependence on the British parliament. A federation now comprising ten provinces and three territories, Canada is a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy, with Queen Elizabeth II as its head of state. It is a bilingual and multicultural country, with both English and French as official languages at the federal level. Technologically advanced and industrialized, Canada maintains a diversified economy that is heavily reliant upon its abundant natural resources and upon tradeparticularly with the United States, with which Canada has a long and complex relationship. Borders North: South: West: East:

Antarctic Ocean USA Pacific Ocean Atlantic Ocean

Provinces and territories of Canada

Canada is a federation which consists of ten provinces that, with three territories, make up the world's second largest country in total area. The major difference between a Canadian province and a territory is that a province receives relatively greater power and authority directly from the Crown, via the Constitution Act, 1867, whereas territories derive their mandates from the federal government. The current provinces are Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Quebec, and Saskatchewan. The three territories are Northwest Territories, Nunavut, and Yukon. The Symbols of Canada The symbols of Canada can heighten not only our awareness of our country but also our sense of celebration in being Canadian. The symbols of Canada are a celebration of what we are as a people.

The Arms of Canada

The National Flag

The Royal Union Flag

The beaver

The maple (tree - leaf)

Tartans

1. Maple leaf * 2. Newfoundland and Labrador 3. Prince Edward Island 4. Nova Scotia 5. New Brunswick 6. Quebec * 7. Ontario 8. Manitoba 9. Saskatchewan 10. Alberta 11. British Columbia 12. Northwest Territories 13. Yukon * not official tartans

The Great Seal

ELIZABETH II Elizabeth II, Queen of Canada, is the sovereign and head of state of Canada, and gives repository of executive power, judicial and legislative power; as expressed in the constitution: "the Executive Government and Authority of and over Canada is and be vested in the Queen." However, sovereignty in Canada has never rested solely with the monarch due to the English Bill of Rights of 1689, later inherited by Canada, which established the principle of Parliamentary sovereignty in the United Kingdom. Nonetheless, the monarch is still known as the sovereign of Canada.

In Canada's federal system, the headship of state is not a part of either the federal or provincial jurisdictions; the Queen reigns impartially over the country as a whole; meaning the sovereignty of each jurisdiction is passed on not by the Governor General or the Canadian parliament, but through the Crown itself. Thus, the Crown is "divided" into eleven legal jurisdictions, eleven "crowns" one federal and ten provincial. The Fathers of Confederation viewed this system of constitutional monarchy as a bulwark against any potential fracturing of the Canadian federation Ottawa is the capital of Canada and the country's fourth largest municipality, as well as the second largest city in the province of Ontario. It is located in the Ottawa Valley in the eastern portion of province of Ontario. Ottawa lies on the banks of the Ottawa River, a major waterway that forms the boundary between Ontario and Quebec.

There is no federal capital district in Canada. Ottawa is a municipality within the Province of Ontario. Although it does not constitute a separate administrative district, Ottawa is part of the federally-designated National Capital Region, which includes the neighbouring Quebec municipality of Gatineau. As with other national capitals, the word "Ottawa" is also used to refer by metonymy to the country's federal government, especially as opposed to provincial or municipal authorities.

Geography and climate Ottawa is situated on the south bank of the Ottawa River, and contains the mouths of the Rideau River and Rideau Canal. The oldest part of the city (including what remains of Bytown) is known as Lower Town, and occupies an area between the canal and the rivers. Across the canal to the west lies Centretown (often just called "downtown"), which is the city's financial and commercial hub. Situated between Centretown and the Ottawa River, the slight elevation of Parliament Hill is home to many of the capital's landmark government buildings, and the Legislative seat of Canada. As of June 29, 2007, the Rideau Canal, which stretches 202 km (126 mi) to Kingston, Fort Henry and four Martello towers in the Kingston area was recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Ottawa is made up of eleven historic townships, ten of which are from historic Carleton County and one from historic Russell. They are Cumberland, Fitzroy, Gloucester, Goulbourn, Huntley, March, Marlborough, Nepean, North Gower, Osgoode and Torbolton.

Climate Snow and ice are dominant during the winter season. Ottawa receives about 235 centimetres (93 in) of snowfall annually. Its biggest snowfall was recorded on March 3-4, 1947 with 73 cm (2.5 feet) of snow.[6] Average January temperature is -10.8 C (13 F), although days well above freezing and nights below -25 C (13 F) both occur in the winter. The snow season is quite variable; in an average winter, a lasting snow cover is on the ground from mid-December until early April, although some years are snow-free until beyond Christmas, particularly in recent years. The year 2007 was notable for having no lasting snow cover until the third week of January. High wind chills are common, with annual averages of 51, 14 and 1 days with wind chills below -20 C (-4 F), -30 C (-22 F) and -40 C (-40 F) respectively. The lowest recorded wind chill was of -47.8 C (-54.0 F) on January 8, 1968.

Freezing rain is also relatively common, even relative to other parts of the country. One such large storm caused power outages and affected the local economy, and came to be known as the 1998 Ice Storm.

Provinces and territories

Canada is a federation composed of ten provinces and three territories; in turn, these may be grouped into regions. Western Canada consists of British Columbia and the three Prairie provinces (Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba). Central Canada consists of Quebec and Ontario. Atlantic Canada consists of the three Maritime provinces (New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, and Nova Scotia), along with Newfoundland and Labrador. Eastern Canada refers to Central Canada and Atlantic Canada together. Three territories (Yukon, Northwest Territories, and Nunavut) make
THE MOST IMPORTANT CITIES

.Toronto, Ontario skyline with the CN Tower. Toronto is Canada's most populous metropolitan area with 5,113,149 people.[67][68] Canada's 2006 census counted a total population of 31,612,897, an increase of 5.4% since 2001.[69] Population growth is from immigration and, to a lesser extent, natural growth. About three-quarters of Canada's population live within 150 kilometers (90 mi) of the US border.[70] A similar proportion live in urban areas concentrated in the Quebec City-Windsor Corridor (notably the Greater Golden Horseshoe including Toronto and

area, Montreal, and Ottawa), the BC Lower Mainland (consisting of the region surrounding Vancouver), and the Calgary-Edmonton Corridor.

Climate
Snow and ice are dominant during the winter season. Ottawa receives about 235 centimetres (93 in) of snowfall annually. Its biggest snowfall was recorded on March 3-4, 1947 with 73 cm (2.5 feet) of snow. Average January temperature is -10.8 C (13 F), although days well above freezing and nights below -25 C (-13 F) both occur in the winter. The snow season is quite variable; in an average winter, a lasting snow cover is on the ground from mid-December until early April, although some years are snow-free until beyond Christmas, particularly in recent years. The year 2007 was notable for having no lasting snow cover until the third week of January. High wind chills are common, with annual averages of 51, 14 and 1 days with wind chills below -20 C (-4 F), -30 C (-22 F) and -40 C (-40 F) respectively. The lowest recorded wind chill was of -47.8 C (-54.0 F) on January 8, 1968.

Multiplication (often denoted by the cross symbol ) is the mathematical operation of scaling one number by another. It is one of the four basic operations in elementary arithmetic(the others being addition, subtraction and division). Because the result of scaling by whole numbers can be thought of as consisting of some number of copies of the original, whole-number products greater than 1 can be computed by repeated addition; for example, 3 multiplied by 4 (often said as 3 times 4) can be calculated by adding 4 copies of 3 together: Here 3 and 4 are the factors and 12 is the product.

CONCEPTUALIZATION How to Learn tables So ... train your memory! Tip 1: Order Does Not Matter

When you multiply two numbers, it does not matter which is first or second, the answer is always the same. Example: 35=15, and 53=15 Another Example: 29=18, and 92=18

In fact, it is like half of the table is a mirror image of the other! So, don't memorise both "35" and "53", just memorise that "a 3 and a 5 make 15" when multiplied. This is very important! It nearly cuts the whole job in half.

In your mind you should think of 3 and 5 "together" making 15. so you should be thinking something like this: