MY FAMILY The members of family are: Grandfather (or granddad), grandmother (or grandma), father, mother, brother, sister

(son and girl - children), aunt, uncle, cousin, nephew (man), niece (woman), grandson (granddaughter), brother and sister-in-law and so on.

Days of the Week The history of the days of the week is closely intertwined with the advancement of mankind through the centuries. The Week came to have seven days mainly because it was a relatively easy way to break up the month into four manageable segments. There was also the fact that the Hebrews believed that God created the Earth and heavens in seven days. This notion of a holy sanction for the seven day week was passed on to other peoples and religions, including Christians and Moslems.

Sunday is the Lord's day for Christians, yet it is named for the sun. Like many other days of the week it was actually named by the Norsemen who invaded England in the centuries preceding the Norman Conquest. It is a Norse change of the Roman designation of the day. If the sun has its own day why not the moon on Monday? Astronomic bodies played a prominent place in the beliefs of early peoples. The moon and its phaseswas especially fascinating. Tuesday is not named for the number. It is named for the Norse god of War. WasWednesday named for weddings? Not even close. (Close only counts inhorseshoes and hand grenades.) Another in the line of days named for Norse gods. This one was for Woden (or Odin), the chief of the pantheon. When you hear thunder on Thursday you will remember how this day got its name. It was named for the Scandanavian god of thunder, Thor. Friday is the only day of the week named for a woman. Her name was Frigga and she was the consort of Odin. If Friday falls on the 13th, it is considered by some to be unlucky. The last day of the week is Saturday. It is the only day of the week in the English language that retained its Roman character. It takes its name from the Roman god of time and the harvest. Click on the links in the navbar above to find the history of a particular day, or read through the entire site by clicking on the "next page" links at the bottom of each page.

A CALENDAR There are 12 months in a year. The first month of the year is January. The last month of the year is December. Some months have 30 days and some have 31. January, March, May, July, August, October and December have 31 days. April, June September and November have 30 days. February has 28 days and sometimes 29. We use the months of the year to write the important dates about us, for example our birthday, our familiar dates and special dates of our country as the independence Day and more of them. The months of the year are:

Sight

In this painting by Pietro Paolini, each individual represents one of the five senses.[3] The Walters Art Museum. Sight or vision is the capability of the eye(s) to focus and detect images of visible light on photoreceptors in the retina of each eye that generates electrical nerve impulses for varying colors, hues, and brightness. There are two types of photoreceptors: rods and cones. Rods are very sensitive to light, but do not distinguish colors. Cones distinguish colors, but are less sensitive to dim light. There is some disagreement as to whether this constitutes one, two or three senses. Neuroanatomists generally regard it as two senses, given that different receptors are responsible

for the perception of color and brightness. Some argue[citation needed] that stereopsis, the perception of depth using both eyes, also constitutes a sense, but it is generally regarded as a cognitive (that is, post-sensory) function of the visual cortex of the brain where patterns and objects in images are recognized and interpreted based on previously learned information. This is called visual memory. The inability to see is called blindness. Blindness may result from damage to the eyeball, especially to the retina, damage to the optic nerve that connects each eye to the brain, and/or from stroke (infarcts in the brain). Temporary or permanent blindness can be caused by poisons or medications. Hearing Hearing or audition is the sense of sound perception. Hearing is all about vibration. Mechanoreceptors turn motion into electrical nerve pulses, which are located in the inner ear. Since sound is vibrations propagating through a medium such as air, the detection of these vibrations, that is the sense of the hearing, is a mechanical sense because these vibrations are mechanically conducted from the eardrum through a series of tiny bones to hair-like fibers in the inner ear, which detect mechanical motion of the fibers within a range of about 20 to 20,000 hertz,[4] with substantial variation between individuals. Hearing at high frequencies declines with an increase in age. Inability to hear is called deafness or hearing impairment. Sound can also be detected as vibrations conducted through the body by tactition. Lower frequencies than can be heard are detected this way. Taste Taste (or, the more formal term, gustation; adjectival form: "gustatory") is one of the traditional five senses. It refers to the capability to detect the taste of substances such as food, certain minerals, and poisons, etc. The sense of taste is often confused with the "sense" of flavor, which is a combination of taste and smell perception. Flavor depends on odor, texture, and temperature as well as on taste. Humans receive tastes through sensory organs called taste buds, or gustatory calyculi, concentrated on the upper surface of the tongue. The sensation of taste can be categorized by five primary taste qualities: sweetness, bitterness, sourness, saltiness and umami (pronounced OO-MAH-MEE), which means "meaty" or "savory" in Japanese. Other tastes such as calcium [5] and free fatty acids [6] may be other basic tastes but have yet to receive widespread acceptance. The recognition and awareness of umami is a relatively recent development in Western cuisine.[7] MSG produces a strong umami taste so much so that it is said to taste soapy by itself.[8]

Smell Smell or olfaction is the other "chemical" sense. Unlike taste, there are hundreds of olfactory receptors (388 according to one source[9]), each binding to a particular molecular feature. Odor molecules possess a variety of features and, thus, excite specific receptors more or less strongly. This combination of excitatory signals from different receptors makes up what we perceive as the molecule's smell. In the brain, olfaction is processed by the olfactory system. Olfactory receptor neurons in the nose differ from most other neurons in that they die and regenerate on a regular basis. The inability to smell is called anosmia. Some neurons in the nose are specialized to detect pheromones.[10]

Touch Touch or somatosensory, also called tactition or mechanoreception, is a perception resulting from activation of neural receptors, generally in the skin including hair follicles, but also in the tongue, throat, and mucosa. A variety of pressure receptors respond to variations in pressure (firm, brushing, sustained, etc.). The touch sense of itching caused by insect bites or allergies involves special itch-specific neurons in the skin and spinal cord.[11] The loss or impairment of the ability to feel anything touched is called tactile anesthesia. Paresthesia is a sensation of tingling, pricking, or numbness of the skin that may result from nerve damage and may be permanent or temporary.

Canada is a country occupying most of northern North America, extending from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west and northward into the Arctic Ocean. It is the world's second largest country by total area, and shares land borders with the United States to the south and northwest. The land occupied by Canada was inhabited for millennia by various aboriginal peoples. Beginning in the late 15th century, British and French expeditions explored and later settled the Atlantic coast. France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 after the Seven Years War. In 1867, with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation, Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces. This began an accretion of additional provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom, highlighted by the Statute of Westminster in 1931 and culminating in the Canada Act in 1982 which severed the vestiges of legal dependence on the British parliament. A federation now comprising ten provinces and three territories, Canada is a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy, with Queen Elizabeth II as its head of state. It is a bilingual and multicultural country, with both English and French as official languages at the federal level. Technologically advanced and industrialized, Canada maintains a diversified economy that is heavily reliant upon its abundant natural resources and upon tradeparticularly with the United States, with which Canada has a long and complex relationship. Borders North: South: West: East:

Antarctic Ocean USA Pacific Ocean Atlantic Ocean

Provinces and territories of Canada

Canada is a federation which consists of ten provinces that, with three territories, make up the world's second largest country in total area. The major difference between a Canadian province and a territory is that a province receives relatively greater power and authority directly from the Crown, via the Constitution Act, 1867, whereas territories derive their mandates from the federal government. The current provinces are Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Quebec, and Saskatchewan. The three territories are Northwest Territories, Nunavut, and Yukon. The Symbols of Canada The symbols of Canada can heighten not only our awareness of our country but also our sense of celebration in being Canadian. The symbols of Canada are a celebration of what we are as a people.

The Arms of Canada

The National Flag

The Royal Union Flag

The beaver

The maple (tree - leaf)

Tartans

1. Maple leaf * 2. Newfoundland and Labrador 3. Prince Edward Island 4. Nova Scotia 5. New Brunswick 6. Quebec * 7. Ontario 8. Manitoba 9. Saskatchewan 10. Alberta 11. British Columbia 12. Northwest Territories 13. Yukon * not official tartans

The Great Seal

ELIZABETH II Elizabeth II, Queen of Canada, is the sovereign and head of state of Canada, and gives repository of executive power, judicial and legislative power; as expressed in the constitution: "the Executive Government and Authority of and over Canada is and be vested in the Queen." However, sovereignty in Canada has never rested solely with the monarch due to the English Bill of Rights of 1689, later inherited by Canada, which established the principle of Parliamentary sovereignty in the United Kingdom. Nonetheless, the monarch is still known as the sovereign of Canada.

In Canada's federal system, the headship of state is not a part of either the federal or provincial jurisdictions; the Queen reigns impartially over the country as a whole; meaning the sovereignty of each jurisdiction is passed on not by the Governor General or the Canadian parliament, but through the Crown itself. Thus, the Crown is "divided" into eleven legal jurisdictions, eleven "crowns" one federal and ten provincial. The Fathers of Confederation viewed this system of constitutional monarchy as a bulwark against any potential fracturing of the Canadian federation Ottawa is the capital of Canada and the country's fourth largest municipality, as well as the second largest city in the province of Ontario. It is located in the Ottawa Valley in the eastern portion of province of Ontario. Ottawa lies on the banks of the Ottawa River, a major waterway that forms the boundary between Ontario and Quebec.

There is no federal capital district in Canada. Ottawa is a municipality within the Province of Ontario. Although it does not constitute a separate administrative district, Ottawa is part of the federally-designated National Capital Region, which includes the neighbouring Quebec municipality of Gatineau. As with other national capitals, the word "Ottawa" is also used to refer by metonymy to the country's federal government, especially as opposed to provincial or municipal authorities.

Geography and climate Ottawa is situated on the south bank of the Ottawa River, and contains the mouths of the Rideau River and Rideau Canal. The oldest part of the city (including what remains of Bytown) is known as Lower Town, and occupies an area between the canal and the rivers. Across the canal to the west lies Centretown (often just called "downtown"), which is the city's financial and commercial hub. Situated between Centretown and the Ottawa River, the slight elevation of Parliament Hill is home to many of the capital's landmark government buildings, and the Legislative seat of Canada. As of June 29, 2007, the Rideau Canal, which stretches 202 km (126 mi) to Kingston, Fort Henry and four Martello towers in the Kingston area was recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Ottawa is made up of eleven historic townships, ten of which are from historic Carleton County and one from historic Russell. They are Cumberland, Fitzroy, Gloucester, Goulbourn, Huntley, March, Marlborough, Nepean, North Gower, Osgoode and Torbolton.

Climate Snow and ice are dominant during the winter season. Ottawa receives about 235 centimetres (93 in) of snowfall annually. Its biggest snowfall was recorded on March 3-4, 1947 with 73 cm (2.5 feet) of snow.[6] Average January temperature is -10.8 C (13 F), although days well above freezing and nights below -25 C (13 F) both occur in the winter. The snow season is quite variable; in an average winter, a lasting snow cover is on the ground from mid-December until early April, although some years are snow-free until beyond Christmas, particularly in recent years. The year 2007 was notable for having no lasting snow cover until the third week of January. High wind chills are common, with annual averages of 51, 14 and 1 days with wind chills below -20 C (-4 F), -30 C (-22 F) and -40 C (-40 F) respectively. The lowest recorded wind chill was of -47.8 C (-54.0 F) on January 8, 1968.

Freezing rain is also relatively common, even relative to other parts of the country. One such large storm caused power outages and affected the local economy, and came to be known as the 1998 Ice Storm.

Provinces and territories

Canada is a federation composed of ten provinces and three territories; in turn, these may be grouped into regions. Western Canada consists of British Columbia and the three Prairie provinces (Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba). Central Canada consists of Quebec and Ontario. Atlantic Canada consists of the three Maritime provinces (New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, and Nova Scotia), along with Newfoundland and Labrador. Eastern Canada refers to Central Canada and Atlantic Canada together. Three territories (Yukon, Northwest Territories, and Nunavut) make
THE MOST IMPORTANT CITIES

.Toronto, Ontario skyline with the CN Tower. Toronto is Canada's most populous metropolitan area with 5,113,149 people.[67][68] Canada's 2006 census counted a total population of 31,612,897, an increase of 5.4% since 2001.[69] Population growth is from immigration and, to a lesser extent, natural growth. About three-quarters of Canada's population live within 150 kilometers (90 mi) of the US border.[70] A similar proportion live in urban areas concentrated in the Quebec City-Windsor Corridor (notably the Greater Golden Horseshoe including Toronto and

area, Montreal, and Ottawa), the BC Lower Mainland (consisting of the region surrounding Vancouver), and the Calgary-Edmonton Corridor.

Climate
Snow and ice are dominant during the winter season. Ottawa receives about 235 centimetres (93 in) of snowfall annually. Its biggest snowfall was recorded on March 3-4, 1947 with 73 cm (2.5 feet) of snow. Average January temperature is -10.8 C (13 F), although days well above freezing and nights below -25 C (-13 F) both occur in the winter. The snow season is quite variable; in an average winter, a lasting snow cover is on the ground from mid-December until early April, although some years are snow-free until beyond Christmas, particularly in recent years. The year 2007 was notable for having no lasting snow cover until the third week of January. High wind chills are common, with annual averages of 51, 14 and 1 days with wind chills below -20 C (-4 F), -30 C (-22 F) and -40 C (-40 F) respectively. The lowest recorded wind chill was of -47.8 C (-54.0 F) on January 8, 1968.

NUMBERS:

Addition is the mathematical operation of combining or adding two numbers to obtain an equal simple amount or total. Addition also provides a model for related processes such as joining two collections of objects into one collection. Repeated addition of the number one is the most basic form of counting.

Addition is written using the plus sign "+" between the terms; that is, in infix notation. The result is expressed with an equals sign. For example,

1+1=2 2+2=4 5 + 4 + 2 = 11 3 + 3 + 3 + 3 = 12

There are also situations where addition is "understood" even though no symbol appears:

A column of numbers, with the last number in the column underlined, usually indicates that the numbers in the column are to be added, with the sum written below the underlined number.

The numbers or the objects to be added are generally called the "terms", the "addends", or the "summands"; this terminology carries over to the summation of multiple terms.

All of this terminology derives from Latin. "Addition" and "add" are English words derived from the Latin verb addere, which is in turn a compound of ad "to" and dare "to give", from the Indo-European root do- "to give"; thus to add is to give to. Using the gerundive suffix -nd results in "addend", "thing to be added". Likewise from augere "to increase", one gets "augend", "thing to be increased".

"Sum" and "summand" derive from the Latin noun summa "the highest, the top" and associated verb summare. This is appropriate not only because the sum of two positive numbers is greater than either, but because it was once common to add

upward, contrary to the modern practice of adding downward, so that a sum was literally higher than the addends. Addere and summare date back at least to Boethius, if not to earlier Roman writers such as Vitruvius and Frontinus; Boethius also used several other terms for the addition operation.