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Equipment Damage Curves Generators

The information presented in this application guide is for review, approval, interpretation and application by a registered professional engineer only. SKM disclaims any responsibility and liability resulting from the use and interpretation of this information. Reproduction of this material is permitted provided proper acknowledgement is given to SKM Systems Analysis Inc. Purpose The purpose of this guide is to provide basic information about generator thermal limit curves and characteristic landmarks necessary for plotting on time-current curves, for the purpose of equipment overcurrent protection. Full Load Amps (FLA) Rated continuous current carrying capacity of a motor at a referenced ambient temperature and allowable temperature rise, see table 1. Table 1 Generator Temperature Ratings

Max Amb. Temp. 40C 40C 40C 40C 40C 40C

Hot Spot Temp. 5C 10C 10C 15C 10C 15C

Temp. Rise Class A Class B Class F Class H Class B Class F

Temp. Rise 60C 80C 105C 125C 80C 105C

Total Temp. Rise 105C 130C 155C 180C 130C 160C

Insul. Temp. Class A Class B Class F Class H Class F Class H

Insul. Temp. 105C 130C 155C 180C 155C 180C

Short-Time Thermal (Overload) Capability Curve The short time thermal capability or overload curve represents the permissible output capability under emergency conditions. This curve is not meant as an indication of continuous overload capability, and should never be used to schedule running overload operations. Repeated operation up to and beyond the running overload curve will reduce insulation life. The short-time thermal capability of cylindrical rotor generators as defined in ANSI C37.50 is listed in Table 2. Table 2 Shot-time thermal capability Time (sec.) Armature Current (%) 10 226 30 154 60 130 120 116

Short Circuit Withstand Capability Point The short circuit withstand capability point represents the maximum time the machine can withstand a 3- short circuit at its terminals without damage when operating at rated kVA and power factor, at 5 percent over-voltage, with field excitation. Decrement Curve The decrement curve represents the current output of the machine considering a 3- fault applied at or near its terminals. The current output is defined by the following equations.

Example Plot the characteristic landmarks for a 750kVA, 480V, 902A synchronous generator with the following characteristics. Xd = 0.107 p.u., Xd = 0.154 p.u., Xd = 1.54 p.u. Td = 0.015 sec., Td = 0.417 sec., Ta = 0.189 sec. If = 3 A p.u., Ifg = 1 A p.u. Solution In the submittal package from the generator manufacturer the overload capability at rated operating (hot) temperature is listed as Current (%) 1.45 1.65 2.00 Time (sec.) 1080.0 420.0 180.0

The manufacturer also lists a sustained short circuit capability of 300% line current for 5 seconds. The decrement curve will be calculated using equation (1) from 0.01 to 5 seconds. Time(sec.) 0.01 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 The results are plotted in figure 1. C 7.9 5.8 5.2 4.5 4.0 3.7 3.5 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 DC 12.5 7.8 4.6 1.6 0.6 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Total 14.8 9.7 7.0 4.7 4.0 3.7 3.5 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2

Fig. 1 750kVA generator damage curves References Other Application Guides offered by SKM Systems Analysis at www.skm.com Electrical Transmission and Distribution Reference Book, ABB Power T&D Company, Raleigh, North Carolina, 1997 Protective Relaying Theory and Applications, 2nd Edition, Marcel Dekker, New York, 2004 The latest revision of: IEEE Std 242, IEEE Recommended Practice for Protection and Coordination of Industrial and Commercial Power Systems (IEEE Buff Book) IEEE Std C37.102, IEEE Guide for AC Generator Protection IEEE Std C37.101, IEEE Guide for Generator Ground Protection ANSI C50.13, Cylindrical-Rotor Synchronous Generators NEMA MG-1, Motors and Generators

Insulating Materials Insulation Class Y Maximum Temperature 90C Insulating Materials Cotton, silk, paper, wood, cellulose, fibre without impregnation or oilimmersion Class Y impregnated

105C

Hybrid A

110C

120C

130C

155C

180C

>180C

Hybrid H

220C

with natural resins, cellulose esters, insulating oils, etc., also laminated wood, varnished paper Insuldur Insulation Kraft paper with epoxy binders activated under pressure Synthetic-resin enamels, cotton and paper Laminates with formaldehyde bonding Mica, glass fibre, asbestos, etc., with suitable bonding substance; built-up mica, glass-fibre and asbestos laminates The materials of Class B with more thermally-resistant bonding materials Glass-fibre and asbestos materials, and built-up mica, with appropriate Silicone resins Mica, ceramics, glass, quartz, and asbestos without binders or with silicone resins of superior thermal stability NOMEX insulation, varnish dipped and vacuum pressure impregnated (VPI)

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