CEW 504 WATER AND WASTEWATER ENGINEERING INFRASTRUCTURE

LECTURER : MR MUHAMAD FAIZAL ROOM : 6.25 PERDANA BLOCK PHONE : 043822742 (BY APPOINTMENT)

ASSESSMENTS
CONTINUOUS ASSESSMENT (50%)
TEST 1 15% TEST 2 15% SITE VISIT AND REPORT 10% QUIZZES/ASSIGNMENT 10%

FINAL EXAMINATION 50%

TEXT BOOK
Peavy H.S., Rowe D.R., and Tchobanoglous G. Environmental Engineering. McGraw-Hill International Editions, 2000.

REFERENCES
Jabatan Alam Sekitar, Akta Kualiti Alam Sekeliling (Kumbahan), Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, 2009. McGhee, T.J., Water Supply and Sewerage, Civil Engineering Series, McGraw-Hill International Edition, 6th Ed., 1991. Suruhanjaya Perkhidmatan Air Negara(SPAN) Malaysian Sewerage Industry Guideline (Sewage Treatment Plants) 3rd Edition Volume IV, 2009 Metcalf and Eddy., Wastewater Engineering: Treatment and Reuse, McGraw-Hill, 4th Ed.,2004

TOPIC
1.0 Introduction of Water and Wastewater 2.0 Water Demand 3.0 Water Supply Infrastructure - Water Intake Structure - Design of Preliminary Treatment Unit - Design of Primary Treatment Unit - Disinfection and Fluoridation - Distribution 4.0 Wastewater Treatment Infrastructure - Different Treatment Facilities - Design of Conventional Treatment Infrastructure - Sewage Treatment Plants - Sludge Treatment - Sludge Disposal

COURSE OUTCOME
1. Define, describe and classify the relationship between population and water demand, distribution and collection system for water supply and wastewater infrastructure respectively 2. Classify, design and validate the processes related to water supply and wastewater treatment infrastructure. 3. Adapts current sustainable development in water and wastewater infrastructure design/problems/issues.

DELIVERY

PROGRAMME OUTCOME (PO) EC221

PO1 - Ability to acquire and apply knowledge of science and engineering fundamentals. PO2 - Understanding the principles of design for sustainable development. PO3 - Acquired in depth-technical competence in a specific engineering discipline PO4 - Ability to undertake problem identification, formulation and solution. PO5 - Ability to utilize systems approach to design and evaluate operational performance. PO6 - Ability to be competent in addressing problems related to infrastructure services and maintenance PO7 - Ability lo communicate effectively, not only with engineers but also with the community at large. PO8 - Ability to function effectively in a team with social skills and responsibilities. PO9 - Understanding of the social cultural, global, ethical and environmental responsibilities of a professional engineer. PO10 - Recognizing the need to undertake life-long learning and possessing/acquiring the capacity to do so. PO11 - Understanding the knowledge of management and entrepreneurship. PO12 - Ability to function effectively as a leader or manager.

THANK YOU!!!!

CEW 504 WATER AND WASTEWATER ENGINEERING INFRASTRUCTURE

LECTURER : MR MUHAMAD FAIZAL ROOM : 6.25 PERDANA BLOCK PHONE : 043822742 (BY APPOINTMENT)

At the end of Week 1 students should be able to

Describe and explain the hydrological cycle and its component. State and apply the water budget equation. Explain the source of wastewater. State and explain the water quality parameter, standard and environmental legislation in Malaysia.

Water On Earth

Water Cycle

Hydrological Cycle
Main component of hydrological cycle -PRECIPITATION
-EVAPORATION -EVAPOTRANSPIRATION -INFILTRATION -TRANSPIRATION -CONDENSATION -GROUNDWATER FLOW -SURFACE RUNOFF -STREAM FLOW -BASE FLOW

Wastewater Origin

WATER BUDGET EQUATION

Water Budget or also called water balance is the accounting of water for a particular catchment Input of the cycle/Inflow is precipitation Precipitation is distributed as the outflow of the system in terms of surface runoff, evaporation, infiltration to the unsaturated zone, changing its storage and deep percolation to the saturated zones to form groundwater. The difference between the inflow, I and the outflow, O of a catchment to the rate of change of storage, S within the catchment for a specified period of time, t will form the basic of water budget. Change in mass storage = Mass inflow - mass inflow If the density of the inflow, outflow and storage and storage volume are same; V1 VO = S Where, V1= inflow volume of water into the catchment area during the time period VO = outflow volume of water into the catchment area during the time period S = change in the storage of the water volume over and under the catchment area during the time period

WATER BUDGET EQUATION

The water budget can also be written in terms of both surface water and groundwater as:

I O =

S t I = inflow O = outflow = rate of change of storage

The water budget can also be written in terms of both surface water and groundwater S = P (E + T + G + R)

where, P = precipitat ion E = evaporatio n T = transpiration G = groundwate r flow out of the catchment R = surface runoff

Example
A lake has a water surface elevation of 100.0m above datum at a beginning of a certain month. In a month, the lake received an average inflow of 5.0m3/s from the surface runoff sources. In the same period, the outflow from the lake had an average value of 5.5m3/s. Further in that month, the lake received a rainfall of 135mm and the evaporation from the lake surface was estimated to be 60mm. The average surface area of the lake was 45km2. Write the water budget equation for the lake and calculate the new water surface elevation of the lake at the end of the month. Assume there is no contribution to or from the groundwater storage. SOLUTION In a time period, t, the water budget equation of the lake is; S / t = I O Where t = 1 month = 1 x 30 x 24 x 3600 = 2.592 x 106s I = 5.0 x (2.592 x 106) = 12.96 x 106m3 O = 5.5 x 2.592 x 106 = 14.26 x 106m3 Surface area of lake, A = 45km2 = 45 x 106m2 Inflow from precipitation (rainfall), P x A = 0.135 x 45 x 106 = 6.75 x 106 m3 Outflow from evaporation, E x A = 0.06 x 45 x 106 = 2.7 x 106m3 Total Inflow = (12.96 + 6.75) x 106m3 = 19.71 x 106m3 Total Outflow = (14.26 + 2.7) x 106m3 = 16.96 x 106m3 Change in storage, S = Total Inflow Total Outflow = (19.71 16.96) x 106m3 = 2.75 x 106m3 Change in elevation, Z = S / A = 2.75 x 106 / 45 x 106 = 0.061m Therefore, new water surface elevation at the end of the month is ; = 100.000 + 0.061 = 100.061m

CURRENT ORGANISATION STRUCTURE

SEWERAGE SERVICES ACT 1993

The Sewerage Services Act was enacted in 1993 Department of Sewerage Services Privatisation of sewerage services

SEWERAGE SERVICES ACT 1993

o Stipulate regulatory requirements - Definitions - Responsibility for Sewerage Systems and - Sewerage Services - Director General of Sewerage Services - Public Sewerage Systems - Septic Tanks - Powers - Charges - Approval of Plans and Specifications Licencing

WATER SERVICES ACT 2006 (ACT 655)

Effective 1 January 2008. Supersede the Sewerage Services Act 1993. Incorporate requirements for Water Supply. National Water Services Commission Act 2006, empower the new regulator: SPAN (Suruhanjaya Perkhidmatan Air Negara/ National Water Services Commission) under the Ministry of Energy, Water and Communications (Kementerian Tenaga, Air dan Komunikasi, KTAK), which later renamed Ministry of Energy, Water and Green Technology (Kementerian Tenaga, Teknologi Hijau dan Air, KETTHA)

MALAYSIAN STANDARD
The Malaysian Standards, MS 1228 -1991 was published in 1991 The standards provide the technical requirements for the design of sewerage systems Materials Design Flow and Organic Loading Sewer and Appurtenances Sewage Pumping Stations Treatment Works Disposal of Sewage and Treatment Effluent Treatment and Disposal of Sludge

MALAYSIAN STANDARD

The Malaysian Standards MS 1228 is currently under revisions The new revisions will be published in 4 Parts: -Planning of Sewerage Systems -Design of Sewerage Systems -Materials and Installation of Sewerage Systems -Operations and Maintenance of Sewerage Systems

THANK YOU!!!!

CEW 504 WATER AND WASTEWATER ENGINEERING INFRASTRUCTURE

LECTURER : MR MUHAMAD FAIZAL ROOM : 6.25 PERDANA BLOCK PHONE : 043822742 (BY APPOINTMENT)

At the end of Week 1 students should be able to

Describe and explain the hydrological cycle and its component. State and apply the water budget equation. Explain the source of wastewater. State and explain the water quality parameter, standard and environmental legislation in Malaysia.

Water Quality Parameters

Physical Chemical Biological

Physical

Temperature Odor and taste Colour Turbidity SS

Chemical

pH Hardness Dissolved Oxygen BOD COD Nitrogen Non-metal (chloride,fluoride,phosphate,sulphate) Metal (arsenic, ferum, manganese, aluminum, plumbum)

Biological

Bacteria Virus Protozoa

Standard

Standard A Standard B

THANK YOU!!!!

CEW 504 WATER AND WASTEWATER ENGINEERING INFRASTRUCTURE

LECTURER : MR MUHAMAD FAIZAL ROOM : 6.25 PERDANA BLOCK PHONE : 043822742 (BY APPOINTMENT)

At the end of Week 2 students should be able to

Calculate the population estimation and population equivalent for water demand. Determine the factor effecting water demand.

Types of demand
Domestic- houses, hotels, sanitary, culinary. bathing etc. from 75 to 380 lpcd (include air conditioning, watering of garden, washing cars etc.) Industrial (Wet or dry)- factories such as textiles, canning, etc. Commercial restaurants, stores, business premises, etc . Institutional- water furnished for public building. schools. flushing street and fire fighting Agricultural - water use for irrigating purposes. Public- public parks, streets, drain flushing, fires. Non revenue water (NRW)- leakages, pipe burst, error in meter reading, unauthorized connection etc.

Range: From McGhee (Water Supply and Sewage): Projected consumption of Water for various purpose in the year 2000

Use Domestic Industrial Commercial Public NRW Total

Lpcd 300 160 100 60 50 670

Percentage of total 44 24 15 9 8 100

Factors Affecting Consumption

Types of connection- distance to household, degree of enforcement of usage, restrictions. Queuing, yard connection or house connection. Economic income, use of appliances, cars, charges (tariff structure-penalty or reduction for high consumption), pool, garden, diet, etc. Climate yard irrigation, personal bathing, heating of water, air conditioning, yard watering. Social customs, family size, religion Continuity of supply extra wastage if intermittent, season, day of the week Pressure in mains condition on pipes, adequacy of supply, public awareness, control of district pressure, etc. Industrial use types of industry, recycling, alternative sources Availability flow rate, hourly, daily, alternative sources.

Methods Of Determining Demand

Using figures derived elsewhere Using meter records (if all connections are metered) Installing meters in a sample (but will water use be typical?) Metering zones (subtract minimum night flows) Diaries (Need consumer cooperation, confidence)

Meter Reading May Be Misleading

Meter inaccurate old, poor water quality (grit), under reading of low flows. Vandalism jamming, reverse, magnets Intermittent flows- air causes fast rotation, damage Unaccounted for water must be considered - fire-fighting, flushing of sewers and streets, illegal connections, leaks.

Peak Factors

Measurement data loggers Peak day : average day 1.1-3.4 Peak hour : average day 1.4-6

Planning Horizon And Stage Development

Study of water demand for urban water supply scheme covers at least for 20 year Planning horizon more than 20 years may introduce a great deal of inaccuracy. Projection made at least at 5 years interval Implementation of construction of facilities may be staged or phased in 2 or more stages.

Basic formula for water demand estimation

Basic formula for water demand estimation: Wdn= (Pn X C X F)+ Dn Where. Wdn = Water demand at the end of year n Pn = Projected population at the end of year n C = Per capita consumption at the end of year n F = Service factor at the end of year n Dn = Additional demand at the end of year n

Per capita consumption under this heading is deemed to include normal commercial and industrial use, domestic use and unaccounted for water losses. If there is provision in the development plan for specific industrial areas. Additional water demand for such use should be considered.

Service Factor:
Potential percentage of population to be served. 0.9 mean that 90% the distribution system covers adequately 90% of the area and population in that area can get easy access to public water supply. It does not necessarily mean that 90% of the population have service connections. In estimating the water demand the existing service factor for urban and rural areas should be assumed for year zero and service factor should be increased at 5 years interval until it reaches the target service factor in year 20. Table below indicates the service factors for states in Malaysia:

Service Factor:

Fire Demand

Fire Demand

Population Projection

Population Projection

Population Projection

3. Incremental increase is a combination of arithmetic and geometric methods. The equation used to estimate the population is Pn = Pi + n(I + m) Where; m = average incremental increase per decade.

Population Projection

THANK YOU!!!!

CEW 504 WATER AND WASTEWATER ENGINEERING INFRASTRUCTURE

LECTURER : MR MUHAMAD FAIZAL ROOM : 6.25 PERDANA BLOCK PHONE : 043822742 (BY APPOINTMENT)

At the end of Week 3 students should be able to

Define water intake structures Design preliminary treatment unit

Why we need water treatment?

Nice to drink fresh taste Odourless and colourless Safe to drink pathogen free Not corrosive bad impact on water supply structures Benefit to humans health

Water Intake Structures

Criteria? 1. Quantity and Quality 2. Location from pollutions 3. Low current (erosion) 4. Workable on low water level

Water Intake Structures

Reservoir Intake Canal Intake River Intake (Side,Well,Pipe)

Water treatment according to class of water

Treatment categories Pre-treatment Underground Water Aeration Normal Water -Coarse Screen -Fine Screen -Pumping -Balancing -Neutralization -Aeration -Prechemical Treatment Special treated water -Coarse Screen -Fine Screen -Pumping -Balancing -Neutralization -Aeration -Prechemical Treatment -Softening -Algae removal

Primary Treatment

-Coagulation and flocculation -Sedimentation -Filtration

-Coagulation and flocculation -Sedimentation -Filtration

Disinfection Additional treatment

Yes -

Yes -

Yes -Adsorption by activated carbon -Removal of halogen and heavy metals Yes Industry

Fluoridation Distribution

Yes Yes

Yes Yes

Preliminary Treatment
In Malaysia, the quality of water prohibit the water to be directly flow to the treatment plant. The water should be pretreated including 1. Raw water storage 2. Screening 3. Prechemical treatement 4. Aeration 5. Presedimentation

Raw water storage

High SS (over 50mg/L) Objective 1. Improve water quality 7-15days, UV light-sun-destroy pathogen 2. Uniforms the water quality low flow 3. Uniforms the flow to treatment plant

Screening
Remove rags, bottles, plastic sheets, paper bags and branches Protect plant hardware and structures. 2 types of screen - coarse screen - fine screen

Coarse screen

Steel bar with diameter 25mm installed (50-100mm c/c) Bars are placed inclined (60-800) Normal flow (0.6-1m/s) High flow (1.2-1.4m/s)

Coarse screen

Fine Screen

Installed after coarse screen if required Installed 3-10mm c/c

Fine screen

Prechemical Treatment

Pre chlorination Copper sulphate treatment

Pre chlorination
Usually 1mg/l dosage Used when water is polluted but not turbid Increase the effectiveness of coagulation, reduce odour. Used when algae or other organism to be reduced in order to keep clean sand filter, pipe and water tank.

Copper Sulphate Treatment

To destroy algae. Depend on the alkalinity and temperature Dosage 0.12-0.3mg/L

Aeration

Make water taste better Release CO2 and H2S Less odor and corrosive Oxidize ferum and manganese(odorless and colourless)

Aeration
Water into air
-cascade -multiple platform -spray

Air into water -venturi -diffused air aerators

Aeration

Preliminary Settlement

If the SS too high more than 1000mg/L 30-60 minutes

CEW 504 WATER AND WASTEWATER ENGINEERING INFRASTRUCTURE

LECTURER : MR MUHAMAD FAIZAL ROOM : 6.25 PERDANA BLOCK PHONE : 043822742 (BY APPOINTMENT)

At the end of Week 3 students should be able to

-Able to design primary treatment unit.

Primary Treatment System

4 main processes 1. Coagulation and rapid mixing 2. Flocculation 3. Sedimentation 4. Filtration

Coagulation and rapid mixing

Coagulation -Small SS + colloidal materials less than 50m difficult to settle. -Remove using coagulant Particle Size (mm) 10 1 0.1 0.01 0.001 0.000001 Material Settling Velocity (m/s) 0.73 0.23 1 X 10-2 1 X 10-4 1 X 10-8 1 X 10-13

Gravel Coarse sand Fine sand Clay Coarse colloid Fine colloid

Coagulation Mechanism

Coagulation Mechanism

Right Dosage at the Right Place

Just before the mixing flume At the neck of weir At the mixing chamber entrance

Coagulation

Lime dose before the coagulant pH, temp, turbidity

Why alum?

Clean water, high quality (less odor and taste better) Cheap Effective in forming flocs

Disadvantages?

CO2 corrosive (solved by adding alkalinity) Hardness CaSO4 (solved by adding soda)

JAR TEST

Different water quality (at least perday/big difference in quality)

Example 1
A treatment plant treats raw water at the rate of 40,000L/hr 24 hours a day. The alum dosage used is 15mg/L. a) How much alum needed a day? b) If the alum used is in 5% solution, how many water needed in an hour?

Flocculation
Increase the touching surface between coagulant particle and colloids particle in the water with gentle strirring. The collision between particles bigger particles higher rate of settlement. 2 types of tank 1. Mechanical 2. Baffled

Mechanical

G=(P/V)0.5

Camp and Stein

Velocity gradient concept P=Dv=0.5(Cd.A..3) Cd A3 G = 2V

1/ 2

Mechanical
Minimum distance between end of paddle and structures is 0.3m to avoid high velocity gradient. High velocity big floc but weak Usually designed to have a few chambers with the smaller value of G. other

Mechanical

Baffled Tank
2 types -end flow -up and down Better floc if constant velocity Disadvantages high head loss, less flexible in controlling the flow of water Inlet 0.24-0.3m/s Outlet less than 0.1m/s avoid floc breaks. Retention time 20-50min (depend on the quality of water)

Baffled Tank

Example 2

CEW 504 WATER AND WASTEWATER ENGINEERING INFRASTRUCTURE

LECTURER : MR MUHAMAD FAIZAL ROOM : 6.25 PERDANA BLOCK PHONE : 043822742 (BY APPOINTMENT)

At the end of Week 5 students should be able to

-Able to design primary treatment unit.

Sedimentation
Separation between SS in water by gravity Theory 4 types of sedimentation 1. Class 1 discrete (theory) 2. Class 2 settlement with incresing velocity(size) 3. Class 3 settling zone (concentration) 4. Class 4 compression settlement (thickness)

Sedimentation
Ideal settling tank - Still in the settling zone Equal flow across the settlement Equal concentration of SS in the settling zone SS in the sludge zone will not be suspended 4 main zone
inlet zone Sludge zone Setlling zone Outlet zone

Types of Sedimentation Tank

Rectangular -mix with baffle -Length to width, ratio 20 or more -Inlet zone need to be controlled (laminar flow) Multi-level horizontal tank
Land value is high

Circular tank Coagulation-Sedimentation tank Vertical Flow Tank Dissolved air floatation

Types of Sedimentation Tank

Types of Sedimentation Tank

Types of Sedimentation Tank

Sedimentation Tank Design Criteria

Depth 2.5-3m for discrete particle Depth 3-4m for normal particle Maximum width for rectangular is 12m, length less than 48m, for circular diameter less than 60m Surface flow rate 12-36m3/m2/day Retention time 4-8hrs for normal, 2-4hrs with chemical

CEW 504 WATER AND WASTEWATER ENGINEERING INFRASTRUCTURE

LECTURER : MR MUHAMAD FAIZAL ROOM : 6.25 PERDANA BLOCK PHONE : 043822742 (BY APPOINTMENT)

At the end of Week 6 students should be able to

-Able to classify and validate the water distribution system and the infrastructure involved.

Filtration

To remove SS which cannot be removed from previous treatment. 90% removed before this treatment.

Filtration
Mechanism
Filtration Adsorption Biological metabolism Electrolyte reaction

Types of filter

Slow Sand Filter Rapid sand filter

Slow sand filter

Schmulzdekc 0.1-0.3m3/m2/hr 1.7-1.8m depth Head loss 1m(wash) 1-2cm scrapped (2-3month)

Slow sand filter

Remove ss bacteria 99% No chemical Simple operation, material easily obtain Reduce colour smell taste Big area Turbidity 50ppm Manpower Algae reduce effectiveness

Rapid sand filter

Higher filtration rate 3-6m3/m2/hr Upper layer sand 0.45-0.95mm 0.6-1m 2nd layer gravel 3-50mm 0.1-0.45m Backwash 2-5-3m(10-15min,24-48hrs)

Rapid sand filter

Small area Less manpower (auto backwash) Low quality of water Need chemical treatment Skill worker to operate Less effective removing bacteria

Disinfection

Chlorination Ozone UV

Fluoridation