Rita Lau Chai Yiun 2

Chapter

Chapter 2:Quadratic Expressions and Equations 2.1 Quadratic Expressions A quadratic expression is an expression in the form ax2 + bx + c, where a, b and c are constants, a0 and x is an unknown. 2.1.1 Identifying quadratic expressions. A quadratic expression is an expression satisfies the following conditions: 1. there is only one unknown 2. the highest power of the unknown is 2

Complete the table below Expressions 2x - 6 m 2 + 4m x2 + y2 - 3x + 5 7x4 3x2 - 2x + 3 5x2 - 4x + 7 16 - t2

Highest power of unknown

Number of unknowns

Is it a quadratic expression?

Ex 1: Determine whether the expressions given below are quadratic expressions. Give your reasons. Expressions Reasons Is it a quadratic

expression?
a) 2x- x2 b) p3 - 3 c) x2 + 9x3 d) m2- 5m e) 4 2k + k2 f)

1 - 5x x2

2.1.2 Quadratic Expressions as a product of any two linear expressions Ex 2:Multiply a) x( x -1) b)( 2y + 6)2 c) (2x-1)(x+ 5)

Mathematics Form 4 2008

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Rita Lau Chai Yiun 2

Chapter

2.1.3 Forming quadratic expressions from situations Situations in daily where we can form quadratic expressions Ex : A square has an area of x2 cm2 if the length of its side is x cm. A car moves at a constant speed of (5x-1) km h-1 for (x + 2) hours has traveled a distance of (5x -1) (x + 2) km. Based on the examples given, form a quadratic expression for the profit of a calculator which costs RM(10x + 3), if the percentage profit is x %. Answer:

Situations a) Saroja buys ( x + 4) books which cost RM (x- 3) each. Find the cost of the books. b) Find the area of a right-angled triangle with base x cm and height(x + 7)cm. c)Salleh is ( x - 2) years old at present. His father is x times older than him. Find the sum of their present ages. d) A piece of wire is used to make x circular rings, each of radius (x + 3) cm. Find the length of wire used.

Quadratic Expressions

Ex 3: Form quadratic expressions from the situations below. a) The length and the width of a rectangle is 3x cm and ( 5x-1) cm respectively. Form an expression for the area of the rectangle.

b) The price of a ferrys ticket to Pulau Gaya is RM ( p + 4). Form an expression for the total expenses for P passengers.

c)

3p cm 2p cm

(2p + 3 ) cm The diagram above shows a trapezium. Form an expression for its area.

Mathematics Form 4 2008

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Rita Lau Chai Yiun 2

Chapter

2.2 Factorisation of Quadratic Expressions Factorisation of a quadratic expression is the process of obtaining the two linear factors of the quadratic expression. 2.2.1 Factorising quadratic expressions of the form ax2 + c or ax2 + bx a) b = 0, the expression ax2 + c is obtained.We can factorise ax2 + c by finding common factor of constants a and c. b) c = 0, the expression ax2 + bx is obtained. ax2 + bx is factorised by finding the common factor of terms ax2 and bx. Ex 4: Factorise completely each of the following expressions. a)x2 + 5x b) 5x2 10x c)4p2-20

d) 36 + 4k2

e)14r 6r2

f)4y2 y

2.2.2 Factorising quadratic expressions of the form px2 - q Ex 5: Factorise completely a) x2 - 16 b) 64- r2 c) 3 48p2

d)4p2 -1

2.2.3 Factorizing quadratic expressions of the form ax2 + bx + c I When a = 1, the quadratic expression ax2 + bx + c can be written as a product of two linear factors, (x + p) and ( x + q) ( x + p) ( x + q) = x2 + qx + px + pq = x2 + ( p+ q) x + pq = x 2 + bx + c Therefore, to factorise ax2 + bx + c : 1. list all the possible values of p and q such that pq = c. 2. select the values of p and q such that p + q = b Ex 6: a) Factorise x2 + 9x + 14 b) Factorise x 2 - 2x - 15

Mathematics Form 4 2008

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Rita Lau Chai Yiun 2

Chapter

II When a 1, the quadratic ax2 + bx + c can be written as a product of two linear factors ( mx + p) and ( nx + q) ( mx + p) ( nx + q) =

By comparison, a = mn, b = mq + np and c = pq. Therefore, to factorise ax2 + bx + c: 1. list all the possible values of m and n such that mn= a 2. list all the possible values of p and q such that pq = c 3. select the values of m, n, p and q such that mq + np = b Ex 7: a) Factorise 2x2 + 7x + 3 b) Factorise 3x2 - 7x + 4

c) Factorise 6x2 - x - 2

d) Factorise 4x2 11x + 6

2.2.4 Factorising quadratic expressions containing coefficients with common factors To factorise, 1. take out common factor 2 . factorise Ex 8: Factorise a) 3x2 + 12x + 9 b) 5t2 + 20t - 60

c) 3x2 - 18x + 24

d) 12x2 - 6x - 18

Mathematics Form 4 2008

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Rita Lau Chai Yiun 2

Chapter

2.3 Quadratic Equations A quadratic equation in one unknown is an equality that involves a quadratic expression. 2.3.1 Identifying quadratic equations with one unknown: In quadratic equation with one unknown: There is only one unknown The highest power of the unknown is 2 There is an equal sign, = Ex 9: Which of the following are quadratic equations in one unknown?Give reasons Quadratic equations a) 2x2 + 5x + 3 =0 b) 3 x2 6 xy + 3y2 = 0 c) x(x + 1) = 0 d) x2 + 3x 4 = 0 e) x 8 =0 f) x3 + x2 + 2x = 0 Quadratic equations Reasons in one unknown

2.3.2

Writing quadratic equations in the general form

General form is ax2 + bx + c = 0 where a, b and c are constants, a 0 and x is an unknown. Ex 10:Write the following quadratic equations in the general form. a) x (x-3) = 0 b) x2- 6 = 7x
4 t = 2 t 2 t 2

c)

d)

m2 =5m 3

Mathematics Form 4 2008

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Rita Lau Chai Yiun 2

Chapter

2.3.4 Forming quadratic equations Ex 11: ABCD is a rectangle such that AB = (3x + 4) cm and BC = ( x -1) cm. Given that the area of the rectangle is 12 cm2, write an equation in x to represent the area of the rectangle.

Ex 12: Ahmad is twice as old as Ismail. The product of their age is 50. Write a quadratic equation to represent the product of their ages.

2.4 Roots of Quadratic Equations 2.4.1 Determining a root of a specific quadratic equation Ex 13: Determine whether the given value is a root of each of the following quadratic equations. a) x2 - 3x 4 = 0; x = 4 b) x2 + 2x 7= 0; x = -1

c) 3x2 + x 4 = 0; x = 2

d) 3x2 + 2x 1 = 0; x =

1 3

Mathematics Form 4 2008

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Rita Lau Chai Yiun 2

Chapter

2.4.2

Solutions for quadratic equations

I Trial and improvement method To determine the solutions for ax2 + bx + c = 0: 1. list the factors of c 2. select values of x which are factors of c 3. check whether the values satisfy the equation Ex 14: Determine the solutions for x2 - 3x + 2 = 0 The factors of 2 are 1 and 2 . Hence, we shall try all the possible values of x which are -1,1,-2 and 2. x x 2 - 3x + 2 Solution or not a solution -1 -2 1 2 Hence, the solution of the equation x2 - 3x + 2 = 0 are _____________________________ Ex 15: Determine the solution of x2 + x - 6 = 0 using trial and error method x -1 6 -2 3 -3 2 x2 + x - 6 Solution or not a solution

II Factorisation When a quadratic equation can be factorised to the form ( mx + p)(nx + q)= 0, the mx + p = 0 or nx + q =0. The solutions are x = p q and x = - . m n

Ex 16: Solve each of the following quadratic equations. a) 3x2 + 5x = 0 b) x2 = 36 + 5x

c)

x 2 40 =x 3

d) 2x2 - 7x + 3 = 0

Mathematics Form 4 2008

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Rita Lau Chai Yiun 2

Chapter

2.4.3

Solving problems b) Find the value of x if the area of the triangle below is 4 cm2.

Ex 17: Solve the following problems. a) I think of a number, square it and add 8 to the result.I should have the same answer if I had multiplied the original answer by 6. Write an equation in x and solve it.

x
( x + 5 )cm

c) The difference of a number and its square is 20. Find this number which is a positive integer.

d) Evaluate p if the area of the rectangle below is 21 cm2. (p - 4) cm p cm

e)

f)

Mathematics Form 4 2008

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Rita Lau Chai Yiun 2

Chapter

Mathematics Form 4 2008

1449