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An-Najah National University

Chapter Three
Materials/Mass Balance
Dr. Abdel Fattah Hasan Dr. Amal Al-Hodhod
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Introduction
Materials and Energy Balance: A key tool in achieving a quantitative understanding of the behavior of Environmental Systems. Accounts for the flow of energy and material into and out of Environmental Systems. Models Production, transport, and fate of Pollutants and Energy in the Environment.
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Conservation of Matter
Matter (without nuclear reaction) can neither be created nor destroyed Its Mathematical form is called: Materials Balance or Mass Balance For an environmental system: Accumulation = Input Output
Env. System: River, Pond, Pollution Control Device...etc.
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Conservation of Energy
Energy (without nuclear reaction) can neither be created nor destroyed Its Mathematical form is called: Energy Balance

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Control Volume (CV)

CV: boundaries to the system as imaginary blocks around the process or part of the process so the calculations are made as simple as possible.
CV River in LAKE Input River out Accumulation Output

Examples of Control Volumes

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Useful Relations
Density () [M/L3] = Mass [M]/Volume [L3] Mass (M) = Density () x Volume (V) Mass Flow Rate [M/T] = [M/L3] x Q [L3/T] Concentration of Component A (CA) [M/L3] = Mass of A [M]/Volume [L3] Mass Flow Rate of Component A [M/T]= CA [M/L3] x Q [L3/T]

Mass Balance
Input Accumulation dM/dt Output

In min [M/T] Accumulation = Input Output Qin [L3/T] CAin [M/L3]

Out mout [M/T] Qout [L3/T] CAout [M/L3]

Units: M in kg, g, mol, eqetc. m in kg/h, g/s, mol/day, eq/wk.etc.

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Mass Balance

When No Accumulation in the System ( dM/dt = 0) : Steady State Conditions:

Mass Balance for Component A

Input Accumulation dM/dt Output

In min [M/T] Accumulation = Input Output Qin [L3/T] CAin [M/L3]

Out mout [M/T] Qout [L3/T] CAout [M/L3]

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Mass Balance for Component A

For Steady State Conditions:

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Efficiency
Input Accumulation dM/dt Output

In min [M/T] Qin [L3/T] CAin [M/L3]

Out mout [M/T] Qout [L3/T] CAout [M/L3]

When Qin = Qout

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State of Mixing
Two Extreme cases (Models): 1. No Mixing 2.Complete Mixing

Plug Flow Reactor (PFR)

Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR) OR Continuous Mixed Flow Reactor (CMFR)

C inside reactor = Cout

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Including Reactions
Conserved Substances: Substances do not undergo chemical, biological or radioactive transformations. In case of transformations, Mass Balance will become:
Accumulation Rate = Input Rate Output Rate Transformation Rate

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Kinetics

r: Rate of Transformation or Reaction Rate r is used to describe the rate of formation or

disappearance of a substance or chemical species. These time dependent reactions are called: Kinetic Reactions.

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So, r = - k Cn k: reaction rate constant C: concentration of substance n: exponent or reaction order For first order reactions: The rate of loss of the substance is proportional to the amount of substance present at any given time t. So, r = - K C = dC/dt (units of k; s-1 or d-1)
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By Integration:

Co: Initial Concentration Rearranging:

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Mass Balance for CSTR

For completely CSTR (CMFR), with 1st order reaction, Mass Balance for Environmental Systems will be rewritten as:

For steady state conditions (dCA/dt = 0 and Qin = Qout):

Define Q as residence time in the CSTR = V/Q

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Mass Balance for PFR

For PFR, No mix with fluid ahead or behind Taking a CV for a differential element of the fluid..

Mass Balance:

For 1st order reactions:

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Define Q as residence time in PFR = V/Q Integration of the above equation:

Also,
u: sped of flow, L: system length, A: x-sectional area of PFR
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