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The 5th ICIS Pan-American Base Oils and Lubricants Conference December 3rd & 4th, 2009, Jersey City
Contents
Introduction to biodiesel Biodiesel accumulation in lubricant Potential lubricant issues with use of biodiesel Lubricant formulation approaches for biodiesel Control of negative biodiesel effects in B30 field trial Conclusions
Introduction
The development and use of renewable energy sources is increasing, driven by mixture of environmental, political and economic factors Global use of 1st generation biodiesel fuel is increasing For vehicles, biodiesel is predominantly used as a fuel extender:
Blended with standard petroleum diesel EU: EN590 currently allows up to 7% biodiesel (B7) USA: B5 is generally accepted and B20 is increasingly available Asia: Increasing mandates and usage across Asia, similar to Europe
Catalyst
Vegetable Oil
Glycerine (Glycerol)
FAME
Palm oil
Copyright INFINEUM INTERNATIONAL LIMITED 2009
Rapeseed oil
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Soybean oil
Performance you can rely on.
Fuel sprayed into cylinder after combustion more fuel lands on cylinder wall
Piston Rings
Fuel dissolves in the oil on cylinder wall and is washed down in to the sump
Oil sump
The lower volatility of the FAME leads to a build up of fuel in the sump and dilution of the lubricant
FAME and its degradation products are lubricant contaminants Oil Oil sump sump
Aims of Investigation
To understand the impact of:
FAME level on lubricant performance FAME source / composition on lubricant performance
Identify additive technologies to efficiently control the negative effects of FAME in bench and engine tests Demonstrate control of negative biodiesel effects in a B30 field trial
200
Good
150
Top-tier Mid-tier
100
50
Worse
0 Neat Lube Lube with 10% B0 Lube with 10% B50 Lube with 10% B100
Oxidation stability varies with FAME type, all reduce oxidation stability PDSC Peak Onset
280 270
Top-tier
E6
Good
A3/B3
220 210 200 Neat lube Lube w/ 10% B0 Lube w/ 10% B50 Lube w/ 10% B100
Mid-tier
Worse
10
Worse
Good
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Caterpillar 1N test requires artificial addition of biodiesel into the sump to mimic fuel dilution of modern engines & induce biodiesel deposits
400 350 300 Weighted demerits 250 200 150 100 50 0 Top-tier Mid-tier B0 B30 B30 + 5% B100 MAX. LIMIT
Worse
Good
Top-tier oil gives excellent control of biodiesel induced piston deposits with B30 and 5% biodiesel dilution of sump
Biodiesel dilution in sump causes lower quality oil to fail test
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Lead Corrosion
ppm
Lubricant Lubricant + 10% Diesel Lubricant + 5% Diesel + 5% FAME Lubricant + 10% FAME
ppm
80 60 40
20 0
200 0 Lubricant Lubricant + 10% Diesel Lubricant + Lubricant + 5% Diesel + 10% FAME 5% FAME
FAME dilution can result in dramatic increases in copper and lead corrosion using a conventional mid-tier lubricant
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200
COPPER
LEAD
150
1500
ppm Pb
RME SME PME
ppm Cu
100
1000
50
500
0 Neat lube Lubricant Lube w/ 10% B0 Lubricant + Lube w/ 10% B50 w/ 10% B100 Lubricant + Lube Lubricant +
0 Neat lube Lubricant Lube w/ 10% + B0 Lube w/ 10% B50 Lubricant Lubricant +
10% Diesel
5% Diesel + 5% FAME
10% FAME
10% Diesel
5% Diesel + 5% FAME
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Tailored formulation approaches required to target the soft metal corrosion mechanisms of biodiesel FAME
Copper Corrosion Lead Corrosion
1800 1600 Mid tier 1400 1200 Mid tier Top tier
ppm
Lubricant Lubricant + 10% Diesel Lubricant + 5% Diesel + 5% FAME Lubricant + 10% FAME
ppm
80 60 40
20 0
200 0 Lubricant Lubricant + 10% Diesel Lubricant + Lubricant + 5% Diesel + 10% FAME 5% FAME
Biodiesel-induced corrosion can be controlled and minimized by appropriate choice of lubricant additives
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Top-tier lubricant technology keeps excellent control of biodiesel induced oxidation with B30
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Low level of biodiesel induced piston deposits observed with B30 With B30, engine cleanliness remains well within acceptable limits
B0
B0
B30
B30
Vehicle
Top-tier lubricant technology maintains excellent control of biodiesel induced piston deposits and engine cleanliness with B30
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Risk of biodiesel induced corrosion increases with FAME dilution from in-cylinder post injection Comparable low copper and lead corrosion levels observed with petroleum diesel and B30
Average Copper Corrosion at ODI Average Lead Corrosion at ODI 50 Car 1 B0 Car 2 B0 Car 3 B30 Car 4 B30 40 Lead (ppm) 30 20 10 Car 1 B0 Car 2 B0 Car 3 B30 Car 4 B30
50 40 Copper (ppm) 30 20 10
B0
0
B0
B30
B30
0 Vehicle
Vehicle
Biodiesel induced corrosion can be controlled and minimized in the field by appropriate choice of lubricant additives
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Field trial shows top-tier lubricant technology with B30 fuel gives:
Excellent control of biodiesel induced oxidation Excellent control of biodiesel induced deposits & engine cleanliness Provide excellent wear protection Excellent control of biodiesel induced corrosion
Top-tier lubricant technology shown to give excellent all round performance and be compatible with biodiesel blends up to B30
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Summary
The chemical structure of biodiesel is inherently reactive
Adding a chemically reactive material into the engine oil
High quality lubricants minimize effects of todays levels of biodiesel Impact of future higher levels of biodiesel can be minimized and controlled by selection of appropriate additive technology
This work has been conducted in partnership with Petronas Base Oil SDN BHD
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