Carbohydrates 1: Simple Sugars

Wednesday, 21 August 2013

What are carbohydrates? Starter:

Write down as many things as you can remember about carbohydrates or glucose in particular

What are they?

Organic compounds which comprise of only C, H and O Carbo-Hydr-ate

Types of Carbohydrate
Monosaccharides Disaccharides Polysaccharides

Sugars
Monosaccharides have molecular formulas that are usually multiples of CH2O Glucose (C6H12O6) is the most common monosaccharide Monosaccharides are classified by
The location of the carbonyl group (as aldose or ketose) The number of carbons in the carbon skeleton

Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Monosaccharides
Simplest Single sugars Same no. of C as O atoms e.g. Glucose is C6H12O6 Have the general formula (CH2O)n
Where n is any number between 3 and 7

White crystalline solids Dissolve in water to form sweet tasting solutions

Fig. 5-3 Trioses (C3H6O3) Pentoses (C5H10O5) Hexoses (C6H12O6)

Glyceraldehyde

Ribose Glucose Galactose

Dihydroxyacetone

Ribulose Fructose

 Though often drawn as linear skeletons, in aqueous solutions many sugars form rings Monosaccharides serve as a major fuel for cells and as raw material for building molecules

Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The structure of glucose

-glucose

The structure of glucose

-glucose

-glucose and -glucose are ISOMERS

Fig. 5-4

(a) Linear and ring forms

(b) Abbreviated ring structure

-glucose and -glucose are ISOMERS

REMEMBER ABBA ALPHA BELOW; BETA ABOVE

 A disaccharide is formed when a condensation reaction joins two monosaccharides This covalent bond is called a glycosidic linkage
Animation: Disaccharides Condensation

http://www.biotopics.co.uk/as/disaccharideformation.html

Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Monosaccharides form Disaccharides

Maltose
H2O

Monosaccharides form Disaccharides

The bond formed is a glycosidic bond A condensation reaction occurs to join the 2 monosaccharides
1-4 glycosidic bonds

Fig. 5-5

14 glycosidic linkage

Glucose

Glucose

Maltose
12 glycosidic linkage

(a) Dehydration reaction in the synthesis of maltose

Glucose

Fructose

Sucrose

(b) Dehydration reaction in the synthesis of sucrose

Disaccharides hydrolyse to form Monosaccharides

H2 O

-glucose
Animation: Disaccharides Hydrolysis

-glucose http://www.biotopics.co.uk/as/disaccharidehydrolysis.html

Disaccharides form Polysaccharides

Starch

Glucose is not the only monosaccharide...

Fructose:

Glucose and fructose combine to form sucrose (a disaccharide)

Glucose is not the only monosaccharide...

Galactose

Glucose Galactose

Glucose and galactose combine to form Lactose

Summary
-glucose + -glucose = maltose The polymer of -glucose is starch The polymer of -glucose is cellulose Glucose + fructose = sucrose Glucose + galactose = lactose

Biochemical Test for a Monosaccharide

Reducing sugars
All monosaccharides and some disaccharides are Reducing Sugars i.e. They readily reduce other chemicals when in solution They reduce Cu2+ to Cu+ We test for reducing sugars using the

Benedicts Test

Qualitative Benedicts Test

2cm of food sample (in liquid form) 2cm of Benedicts Reagent Heat mixture in gentle boiling water bath for 5mins
Conc. of reducing sugar
None Very Low Low Medium High

Colour of solution & precipitate

Stays blue Green Yellow Brown/orange Brick red

Non-reducing sugars
In order to detect a non-reducing sugar, it must first be hydrolysed into its monosaccharide components:
First test with Benedicts reagent If no colour change:
Add 2cm of food sample to 2cm of dilute HCl Place in gently boiling water bath for 5 mins Slowly add some sodium hydrogen carbonate solution until neutralized Re-test using Benedicts reagent

Non-reducing sugars