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September, 2008
Examiner: Professor Claes Beckman, University of Gavle, Sweden Supervisor: Nikolay Serafimov, Sony Ericsson Mobile Communications ,Lund, Sweden Co-supervisor: Zhinong Ying, Sony Ericsson Mobile Communications ,Lund, Sweden
Master Thesis
By
Sony Ericsson Mobile Communications AB SE-221 88 Lund, Sweden in cooperation with Department of ITB/Electronics University of Gvle SE- 801 76 Gvle, Sweden Gvle, September 2008
The God has blessed me With a wonderful family To whom this thesis paper is dedicated
Abstract
Mobile Phone, without this we cant think to pass a day in presence. We have found a rapid increase of mobile phone users from a few years ago till now. Day by day the modern technologies allow the mobile phone to become smaller, cheaper, and more reliable. This also creates new possibilities for applications and integrations of the classical broadcast systems and modern mobile phone technologies. One example is the FM transmitter in mobile phone. The FM transmitter in a mobile phone is a cool feature which allows listening to the music content in phone on a car or home radio.
This thesis work deals with the near field characterization of FM transmitters in mobile phone applications. The RF scientists and engineers neglect the near field zone because typical RF links operate at distances of many wavelengths away where near field effects are totally insignificant. But in this work we are interested in the near field properties of the FM transmitter. We measured the field intensity at near field and estimated the field strength at the far field region at 3 meters. To measure the field intensity and the effective radiated power we used HR1 near field scanner. As this is a new measurement approach, we made the validation of this system by measuring a reference dipole antenna at 880MHz and then compare the measured results to the CST simulation results. A basic phone model of FM transmitter has been created by CST simulation and a prototype has been made which was also used as our DUT. After validation of the near field measurement system we measured our DUTs (3 models-one cable fed prototype and two active devices) with the near field system and estimate the effective radiated power and field intensity at 3 meter. Furthermore, we measured our DUTs at 3 meter with a far field measurement system with optical fiber connection. A feasible relation between field strength and measured power was defined in order to correlate the near field scanner results with the far field measurement system. This paper also provides a short design guide line for built in FM antennas by relating the antenna size and placement to input power and the field strength in mobile phone FM transmitter application.
Preface
This report is the result of a Masters thesis, performed at Sony Ericsson Mobile Communication, Lund, Sweden and presented at the department of ITB/Electronics of the University of Gvle, Sweden. I was at University of Gvle as a foreign Student in ITB/Electronics department and I come from Bangladesh. The examiner was Professor Claes Beckman at the department of ITB/Electronics and the work was supervised by Nikolay Serafimov, Staff Engineer on Terminal Antennas development unit at Sony Ericsson Mobile Communications AB, Lund, Sweden. This work was done from March 2008 to July 2008. The thesis project was financed by Sony Ericsson Mobile Communication, Lund, Sweden. The EMC HR1 scanner used during the work was designed, manufactured by Detectus AB (www.detectus.com).
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Acknowledgment
First, I would like to thank my supervisor Nikolay Serafimov. He energetically involved himself in the project and offered his valuable time, extensive co-operation, guidance, encouragement, useful support at every stage of my project. I appreciate this wonderful opportunity to study and work under his supervisions. I wish to express my warm and sincere thanks to my co-supervisor, Zhinong Ying, Antenna Expert, Antenna Technology section, SEMC, Lund, Sweden. His valuable advice and friendly help is really remarkable. His extensive discussion around my work has been also a great value of my project. I need to be grateful to Thomas Bolin, Technical Manager of the Terminal Antennas Development Unit, SEMC, Lund, Sweden for giving the chance to make my Masters thesis in his research group and also for helping and encouraging during the time of preparing this thesis work. I am grateful to Andre da Silva Frazao for introducing me to my Manager, Thomas Bolin. I would also like to acknowledge to all the members at SEMC for their help and availability, especially Katsunori Ishimiya, Jonas Lngbacka, Jesper Petersson. Professor Claes Beckman who is my examiner of the thesis work. I would like to say he is not only my examiner; he is the person who let me in to the world of antennas through the antenna course. I am really grateful to him for his every support and guidance during my studies as well as my thesis work and still now. Special thanks go to all the responsible in the ITB/Electronics Departments of the University of Gvle. I would like also to thank all the staff of the ITB/Electronics, respective teachers and all of my friends with whom I spent my University years. I owe my loving thanks to my parents, my brother and my sister for all their constant love, encouragement and support which help me to pursue my academic goals. What I am now is due to them. Thanks to all the family, I feel always like if you were beside me all the time despite of the distance.
I have been very fortunate that Dristy, my loving husband, has been such a strong support, patience, love, inspiration, encouragement through all of the period. Without his encouragement and understanding it would have been impossible for me to finish this work.
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Table of Contents
1. Introduction . 1.1 Basic requirements for FM transmitter . 1.2 Radiated power limits of the FM transmitter .... 1.3 The Goal of the thesis work .. 1.5 Thesis outline..... 2. Theory ...... 2.1 An Overview of Near Field Antenna Measurement.. 2.2 Near field vs. Far- field . 2.3 Field Region Definitions considering the antenna size ........................................ 2.3.1 Antenna size, D> .... 2.3.2 Antenna size, D< 2.3.2 Antenna size, D<< .. 2.4 Effective Isotropic Radiated Power (EIRP) and Effective Radiated Power (ERP) .. 2.5 E field and H field Strength... 2.6 E field strength... 2.7 H field strength.. 2.8 E field or H field 3. Measurement set up ............................................. 3.1 Near field measurement procedure design ... 3.1.1 Setup for near field measurements with HR1 scanner .. 3.1.2 Near Field Probes Overview.. 3.1.2.1 Property of the magnetic probe. 3.1.2.2 Properties of Electric field probe.. 3.1.2.3 Basic Theory of Magnetic loop probes. 3.2 Outdoors FF measurement systems for FM frequencies with Optical fiber connection... 4. Simulated results ........................................ 4.1 Simulation of half wave length dipole .......... 4.1.1 Simulated field intensities . 4.2 Simulation of Basic FM Transmitter Phone Model... 4.2.1 Phone model at resonance frequency .. 4.2.1.1 Simulated Field intensities ................ 4.2.2 Phone model at FM frequency..
1 2 2 3 4 5 5 7 8 9 10 10 11 12 13 14 14 17 17 17 20 20 21 22 23 27 27 29 30 30 32 33
4.2.2.1 Simulated Field intensities. 4.3 Hx or Hy or Hz Component... 4.4 Simulated Field strength and ERP up to 3 m for reference antennas 5. Measured Results ..... .. 5.1 Reference Dipole antenna at 880 MHz ..... 5.2.1 Measured results... 5.1.2 Estimation of field intensities and radiated power at 3 m distance.. 5.1.3 Comparison between measured and simulated results ... 5.2 Phone model at 920 MHz.. 5.2.1 Measured results... 5.2.2 Estimation of field intensities and radiated power at 3 m distance. 5.2.3 Comparison between measured and simulated results. 5.3 DUTs at 100MHz. 5.3.1 The basic Phone Model at 100 MHz 5.3.1.1 Measured result. 5.3.1.2 Estimation of field intensity and radiated power at 3 meter 5.3.2 Active DUT- 1(FM transmitter device) 5.3.2.1 Measured result. 5.3.2.2 Estimation of field intensity and radiated power at 3 meter. 5.3.3 Active DUT-2 (FM transmitter)... 5.3.3.1 Measured Results.. 5.3.3.2 Estimation of field intensity and radiated power at 3 meter. 5.3.4 Comparison of the far field result to the near field scanner result of 3 different DUTs at 100 MHz... 5.3.5 1 Meter measurement and comparison with previous results 6. Discussion. 6.1 Measurement System feasibility... 6.1.1 HR1 near field scanner.. 6.1.2 Outdoor Far field measurement system. 6.1.3 1 meter measurement system. 6.2 Measurement of reference antennas using HR1 near field scanner.. 6.2.1 Measurement of DUTs using HR1 near field scanner... 7. Conclusion and Future Research .......... 7.1 Conclusion ....... 7.2 Future research ..... References ....
33 34 34 37 37 37 39 44 45 45 46 50 50 51 51 52 54 54 56 57 57 58 59 61 69 69 69 70 70 71 71 73 73 75 77
Appendix A. Derivation of effective radiated power from E field intensity ... Appendix B. Conversion..
79 81
Appendix C. Parameters table for outdoor Far field measurement system with optical Fiber
connection Appendix D. Technical Data for the Tunable Dipole Antenna.. Appendix E. Relation between field strength and volume of FM transmitter antenna. E.1 Antenna structures.. E.2 Results by simulations 83 85 87 87 88
Chapter 1 Introduction
The ability to communicate with people on the move has developed outstandingly since Guglielmo Marconi first demonstrated radios ability to provide continuous contact with ships sailing the English Channel. That was in 1897, and since then new wireless communications methods and services has been devotedly adopt by people throughout the world. As a result wireless communication over great distance to a large number of people is not new. Wireless communications may be one-way communications as in broadcasting systems (such as radio and TV), or two-way communication (e.g. mobile phones).
The advances of the technologies like improvement of RF circuit fabrication, new large-scale circuit integration and other miniaturization technologies allow the portable radio equipments to become smaller, cheaper, and more reliable. This also creates new possibilities for application and integrations of the classical broadcast systems and modern mobile phone technologies. FM transmitter is such a device which gives the freedom of sending a wireless broadcast of any audio like music audio, streaming audio, MP3 audio etc. to any FM radio anywhere in home, car or office. The FM transmitter uses FM radio waves to send sound from one source to any nearby radio or stereo system. Most often it is a short range low power FM transmitters operating in the FM Broadcast band 87.5 to 108 MHz. But in Japan the FM broadcast band is 76-90 MHz, unlike any other country in the world. In this study FM transmitter in mobile phone application will be considered. The FM transmitter in a mobile phone allows listening to the music content in a phone on a car or home radio. For example, the FM transmitter unit can be separate device that is attached to the mobile phone and then transmit music over the air within the FM radio frequency band. Even more attractive is to have the FM transmitter built inside the mobile phone. However this creates the need of strict FM transmitter regulation to provide compatibility with the official broadcast systems. In addition to this not all countries allow the legal use of FM transmitter devices. A brief discussion of the ETSI and FCC FM transmitter regulations are given in the next session.
1.2
As a FM transmitter is short range low power equipment so there is a limitation for the effective radiated power and field strength. The limits are as follows according to ETSI [1] and FCC [2].
Table 1.1* Limits of transmitter parameters of FM transmitter according to ETSI The maximum acceptable measurement uncertainty for effective radiated power should be 6 dB.
The limits are specified at 3 meters which is in far field region for a small antenna at FM frequency. In mobile phone application a FM antenna would normally have dimensions less than / 10 and therefore the distance at 3 meters is better than 2d 2 / which is the boundary for far field region and as a consequence can be considered as being in the far field. The details of the field region of small antenna are discussed in chapter 2.
* Note: Some inconsistency was found in the ETSI in case of ERP, EIRP (Equivalent Isotropic Radiated Power) derivation. Detailed motivation is given in chapter 2.
Chapter 2 Theory
Before going to details on the theory which is used in this study one thing is needed to clarify related to ETSI standard describes in previous chapter. It is said that there is some inconsistency is discovered in the ETSI standard for ERP and EIRP calculation. According to the antenna theory ERP is 2.15 dB smaller than the EIRP (details are in section 2.4). But in ETSI standard ERP is 2.15 dB higher than EIRP. So if the ERP limit is taken -43 dBm then the field strength corresponding will change. The corrected limits of FM transmitter are given in table 2.1. The calculation procedure is in Appendix A.
Now it could be interesting to have a look the overview of near field measurement.
microwave antennas. In 1953 Woonton examined the assumption that the voltage induced in the probe is a measure of the electric field strength. In 1961 Clyton Hollis and Teegardin computed the principal far field E plane pattern for a 14 wave length diameter reflector antenna from the amplitude and phase of the near field distribution.
ii.
In the early period, all the experimental work assumed basically that the probe measured a rectangular component of the electric or magnetic vector in the near field. In 1961 Brown and Jull gave a rigorous solution to the probe correction problem in two dimensions using cylindrical wave functions to expand the field of the test antenna but plane waves to characterize the probe. Plane-wave scattering matrix theory of antennas and antenna-antenna interactions is the definitive work on the theory of planner near field scanning which is provided by Kernss National Bureau of Standards (NBS). Recently, Yaghjian and Wittmann have derived a simplified probe corrected spherical transmission formula in terms of conventional vector spherical waves. Yaghjian also suggests a direct computation scheme for evaluating the integrations.
iii)
The first probe corrected near field measurements were handed at the National Bureau of Standards in 1965 using lathe bed to scan on a plane in front of a 96 wave length pyramidal horn radiating at a frequency of 47.7 GHz [3]. From 1965 more than 10 years following the probe corrected near field scanning was confined for planner and cylindrical scanning. In this period some development were built like
a. Sampling theorems were applied to determine data point spacing, b. Efficient methods of computation were employed, c. Automatic computer controlled transport of the test antenna and probe was installed , d. Lasers were used to accurately measure the position of the probe and e. Upper bound theoretical as well as experimental and computer-simulated error analyses were performed.
iv)
The recent interest in the near field measurements has been generated primarily by the development of modern, specially designed antennas that are not easily measured on conventional far field ranges [3]. Near field measurement was used in a sophisticated procedure for aligning the beam formers of large, scanning phased array antennas. Computation of the array excitation coefficients by taking the Fourier transform of the complex array factor, the far field data is computed from planner near field measurements. The entire fundamental period of the array factor is obtained by steering the array to two or more positions and then recording the near field data for each position. The element pattern can also be evaluated by steering the array during its planner near field measurement and computing the peak values of the steered far field patterns.
As it is mentioned before each measurement has certain advantages and disadvantages and this makes generalized comparisons between near field and far field techniques. Far field measurements have several disadvantages over near field which makes the near field measurement more expectant. The advantages of near field include: The complete characterization of the DUT is performed. Test site location is convenient- the near field system needs less space compare to far field measurement. Negligible real estate requirement- does not need large chamber, absorbers etc. Nominal multipath problems- like far field the multipath propagation is not effect the measurements. Removal of weather effects- like outdoor far field measurements no need to give attention to the weather condition.
Stationary antenna (planner nearfield configuration)- for planner near field measurement system the orientation of the DUT as well as the probe antenna is not complex. Quick measurement- the measurement time is comparably less. Need simple modification to shape the complete measurements. Basically, near field measurement provide the necessary information to determine the radiating field at the surface of the antenna. See figure 2.1 this process is called microwave holography and involves the transformation of the near field data to any arbitrary location. The most commonly used near-field techniques are planner, cylindrical and spherical. This paper discusses primarily the planar configurations.
These regions are designed in such a way that provides the identification of field structure in each region. The boundary of the field region is not fixed for all antennas rather than they have great
dependency on the antenna size. Lets see the boundary of these three regions considering the antenna size.
R1 < 0.62 D 3
2.1
where D is the largest dimension of the antenna and is the wavelength. In the reactive region, the field intensity decays very rapidly with distance from the antenna. In the radiating near field, the angular field distribution depends on distance from the RF source unlike in the far field where it does not [6]. The strict IEEE definition is "That portion of the near field region of an antenna between the far field and the reactive portion of the near field region, wherein the angular field distribution is dependent upon distance from the antenna." [5]. Energy is radiated as well as exchanged between the source and a reactive near field. The outer boundary of this region for an electrically large antenna is:
R2
2D 2
2.2
In the far field, electric and magnetic fields propagate outward as an electromagnetic wave and are perpendicular to each other and to the direction of propagation. In this region the angular field distribution is independent of the distance from the antenna. The strict IEEE definition is "That region of the field of an antenna where the angular field distribution is essentially independent of the distance from a specific point in the antenna region."[5]. The far field region is sometimes termed the Fraunhofer region in analogy with Fraunhofer diffraction. In the far field region the field components are orthogonal. The distribution of fields and power density is independent of distance. The electric and magnetic fields decay inversely with distance from the antenna and power density decays as the inverse square of the distance.
R1 =
and the Fresnel zone will be start from
2.3
R2 = 0.62 D 3 +
2.4
For example, the outer radius of reactive and inner radius of Fresnel zone for a / 2 dipole antenna at 96 MHz is
R1 = = 3.125 meter
and
R3 =
2D 2
2.5
2.6
is referred as the radian sphere, and it defines the region within which 2
10
the reactive power density is greater than the radiating power density. For an antenna the radian sphere represents the volume occupied mainly by the stored energy of the antennas electric and magnetic fields. Outside the radian sphere the radiated power density is greater than the reactive power density and begins to dominate as R >>
[7]. 2
Electrically-small antennas, for the most cases, do not exhibit radiating near field regions; rather, the reactive near field transitions directly to the far field. Using the equation 2.1 and 2.2 it is noticed that for a sufficiently small antenna it is shown that
2.4 Equivalent Isotropic Radiated Power (EIRP) and Effective Radiated Power (ERP):
An isotropic radiator is an ideal antenna which radiates power with unity gain which is uniformly distributed in all directions and is generally used to reference antenna gains in wireless systems. The equivalent isotropic radiated power (EIRP) for a given test antenna can be defined as:
EIRP = Pt + Gt
[In dB scale]
2.7
It represents the maximum radiated power available from the transmitter in the direction of maximum antenna gain as compared to an isotropic radiator.
The land mobile industry has almost universally expressed effective radiated power (ERP) instead of EIRP to denote the maximum radiated power as compared to a half-wave dipole antenna. Since a dipole antenna has a gain of 1.64 (2.15 dB above an isotropic), the ERP will be 2.15 dB less than the EIRP for the same transmission system [8].
[In dB scale]
2.8
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The unavoidable first step of this work is to write the fundamental Maxwells equations, as they are at the basis of all the Electromagnetic theory. All the considerations, developments and discussions presented in Electromagnetic theory are only the refinements of the fundamental four equations governing the behavior of the Electromagnetic field.
[No
isolated
magnetic ch arg e]
J =
[Continuity equation] t
2.9(d) 2.10
12
Where the terms are: t, time dependency E, the electric field intensity [volt/meter] H, the magnetic field intensity [ampere/meter] J, the density of free current [ampere/meter 3 ] D, the electric flux density [colomb/meter 2 ] B, the magnetic flux density [weber/meter 2 ]
In sense any electrically charged object produces an electric field. The field strength at a particular distance from an object is directly proportional to the electric charge in coulombs on that object. The field strength is inversely proportional to the distance from a charged object. The field- strength vs. distance curve is a direct inverse function and not an inverse-square function because electric field strength is specified in terms of a linear displacement (per meter) rather than a surface area (per meter square).
The alternative expression for the electric field intensity is electric flux density. This refers to the number of lines of electric flux passing orthogonally (at right angles) through a given surface area, usually one meter squared (1 m 2 ). Electric flux density, like electric field strength is directly proportional to the charge on the object. But flux density reduces with distance according to the
13
inverse-square law, because it is specified in terms of a surface area (per meter squared) rather than a linear displacement (per meter). Sometimes the strength of an electromagnetic field is specified in terms of the intensity of its electric-field component. This is basically about the radio frequency field strength at a certain location away from the sources such as distant transmitters, outer space objects, high-tension utility lines, computer displays or microwave ovens. In this paper electric field strength is specified in dBuV/m.
The mac field may be visualized by magnetic field lines. The field strength then corresponds to the density of the field lines. The total number of magnetic field lines stabbing an area is called magnetic flux (unit weber=telsa* meter 2 )
Magnetic flux density reduces with increasing distance from a straight current-carrying wire or a straight line connecting a pair of magnetic poles around which the magnetic field is stable. At a given location in the vicinity of a current-carrying wire, the magnetic flux density is directly proportional to the current in amperes.
From the fundamental antenna theory the electric field lines start on positive charges and end on negative charges. They also can start on a positive charge and end at infinity, start at infinity and end one a negative charge, or form closed loops neither starting nor ending on any charge. Magnetic field lines always form closed loops encircling current carrying conductors because there are no magnetic charges [7]. The following figures show the electric field and magnetic field distribution.
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Figure 2.3 Radiation from an ideal dipole. (a) Field components. (b) E plane radiation pattern polar plot of E . (c) H plane radiation pattern polar plot of H . (d) Three-dimensional plot of radiation pattern [9].
Figure 2.4 Electric field lines and equipotential of an electric dipole [10]. Note: Z=X in our simulations and measurements
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After describing the field intensity now it is needed to find the relation between the radiated power density and the field intensity and which is as follows:
S=
1 (E H ) 2
VA / m 2
2.11
P = S 4d 2
Where d is the distance from the antenna.
2.12
So to estimate the radiated power it is needed to measure the E and H field both. In this study a planar measurement system is to be used with electric and magnetic field probes for measuring the E field and H field respectively.
For measuring the H field components (Hx, Hy, Hz) the near field measurement system has two kinds of probes one is horizontal and another is vertical one. Using those it is quite simple to measure the entire three components. Where as measuring the E field components with electric field probe is comparably difficult because of the placement of the probe antenna. The details about the measurement system are described in next chapter.
So converting the magnetic field intensity to E field intensity the ERP can be calculated by using the equation 2.11, 2.12 and 2.8. The conversion between the E and H field intensity is described by
Z0 =
E = 377 H
2.13
The equation 2.13 is based on the homogeneous far field condition i.e. the free space where Z 0 is the intrinsic impedance of free space.
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A complete EMC HR1 Scanner setup consists of: RF source (not seen in figure) Near field probe EMC scanner Pre- amplifier
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Spectrum analyzer with GPIB (General Purpose Interface Bus) interface National instruments GPIB adapter Data acquisition computer with one RS-232 port
RF Signal Source:
The source provides the excitation to the DUT aperture (for passive measurement, active device like mobile phone there is no need any RF source). The signal source must provide sufficient power to insure an adequate signal to noise ration in the receiver. Higher power levels are required for higher gain antennas due to the aperture mismatch loss between the probe and DUT. For this measurement Rohde & Schwarz SMIQ03 Signal Generator is used as the RF source.
EMC scanner:
The planner scanner is required to accurately position the probe antenna. The HR1 EMC scanner which covers a 190x140x80 mm(X, Y, Z) region with an accuracy of 0.05 mm is designed and manufactured by Detectus AB. The HR1 EMC scanner is shown in figure 4.8. For more details can be found in reference [11]
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Preamplifier:
Inserting the Preamplifier (Preamplifier PA 303) between the near field probe and the spectrum analyzer makes it easier to measure very weak high- frequency fields of up to 3 GHz. The input and output are provided as 50 BNC connectors to allow using any spectrum analyzer. The response of the preamplifier is shown in the figure 3.3. preamplifier Figure 3.3 Characteristic of
As it is mentioned before the near field scanner consists of an X-Y-Z robot, a spectrum analyzer with the near field probes, a GPIB adapter for communicating with the spectrum analyzer and a personal computer with custom software. Using the system software the full system is kept in control by the computer. During the measurement the robot moves the near field probe to predetermined grid of measurement points above the DUT. At each measurement point the location of the probe and the value of the emission intensity are stored in the computer.
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(a)
(b)
20
(a)
(b)
(a)
(b)
Figure 3.6 (a) Electric field probe RS E02 (b) characteristic over frequency
From the above figure it is also clear that for measurement of H field components is easier than the E field because of probe placement. The E field probe captures only one E field component whereas using the magnetic probe by changing the orientation of the probe it is easily possible to measure all the three component of H field. For more details on near field probes reference [12] may be
21
recommended. As in our study we will use the magnetic field probe then it is needed to know how the magnetic probe works.
(a)
(b)
Figure 3.7 (a) Shielded magnetic loop probe- unbalanced to the left, balanced to the right and (b) equivalent circuit
The probes have shielded loops which reject the electric field and sample the magnetic field over a small area. Only a short length of the loop conductor is exposed to the incident magnetic field. The magnetic field passing through the probe loop generates a voltage according to Faradays low, which states that the induced voltage is proportional to the rate of change of magnetic flux through a circular loop.
(a)
(b)
Figure 3.8 (a) HR1 scanner setup (b) The equivalent circuit (without amplifier)
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So from the circuit Vind=Vl (i.c the load voltage is equal to induced voltage) From Faradays law the induced voltage is [13]
Vind = jAB = Vl
Volts
3.1
Where B is the magnetic flux density from the test antenna in Telsas A= 2 Nr 2 , is the area of probe loop in meter square,N is the number of turns of loop and r is the radius of loop probe. Here N=1 (assumed).
H=
A/ m
3.2
Where is equal to 4 10 7 H/m in free space. And then using equation (1) and (2) the radiated power can be estimated at far field region as at free space
Z0 =
The conversions are in Appendix B
E = 377 H
3.3
3.2 Outdoors FF measurement system for FM frequencies with Optical fiber connection:
The main reason of using the far field measurement system for FM frequencies with optical fiber connection is to improve the measurement result where the connection of a coaxial measurement cable between the antenna and the measurement equipment is required. As this cable shielding is metallic it has a large influence on the FM frequency measurement and prevents characterization of the intrinsic properties of the antenna. This is especially true for small antennas (L < / 4). In order to avoid the influence from cables during gain measurement, coaxial cable in measurement setup is substituted by the optical fiber link.
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Transmitter with 50 Ohm RF input Optical fiber Receiver with 50 Ohm RF output
Figure 3.9 Fiber optics measurement systems Transmitter, placed on PCB 100x40 mm, is about 55x40 mm size, and is fed by +3.7V. The transmitter and receiver work in linear range, and convert modulated optical signal with modulation depth proportional to the RF power. Signal Analyzer detects the RF signal (70-120 MHz) with the power proportional to the received signal by antenna. Next, DUT is substituted by the reference antenna with the known gain, and DUT gain is calculated.
Figure 3.10 Measurement setup for measuring the gain of antennas by comparison For gain measurement we need the following equipments Signal Generator that operates in range at least between 70MHz to 120MHz. Signal Analyzer that operates in range at least between 70MHz to 120MHz. Two reference dipole antenna that operate in range at least between 70MHz to120MHz.
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The absolute antenna gain is measured by comparing the received power between the reference dipole antenna with known gain, G R and the DUT. The received power PR is measured in units of dBm using a reference antenna with known gain G R . Utilizing the same experimental setup, the test antenna replaces the reference antenna and the received power PD (dBm) is measured. The absolute gain of the measured antenna G D is thus given as:
3.4
The gain measurement by comparison should be done with both antennas in a suitable location where the wave from a distant source is substantially planed and has constant amplitude. There should also be no multipath interference (MPI) from nearby objects. For gain measurement the DUT is in the receiver site. And by knowing the antenna gain, EIRP and the E field intensity can be calculated using the equations 2.7, 2.8 2.11 and 2.12.
The following set up is used to calculate the EIRP ( PT * GT ) and then ERP as well as the field strength.
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From the figure it is understandable that the well known free space equation is used here to account for the path loss.
PR = GT G R PT 4
2
3.5
In dB scale,
PR = PT + GT + GR + LP where LP = 20 log( 4 )
GT and G R is the transmitter and receiver gain and PT and PR is the transmitting and receiving
power. Here also using the 2.7, 2.10 and 2.11 the radiated power and the field strength are calculated.
26
(a)
(b)
Figure 4.1 (a) Simulated 3D Geometry of Dipole antenna (b) Reference Dipole antenna
27
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Figure 4.2: (a) and (c) simulated return loss and impedance (b) and (d) measured return loss and impedance From the above figures we saw that for both simulations model and the practical reference antenna have the proper matching. After that we will see the pattern of the field strength at near field region.
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(a) Ex
(b) Ey
(c) Ez Figure 4.3 Simulated Ex, Ey, Ez field components, cutting plane at Z=7 mm from the dipole
H field intensity:
(a) Hy
(b)Hz
Figure 4.4 Simulated Hy and Hz field components, cutting plane at Z=7 mm from the dipole
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The figures show the E field and H field components i.e. Ex, Ey, Ez and Hy, Hz. From Figure 4.1 we saw that the dipole is oriented along the X axis. The plots are taken at a certain distance above the dipole along Z axis. In other words the plots are planes parallel to XY plane cutting Z axis in some fixed distances.
From the figures above one can see that the E field components have quite complicated distribution and therefore difficult to measure in practice. In the measurement point of view, the measurement of E field components using the HR1 scanner is not convenient.
If we compare figure 2.4 and the simulated E field components we can see the following agreement: Ex component has a field strength maximum at feeding point and at end of the dipole arms. For Ey component 4 peaks can be observed whereas for Ez component there are two peaks as the components are seen from a distance along Z axis.
Figure 2.3(c) shows the H field distribution which is like a close path around the dipole antenna. Recalling figure 2.3 (c) there will be only two H field components Hy and Hz as the dipole is along X axis in our simulations (Z axis from the plot is same as X axis in our simulations).
Intentionally the antenna is made as less efficient at 100 MHz. Using the typical volume of this antenna the resonance is found at 920 MHz which we will measure by near field scanner for the same reason of using the dipole antenna. Further more, we will simulated this phone model at 100 MHz which will give us the path loss which is needed to estimate the ERP and E field intensity at desired distance for the FM transmitter.
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(a) Simulated
(b) implemented
Figure 4.5 a) Simulated 3D Geometry of phone model (b) prototype of phone model
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Figure 4.6 (a) and (c) simulated return loss and impedance (b) and (d) measured return loss and impedance
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The following figures show the simulated E(x, y, z) and H(x, y, z) of the basic phone model at 920 MHz. All results are taken by cutting plane at Z=7 mm from the antenna surface.
E field intensity:
Figure 4.7 Simulated Ex, Ey, Ez field components, cutting plane at Z=7 mm from the phone model
H field intensity:
Figure 4.8 Simulated Hx, Hy and Hz field components cutting plane at Z=7 mm from the phone model The above figures are the 2D plots at X-Y plane like in the dipole case.
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The field intensity is as follows using the same orientation of the model at previous section. The distribution of the field intensity at 100 MHz as follows.
E field intensity:
Figure 4.9 Simulated Ex, Ey, Ez field components cutting plane at Z=7 mm from the phone model
H field intensity:
Figure 4.10 Simulated Hx, Hy and Hz field components cutting plane at Z=7 mm from the phone model
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From the figures above (4.7, 4.8, 4.9 and 4.10) it can be summarized that it is quite hard to decide which field is need to measurement (E or H). The field components of typical device are not like the ideal dipole. So it is not easy to decide which field will be better to measure. But from measurement point of view it is easy to handle with H field components. So we will measure the H field components with the HR1 near field scanner and then by analytical conversion the E field and ERP will be calculated. At this point one could question that do we need to measure all the H field components or choose one component which is dominating one.
4.3 Hx or Hy or Hz Component:
As the total H field is the vector sum of its three components (Hx, Hy, Hz) it is necessary to consider all the components to get the actual response. But for simplicity and saving measurement time the dominant H field component can be measured only. Then we can analytically convert to E field strength at the specified distance.
Another limitation for the HR1 near field scanner is the limited scanning aperture and probe positioning. For this reason we need to find the component which has the simplest structure and is dominating one. Of course, by measuring the one H field component among three (Hx, Hy, Hz) will not give the absolute results but allowing for some tolerances it will provide an enough estimation.
For the dipole reference antenna Hy has the simplest component distribution compared to the other H field components. This also means that it would be easier to measure Hy in reality. However we dont have the same situation in a real device represented by our phone model. The H field components have equally complicated distribution. Therefore most efforts should be put in choosing the dominant H field component as well as setting feasible measurement constraints.
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880 MHz and the Phone model at 920 MHz it is not to require seeing simulated result up to 3 meter. Actually our intention is to use one specific distance for all reference and test antenna. The following figures show the simulated H and E field intensity, ERP up to 3 m for the three cases we have simulated.
(a) Dipole
(c) Phone model at 100 MHz Figure 4.12 Simulated field intensities and radiated power for dipole (a), Phone model at 920 MHz (b) and phone model at 100 MHz
Now it needs to explain how we have drawn these curves from simulation. These plots are drawn from the H field intensity. From chapter 2.2.2 and 2.2.3 which describe the field regions of antenna size D< and D<< . Our reference antennas sizes are D< (for both 880 MHz and 920 MHz), so
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equation 2.3 and 2.5 give are boundary of the near field and far field. Using these equations we got the near field far field boundary for the dipole and phone model are 51 cm and 41 cm respectively. So for plotting the field intensity first we use near field data up to the near field far field boundary from the antenna surface then far field data are used . The antenna size of phone model at 100 MHz is D<< . So for this case by using the equation 2.6 we got the boundary at 48 cm and we use the same procedure to plot the field intensities and ERP up to 3 meter. From the above figures it is also shown that the ERP of the radiated near field of the 3 simulated cases is not stable. As we know the field at reactive near field is not stable it is like oscillating field. After the reactive near field boundary the ERP is constant which is also meet the characterization of the effective radiated power by the antenna.
These simulated results will be used to compare with the measured result by the HR1 scanner. In addition we will use these plots to define the path loss factor up to 3 m. If the measured result at a certain distance from the object is equal to the simulated result then we can use the simulated path loss factor in our calculation to estimate the field strength at 3 meter which will be shown in the next chapter.
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Figure 5.1 Measurement conditions of HR1 near field scanner for 880 MHz
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The comparison between the measured and simulated result are done considering the following initial conditions: The input power is 30 dBm for both simulation and measurement. The dipole is oriented along the x axis. The vertical loop probe is used for measurement which has -23 dB gain at 880 MHz. The measurement system has a 30dB amplifier and at 880 MHz the amplification is 25 dB. But the values in the figures are the absolute results by compensated the probe gain as we wanted to compare with the simulation results. That means the absolute field strength up to specific distance from the antenna. All results are shown in dB scale to get better dynamic range. The Spectrum Analyzer gives the load power (50 Ohm) in dBm. Since the system is 50 Ohm then the load voltage can be calculated by converting the power. Figure 3.8 shows in this measurement the load (50 ohm) voltage is equal to induced voltage by the magnetic flux of the test antenna. For more details on voltage to field intensity conversion Appendix A may be recommended. The same scanning area is considered for both simulations and measurements.
(a) Hz Setup
(b) Hz measured
(c)Hz simulated
(d) Hy Setup
(e) Hy measured
(f) Hy simulated
Figure 5.2 Measurement of H field components of the dipole. (a) Orientation for Hz component. (b) Measured Hz. (c) Simulated Hz. (d) orientation for Hy component.(e) Measured Hy.(f) Simulated Hy
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The above figures make a sense that the near field scanner results and the simulated results are agree each other very well. From the figures above it is also shown that the Hy component has higher intensity and more simple distribution than Hz. So it could be convenient to measure the Hy component as it has one peak position whereas for Hz it is two. Away from the antenna the Hz component will be spread out which is difficult to measure because of the limitation of scanning area. The following plots even better show that Hy component will be easier to measure and remains unchanged when we move away from the DUT.
(a) Hy at 1 cm
(b)Hy at 3 cm
(c) Hy at 5 cm
(d) Hz at 1 cm
(e) Hz at 3 cm
(f) Hz at 5 cm
Figure 5.3 (a), (b) and (c) measured Hy component at 1, 3, 5 cm from the antenna. (d), (e) and (f) measured Hz component at 1, 3, 5 cm from the antenna.
In the figures above 5.2 and 5.3 one important thing should be noticed that the scales are not the same. The reason is in figure 5.3 the induced power by the dipole is directly shown in dBm whereas in figure 5.2 this induced power is converted to the H field intensity in dBuA/m.
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The scanned are of the dipole is less than its full size as the physical length of it is large compare to the scanner area. Furthermore, the highest strength is presents around the feeding of the dipole antenna which are shown in figure 5.2 (e) and (f). So the area around the peak position can be enough for measurement simplification.
Three different approaches for scanning area have been used The highest strength of the scanned area is dependent on the distance which is shown in both measurement and simulation. So we peak the highest value of scanner area. The average strength of the scanned area. We made an average of each point measurement. One specific positions field strength. This position is that which gives the highest field strength at initial measurement and also independent on distance.
The blue line shows the highest field strength of the scanned area, black line is for the specific positions field strength of the area (Considering that position which gives the highest field by placing the antenna very close to the probe), green line for the average strength of the scanned area and last of all the red line is for the highest field strength in simulation. The latter has two sections first is up to 50 cm where the near field data is used after that the far field data is used instead.
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As the highest field strength is dependent on the distance so the measurement result of the blue line could be consider to estimate the field strength and ERP at 3 meter. On the other hand the average field strength is almost same varying the distance.
May be one can question why up to 50 cm the near field data is used. In chapter 4 we discuss shortly but now we are describing it. This can be explained by the theory of field region of that antenna which has the dimension D< . Bearing in mind the equation 2.3 and 2.5 the near field and far field region boundaries can be calculated. For the dipole antenna, see section 2.3.2. The Reactive near field boundary
R1 = =
The Fresnel region starts from
D D 3 + =39 cm R2 = 2 2
Where D is the largest dimension of the antenna, here it is /2. The Fresnel region stays up to radiating near field boundary. Actually the radiating near field starts from the reactive near field boundary but from the Fresnel boundary it is more the radiation is more.
The radiating near field boundary or the inner radius of the far field is
R3 =
2D 2
+ =51 cm
From equation 2.4 the outer radius of the radiating near field region is 51 cm. So up to this the near field data is used then it shifted to far field data. Here it needs to mentioned that the near field data is for one component (here Hy) but the far field data is given in spherical coordinate system so it contains all the components. Earlier we have assumed that Hy is dominating so it can be also assumed that at far field the Hy component also represents the total H field. From the simulated data it is found that at distance of 51 cm from the antenna the far field and near field data is almost same. This proves the boundary presence at this distance. Now it is time to estimate the field strength at 3m as well as the radiated power.
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Figure 5.5 The field region and H field intensity (simulated and measured)
From figure 5.5 it is shown that from 0 to 15 cm the simulated and the measured field is almost same with a difference of ~17 dB, As 51 cm is the boundary for the near field the far field then it can be taken as a reference point. For simulation the field strength is 90 dBuA/m where as for measurement it is 117 dBuA/m. But the later result is not accurate as the probe can measure the field strength up to 3 cm precisely. So if we approximate the measured results with simulations the measured H field will be 107 dBuA/m which is 17 dB higher than the simulation at 51 cm.
The following figure of simulated H field intensity up to 3 meter correspond to the near field and far field data both which provide the path loss from 51 cm to 3 meter. We found the path loss is 15 dB. Before we assumed that at 51 cm the measured H field intensity is 107 dBuA/m. So now using the simulated path loss which is 15 dB from 51cm to 3 meter the estimated H field intensity at 3 meter will be 92 dBuA/m ( 107- 15). And then using equation 2.8, 2.11 and 2.12 allows deriving E field, EIRP and ERP shown in figure 5.6.
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(a)
(b) Figure 5.6 (a) Simulated H field vs. distance and (b) Estimated Field intensities and radiated power up to 3 meter
Estimating ERP at 3 meters by using the measured result with near field scanner up to 15 cm
From figure 5.5 and it is shown that the measured result agrees with the simulated one up to 15 cm with a 17 dB adding factor. So it could be better to consider the measured result by the scanner up to 15 cm as after that distance the measured result s almost same instead of changing due to distance. We
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used the measured H field strength up to 15 cm then using the simulated path loss from 15 cm to 3 m we got the H field strength at 3 meter. In this case we were not considering the boundary.
At 15 cm the measured H field is 115.75 dBuA/m so using the simulated path loss from 15 cm to 3 meter we can estimate the H field at 3 meter which is 90.75 (115.75-25) dBuA/m. And then we can analytically calculate the E field and ERP. This is shown below.
(b)
(b) Estimated Field intensities and radiated power up to 3 meter From the above figure it is shown that the results are almost same as in figure 5.6 (a)
Observations H field Intensity (dBuA/m) E field Intensity (dBuV/m EIRP (dBm) ERP (dBm)
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Figure 5.8 Comparison the results at 3 meter from simulation to measurement The simulated results are taken from the figure 4.12(a).
(a) Hx setup
(b) measured Hx
(c) simulated Hx
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(d) Hy setup
(e) measured Hy
(f) simulated Hy
(g) Hz set up
(h) measured Hz
(i) simulated Hz
Figure 5.9 Measurement of H field components of the phone model. (a) Orientation for Hx component. (b) Measured Hx. (c) Simulated Hx. (d) orientation for Hy component. (e) Measured Hy. (f) Simulated Hy. (g) Orientation for Hz component. (h) Measured Hz. (i) Simulated Hz
The following figure shows the relation between the absolute field strength and distance from the antenna. As the relation is established based on some measurements placing the object at different distance from the probe so some simplification were made to measure the field strength which is same as for dipole antenna measurement. Here instead of Hy we will measure the Hx component for the phone model.
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Figure 5.10 Simulated and measured Hx component vs. distance for the phone model
The blue line shows the highest field strength of the scanned area, black line is for the specific positions field strength of the area (Considering that position which gives the highest field by placing the antenna very close to the probe), green line for the average strength of the scanned area and last of all the red line is for the highest field strength in simulation. Here up to 41 cm the near field data is used after that the far field data is used instead of near field.
As the highest field strength is dependent on the distance so the measurement result of the blue line could be consider to estimate the field strength and ERP at 3 meter like the dipole measurement. On the other hand the average field strength is almost same varying the distance.
We can explain the use of 41 cm which is the near field far field boundary for our phone model at 920 MHz. So like dipole our phone model dimension is D< (D =122 mm).
Using equation 2.3, 2.4 and 2.5 the field regions can be found.
R1 =32 cm
The Fresnel region starts from
R2 =35 cm
The radiating near field boundary
R3 =41 cm
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So 41 cm is the boundary of near field and far field which will be the reference point for the phone model to estimate the requirement.
Figure 5.11: The field region and the H field plots of simulation and measurement From figure it is shown that at 41 cm the simulated and measured field strength are 89 dBuA/m and 110 dBuA/m. Considering the difference is 17 dB between simulation and measurement the measured H field is 106 dBuA/m at 41 cm.
Figure 5.12 (a) Simulated H field vs. distance and (b) Estimated Field intensities and radiated power for the phone model up to 3 meter
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Figure 5.12(a) shows the difference between the field strength at 0.4 m and 3 m is 15 dB which is found by simulation. Before we assumed that the measured H field at 41 cm is 106 dBuA/m then using the simulated path loss the H field strength at 3 m will be 106-15=91 dBuA/m and then analytically we found the E field and radiated power which is shown in figure 5.12(b).
Estimating ERP at 3 meters by using the measured result with near field scanner up to 15 cm
From figure 5.5 and 5.11 it is shown that the measured result agrees with the simulated one up to 15 cm with a 17 dB adding factor. So it could be better to consider the measured result by the scanner up to 15 cm as after that distance the measured result s almost same instead of changing due to distance. We used the measured H field strength up to 15 cm then using the simulated path loss from 15 cm to 3 m we got the H field strength at 3 meter. In this case we were not considering the boundary.
At 15 cm the measured H field is 113.03 dBuA/m so using the simulated path loss from 15 cm to 3 meter we can estimate the H field at 3 meter which is 88.03 (113.03.75-25) dBuA/m. And then we can analytically calculate the E field and ERP. This is shown below.
(a) Figure 5.13 (a) Simulated H field vs. distance and (b) Estimated Field intensities and radiated power
(b)
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Observations H field Intensity (dBuA/m) E field Intensity (dBuV/m EIRP (dBm) ERP (dBm)
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measured results from the near field scanner of three test antennas will be described. The frequency is 100 MHz. The three test antennas are
The basic phone model at 100 MHz Active device 1 Active device 2
5.3.1 The basic Phone Model at 100 MHz: 5.3.1.1 Measured result:
Before describing the measured result it is needed to mention that the results from the scanner can be erroneous as this is a passive (cable-fed) measurement where a coaxial cable is connecting the DUT and the signal generator. Furthermore, we use ferrites to block the reversed current which may not be so efficient at 100MHz.
To estimate the Field intensity and the radiated power at 3 m the following set up is used. The RF source power is 6 dBm for measuring the H field intensity by the near field scanner as for mobile phone the RF source is 6 dBm. The frequency is 100 MHz instead of 880 MHz with the same measurement setup as in figure 5.1 The same phone model which we used at 920 MHz. We assumed the Hx component is dominating one for that frequency because of higher intensity and simple distribution. But we cannot expect that the radiation pattern will be the same for 920MHz and 100MHz.for same phone model. However we can say that we assume Hx as dominant and will use it further in our 100MHz measurements. The simulated H field intensity is used here only for getting the path loss slope. For simulation the input power is 30 dBm. In this chapter only measured results will be shown. Simulated H field intensity will be used for making the path loss relation from a fixed distance to 3 meter.
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Figure 5.15 Measured H field intensity vs. distance of phone model at 100 MHz.
R / 2 = 48 cm. More details can be found in chapter 2. From simulation we found that the path
loss from 48 cm to 3 meter is 15 dB.
(a)
(b)
Figure 5.16 (a) measured H field intensity (b) Estimated field intensities and radiated powers up to 3 meter.
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The 5.15 shows the measured H field intensity. At 48 cm the measured H field intensity is 70.095 dBuA/m. Then using the simulated path loss from 48 cm to 3 m we can estimate the H field intensity at 3 meter which is 55.095(70.095-15) dBuA/m. So the ERP and E field intensity by the mathematical calculation is found in figure 5.16 (b) and table 5.3
Observations H field Intensity (dBuA/m) E field Intensity (dBuV/m EIRP (dBm) ERP (dBm)
Table 5.3 Estimated field intensities and radiated power at 3 meter by measurement and simulation of the phone model at 100 MHz
Estimating ERP at 3 meters by using the measured result with near field scanner up to 15 cm
In section 5.1 and 5.2, from figure 5.5 and 5.11 we show that the probe gives us quite similar result from simulation up to 15 cm. and we considered that position as our breaking point. Here we will use the same concept. We will use the measured result up to 15 cm and then using the simulated path loss from 15 cm to 3 meter we will make an estimation of the ETSI requirement at 3 m.
(a)
(b)
Figure 5.17 (a) Simulated H field vs. distance and (b) Estimated Field intensities and radiated power for the phone model up to 3 meter by measurement and simulation
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From figure 5.16(a) at 15 cm the measured H field intensity is 73.265 dBuA/m. and figure 5.17 (a) shows us the simulated path loss of 100 MHz phone model from 15 cm to 3 meter is 33.26dB. Using this path loss we estimated that the H field intensity at 3 meter will be 40.005 (73.265-33.26) dBuA/m. Now we can estimate the other requirements which are in figure 5.17(b) and in table 5.4.
Observations H field Intensity (dBuA/m) E field Intensity (dBuV/m EIRP (dBm) ERP (dBm)
As the measurement of 100 MHz phone model is a passive measurement the connection between the antenna and the RF source is done via coaxial cable. At low frequency and for small antenna this coaxial cable has great impact on measurement result. So this estimated result by the near field scanner can be either correct or erroneous.
Hx -32.69 dBm
Hy -32.71 dBm
Hz -27.38 dBm
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(a) Hx set up
(b) measured Hx
(c) Hy set up
(d) measured Hy
(e)
Hz set up
(f) measured Hz
Figure 5.18 Measurement of H field components of the Active FM DUT 1. (a) Orientation for Hx component. (b) Measured Hx. (c) orientation for Hy component. (d) Measured Hy. (e) Orientation for Hz component. (f) Measured Hz.
From table 5.5 and figure 5.18 can be seen that the Hz component will be better choice for measurement as it has the highest strength compare to other two components and from measurement point of view the measurement of this component is easier because of scanners physical area limitation.
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Figure 5.20 Estimated Field intensities and radiated power for the Active DUT-1 up to 3 meter by the measured and simulated result.
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Observations H field Intensity (dBuA/m) E field Intensity (dBuV/m EIRP (dBm) ERP (dBm)
Hx -7.15 dBm
Hy -8.24 dBm
Hz -6.08 dBm
(a) Hx set up
(b) measured Hx
(c) Hy set up
(d) measured Hy
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(e) Hz set up
(f) measured Hz
Figure 5.21 Measurement of H field components of the FM transmitter in a mobile phone. (a) Orientation for Hx component. (b) Measured Hx. (c) orientation for Hy component. (d) Measured Hy. (e) Orientation for Hz component. (f) Measured Hz.
From figure 5.21 we get the measured H field intensity at 15 cm is 80.31 dBuA/m. So using the simulated path loss at 100 MHz from figure 5.17 (a) which is 33.26 dB we get the H field intensity at 3 meter equal to 47.050 (80.31-33.26) dBuA/m. The ERP and the field intensities are plotted as follows. Tabular form is in table 5.8 below.
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Figure 5.22 Estimated Field intensities and radiated power for the Active FM DUT 2 up to 3 meter using the measurement and simulation result
Observations H field Intensity (dBuA/m) E field Intensity (dBuV/m EIRP (dBm) ERP (dBm)
Table 5.8 Estimated results at 3 meter for FM transmitter We got all the estimated results by the HR1 near field scanner for our three different DUT at 100 MHz. now we will compare these estimations with the far field measurement system with optical fiber connection.
5.3.4 Comparison of the far field result to the near field scanner result of 3 different DUTs at 100 MHz:
Using the far field measurement system for FM frequencies with optical fiber connection to avoid the influence of coaxial RF cable the 100 MHz phone model and two active devices are measured at far field region which is 3 meters in this work. By knowing the gain of the DUT EIRP, ERP and E field strength is calculated. The set up for the phone model and active devices are like in figure 3.10 and 3.11 respectively. A photo of the measurement setup is shown in figure 5.23 and 5.24.
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The estimated ERP and Field strength at 3 meter by the near field scanner is compared here with the result of Far field measurement system. The optical connection is used indoors and outdoors to see the effect of indoors reflections at FM frequencies. The results are also compared to those without the fiber optic setup, where the reference antenna for the far field measurement is connected to the signal analyzer directly via coaxial cable. The comparison is in table 5.9
100 MHz phone model Measurement System EIRP (dBm) ERP (dBm) E field (dBuV/ m) 51.96 47.74 55.94 91.505
Active FM DUT 1 EIRP (dBm) ERP (dBm) E field (dBuV/ m) 41.97 42.74 43.94 82.00
Active FM DUT 2 EIRP (dBm) ERP (dBm) E field (dBuV/ m) 39.64 44.74 41.43 98.55
Outdoor with OF Indoor with OF Outdoor with cable Near field Scanner*
* using the data up to 15 cm from the Scanner Table 5.9 Comparison of the results of near field scanner and far field measurement of three DUTs (the near field measurement results are taken from table 5.4, 5.6 and 5.8)
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result at 15 cm which is in reactive near field region. This could be one possible region for getting the inaccuracy in measurement result as we know that at reactive near field the fields are not stable.
So we can measure our DUTs at 1 m which will provide us the measured result close to reactive near field and with this result we can easily predict our requirement at 3 meter by using the simulation result like before. This measurement provide us compact, stable measurement and also with less diffraction.
Here we are approaching a very simple measurement system for which we need only one 100 MHz reference dipole antenna and a signal analyzer which detects the RF signal (100 MHz) with the power proportional to the received signal. Our DUTs will be in transmitting mode. The set up can be explained by the following figure:
We made numbers of measurement by rotating the DUTs for getting the EIRP with both horizontal and vertical polarizations. To calculate the EIRP we used the same equation 3.5 which is well known free space equation. And then we converted the EIRP to E field intensity at 1 meter and as a consequence we used the path gain from 1 meter to 3 meter from the simulation technique. The reference dipole antenna is the tuned dipole one with the frequency range of 65 MHz to 180 MHz. The technical information (dipole length, gain) is found in appendix D and also in reference [14].
Using this measurement we got the results which is going to compare with previous result using the near field scanner and outdoor FF measurement with optical connection.
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DUTs Observation Measurement System EIRP (dBm) 100 MHz phone model ERP (dBm) E field (dBuV/m) EIRP (dBm) ERP (dBm) E field (dBuV/m) EIRP (dBm) ERP (dBm)
Outdoor measurement with OF connection -46.28 -48.43 51.96 -56.27 -58.42 41.97 -58.60 -60.75
Indoor measurement with OF connection -50.50 -52.56 47.74 -55.50 -57.65 42.74 -53.30 -55.45 44.74
Indoor measurement with cable connection -42.30 -44.45 55.94 -54.30 -56.45 43.94 -56.81 -58.96 41.43 -6.712 -8.862 91.505 -16.212 -18.362 82.00 0.338 -1.813 98.55 -40.90 -43.06 57.33 -53.91 -56.06 44.33 -55.49 -57.64 42.75 Near field Scanner* 1 meter measurement
Active FM DUT 1
Active FM DUT 2
Table 5.10 Comparison of the results of near field scanner and far field measurement and 1 meter measurement of three DUTs (the near field measurement results are taken from table 5.4, 5.6 and 5.8) Using the new measurement system we got the EIRP at 1 meter of the DUTs. From EIRP we got the E field intensity at 1 meter using the equations 2.11 and 2.12. After getting the E field intensity at 1 meter we used the simulated curve to determine the path loss from 1 meter to 3 meter. From the
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following figure it is shown that the simulated path loss from 1 meter to 3 meter for 100 MHz phone model is 10 dB.
Figure 5.27 Simulated path loss of the 100 MHz phone model from 1 meter to 3 meter Now we can find the E field intensity at 3 m which will be 10 dB lower than the E field intensity at 1 meter. Then using this field intensity at 3 meter we can easily calculate the EIRP and ERP at 3 meter by the equations 2.11 and 2.12. The calculated results for the 3 DUTs are tabulated in table 5.10 in column 7.
The comparisons between the measured results by different measurement system are shown in figure 5.28.
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(c) Active device 2 Figure 5.28 Comparison between the near field and far field measurement. (a) 100 MHz phone model (b) Active FM DUT 1 and (c) Active FM DUT 2
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Now we can make some conclusion on the simulated and the measurement result for the reference antenna and also for measurement results by the near field, far field measurement and as well as 1 meter measurement system of three DUTs.
From the table 5.1 and 5.2 it is shown that there is a quite high difference (17~18 dB) between the simulated and measured result for the reference antenna. This unexpected difference can be explained in the following way.
It is mentioned in chapter 2 how does the near field probe work. From the spectrum analyzer the measured outcomes are in dBm which is the induced power by the DUT. After some mathematical calculation the H field intensity is found using equation 3.1 and 3.2. These two equations are based on voltage unit but as the measurement system is in 50 ohm so it is very convenient to convert from power to voltage. But a problem is raised using the equation 3.2 which state that H =
field location it is not free space. The basic electromagnetic says that
B = 0 (1 + m ) H = 0 r H = H
Or (Wb/m 2 )
H=
(A/m)
Where
r = 1 + m =
is the dimensionless quantity known as relative permeability of the medium. The parameter
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Another reason can be the reflection from the scanner table. As the placement of the probe and the scanner table is close to each other then the DUT is placed not so far from the scanner table. As a result some reflection from the scanner table and well can be affected the measured result.
The measurement is taken in reactive near field region which can give erroneous result since the reactive near field regions are not as stable where as they are in far field region.
Another limitation is that the probe is sensitive up to 3 cm according to specification and the dynamic range is 40 dB. During measurement it is shown quite similar result up to 15 cm. So it is not possible to measure the field intensity at radiated near field zone as well as the far field for around 900 MHz antennas.
Figure 5.28 (a) shows the comparison between the near field measurement, far field measurement and 1 meter measurement for 100 MHz phone model. Like the dipole and the phone model at 920 MHz some difference in near field and far field measurement with optical fiber connection also seen here. The difference from the estimated result from the scanner is overestimated by ~40 dB which is quite large to compare with the reference antenna measurement which was ~17 dB between the simulation and measurement. But our new technique of measurement to find out the requirements of FM transmitter at 3 meter is showing quite good approximations for 100 MHz phone model which is shown in figure 5.27 (a) and also in table 5.10. So, this is very interesting to see that the results using the 1 meter measurement and the far field measurement system is conduct each other in very good way.
Figure 5.28(b) shows the comparison for the Active FM DUT 1. Like 100 MHz phone model here the estimated results by the near field scanner is ~40 dB above from the far field measurement. But the 1 meter measurement and the FF measurement gives the quite same results.
Figure 5.28 (c) shows the comparison for the Active FM DUT 2. Undesirably the difference between the results by FF measurement and the near field measurement system is higher then the other two cases. For this case the difference is ~58 dB. This is totally unexpected. Actually during the near field measurement this transmitter gives 18 dB higher values than the Active FM DUT 1 whereas in far field measurement it is almost similar to Active FM DUT 1 result. In the mobile phone this FM transmitter antenna is also applicable for FM receiver. At near field may be there is some undesirable radiations by the antenna which can be influence the results. As like other two cases the 1 meter measurement gives us good approximation than the near field measurement system.
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From the comparison between the simulation and the near field scanner result of the reference antenna we expected that for 100 MHz FM transmitter the difference between the near field measurement and far field measurement will be close to ~20 dB (for reference antenna it was ~18 dB) but table 5.9 and 5.10 and figure 5.28 show an unexpected difference between them which is ~40 dB. The possible reasons will be discussed in chapter 6.
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Chapter 6 Discussions
6.1 Measurement System feasibility:
In this thesis work the intention was to use two measurement systems - HR1 near field Scanner and outdoor far field measurement system with optical fiber connection. In addition we introduced another measurement method which we said as 1 meter measurement. Actually all of them have some advantages and some limitations. These limitations have to be considered while measurement is to be done with them.
H field magnetic probe which is used to measure the magnetic field intensity has some drawbacks also. This probe is sensitive up to approximately 3 cm which is relatively low for measuring a low frequency device as this distance is in the reactive field region. But in the time of measurement it is observed that up to 15 cm the measurement result is similar to the simulation (chapter 5). Another limitation is analyzed that the probes dynamic range is 40 dB. As a result, while measuring the FM transmitter which is a poor antenna (-40 to -50 dB gain) at 100 MHz the scanner is not able to measure the actual field strength. For 100 MHz small antenna, 15 cm distance from the probe which we take the reference measurement point is really in the reactive near field region. The E field intensity is decaying so swiftly with the increase of distance which was shown in figure 5.15, 5.19 and 5.21. At 15 cm we should get lower value than the measured result. Because of 40 dB dynamic range the proper result is not found. So this probe is not well suited for measurement of field strength of low efficient antenna like FM transmitter with FM band. In the case of using the HR1 scanner for 100
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MHz it could provide a better result if the reference point for the measurement is taken at closer distance from the probe.
6.1.2 Outdoor Far field measurement system with optical fiber connection:
The far field measurement system with optical fiber connection is used to make a feasible relationship between the absolute field strength and measured power in order to correlate the near field scan results and far field measurement. The test setup for the active and passive measurement is shown in figure 3.10 and 3.11 respectively. For passive measurement the DUT acts as a receiver whereas for active measurement it is a transmitter.
There is some limitation for measuring the DUT as a transmitter. From the parameter table (Appendix C) of far the field measurement system it is shown that the measurement range for input power to the receiver optical fiber connection is -70 to -20 dBm. So for passive measurement this range of input power should be maintained.
To calculate the EIRP of the DUTs we use the Friis equation. May be one could ask if this equation is applicable for such a distance (1 meter) as we know there are some conditions for using the free space equation which can be found in reference [7,8]. However in this case we use free space equation for getting the path loss of 1 meter. But there is one good paper reference [15] which described very well how to calculate the path loss for electrically small antenna at near field region. Using that process the path loss is almost same by using the free space. So it can be concluded that we can easily use the free space equation for getting the path loss as well as the EIRP of the DUTs. As a result we can strongly
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say that this measurement will be the better choice to estimate the requirement for the FM transmitter at 3 meter.
The entire calculation procedure is done by considering the permeability of free space. But in practice the area very close to the DUT is not free space. If the actual permeability at near field would be used then this inconsistency may not arrived.
The result can be influenced by the reflection of the scanner table. The estimation of the field intensity as well as ERP is done on the basis on reactive near field measurement. As it is known that the field pattern at this region is not stable so the result can be erroneous.
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V= P1+8+107-120 dBV
Efield 3 (dBuV / m) =
8 dB 2
107-120dB 3
V-(-146.1346)-2 4
33.26 dB 5
51.5 dB 6
-40 dB 7
7.1
7.2
The calculations of the block 3, 4 and 6 are placed in Appendix B. In block 2, this 8 dB is the compensated factor to minimize the probe gain in the measurement and in block 5, 33.26 is the path loss.
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Block 2 presents the terms which is a compensation factor to minimize the probe gain in the measurement. Block 3 presents the conversion from dBm to dBuV. Block 4 presents the conversion from dBuV to dBpT (factor -146.1346) and from dBpT to dBuA/m (factor 2). Block 5 presents the pathloss term from 15 cm to 3 m which is simulated. Block 6 presents the conversion from dBuA/m to dBuV/m. Block 7 presents the unknown measurement uncertainty which we found by comparing the near field and far field measurement result.
Equation 7.2 is follows the equation 2.11 and 2.12 in dB scale. So, the total measurement procedure will be done using the above equations. Using these equations the following figure can be plotted which will give us a relation between the induced power by the test antenna from the scanner (dBm) at 15 cm and the E field (also ERP) at 3 m.
(a) E field
(b) ERP
Figure 7.1: (a) relation between the scanner result at 15 cm and estimated E field intensity at 3 meter (b) relation between the scanner result at 15 cm and estimated ERP at 3 meter
Using this curve we can easily determine the ERP and E field intensity at 3 meter. In chapter 5 (section 5.3.5) we described the 1 meter measurement which gives us more reliable result at 3 meter. In this case we do not need to consider any unknown measurement uncertainty factor like near field measurement system (equation 7.1, block 7).
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References
[1] Draft ETSI EN 301 357-1 V1.4.1 (2007-12), Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); Cordless audio devices in the range 25 MHz to 2000 MHz; Part 1 Technical characteristics and test methods. www.etsi.org. [2] [3] FCC standards, Part 15- Radio frequency devices, section 15.239, pp 84-85, January 2001. Arthur D. Yaghjian, An Overview of Near- Field Antenna Measurements, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol.34, no.1, pp 30-33, January 1986. [4] NSI, Antenna Measurement Solutions, 2001.
[5]
James Mclean, Robert Sutton and Rob Hoffman, Interpreting Antenna Performance Parameters for EMC Applications- Part 2, www.djmelectronics.com.
[6]
Tom Lecklider, The world of the Near Field: when Scotty is beaming up, he's working in the very far field, EE-Evaluation Engineering, October 2005.
[7]
Constantine A. Balanis, Antenna Theory Analysis and Design, Second Edition, Copyright 1982, 1997, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN: 9971-51-233-5.
[8]
Theodore S. Rappaport, Wireless Communications Principles and Practice, Second Edition, Copyright 2002, 1996, Prentice Hall PTR, Inc. ISBN: 0-13-042232-0.
[9]
Warren L. Stutzman and Gary A. Thiele, Antenna Theory and Design, Second Edition, Copyright 1998, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN: 0-471-02590-9.
[10] David K. Cheng, Field and Wave Electromagnetics, Second Edition, Copyright 1989, Addition- Wesley Publishing Company, Inc. ISBN: 0-201-52820-7. [11] www.detectus.com [12] Probe Set R&S Hz-15 for E and H near-field emission measurements with test receivers and spectrum analyzers. http://www2.rohde-schwarz.com/file_6010/HZ-15_en.pdf [13] Thereza Macnamara, Handbook of Antennas for EMC, Copyright 1995, Artech House, Inc. ISBN: 0-89006-549-7.
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[14] http://www.ahsystems.com/catalog/FCC-2.php [15] Hans Gregory Schantz, A Near Field Propagation Law & A Novel Fundamental Limit to Antenna Gain Versus Size, IEEE APS Conference, July 2005. [16] A.H. Systems- RF Related Conversions. www.ahsystems.com/notes/RFconversions.php
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The radiated E field limit is given in the EMC standard is 52.2 dBuV/m at 3 meter. For derivation the homogenous far field conditions (intrinsic impedance of free space E/H=120 ) are used. Electric field limit E3 [dBuV/m at 3 m]
E 3 =52.2
d=3
E3
Power gain of dipole antenna [dBi] Effective radiated power ERP [dBm]
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Appendix B Conversion
Voltage to power Conversion: dBuV to dBm
dBm = dBuV-107 Where the constant 107 is as follows: The RF systems are matched to 50 We know that P =
V2 R
[ ]
= 0.223V = 223000uV
V V = jA j 2f * r 2
= -146.143 (for f= 100 MHz and r=0.5 cm) Where f = frequency in Hertz, r = loop radius in cm.
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Appendix C Parameters table for outdoor Far field measurement system with optical Fiber connection
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Appendix D Technical Data for the Tunable Dipole Antenna for 1 meter measurement
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Figure E.1: Three different models for FM transmitter. (a) Loop length (84 mm) is folded with 5 steps (model 1). (b) Loop length (84 mm) is folded with 3 steps (model 2). (c) Loop length (260 mm) is folded with 7 steps (model 3)
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Except the antenna length other parameter are same for the 3 models which is tabulated in table E.1. The 3 different frequencies are 77 MHz, 98 MHz and 108 MHz. All the radiated intensity is taken at a distance of 3 meter (ETSI requirement) from the antenna surface.
Antenna elements Chassis Loop antenna (model 1) Loop antenna (model 2) Loop antenna (model 3)
Width (mm) 40 2 2 2
Figure E.2 E field intensity vs. antenna length at 77 MHz. (a)using the ful antenna lenght of the three models (b)using the antenna lenght up to 84 mm for 3 simulated models
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Figure E.3 E field intensity vs. antenna length at 95 MHz .(a) Using the ful antenna lenght of the three models (b)using the antenna lenght up to 84 mm for 3 simulated models
Figure E.4 E field intensity vs. antenna length at 108 MHz. (a) Using the ful antenna lenght of the three models (b) Using the antenna lenght up to 84 mm for 3 simulated models All results are based on 6 dBm input power which is applicable for typical mobile phone applications. Figure E.2 (a) and (b) is for 77 MHz. Figure E.2 (b) is for large version of figure E.2(a) up to the antenna length 84 mm and from figure E.2(b) it is shown that the E field intensity of model 2 (red line) is higher when the antenna length is 84 mm for the three models. So it is understandable that the placement of antenna has an influence on the radiated field intensity. Figure E.1(b) which shows the loop placement of model 2 which is along with the edge of the PCB length. From the same figure it is seen that when the antenna length is around 25 mm the three models
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give almost same results (40-41 dBuV/m). So to get such a limit of field intensity at 3 meter any of the models can be chosen. For getting a little higher field intensity (45-50 dBuV/m) may be model 2 will be a batter choice. As it is seen from the same figure using the same antenna length, model 2 has comparatively higher intensity.
At 95 and 108 MHz the same result is repeated like 77 MHz with increasing the value of the intensity which is shown in figure E.3 and E.4. If we want very low radiated field then these figure shows that we dont need long antenna. By making the proper placement of the antenna loop it can be easily establish proper model for FM transmitter for mobile phone applications.
Lets see the influence of the PCB length over the radiated power. To see the influence of the PCB length we simulated the model 1 at different frequency within the FM broadcast frequency. The following figure shows the corresponding results.
Figure E.5 E field intensity vs. PCB length of model 1 at 3 different frequencies.
From the above figure it is shown that using a fixed antenna length here it is 84 mm (model 1), if we change the PCB length then the radiated field intensity is decreasing with increase of PCB length. We varied the PCB size from 80 mm to 140 mm. For other two models same explanation may be established. But the influence of the PCB length is not too much over the E field intensity. From figure E.5 it is shown that the deviation between the E field intensity is only 0.5 dB over the full range of PCB length variation.
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From the above discussions it may be concluded that the placement of antenna and the size of loop have a defensible influence over the field intensity whereas the PCB length variation has less concern. From the figures E.2, E.3 and E.4 it makes a sense that model 2 will be better for getting higher intensity than other two models. If we want to have less intensity any of the models can be reasonable but in model 2 the placement of the loop is simpler and occupied less space than others. So this model will be proper enough for both requirements.
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