Sek Men Sains Muzaffar Syah

8.1

What is an electromagnet?

An electromagnet is a magnet made by winding a coil of insulated wire round a soft iron core, so that a magnetic field is produced when a current is passed through the coil. o o When a current flows through the coil, it produces a magnetic field. The soft iron core becomes temporarily magnetized when the current is switched on. When the current is switched off, it loses its magnetism.

What is a magnetic field pattern?

A magnetic field pattern can be represented by field lines that show the shape of the field. Magnetic field lines which are close together represent a strong field. The field direction is defined as the direction indicated by a compass needle placed in the magnetic field.

Determine the direction of the magnetic field around a currentcarrying wire

The Right-Hand Grip Rule Grip the wire using the right hand, with your thumb pointing in the direction of the current. Your other fingers now point round the wire in the direction of the magnetic field. When the direction of the current is reversed, the magnetic field direction also is reversed.

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Activity 1
Aim Draw the magnetic field pattern due to a current in a 1.straight wire, 2. coil 3. solenoid Determine the direction of the magnetic field.

Procedure

1. Use small plotting compasses and place them on the cardboard to determine the direction of the magnetic field. 2. Observe and sketch the pattern produced. 3. Reverse the current supply connections to see its effect on the compass needle. 4. Remove the compasses and sprinkle iron filings onto the cardboards and tap the sheets gently with a pencil. Sketch your observation.

Straight Wire

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Solenoid

Coil

Note: The right hand grip rule for a solenoid: The thumb points towards north pole of the magnetic field while the other fingers indicate the direction of the current in the solenoid.

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1. What information can be obtained from the plotting compasses? _____________________________________________________________________

Discussion

2. What happens to the magnetic field when the supply connections are reversed? _____________________________________________________________________ 3. What difference would you observe if the current in the solenoid is increased? _____________________________________________________________________

Activity 2: Plan and conduct experiments to study factors that affect the strength of the magnetic field of an electromagnet
Aim To determine the factors affecting the strength of an electromagnet How to measure the strength of the electromagnet?

Hypothesis

State the relationship you will expect between the strength of an electromagnet and (a) the number of turns (b) the size of the (c) the material used for on the coil current carried by the core. the coil

Manipulated variable Responding variable Controlled variable Apparatus

Iron nail (15 cm long), s.w.g 22 insulated copper wire, dry cell, ammeter (0-5 A) , rheostat, glass rod, paper clips, Procedure 1. Wrap an insulated copper wire round an iron nail 20 times to form a solenoid. 2. Set up the iron nail. 3. Turn on the switch. Count the number of paper clips attracted by the iron nail. 4. Repeat the experiment with 30, 40 and 50 turns of coppers wire round the iron nail. 5. Use a 50 turns solenoid and adjust the current by adjusting the resistance of the rheostat. Record the number of paper clips attracted by the electromagnet for different current flowing in the solenoid. 6. Keeping both the number of turns and the current constant, replace the iron nail with a glass rod. Repeat the measurement.

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Tabulate your readings

Conclusion State the factors that affect the strength of the electromagnet. ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________

Describe application of Electromagnet

Electric Bell When the bell push is pressed, a current flows in the coils of the electromagnet, causing it to be magnetized. The magnetized electromagnet attracts the soft-iron armature, causing the hammer to strike the gong. The movement of the armature breaks the contact and causes the electromagnet to lose it magnetism. The light spring pulls the armature back, remaking the contact and completing the circuit again. The cycle is repeated so long as the bell push is pressed and continuous ringing occurs.

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Magnetic Relay A solenoid switch worked by an electromagnet. It is used in a circuit which controls the operation of another circuit, especially if the current is large in the second circuit. Circuit 1 requires only a small current. When the switch is closed, current flows in the coil, causing the soft-iron core to be magnetized and attracts the amarture The movement of the iron armature closes the contacts in the second circuit. Circuit 2 is now switched on. Circuit 2 may have a large current flowing through it to operate powerful motors or very bright lights.

The advantage of using a relay is that a small current (circuit 1) can be used to switch on and off a circuit with a large current (circuit 2). This is useful for two reasons: (b) circuit 1 may contain a component such as a light detecting resistor (LDR), which uses small currents. (c) Only the circuit with a large current needs to be connected with thick wire.

Telephone Ear-piece The varying current from the microphone flows through the coils of an electromagnet in the earpiece. This pulls the iron diaphragm towards the electromagnet by a distance which depends on the current. As a result, the diaphragm moves in and out and produces sound waves that are replicas of those that entered the microphone. Circuit Breaker Acts as an automatic switch that breaks open a circuit when the current becomes too large. In a household circuit, the current may become excessive when there is a short circuit or an overload. The strength of the magnetic field of the electromagnet increases suddenly. The soft iron armature is pulled towards the electromagnet. This results in the spring pulling apart the contacts. The circuit is broken and the current flow stops immediately.

After repairs have been made, the reset button is pushed to switch on the supply again.

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TUTORIAL 8.1
1. Diagram shows a compass is placed horizontally on a piece of cardboard and it is initially points north.

4. Diagram shows a magnetic field pattern which is produced from an experiment. The magnetic field pattern is due to ..

When the current is switched on, the compass needle will.. A. move to the west B. move to the east C. remain to the north D. vibrate at its original position.

A. B. C. D.

coil straight wire solenoid magnet bar

5. Diagram below shows a solenoid carrying current.

2. Diagram below shows two compasses M and N are placed surrounding a straight wire carrying a current.

Which of the following shows the correct pattern and direction of the magnetic field produced? What will happen to the compasses needle when switch S is turned on? A. Both compasses will deflect 90 in an opposite direction. B. Both compasses will deflect 90 in the same direction. C. Both compasses will deflect 180 D. Compass M will deflect 180 while compass N will remain at the same position.

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6. The diagram shows an electromagnet PQR.

A. B. C. D.

A and B are stationary A and B attract to each other A and B repel at each other A and B repel first, then attract.

What is the magnetic polarity at P, Q and R? P North South South North Q South North North South R South North South North

9. The diagram shows two iron nails are hung freely in a solenoid.

A B C D

7. Diagram shows a copper wire coiled round a U-shaped soft iron core. The copper wire is connected to a battery.

When current flows through the solenoid, the nails will A. be at their original position B. attract to each other C. repel at each other D. oscillate with a constant frequency 10. Which of the following shows the correct polarity of the electromagnet?

When the switch is turned on, the magnetic pole of X, Y and Z are..

A B C D

X North North South South

Y North South North North

Z South North North South 11. Soft iron is used as the core of an electromagnet because A. it is a good conductor of electricity B. the melting point of iron is very high C. it loses all its magnetism when the current is switched off D. it retains all its magnetism, when the current is switched off.

8. Diagram shows two iron core are coiled round with a wire.

What happen to A and B when current flows?

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12. Diagram 22 shows the apparatus used to study the effect of an electromagnet.

Table below shows the number of paper clips attracted to the metal rod when switch is turned on and then turned off. Metal Number of paper clips rod attracted to the metal rod Switch Switch turn on turn off A 40 35 B 38 5 C 25 4 D 1 0 Which change will increase the number of paper clips attracted to the iron rod? (2008) A. Use a thinner wire to form the coils B. Use a non-insulated wire to form the coils C. Reduce the number of coils D. Increase the magnitude of the current. 13. The diagram shows an electromagnet. Which of the metal rods A, B, C and D is suitable to be used as the core of an electromagnet? Structured Questions 1. The diagram shows 4 compasses are placed on a horizontal cardboard. A straight wire passes through the centre of the cardboard. When the current is switched off, all the compasses needles point north.

Which factor does not influence the strength of the electromagnet? (2005) A. Material used for the wire B. Material used for insulator of the wire C. Number of turns of wire D. Current flowing in the wire 14. The diagram shows an experiment to study the suitable type of core for an electromagnet. 4 different metal rods is put inside copper coils.

(a) On the diagram below, draw arrows to show the direction of the needles when the current flows through the straight wire into the cardboard.

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(b) Current passes through a coil PQ as shown below. The circles represent the compasses.

(ii) State the rule used to determine the pole of the magnetic field. . [1 mark] (iii) Based on the solenoid in Diagram 2.1, draw the magnetic field lines that is formed around the solenoid when the switch is on. In your diagram shw the direction of the magnetic field lines. [2 marks] Material used for the core Shape of the core

(ii) Draw arrows in the circle to show the direction of the compass. (iii) The coils PQ act as a magnet. State the magnetic polarity at : P: Q: (c) On the diagram below, sketch magnetic field line around and inside the coils PQ. Show the direction of the magnetic field.

Steel

Soft iron

Aluminium

2. Diagram 2.1 shows a simple electromagnet used for lifting and releasing a small matter ball.

(c) Based on Table 2, state the suitable properties to be chosen to built an electromagnet and state the reason for your choice. (i) Material used for the core. [1 mark] (ii) Reason [1 mark] (iii) Shape of the core [1 mark] (iv) Reason [1 mark]

(a) In Diagram 2.1, mark the direction of the current flow in the solenoid when the switch is on. [1 mark] (b) (i) Name the magnetic pole at the end of the core P when the switch is on. [1 mark]

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(d) The electromagnet in 2(c) is used in an electric bell as shown in Diagram 2.2.

3. The structure of a relay and its related connections is shown is diagram below.

(i) What are the parts X, Y and Z shown in the diagram? X ____________________________ Y ____________________________ Z ____________________________ Explain the working principle of the electric bell. [3 marks] (e) State 2 ways to increase the loudness of the sound of the electric bell. ________________________________ (ii) The relay coil is wound on a metal core M. State a suitable material for this metal core M. _______________________________ (iii) Explain why this material is suitable to be used. _______________________________ (iv) Give a reasons why the high voltage is switched in this way rather than by inserting a switch directly in the high voltage circuit. _______________________________ _______________________________

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Soalan SPM 2006 4. Diagram (a) and Diagram(b) show wire coils connected to the ammeters, switches and d.c. power supply.

When the switch is on and iron filings of the same amount is spread on each of the cardboard surface, the pattern of the iron filings is formed as shown in the diagrams. (a) What is meant by magnetic field? (b) Using Diagram(a) and Diagram(b) , compare the number of turn of the coils, the pattern of the iron filings and the angle of deflection of the ammeter indicator. (c) State the relationship between the strength of the magnetic field and (i) the pattern of iron filings, (ii) the number of turn of the coils.

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