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Cont....3rdC<

Informative

ENGLISH GRAMMAR
By
:

P.

N, PR AS AD

Edition

November,

1996.

All rights reserved

by

Janapnya Pub!Seations
Tenali

Price

Cover Design L. Rarnesh Babu,

:

Vijayawada-2.
Printed
at

Keerthi Printers,

Ganapathirao Street, Vijayawada- 520003.

Cover Printers

IDEAL PROCESS,
Sivakasi h26 123.
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For Copies

Agnikula Kshatriyula vari

Street-II,

Ganganaiuma

Pet,

TENAL1-522201..

iformative

English

Grammar

COJNTENTS

'OREIGN PHrtASES

4
5-16
>
)

REPARATORY
.

(jjSf

e)
tfy<K>)

Parts of Speech

I.

II.

(5"p?tf&;eo Kinds of Pronouns (&tfgsr&$s.o Verb (^deb)

5 7

8
&")

V.

V
Vf.

Conjugation of the verb-paly ((jdSptfrsSasvj Sentence (srs'geio)

15
17

Nature of Questions ((jS^o ^5?s5^o)

'

20
21

CHAPTER-I Spelling (esfitf ^e^^) CHAPTER- II Vowels Pronunciation (ACT^tfra) CHAPTER-Dl Consonants Pronunciation CHAPTER-IV Rhyme (wo^^^jSoo) CHAPTER. V Stress (^JSJ)

26

34
42
45 50
55

CH AFTER- VI prefix "^figsSa) CHAPTER -VH Suffix (esc^^ ^gdfcsia)

CHAPTER- VIII Articles (So* g^ al^^eo) CHAPTER.IX Preposition (ajjgtfs &ss^^) " CHAPTER-X Conditionals (&o&$&^)
,'

60
^5 69
74
81

CHAPTER

Xf 'Irg

form ('^c^ ^5>"l

.LHAP'iEH-Xll

'To'

form ^to' ^Sb)

CHAPTER-XHf Correct form of verb CHAPTER- XIV Voice is? oxU) .'CHAPTER-* V Reported Speech (t^ff \
W

87

93

^)
oJ
'

102

CHAPTER XVI

Polite

Manners

.a-tfQg \

"3 jpe") y 5j_

110-116

Informative

English

Gramn

Some Important FOREIGN PHRASES with meanin

ad hoc
(L) tor ihn>

purpose
its

ad valorem alma mater

(L) According to

value.

(L) benign mother applied by old students their school or college.

(L) in the year of our Lord.

anno Domini

bona fide

(L) in

good

faith.

bon voyage
en masse

(Fr) a

good journey

to you.

de facto (L) from the

fact, actual, really.

(Fr) in a body; universally.

en route

(Fr) on the road; let us go! march!

exempli gratia (L) for example.

ex gratia

(L) an act of grace.

ex

officio (L) by virtue of office

(Fr) a false step, a mistake.
(late

faux pas
in
in
in

camera

L)

in a (judge's private)

room.

memoriam
toto (L)
in

(L) to the

memory

or in

memory,

the whole, entirely.

locus stand! (L) a place for standing a right to interfere

mala

f tde

(L) in

bad

faith, treacherously.

nota bene [= N.B.] (L) mark

post

well.

mortem

(L) after death,

prima facie

(L) on the first view.

pro forma (L) for the sake of form.

sine die (L) without a day appointed.

(Note

L=Latin

Fr = French)

Informative

English

Grammar

JENGLISH GRAMMAR
PREPARATORY
OF ENGLISH GRAMMAR
1.

INFORMATIVE

Parts of Speech

l]Noun,
'Adverb,
I]
6]

2]

Pronoun,

3]

Adjective,

4]

Verb,

5]

Preposition, 7] Conjunction,

8] Interjection.

Noun

?Sa

Noun.
Ex.
:

Mahesh
This
is

is

an Engineer.

a 6oo/c.

Hyderabad
I like

is a City. his goodness.

2]

Pronoun
/StfgsySfcSSjo)

&

Pronoun
:

^ Noun So

adSbeo

_0

Ex.

1] //e is

3] It is

a lawyer. a good horse.

:

2]

She

is

a doctor.

4]

They are farmers.

3]

Adjective

/f$s9*>)
is

Noun aaS^r
Ex.
:

tt>as&>o& "ScJ&^c3&aJ6a Adjective.

a good teacher,

Krishna

Preparatory
4]

Verb
sS&a&j
Ex.
:

aScSfcsidjcotoa

Verb.

1]

Raju

is in his

house.

2]

Suseela sings a song.

:

5]

Adverb

ASd& 2"3s3&j)

a verb, an adjective or another

adverb o&i

n(

^Qoa Btfytfa Adverb.

Ex.
:

1]

Bhaskar runs quickly.

2]
3]

He

is

a very

good boy.

Radha

sings very sweetly.

:

6]

Preposition /|S5egc&&u)

Preposition
a,

is So

word

that governs a
Eo

noun

or

Pronoun.

Noun

r?, Pronoun

r?> Sentence

^s

9^"^ ^c^oSi*

Mo tfoaos?^

"Siio^^a Preposition.

Ex.
1

The

girls are in

the glass.
:

Conjunction
"3o&
e3S"

(jS3Ma*5^c&&M)

Esios"

^sS^_^ words &, phrases

&,

clauses

or sentences
Ex.
:

&

^co^)J5a Conjunction.

have a Radio and a T.V.

is

He
8]

poor but honest.

Interjection

An
sudden

Interjection

is

word

that

expresses

some

feeling.

Informative
Ex.
:

English

Grammar

Hurrah
Alas
! !

Huzza
?

Happiness.

Sorrow.
Surprise.

Ha What
Bravo
II.

Approval.

Kinds of Pronouns
Pronouns

Personal Pronouns 0*0

1]

Personal Pronouns,
Reflexive Pronouns,

2] 3] 4]
5]

Emphatic Pronouns, Demonstrative Pronouns, Indefinite Pronouns,

Pronouns, Pronouns,

6] Distributive 7] Relative
8]
i]

Interrogative Pronouns.

Personal Pronouns
Personal Pronouns
:

l] First

Person

(a g

"I"), 2] Second

Person (&tf & g

"IT",

&&

"He"), "3] Third

Person

(^rfsfc s&Cbs5

"THEY")

^o>
Person
First

Personal Pronouns

& ,r\s5bJOo^o&

.-

Number
Singular

case
I

Objective case

Possessive cose
,

me
us

person
First

number
Plural

my

We

our, ours

person

number

Preparatory

Nature of Pronoun
1]

3]

Pronoun has number, Pronoun has person,

2]

Pronoun has

ge

4]

Pronoun has cas

:

ui]

Nature of Noun
1]

3]

4]

(jpZx&tig cS^QrtS&u) Noun has number, 2] Noun has gender Noun has person (AH nouns are in third per Noun has case.
Ill,

VERB
c&r*
/|j
2]

i]

Nature of verb
1]

3]

Verb has number, Verb has person,

Verb has voice.

4]

Verb has gender, Verb has tense,

5]

ii]

Tense of verb
Tense
^B tenses

(icr

1]

Present tense, 2] Past tense, 3] Fi

tense

iformative

English
e-g

Grammar
Verb crag

iii]

Verb depends upon the subject.

o>?$ subject

aba_

nature

ycrtfsSS &ota>o>. Subject

esJ^ScposSoDA*

bo>_ nature S&*8J5&<&

C3*SD5

Verb

iv]
les.

Verb contains
K?eri>

four or
wotfgo'fe

less

than

four parti-

Verb
).

s),

^So^sSs'S

words 5*

Verb

jFesft ^D*oJ5D

Sso& &od&>.
^^o(j^g>tS
verb

helping
-otoofi.

verbs 77&, OsSaa

Ex.

Ravi /f/cej to play cricket, (one word) Ravi is playing cricket, (two words) Ravi has been playing cricket, (three words) Ravi would have been playing cricket.
(four words)

a] '

Verbal words
verb

&

Particles

e9Cr&.

<S^^2r

P ar ti cle s

5* uisSaa

io

Particle

&

es^^Sod,

b") '

Verb
ject

soo& "you"
eiSs
11

Subject r-

&ofi, e>43 C3

Sub-

S^oS

SOft

Present tense

^cS^oS^efo^otoofi. C3S)

w verb ao Tense form

v)

Kinds of Verbs
verbs S* J^S'o^:
11

Finite verb,

2] Infinitive verb,

3]

Transitive
6]

verb, verb,

4] Intransitive

Verb,

5]

Strong verb,

Weak

7] Principal verb,

8] Auxiliary verb.

Preparatory
I]

10

Finite

Verb

(3&pS5f
is

^c
is

A
son,

Finite verb

a verb which
its

limited by the per-

number and gender of

subject.

Subject
sfrtf:>t&o<&

cSaS"^,

Person, number, gender ogo es&scpos&TT'

"Finite verb" oosj-eb. estfr? Subject

verb

&

person, number*
person,

gender 06* &oeo5*.... verb

9 gender oS" &otoo<3.

SCPZS-

esci

number,

Ex.

Rani runs to School. (Singular number)

The boys play foot

2]

ball. (Plural

number)

Infinitive

Verb /^^jS52'
is

ic&)
is

An
person,

Infinitive

a verb which
its

not limited by the

subjects.

number and gender of

Subject

(sb^^r person, number, gender

"Infinitive verb" ao4j*0b
sia

S^ ^oootf&o ^S) verb &>

r?

Noun

Ex.

The child

likes to play.

The boys
3]

like to run

home.
:
.

Trnsitive Verb

(SSTtf^
is

^c&)
to

A
^c3&
tive

Transitive verb

a verb which
the

denotes
object.

action

that passes

from the subject

Subject

Sa eOcSa$2r ^SsPSS&a 'object

So&Sg

verbSo "Transi-

verb"
Ex.

Ravi gives tea to his friend.

The boy kicks the

ball.

nformative
4] Intransitive

11

English
:

Grammar

Verb f&g&*g ilctfA

verb
is

An Intransitive
5c&o ssS^Q^k- L^ 53
;lve

a verb

which denotes action

hat does not pass from the subject to the object. Subject "^^ ki ect55 3otf) verb&> "Intransi>

verb" esosj^^.
Ex.
:

Mamatha weeps aloud. Thriven! runs fast.

5]

Strong Verb
Principal verbs- Past tense tfr>s>$^
.

"3o&

1]

Verb

abatf^-

&&&*

e9tf;or?

"0^

letters

Past tense 6^sS^a o vowels

S^&e^oa.
verb

2] Verb words

^0^
-^s

sS^Cb^en SPoa^^iSo

Past tense
S^JO

^^boa.
vowels
verb
8

a^^cojr
sSo^

words

inside
sfo'ci

(fT

sSr^

o's5&>sio

Past tense

form

&

&

"Strong verb" esotn>e.

:

Ex.
6]

Come- Came; See-Saw; Kno

(fifctf^e ^SdBb)
:

Weak Verb
Verb ^Sb
Past tense

eses^siar?- "ed", "d", "t"

ft

$o

tfr^

sToc. verb ^o

"weak verb"

Ex,

Walk-H^n?/cec?;

Believe-^e/zevetf;

Send-Sen*.
7] Principal

Verb

^^o^g jj^)
is
'

A
of
its

Principal verb

own.

&3

BP&

a verb that Expresses a meaning JSiotf 9S5i<e5 verb

'0

"Principal verb"

Preparatory

C3O
tv,

CD
6^1

i.
(U

a s

fl

a
01

SB
a

bo

ea
fl

60

.0
(-1

_P
pU

U
WJ
i

C
Cr
~Z

g 5 O
(4-1

<P

CO

&
.0
L.

3
03

V3

ba
60
St
foot

5;
tjj

0>

O
oai

XJ

i I S r
1

a
SS

rt

o.

'u

b
j-i

- =3 M R > -2, * ^
C^
J

C3

a.
*-

oa

<3

Y2

Ml

Z
fc

*2
>

o o

'

* 3 Q M ^^ug'Ew.Op w^ pop-O-wW^ w M w^~S^H'oo ^sgJd2Sg52 OOOOOOOoOO 00 OoOo22

Bl **

O s

4>

o^fe?i " _

-*"*

>>^'*h'S'So-"^ iZ S CJ O C LJ Q. Gt
(-1

,3

ca

r-i

.H

&
.o

00

Ja 13 bo **
00

*-l

.a -o

JO

& S a ^ s ^ rt s ?! o w re n y o

a u

T3 'C

.sS t issi
d'g SS
flj

fl

BO J 00
KJ

s at o

"

rt <u

E &^
ca
*-;

*i
co

o 2 2 o O
.

-^

00

3 o

<u

D,
c

u c) iu o w O
d,

'C

E-3

^ wo &^3 I"

H
t
|

^__

oo

ked

I P.C+j

ggSsS y-^cioO
|

ppe

ked

-q

:w >Sijii'S^^g^&2osS^^o2o ^v,ooxi.QB3a.SS.s|;-8
rrt

"'IT
flj

rt

'T"*

*-'"Ot/ -3
:

fli

Z*

*^

'*<3

JCljj O ^LJ t-^-'' '"'fjtli

ivliw ^H _M

Preparatory

U
&
frame
Stf
8

verb &$_"$> Auxiliary verb 2j Principal

sfaocr

sentences

t3c&tfG<3:>.

3'|

tenses

&

s5ea tfs'ear?

^dSbo^eT*

si

a Auxiliary

verbs c^s'. sS^dto*

8]

Auxiliary Verb

($#*<&$

Auxiliary verb is a verb which helps the Principal verb to make sentences in various tenses. Principal
verbs- tenses

An

&

tftf S'eor?'

sSr-co^

Sd&to&oS"

Auiiliary

verbs

Nature of Auxiliary verbs

l]

Principal verb

Sa^

?S^cxi)o

^Soocr

Auxiliary verbs ^dfisSwrv sentences ^38^ocJf<o^).

Am,
did.

is,

are, was,

were, have, has, had, do,

rt
1

does,

2] tf^tfs'a

tenses

sScyco^

^d&j&i^

Principal

verbs

Sa

Auxiliary verbs

3] Auxiliary verbs

gS

s?

r
c

form
would, shall, should, can, 5 "be" 2 atftf ^oeoo^^o^',
have,

4] WilJ,

could,
.,

may,
Sjoao^

might, must eG"

5] has,
ajjjci)>
).

had

aS"

"been"

^fCtf

6]

Am,

is,

are,

was, were vS*

"being" g$

^^^
ri

Being

^e&p

Passive voice

Informative
7] Auxiliary

15

English

Grammar
24

verbs

8]
693
:

s$

83(i3

S)3D five groups

rf

IY. Conjugation of the verb. play

Principal verbs- tftfs*G tenses &* Auxiliary verbs

Sentences

&

S.Scoo.

13s5 *t>a

Preparatory

16

[US"c

Auxiliary verbs, Principal verbs ^e

>

Si

Sitfor?

Sentences

&

OS^&w^oSr
verb <Satf.

3c&g&>Q<5^ Principal

form

Tense

Active voice
I

Passive voic

Simple present tense

play a game

A game

is

pla;

Present conti-

am

playing

A game is

be

nuous tense
Present perfect tense Present perfect continuous tense
I

pla:

have played

A game has

bi

pla;
I

have been playing

Simple past tense

played

A game was
pla:

Past continuous
tense

was playing

A game was
being pla]

Past perfect
tense

had played

A game had

be

Past perfect

had been

continuous tense

playing
I shall

Simple future tense

play

A game

shall

play
Future continuous
tense
I shall

be playing

Informative

17

English
have

Grammar

Future perfect tense

I shall

played
Future perfect continuous tense
I shall

A game shall have been played

have been
playing

Active Voice
Rule
:

(* Jfjtf
is,

tf

jjS

1]

am,

are, was,

were o ^Sbsr^

sSvXtf PrincJij

pal verb- Present participle n

&o&a. ("Ing"

2] have, has,

had o efsb;^ a'a^S Principal verbrv

Past participle
3]

ace^O.

should, can, couhl, may. might, must e g&is> Principal verbsS^jj Present tense 5* ^ora-O.
shall,

will,

would,

4] be,

been o

&z?g

sfo^iS

Principal verb Pre-

sent- participle

Passive Voice
:

1]

Passive

voiced

Principal

verb-

^o ^

Past participle 77

Y,

SENTENCE

A) Sentence es^r?,

r^

words

Sentence

1)

Subject Ex.

2)
:

Verb. 3) Object/Complement. Prakash runs the shop.

Preparatory
1)

18

Subject

:-

"Prakash" - doer of the action.

2)

Verb

:-

"runs"-action

3) Object :-

"Shop"

doneObject.

sSSi^o

one to ^ 5"^^

whom

the action

is

^ &S

So&.S"

B) Link Between the Parts

i)

The verb

person} number,

depends upon the subject. Subject verb ^^E^osiorr gender e>So

1

upon the verb. Subjectii) The object depends Verb olo^L nature jb tso'tfsSa aofcooa. Verb- Transitive verb sotftf
8

object 6otooa.

Intransitive

Verb sori^

object feodfA.
iii)

Objects

are

two

kinds:

1]

Direct

objectsS

,hing

3b

3oa

^jotooa,

2] Indirect object- person

3o>

Ex,

Saritha gave

me

a pen.

"me" -Indirect

object;

"pen"- Direct

object.

C) Kinds of Sentences
Sentencesa) Assertive sentence, b) Interrogative sentence, c) Order/

Request form,
sentences
fl*

d)

Exclamatory sentence.

&
places

Subject, Verb, Objected 53S

&

Explanations
a)

Assertive Sentence
sSCotfTv

33*gSaM)
Verb

Subject,

Verb, Object

Aoiraa.

e*&tS7?
-^e

SM&,

syeoro Particles TV rv^ actooa.

?SD

verb- particles

S5og, tense

343

s$7"6e>o>. Principal verb

0^5 placet

b) Interrogative Sentence
Assertive sentence &* Subject
Particle

verb
subject

"Interrogative Sentence"

Preparatory
c)

20

Order/Request form fsss /i s^tf?!* V eyl U <p

sentence

oxo^

form-Assertive sentence

form ;S3^

afofcooa.

s"a subject place &*

you-

w^

dro&ooa. eiS d'op'tfssor?

d)

omit

Exclamatory Sentence
sentenced Subject
^6beSjoi.

fias^S)

&5do

Verb

o
e-S"

subject^ soo&

Sentence

^^43

Exclamatory

word YI. Nature of Questions

(i

^
jr

a) Question
^s
IjSS
(J5o<3

words
ss'ScD

(iS5^

Question Words

word DS)
1]

ItSbCb

Who-doer-person, 2] What-thing, 3] WhereWhen-time, 5] Which-choice, 6] Why-reason, 7] How/ar-distance, 8] How long-duration, 9] How many-number, 10] How much-quantity, 11] How if ten-frequency, 12] Who (m)-person (objective case).
place,
4]

13]

Whose person

(possessive case),

b)

Question form
1]

Assertive sentence tfo&

subject
So

^'B

(o>

Auxiliary verbs 6*

go

i^dos?^

dt^tS^.:..

e^a

question form

subject

siooCSj

ifdbe)oa,

am,

is,

are, was, were, have, has, had, will,

would,

shall, should, can, could,

may, might, must.

5

2] Do, does, did eo- Principal verbs

assertive sentence e* subject

S"

g'o&g^ao,

& e&s?^

&o&r>oD. Question

4] Informative

21

English

Grammar

form?So>

&

verbs- principal verb&ofi S&s^oo, subject^

3]

Negative sentence

S"

do, does,

did

Principal verb

&o&

Sfi^coD,

negative

rr>

^joci sStfl&lS

"not"
I

Question form

Answer
J I

Answer
(negative)

(positive)

1)

Do you

play?

2)

Does he play?

Yes, I play. Yes, he plays.

Yes, he played.

No, I do not play No, he does not

play

3)

Did he play?

No, he did not

play.

4] Question

form &*
}&>,

"3tf&

Question

words

CHAPTER
Spelling

All the twenty six letters in English can be devided into two kinds according to their nature and function. They are [1] Vowels :- a, e, i, o, u. [2] Consonants :- b,
c, d, f, g, h, j, k,
1,

m,

n, p, q,
:

r, s, t,

v,

w,

x, y, z.

I]

Vowels
EJI
.

(QS^CO)
sb

sound

3ofik5>. s)S

consonants

o~fb

Vowels ~$

consonants- meaningful

sound

Spelling

22

a) Vowels &* "s>^ 3-&0&& wlb (consonants meaningful sound & si^prco.
J)

Ex.

a = a,;

o^L;

Iss'Sifc.

b) Vowels- consonants 8* SB, meaningful

Ex.

at, get,

on, in,
:

out.

Consonants /rojexA
gS vowels
vowels
*

^8

meaningful sound
s?D,

&

SJP>O.
ff*

c^sSbo^

31b

^^ consonants

^ meaningful unit of sounds &> "Syllable"

3]

Syllable

^.Sf

os^rto es^^ c3^MSPc^o)

is

A
of one

a meaningful unit of sound, made vowels sound or the combination of vowel and
Syllable

consonant sounds.
Ex.
4]
:

at, an,

out, up, a, o, I
:

Words

bles.

(StfSiMeM) is the combination of one or more Syllae^dSr?^, esc^s'ola ^o^rrS Syllables gQbtitf e,Sf

A Word

word

Ibtf^Sbefcca.

Ex.
5]

One, two, three,

ass, by, cart,

boat.
:

Kinds of Syllables

/foe^&tf tf^oo)
:

;o

Syllables can be devided into three kinds according the formation of a Syllable. They are
1]

Vowel sound

&ti e^/vS,

eso^'s'o'a a&oi

Si

r?S consonants s'o^ Sitf^ Syllable &

tnative

23
'Sstfto

English
e^tfrrS,

Grammar

2]

Vowel sound

e9orf$o"&

onsonants- g-o&

Jbtf^o Syllable
e9otftfo"B>

"SotfsS

tfo

3] 3tfto- e.gdTva,

vowel sound

stay, w

^So^iTS &> ^^sr^

5id

consonants
e.^43

consonants ^0?3

Syllable

One vowel sound + one or more consonants (V4-C) B) One or more consonants + one vowel
A)

sound (C+V)
C)

One or more
sound + one

consoriants-fone vowel
or

more consonants

(C+V+C)

nple

words

Syllable 'A'

(1)

at,

(2) ass, (3) ash,

'B'

(1)

to,

three. (2) two, (3)

KOCi + V, (2)C 2 + Vl C3)C

'C:

(1) cart, (2) bat,

(3)

man.

(2)C 1 + V l +
(3)

nation of

Words
1

"Words

SajJe^fiooiS

combination syllables

1]
els

"3o&> syllables $Q!b,

word

r?

Sj^ftSs&dfo-

"3ofib

Spelling

24

Ex,:

= Me-an (C + V)(V+C) B0flt~Bo-at (C + V) (V+C)

M<?0n
is

This
inside a

the combination
It is called

of two

or

more vowels

word

diphthong
TV

(tfoS>).

2] "doth Syllables

&g word
S'Sctfato

S&tfS&aff*-

"3o<&

consonants e.rfoa?*
Ex,
:

,a.

"SotfsS

tfo

Attach^ At-tach

(V-f C) (C-fV)

A/rtr=AHer(V + C) (C+V)
This
is

the combination of

two or more consonants

Inside a

word

&&.
syllables

SPELLING
,

ra^
So

^0^

G.S'

word
'syllables'

word
wS)^

spelling

a^&jS^abletters

&

..

syllables

S^S

A^BoerO.
spelling- corr

syllables^
ct r?

esJ&s56ou), spelling

S^foosSo^

QsSto
Ex.
1]

As-sas-si-na-ti-on

= Assassination.

2]

E-le-men-ta-ry
:

= EJementary.
vowel "e"

KEY TO SPELLING
l]

(_oa
s)ofiaooa.

SjCT-ofi^-last

silent

&S

vowel S^

tfotfsS)(S)

suffix

love-lovable, loving.
virtue-virtual virtuous.

elemenate-eleminatioD.

make-making.
take-taking.

change-changing.

manage-raanaging,

care-caring.

ormative
2]
a,g

25

English

Grammar

word

OsStf- e,

o, y oSo
^StfiSf*.,..

^to^
e
'e'

"e"
eserT?

D5 ing, able
botfdb.

e^suffixes

Ex.
3] 1

see-seeing, agree-agreeable.
3s$tf
i

&g word
^

e<toe

"e"

a^,^ci

w word

d vowel

tfoJsS>^D
i

suffix

"y"

Ex.
4]
e,

lie-lying, die-dying, tie-tying.

word

osStf."e

silent

rt*

a^^r

zyS)3

suffix

&
:

"3ojdJdo

consoDant
care-careful,

Ex.

love-lovely,

change-

ehatigeblc,

grace-graceful, trouble-troublesome,

encourage- encouragement.
5]

Consonant &QO&
s&jo&tf^ suffix
:

oS, "y" 5^ eso^sfb^ words^>

sonant
Ex.

^6^^*

y "i" r?

sir'^Sboa.

happy-happiness, plenty-plentiful,
beauty-beautiful, apply-applieation.

6]
'el ST*

Consonant &oob
|^tfotf5&
:

s^ofl,

"y"

ST

eso^&rtb wordeci
Aotoofi.

suffix

ostf^ "y"

e?ej'7l

Ex.

try-trying,

cry-crying,

play-playing,

buy-

buying, apply- applying, imply-implying.

7]
,

word oste
"Soifc

vowel

tf&sr^-

a,tf

consonant
'vowel'g*

^B

oa

datf^asS
ts

syllable Os5tfsyllable

io^s5)^ suffix ^ofciS^r 8

'double'

s^s o^^ conson-

Pronunciation
Ex.
:

26

rebel-rebellitvg,

begin-beginning,

fit-fitting,

rob-robbing,
81
tis38
*5> J 0_ atfTio^ CU-

swim-swimming.
<?"*

syllable
s"(&.

vowel &,<

&>oi

ao1>

consonant double
Ex.
:

soon-sooner, brood-brooder, broad-broader,

break-breaker,

CHAPTER

- II

Vowels Pronunciation
*
8
5

English Language
eja
6

s35

^(5e3^

"Pronunciation"

words&
sound

atf^8oL5be6sS^cfo

^)7^

sound

So

rfoao

"SoCSo tfrreo/T

Aotooa. 1] Vowel sound,

2] Consonant sound.

Vowel

Sotind
"SodSo

Vowel sound
vowel
a,^
&,

^^exTV

^w^bo).

a)

sounds

E9^5ooa.

b) "3o& vowels

a)

sounds si^oo. Single Vowel

Vowel
a a
:
|

ti^S

Diphthongs

Sound
aside
(ef>)
<a

Example
as in always, along as in car, ball

bar

^
ful
c*l

os' r-

j^ vowels

e,s's3ri

jo'jfl,

&$ meaning,

sounds

g^oao. tto'B-e vowels S'D^

^gs;
i,

sound

Sb

vowel- stetfs-o sounds^

e
;

ee, ea, ie, ei

;

^_

"^

"
6

sounds

Ex.

is,

evening, feel, read, receive, relieve.

2)

a,

o, ou, au,
:

en

o^.

sound

3)

Also, offer, brought, caught, hearT. u, oo, o osh. "^" 80Urid Ex. brute, tooth, loose.
:

Ex.

5]
4]

Informative
a, ea, ai

29
"Si"

English

Grammar

oS)^-

sound ^

Ex.
5]

late,

break, hair.

S9crS>cS

sfc^g^n-a,

^tfotfo^rrS
ts

"a

Syllables

j)^^&.

'a'

ctfp

sound

sj^ofi.

"3&r=o"

eJ*?)

"&r" s5S vowel sound sjoojto>

Ex.
6]
i,

apple,

man, animal,

pair.

igh, ui- elb^:

^
^^

S^orr

'V

sound

^3

Ex.
7]

bite, bright, guide,

ou,

oww
:

c5o&p-

SJc^oiv

"g?" sound Ss

Ex.
8]
a, o,

stout,

ground, down, crown.

e^i

u
ejib^

a^oTV "es" sound

Ex,
9l
j e,

away, observe, luck.

en

ea
:

"3o&r
.

Cj"!

D^orp "^" sound

Ex.
10]

met, dead, bread.

's'

&

word T

^cr^s-a,
si^ofi.
_0

'z'

^cr'^^5'^

"ure"

sj"fj

'saS"'

sound ^b
:

Ex.
11]
a,a'

pleasure, measure, treasure, seizure.

l

wordff*-' xt
'ti6"'
:

efi

sound
mixture, torture,
s,

Ex. 12]
c,

"picture, lecture,
1,

moisture.

d, f, h,

m, n, p,
Eg

to

&&3-e

"u

'sgpg'

sounds

Sao a.

Ex.

cure, duty, failure, fuel, fuze, huge,

luminate, mutal, nude, pure, sure, tution.

&

oa table 5^

^ ^SSSoO^ sounds

Pronunciation

30

t>

"C

"

;> *J

> O

"S

*
I

a c 3 O
(fl

"

a H

S
-=!

| a a

S-S

o| o

o
.0

~
3

-r

a ^
o ro
'

v?

-w
ft
t+_

rH

-w

P U

'S
(O

ooooo

O
aj

Informative

31

English

Grammar

.2

3 U,
.>

-52
<->

v-

ew

a Q

o o o o
-*

en

JH

C 3 O

(A

a c 3 O
V)

a as

1
O O o o

-fl

-3

3 o

-g rt

u
X)

<

a 5

Pronunciation

32

3 * 1 ^2 "

"O '3

.^J

P*
-

X
rt
Sound

K
Sound

n ^

.2

2
d

a S S
"a

a S 5

JS
,

1
a,

Infformative

33

English

Grammar

Pronunciation

34
1

EXERCISE No.
1]

Find out the two words which are pronounced alike.

crow, sew, drawn, four.

2] work, pour, journey, shore.

3]

cre, powr, bamo, pwre.

4] real, steal, eager, stalk, stole.

5] rough, plough, enough, thowgh.

6] face,

wash, sug^r, days.

lead, shade, clowd.

7]

mode,

8] grofin, jowrney, douTy, elbcnr.

CHAPTER

III

Consonants Pronunciation

Consonants- Vowel
r

^0"^"^
o

sounds

owels

sS5c35)o 3?yeb siS

5

meaningful sound

$s

[oi5 "^a^S"

consonant sounds

Informative

35

English

Grammar

Consonant
ch

Sound

Example
chin, chain

k
d

(&'")

character,

chemistry

(c)

dog, date
go,

g (rt)

game, goat

dg (<")
g (ea)

lodge, judge
age, gin
hat,

(sr")

head
(e>><5")

'h'

silent

words

hour

honour

(cs)

joy, join

Q")

Jaggery, Jar
kite, kill

k
k-

()
before n

kn

"n" (S)
at the beginning

of a

word

knife

C3_5)

know
sink, pi

nk

n-before

k=

tank, bank,

"ng" (dT)
1

(o)
silent if

lady, leg, lass, lose

'!'

could

^SSS")

walk
(s?

comes
before d,
in k,

m.

balm

^S>)

oalrn

(s

rn

f^

man, lame

Consonants Pronunciation 36
Consonant
\

Sound
n

Example
name, nob
sing 9 long
par,

n
ng p
r

()

ng (df)
p
r
1

() ()
silent

pen

rack, bird

'r
s

words

form,

harm

()

sing, site

sh
t

sh
t

()
(tf)

ship, shield
tin,

(&>)

ten, tax

th

the, this, that, they

th

(#) at the end of tenth,

a

sixth, fifth

word
thunder, throw
nation, ratio

th
tic

(j)

()

(^")

van, leave

w ()
l

cow,

how

w' [^silent at the

draw, law

end of a word

wr

(tf)

at the beginn- wry,

awry

ing

of word- before-r
x

ks

(f\)
e)

fox, bor, tax

xyloid, xenial
zyinesi

je.'(j,

zh

(es)

6] Informative

37

English

Grammar

Formation of Consonant Sounds

1]

b-SOUND
i]

"b"

S}>
:

5T*e30iTc3

"b

(^a)"

sound

Ex
ii]
'b'

ball, base,
:

boy, bat, beauty.

sStf

silent

a,

"m"
Ex.
iii]
:

s5>^;6

b- sound
e-fe'

lamb, tomb, comb, thumb, dumb.

'b' silent

^^o 0^^
^>

't

s>ofl,

CTS

^oo^ "b"

s5>j

b- sound
:

sis^&i.

Ex
2]

debt, doubt.
:

cil J

SOUND
Ex,
:

"k" sound

c rfsr-ejor?^ k

sound

>

coy, cry, talc.

:

ii]

"s" sound
"s,(?3)"

e,

i,

y- o5o
S5&>o<3.

sioo^

"c"

sound

&

Ex.
iii]

city, ice, icy.

.-

"ch" sound

ch

r^

s5c?o5^ "ch

(tf)"

sounds

Ex.
iv]

chin, change, chase, chance, charter.

"ch"
Ex.
:

"0^ s5cyo^ "k

(3')"

sound

&

eif6oo(S.

character, chemistry, chemical.

:

3]

d-

SOUND

"d" sound

eja

sSs^eaoT^S

"d

<"

sound

Ex.

dog, day, dose,

Consonants Pronunciation 38
4]

gi]

SOUND

"g" sound

"g (tf)" sound

Ex,
ii]

gun,

girl,

goat.

"j" sound"

.-

&30&

"d"

sound
Ex.
iii]
:

&

E)&o>. _B

lodge, grudge, judge, edge, bridge.

.-

"j" sound
"j

e,

i,

y eSb

oo

(&)" sound
:

&
'g'

gbo>.

Ex,
iv]

age, gin, orgy.

:

"ng" sound
(^")" sound

J&DO& "n

ng

^D sj^ofi.

Ex.

long, bring, cling.

:

v] "f" sound
3 ds^ST ^

e.s'

s3i5o

O^d "h"

'g'

esa "f

sound fiV' \
-'

Ex.

rough
5

(tf5),

cough

enough

tough
.-

&5.
a,s'

silent vi] 'gh*

sStio

O^^

'gh

sound
Ex.
:

&

ejsS'fi).

through

j^r ),

thorough

^ff*\ though.

5]

h-Sound
i]

"h" sound

:-

gfi

"h

soundrSj

Ex.

hat, hut, head, heart.

Informative
1

39
:-

English
'h'

Grammar
silent rr

ii]

'h

silent

r^

s5c?>^ ^cotf& &$^

Ex.
6]

hotel hour, honour, honest (w3|),

:

j- Sound sound i] "J"

:-

3sr>sorr'3 "j (a)"

sound

&>

Ex.
ii]

jug, joy, jet.

:-

"j"
*fc>

sound
"J
:

"j"

&,

sound ('Ify o3 /
jeal, jaw.
:

_&

Ex.
7]

k- Sound
i]

"k" sound
Ex.
:

:-

^sj'esori

^ "k (g)" sound

'k'

kill, kite,
:

keep.

ii]

'k'

silent
:

"n"gb

sioo^^
n

sound

Ex.
iii]

know, knot
:-

(^45")> knife,
s5cao(&

knowledge
6

"ng" sound

'k'

AJS^tf

esa "ng

sound
Ex.
8]
1:

si>

sj&oa. a

bank, ankle, tank, rank.

:

i]

Sound "i" sound

Ex.
:

:-

sjfi

^ShesofV ^ "1 (o)"

sounds
1

leg, lady, lad, lass.

:&,

iil

silent

tio

O^tf d, k, rn-o^i

sfcaodSatS^ tj

'I

sound
Ex.
:

e}s5?.<ii.
OJ

walk, talk
,

(tr-f-),

chalk (trf), balm,

folk

could,

would

j^T,
if

should

&S".

9] si]

Sound "s" sound

:

.-.

^sr-eso^

"s

(S)

sound

JS>

Ex.

sit,

seat, sing, see.

Consonants Pronunciation 40
"sh" sound
:-

[sre
"s" "sh

ii]

5 sfcoofib^

(^)" sound

Ex.
iii]

ship, shop, shield,

:-

shame.

"z" sound

's'

tf&a-tf

"ure"

sSa^sStf*-

$>

"z

fsV \oi ^
Ex.
10]
t:

sound

&

)&>oi
_D

Pleasure, measure, treasure,

:
.

Sound

i]

"t" sound

:-

3}<5

^sr^esofv^

"t

(to)"

sound

&

Ex.

toy,

till,

tin, tax.

ii]

"th" sound

:-

s&ocatf^

"t" "th (e^)"

sound

Ex.
iii]

tenth, fifth, sixth.

l

"dh" sound >

gj'CJ*

h'

sboc&^

"t" "dh

^)" sound&

Q^Dofi).
:

Ex.
11]

the, this, these, those.

:

w- Sound
i]

"w" sound

:-

sj& tifresorrt

"W

(SD)"

sound

&

Ex.
ii]

want, wax, water.

:-

'w' silent

& &ao&S6^
:

'w'

sound

Ex.
iii]

write, wrong, wry,

awry.
'w'

voiced/voiceless

&$

s3^o Stitf
&>

"w T^" sound

g^ofi.

i^^to

sound

Informative
Es.
:

41
1]

English

Grammar

voiceless

:-

draw, flow, saw, jaw, know.

2]

voiced
:

cow, bow, down, crown.

12]

xi] J

SOUND

"ks" sound

:-

$> &

Soc5a

OsStf

&$\3*OL

"ks

Ex.
ii]

fox, box, wax, tax.

:Jd)

"z" sound
fesY' Vol '

a.s"

s5cyS

"Ssfito

dcS^^-

sjfi

"z

sound

sj&ofi. _B

Ex.
13]

xylophone, xylograph.
:

zi'l

SOUND

"z" sound

:-

eja

^aor?^

"z (a) sound \ <A

'

Ex.

zoo, zeal, zig, zog

:

EXliRCISE No. 2
are'proQOuocsd
1]

In each of the following set or words, two words alike. Find out the two words.

2]
3]

game, general, glance, genius, greet. thorough. laugh, cough, plough, tough,
carriage, judge, grudge, barriage, college,
lease, case, base, close, class.

4]
5] 6]

large. page, legal, game, guide, case, close, base, sage, sign.
this, thsse, thick, thin,

tcn/A.

7]
8]

face. case, city, c/ose, rease,

they,

9]

theme,

r/zese,

bought, theory.

10]

character, c/zance. chair, cfcemical. c/?ase,

Rhyme

42

CHAPTER

IV

RHYME
Rhyme
is

word

that

corresponds

in its

accented

vowel and succeeding consonant sounds with a specified word.

i

ej

o<5"

vowel
&*,

sound,
)&

c3>
cco&>{S-\ d, __p

&$8ot2bvfcJ$^

consonant sound

~3o&

sound
-^

s5od3ci

&ec^
English

sStfoS"

aorftpS)^

"rhyme"-e>o&n>tf>.

rhymes-

Poems
Ex,
:

8 ^ra-^esofv lines O^^tS" &o&r>oKi,

Rhyming words

trice, nice;

flew, blue.
:

Nature of Rhyme /c&&)'&o 6$xfr. cO^SS&u)

I]

a)

"3o<

rhyming words S^S-

vowel sounds

Ex-

i)

keep, peep;

ii)

lump, jump; iii)hate, late.

"3o& ^D-o<5^ e,i sound

b) IbObUjft. vowels-

>%>

Scrcr

e>S)

Scrcr
:

rhyming words r?^ &o6rcxo.

me;
ii)

Ex.

i)
:

lea,

cloud, crowd;
tS^J)
.

iii)

He, eye.

b)

T3o&>

rhyming words

vowel sound go
"Soifo

(follow) &;S^

consonants sound SCPW-

c)

"^&

"tcS

consonants ^SS)

EQKJ*

a,i

sound

CT^D

EcT-G'

rhyme

r? ft

56tfs5c6^&.
P

Ex

i]

boughs, cows- S)05

'S?^'

oughs, ows

sound

?is

Informative

43

English

Grammar

EXERCISE No.

Write twenty

sets of

Rhyming words with

the help

of your text books or Dictionary.

1]

2]
6]

3]

4]
8]

5]

7]....,

9]

10] 14] 18]

11]

12] 16]

13]
17]

35]

19]

20]

EXERCISE No.

In the following sets of words two words

each' other. Find the

Rhyme

with

two words

7] Informative
1]

45

English

Grammar

seal, soul, pale, feel, soil

2]
3]

hair, fire, dear, care,

lawyer

fear, fire, fare, flower,

fire, foyer, fair,

mayor

4] 5]

fare

flew, love, show,

though

6] 7]

made,

lead, shade, cloud

brought, draught, shout, craft

CHAPTER V
-

STRESS
Accent

Accent
Stress
:

Accent
Stress Stress

a,

a.

3
B

Syllable

Accent
,

Syllable

"3o<^s5

Syllable

Ex.

story', kindness', greatness'

Stress

46

Symbol of Stress (^ \
&
Stress

&oS*
'

& syllable ID
a

stress fectooS
51

y syllable

symbol&i a&ctoSaoS" q^co.

etc. we?"*

Chamber's Dictionary, Oxford Dictionary

~Si a

&<$>

^s symbol'

&

ei3 stress &>

S3

^ _D 8o^o&!
:

Nature of Stress
1]
-^e

Q>y$ cS^SS^w)
^o^ accent

stress

i^ifo^oa.

-&e

accent

2] function

B.S'

sentence
stress
so

^a

a-Si

^5o

<3b^^_

nature

and

&
:

6143

AotooS.
etc.

Ex-.

aoua, verb, adjective

e*$

3]

sStfsxflaSa^

formation

(Scp^esSio)

&

ca|'

stress ^ofcoofi,

Ex.

(a) simple
:

word,

(b)

compound word,
(-) &o"& "2ooC$<

Key to Stress compound word 1] &

Ex.
2]
:

s* hyphen

)^5 syllable la stress 6otoo&. Q_

black'-boad, back'-bone, post'-rnan.

&*
Q

compound word word S^S as56 syllable

e.3'
:

hyphen

^g'^r8 ^

stre{

n> &ofa>oa.

Ex.
3]

backside', afternoon', policeman'.

&

compound word &*a

'Sodfo

"3o& elements <S^;

>s58

stress sirtoefr* Ao"!)

elements 8*$

syllabi

la^ stress
1

jig'-jag

riff-raff, ding'-dong'-

tip'-top', chit'-chat'.

Informative
4] &
titioS* "5ootf&

47

English
5

Grammar
syllable

long vowel
8*

S"

&&$

&s3& short vowel

syllable lb "

&*&$

syllable AcSi^tf* stress

aotooa.

Ex.

ans'wer, ap'ple, bas'ket, don'key, far'mer.

after, gar'den, mar'ket, tea'cher, wai'ter,
use'ful, ac'tion.

&g 5]

titioS*

"Stttfeo

long vowel

sb^&(6

syllable

y
stress

^.AoPtf 5<rcr long

syllable
1i>

vowel

gjp&?5 syllable

"Soi^rf

Ex.

al'most, al'ways, pas'sage, car'lo, cha'os,

ex'treme, ab'tract, fol'low, da'ta,

bam'boo, bag'gage.
6]

&$ sJ^o^

"Sco!5d3

short vowel 5*
8

g<p<3>3
8

syllable
-

^tibsy^

long vowel

ST

gb-a^ syllable Atf^tf

stress

syllable

&ofcooa.

Ex.

pota'to, toma'to, bsyond', about', beside',

above', alive', arise', appeal', asleep', believe*

mistake', agree', because',

command', alone*,

receive', before', upon', away', enjoy',

succeed', important, elbow'.

7]

3tio&* ^tfto short vowel 8* go-atf

*
gcr-fiS

Syllab'

^{^s?^ sipcr short vowel

slress

syllable

rs^

^C3o5o

^^43

syllable

syllable li

Stress

48

Informative

49

English

Grammar

Stress

50
|

EXERCISE No.
in the
1]

In the following

sets of

words

one word

is s1

same way

as the first

word, find out that we

admire, telegraph, democrat, magic, inform.

order, enjoy, punish, electric, tomato.

2]
3]

import, recognise, tomato, democrat, principal

4]
5]

photograph, invitation, telegraph, politician.

after, apple, aloud, action.

6]

event, eager, extreme, elbow.

7]

devine, dazzle, docorate, delay.

CHAPTER

VI

PREFIX
A
Prefix
is

word

or a verbal element placed

beginning of a word

qualifying meaning or au inf

formation.
Prefin
leMrtbS"
9

ds$?5tf erofi3a.

Ex
:

en,

Nature of prefix
1] ej>

(&S5tf

3g7S&)
So

&&

meaningful word

2]

a)

Noun- Verb
Es
:

joy (noun); ercjoy (verb).

Informative

51
TV

English

Grammar

b) Adjective-Verb

Ex

rich (a); enrich (verb),

Prefix-verbal element s'&jS sa

verb
TV

3&&

sSotf ts

sir'&Sooa.
sSotf

3] Prefix ^tftoo

tf&o

cSaS^r meaning

Ex

correct

incorrect

trust

mistrust
disloyal

stop

nonstop
wrcdone

loyal
side

done
turn
4] Prefix
a)

preside

return
[Soft

leg
6

&

ejr o<5
b)

rt

syllable,

word.

Prefix 5] tfOJbdio^ sS^sia

s5$5D tfo &

&o&
rv

Prefix

meaningful word
6

EXERCISE No.
(a)

Pick out the Prefixes from the following

mistake,

won

engulfed, recover,

mistaken, impc
illegal,

enjoy, impose, repay, impress,

refresh, impure, disagree,

undc

ing

(b) Study the change in the meaning of the words when the Prefix joins them.

foil

Prefix

52

Informative

53

English

Grammar

Rhyme

54

Informative

55

English

Grammar

EXERCISE
more words

No. 7

Pay attention to the prefix or

using the same prefix.

starter,

and write two

CHAPTER -VII
Suffix
A
&$
Suffix
is

a letter or a syllable

that

can be

placed at the end of a word in a word formation.

tf&o OsStfdCo

a,d 3$

wotf

o"a>

^Sb^r^

letters

&

Suffix esokr&.

si> "BeofibS^S

(j$#gd&Sfo>

(preposition")

a]

Nature of Suffix
1] sja

{<S$Q\\

\%\\

&

Suffix

56

Informative

57

English

Grammar

Suffix

58

bO .d

uj

2 a 2

to

w:

bu
BO

w P p d a s d 2 c a g a d a S 5 o o & 5 & q -" i fl S- w o

*-)
' 1

>.
oint
mem

O
"S,

*->

ft

X)

S
ca

53

'd

a u

3 S

o v o o d P 3 oj
4-J
T-l

o o

CL,

ca

acc

a &
BJ

> t> o
OS

ce

I -si ^ S I
-o

I a

d
O
l-H

O.

CQ
e>

o O O
cd

OH
rt

&

^ I? O
2
c]

s 1

^
c/5

JJ

T)
*

6D .a 13

Informative

59

English

Grammar

Suffix

60
8
:

EXERCISE No.

Study the following suffixes; pay attention starter and write one more word using the suffix.

to

th<

CHAPTER
Articles
A
or an, the

VIII

e&

"articles" eso^Co. Articles

er<

the demonstrative adjectives

.

$&>

si

3 noun &>

qualif;
!

Noun &
1]

s&>o&

^CoePoco, Articles
the,

3o<& dyeo

es>>

Definite article-

2] Indefinite article

<

an.
1]

"The" definite

article.

&,

So

Ex.

The teacher came to the

es^r?
es

class.

"The teacher"
>p
tj

sSb^sia

&

teacher

teacher

9J Informative
2] "A"
fi

61

English

Grammar

or

"An"

en

"Bc&p "a,S"

article- person, thing

>_>
So

fr

singular number S^S)- nouns

Ex.

There

is

man

at the gate. esS e>tfo

!

"&

s&Sk"

5*3

ts

^bs:

Use

of the definite article

1] soo&>

&

person, place or thing

&
So

ftao)
S5bo& "the

a noun

Ex.
2]
EO

The pen you lost

singular

is

found here.

noun- nS) e^S^o^iSS

&QO&
Ex.
:

"the" &sS(3rAoi3'e.
i)

ii) 3~1

The cow is a usual animal. The horse is a noble animal.

"fatf

tf&e
:

sioo^ "the" &<3j-Aoa).

Ex.

The Ganges, The Indus, TYze Godavari, The Krishna, The Pennar, The Amazon The Thames.
&SJ$Sfc>(tf5&>o ID^
2o

4] riSfoSfcoefl,

Siuo(&

"th

Ex.

J'/ie

Red

Sea,

The Black Sea, The Baltic Sea,

5] rotfen,
sStfjtfsSbao

The Indian ocean, The Passific ocean, The Atlantic ocean.

"Sitf So

^oo^ "The"

Articles

62
:

Ex.

The Nilagiris, The Himalayas, The Vi The Sathpuras, The Alps, 7V/e Aravalls
e^tf&oe)
"^'-'^

6]

^c&sa,

o&

"The"

Ex.

The Persian Gulf,

2 Vie California.
jSsfcpsfofcae

The Indus Valley,

7] g^sS

1=so &>o& "The"

the British Islands,

Ex-

?y/e

Andamans,

the Phillipines,

the East Indies.

81

J
:

Sh O<-

Ss

Jo^o Ij^So s5ooo& _fl

f*>

"The"
the

Ex.

r/ze

Vedas,

the

Rainayana,

Puranas

the Bharata,
6

the Bible.

9] (JoSSotfJ&S"

e,^

&f ?5og5^

rfo srd'fjtf Bo

"The
Ex.
:

f/?^

Sun,

r/;e

Moon,
the Earth.
2o

the Sky,

/7ze

Sea,

the Ocean,
10]
&,

proper noun
&oc&>
the

Smo^

adjective

adjective
Ex.

So

"The" ^So^pftoira.
?/ie

Great Asoka,

immortal Shakespear*
adjective
So

11] Superlative degree

8~*&

The"
Ex.
:

//re r/?e

darkest,
longest.

r/re

smallest,

T/;e best,

12]

"The"

isS

Informative
Ex.
:

63
the first,

English

Grammar
the fourth

the sixth,

the second, the third, the seventh.

"atf So
r-i

Musical 13] J

instruments ^x>;> tr

;ao&

"The"
Ex.
:

?/ze

flute,

the violin,

the

hormonium

the thabala.

14]

Noun
So

S^SjoD,
.

adjective

fetf

sSr'jji'to

adjective
Ex.

xo&
1]

"The"

asSoarftoo-S.

2]

The poor cannot enjoy luxury. The educated will be cultured.

degree
<5"*3

15]

Comparative

adjective

go

adverb

77

"The"
:

&sSc3j*Aoiy>.

Ex.

the the

more the more we

merrier.
get the
:

more we want.

The use
a)

of indefinite article

The use of "A"

eS^

singular
(a

number

S^

nouns
a dog.)

So

soo&- "A" ^sSiSrAo^o,

twelve inches

book, a boy, a ca

Ex.

1]

make

a foot. &s$

2]

6,5^
:

e>& estfc^ "A"

Ex
3]

Once there

lived a King.
8

Any
:

&&

eitfoS"
is

SCPCT

Ex

A cow

a useful animal.

b) Use of
i]

"A n "

&

Singular
CTS

number S^S ^^sio5^

sioo<^- 'An'

Sra^to

vo

sound 4eS5* a

Articles

64
:

Ex

an ass, an ankle, an egg, an elephant, an ox, an ink-pot, an inn, an orange, an umbrella.

2] &e

[o
flrc

an educated man, an uncultured man. vowel sound "3ri< soundsSn"<y6~'i

-'An
1

Sag
S3

sSaofiB:

aSpflooa.
M.L.A., ^77 honour, a hones honourable man, an M.P., ai

Ex.

hour, an

man, an
hotel

historical novel, an

'h

(silent)
"SaDdSto

3]

jjSoS

Sicyofi"'

vowel

letters

consonant sound g^rcoa.

Vowel sound

^jo&- 'An'
Ex.
:

65S3pflotfa-(S).

asjoSrftotS'O.

<3

ewe, a union, fl unicorn, a European, a useful man, a European dress, a University o one rupee note, a one, one eyed man.

Note
vowels-

^ 3w&*
"COD

s&S^
lf
,

"E

(i)";

"O

(e,)"

"U(^)

(yi)

"$ (va)",

"cxia

(yu)" es^

consonant sound
4]
-S^

si&sr^ooa.
8

^ofi>

Sicyo^
S3

consonant
)S)S siooii)
fl

letter

o^
yard

sound.
^.

^owel sound s*&. srorf

"A" ^sSc^pAoc
6

Ex

a
fl

woman
whole
9
:

($>),
8

hole (s^

),

(csao-)

fl

(SS*" ),

horse

(SP-)

a wheel ID' (

EXERCISE
Fill an

No.

the blanks using suitable articles.

trial

1]

of

case began in January.

Take 2]

umbrella but

not a rain

coat since

have two umbrellas but only one rain coat,

Informative
3]
I

65

English

Grammar
tell

met him just- hour ago but he did not

meeting tomorrow.

me anything about
4]

next morning

boys were there again.

as

5] Portia,

dressed

lawyer,

helped

duke

conduct the case.

6] At 4

P M.

--

interviews came to

end.

CHAPTER Preposition
A
Preposition
is

IX

word

that

takes the

place

before a noun or a pronoun in

a sentence.
&.S'

Preposition
S

governs a noun or a pronoun.

,

preposition-noun

pronoun^
lsHs
sStfo

rr
!

sentence &*&

&tf

s^olf

ftv

3cao
:

The

prepositions
2]

are of three kinds

1]

Simple

Prepositions,

Compound

Prepositions,

3] Phrase Prepositions.
I]

Simple
S'-B

Prepositions

/jStfS'

^o)53S)iO "simple prepositions"

.-

Ex.

at,

by, for, from, in, of, off,

till,

on, out,

through,

to, up, with.

Preposition
2]

66

Compound
Ex.
.-

Prepositions
above,
across,

about,

along,

amidst,

among, amongst, around, before, behind, beetween, beneath, below, beside,

beyond, inside, outside, within, without,
underneath.
3]
6 Phrase Prepositions (sy g'c?ur>rt

&tfexA
&'!

tfo
p

group of words

preposition

orce
:

"phrase prepositions"

-Bx.

along with

on (in) behalf of
in case of in course

on account of
in

away from
because of

regard to

of

in the

event
to

of

by dint of

in favour of
in front of

owing

by means of
by reason of
V
f

with lefe-

rence to
in

order to

with regard to
with, a

way of
virtue of

in place of

view to

in spile of in stead

with an eye to
in reference
in addition

or the sake of

of

to
to

Use

of Prepositions f&'&'&tfz) ^JogSjotfo^

(a)
e?
>,

&

preposition- &
ff 9

sentence S*

Qfr

placet next place

noun

TPO,

pronoun

>)
:

"object of a preposition" e$o&r&.

is

Ex.

The book

in the box.

Informative
(b)
Preposition

67

English

Gramma*

Ex.

1]

according

to,

2] afraid of,

3]

suffer

from.

'according'^ sSoS,
position^
tftftf

'to'

es^

pre-

SSoooCfcfcjc^a.

sa63
BJ

afraid of,

suffer

from

prepositions?^
!

L&a

-^B

Prepositions

prepositions

JS

afraid of, adstain from, acquainted with, aim at,

associate with, ashamed of,

addicted to, afflicted

with,

absorbed
to, arrive

in,

accustomed
at

to, as well as, at

the end of, able

at

at,

day break,
apply
in, to,

at

dawn,
apart
with,
to,

noon,

at

night,
of,

at

mid night,
for,
to,

from,

bewar*
of of

beg

believe

begin

capable
consist
to,

contrary
differ

care

for,

common
to,

from, depend upon, devoted

due
r

disgustec
froir

with, deprived of, dispose

off, deal with, 'escape

exclude from, equal

full of,
fit for,

to,

eligible for, entitled to,

to,

fond

find out.favourable
at,

greedy of, grumt

at,

with, get up, glare

good

for,

good

hope

for, invo
t<

ved

in,

invested with,

indulged

in, insist

on, inferior

in the morning, in the evening, in the day,

in

the af ternoo

Preposition

68

junior to, key to,

limit to, look at,

known to,kick at, legal to, leave behind, less than, make up, make fun of, obe-

dience to, oblige

of, ought to, prevent to, on foot, out from, prepare for, pointed to, pick up, puzzle over, recover from, restrain from, reduce to, refer to, run away,

superior to,

subordinate to,

suffer from,
set

submit

to,

sorry for,

suited to, seem to, so well as,

to,

out, set up,

search for, stare at true

turn out, vex with.

EXERCISE No.
1]

10

Fill in the blanks using suitable prepositions

He

sells

twenty leaves
the

bread a day.
going around

2]

They were seen some tourists.

museum

3]

He walked
parts

east
city.

and came

one of the

quiet

the

4]

The white man looked

superior

me.

May be he

felt,

me.
invited to sing

5]

M.

S,

was

the great hall

the

U. N. General Assembly.
6] Sir, I

want

to be friend

am
7]

willing to lend

-you and to prove this I you the money - three months

he sprinkled
the palm of

free of interest.

a plastic
his

bottle

hand

a white powder,

10J

Informative

69

English

Grammaf

CHAPTER -X

o;& "Conditionals"
[2]

>)

SD'JO^CO'.

[l]If>

Unless.

&

"Sofiio

conditionals- condition and result

&

3eos&
a)

sentences

&
:

frame 3dobgdy

S^^^e5o.
Ci^
sentences

Use

of 'If"
a,

"If"
"%&

conjunction. $> "3o&>

eos&i$bo3. If ej^

&

&g

sentence rr
'if

condition

&
1

yei43

$j^
<a

sentence &*- "if"

^633^
>

sentence- condition

&

'isa^^boa.
Sjo?S

^Co^eJ
result

sentence
Ex.
:

condition

^D^

&
:

//you
Part- 1
pass.
.-

study well, you can pass.

You

study well, Part-II

You can

^e

[oi
:

Nature of "If" Sentence

If-Part-I
l^j

go

siuoiSi

^Ob^bofi.

^e sentence
6

condition &>
3]

I^^Ciboa.
Part-II oSo

2] Part-II-Part-I

ST

^cbdboa.

Part-I

and

word
Part-II

dio^i.

si^g 3* a verb 4] Part-I

So

^ atflbtf conjunctive

^o^^

tense &,

5^^ verb cm>s'_ tense

Conditionals

70
1
:

Link Between the verbs of Part- & Part-ll Part-I S^S verb simple 'present l]
&o~eb,

tense'

fir*

Parr-Il<^) verb2]
Part- 1 o"*)

simple 'future tense' 5* ^ocrs. simple

"past tense" Ssolb,
ff*

verb

Part-ll 5~*3 verb

'

simple "future"

^oc3
shall, can,

Note
co

li 3^o,-v

)3^&>

will,

may,

must

3]

sfr^o "past tense form"^ ^ocrO. Past-I 5*3 verb "Past perfect"

6*

$o"&,

Part-II 5^^ verb-"future perfect"^ ^oo-O.

Note
may, must
Ex.
:

&i

ra

li

Note S^orv^

will, shall,

can,

ca
1]

"Past tense

form"^

$jocrs.

2]
3]

// you run up, you can catch the bus. If you run up, you could catch the bus. If you had run up, you could have
caught the bus,

41 "If" &> isStSrAou;, J

oo& )>

sentences

&>

eu

e<.

sentence
a") /

n* seoS3?6s3&) ^e

ooiio

(Joi eso^o sentences ^*S 'verbs'-

Stforr ^SSarJ

"So^a sentences b).

former ^w^^iSo 5^0 verbscT?j

3*d3S)

"If'ST*

&o^s5ej^f6
*
lJ

form

35)
c)

form ^5<^w O
Sa

^ra-\ "If"

Part-I

^ob
J
ii

"If"

&

condition

&
sentence
<v
So

sentence

&

sxoo&>
6'

(jlL: Scr^O.

d) "If"

Co sr

sentence
Si

so

clo^Sj

(Part-I and Part-II) Satfg

WCT^

conjunctive

d5:

Informative

71

English

Grammar

&* "SacSto only, then, then, e) "3o<s5 3c5^ sentence

so,

because, hut, when, therefore "Sa^o

Si

^ocT

Si

EXERCISE No.

11

Express the idea in the following sentences in one

sentence by usiag-"If"
I]

It

rains.

We
all

postpone our picnic.

I

2]

find your pen

give

it

to you.

3]

He

runs

the time.

He can

get there in time.

Mall fail.

4]
5]

You
He
I

do not study hard.

You

Raju studied hard.

started now.

He can

get a first class.

6] 7]
8]

He could

be in time.
get fat.
easily.
first

He stopped

smoking.
I

He .can

had a degree.

can get a job She

9]

She had studied hard.

class.

could get a

10]

You had
train.

started

early.

You

can,

calch

the

II] 12]

You had come to He had taken my

trouble.

me.

I shall

help you.
will not get into

advice.

He

NEGATIVE IN

"If"

SENTENCE

"If" sentence &*- negative

(no, not, never)

s3
.

"If"

ii'a^sSri-

positive sentence

If "So<& positive sentences

&
rr

FID

"Soifo

nega-

tive

sentences

&

r?>

&,

sentence

Conditionals

72
"
dio"a

[1]

If sentence $* Part- 1 negative

negative &*"$ 6ocrD.

Ex.
:

Positive

Negative
not pass.
2]
If

He studied hard, he could pass. He did not study hard, he could

Part-I
8

sentences*-

negative

fj

&$>*,

Part-II

<5*

opposite meaning ooscK verb scn^

1] If

GJO<C^&,
not have

Ex.

he had not run caught the bus.

fast,

he could

2] If

he had not run

fast,

he could have missed

the bus.

EXERCISE No.

12

Express the idea

sentence by using
1]

in the following

sentences in one

If.

Finish that exercise.

Only then do
It

li

-Ip

you.

2]

D. T.
it

is

poisonous.

can be most poisonous

when
3]

passes through the digestive track.

We
He

did not start early.

So we were

late for the

meeting.
4]

did not take a tax! to Ihe bu*. station.

So he

missed the bus.

5]

You show me your

let

hall ticket.

OnSy thon

I will

you

in.

6]

The merchant

ships should arrive.

Tisen he can

repay the money lender.

7]

You

should come

down

before jump. Then

you

will qualify easily.

Informative
8]

73

English

Grammar
I

herwise cannot speak English. polishiog other people's shoes.

:

won't be

b)

The use of "unless"

"Unless" &
negative sentence ef*3

condition

&

"ieos&e&oa.

&SS

j^o'tfes
g-p-cr

^cu^fl^^.
^07^ result
6

Unless

If

e3 condition

So,

cyS^o^

& ^e&oo>.
e

Note
dition

"unless"

&

s^g&o^"
CP^.

dkd5r

Ao&c$sai3b

con-

^$8*3:

cr-sSo^cS result

Ex

Unless you start early, you cannot,

bus.
~Z>

catch the

sentence &* "3o<& s^rfea &jg ^cx.

t :

Part-I

Part-II
>

You start early (condition) You cannot catch the bus (result)
x

goflorfS "unless"

^exs^sboa.

^s "unless"

&&

1 ,^s$a negative gj-cs tfOSjJg,^

wtyS^ Q^ofi.

Ex.

1]

Unless you start early,

the bus.

You

cannot catch

2]

If

you do not
fcli

start

early,

You cannot

catch the bus.

t> "3o&>
o^.

sentences

e$a*K ^
a>
:

Nature of "Unless" sentence

l]

Unless

Part-I
^"Cos?^

So

oo&
Part-I

2]

Unless

^^

io sS^<&

positive

meaning

ejaiv
Part-II

iocrO. Negative meaning

3]

ae^sS^tft

negative

meaning

Conditionals
4^ Part-I

74

and Part-TI

So

sfctfg

3$"jxX>

con-

junctive

word &oda*&.
S^a
So

5] Part-I

verb

Sbafy.

tense

So,

Part- II a*a
ztid

verb

(SflS^.

tense

&#g

&$ 3#|b3
well,

'If sentence 5^ sS3^ &otoofi>.

Ex.:

a)

Unless you play

match.
^

you cannot win

the

b)

c)

Unless you played well, you could not win the match. Unless you had played well, you could not have won the match.

6] "Unless"

&

&SocapAo3, "do&> simple sentences &

S"
8

sentence

jv

&$)'$)&>- If sentence
unless

a) "Unless"

^6bsy^

simple sentence-

ao

positive sentence ?r3 6ocrO.

b) 'So^^ sentence

aosvy& negative sentence

CHAPTER
'Jng'

XI

form
^S

(*gofi*
Principal Verb
esotn-to
go

Present Tense

uisS^-

iuj

i^^
Participle
e>

firfr

"Ing" form

S^

Presen

lative
x.
&,

75

English

Grammar

PJ ay -I- in g

= Play ing.
'Ing'

sentence

<5~*

form

&

~do&>

l]

'Ing

form

noun

rv

d^cS^Aca^^T8

Gerund

2] "Ing"
iple

form

&>

adjective

A-

re of 'ing'
ll 'Ing' J

Form
r?

form-

&$ noun

ace

5"*

noun

2] 'Ing'

form

a,^

adjective

??

^"063 nou.Q &>- qualify ^^xioa. * 63 _J>

3] 'Ing'

form

Ji>

BJ^

sentence

noun

&>5cx>

verb e?^

"3o&>

Jx

1]

Swimming

is

good

exercise,

(noun)

2] I

saw a monkey carrying

like

a mirror.
(adjective)

3}

eating^ugar

cane.

(both noun and verb)

"swimming" (noun) -subject,

"carrying" (qualifying the noun) =monkey.
"eating*' (noun) -object of the verb.
like verb

(taking the

object)

sugar

cane.

'Xng'forra

76

Use

of "ing"

form

Model-l
e-

SIMPLE SLNTENCE + "ING" FORM

sentence^ simple sentenced ^sbs?^
"Ing"

"2tf

form

&

tbsS(3j'fto^sS&^&

&

#or>

&<3rAo>;$sa<&
>

"Ing"
j&>cci, _e

form- noun

&

qualify 3 IS

"adjective" TV
rs-

Verb

&

modify 3~& 'adverb'

:

^S^&oa.
__o

Ex.

saw an old lady wearing

rags.

"Wearing" (Adjective qualifying the noun) =Lady. Nature of sentence

:

l]

!&>&

simple

sentence

&&>&

'Jng'

form

2]

"Sofiotf

Si>^g

Si

S3^^^

conjunctive word

3] 'Ing'

form

a) Adjective r?

noun

&

'qualify'

b) Adverb

r?

verb ^D 'modify' w&>o<3.

joking

(adverbs "Ing" forms/modifying the verb) =

come.

EXERCISE No.
A)
tence using
1]

13

Combine

the following sentences

into

one

sen-

'Ing' form, as

an adjective.
a bag.
It

He should me
and herbs.
I

contained

the

roots

2]

noticed two

little

boys.

They

were playing

game.

II]

Informative
3]

77

English
at the

Grammar
He was

white man was standing watching the boys.

gate.

4]

Yesterday I saw the white boy. over the dark boy.

He was bossing

5] 6]

There were- horses. They were riding by jockeys. There were forward.
elephants.

They were thundering

following
sentences

B)

Find out the verb

is

in the

which
1]

modified by the "Ing" form.

She worked near us pretending not to know.
All his life he has waited dreaming for this hour.

2]
3]

They carne gathering into

She spent
all

the great tent.

it.

4]
5]

the time thinking about

She worked

all

the day cooking and buying.

Model-U
s

"ING"

FORM + SIMPLE SENTENCE

"SocSo

model

sentence &*
r?&>,

g?rex &otrcco.

&

"Ing"

form

~dc&

s?rto

&

simple sentence

s)er

3"f)^&)SSyt3b

^oi&j actions ^odr^coi.

1)

^c^o,
!

2) c?)
<3^

"So^D actions
<"*&,,

simple

sentence

"Sp^a

e-^

"Ing"

form

Ex,

A) Luz long kicked disgustedly at the ground, walking a few yards from the pit.

'ing'forrn

78
a

B) Walking

few yards from the

pit,

Luz

long

kicked disgustedly at the ground.

First action :-

Luz long walked

pit.

few yards from

at

the

S cond action

:-

Luz long kicked disgustedly

ground.

the

Ti>

examples $o&- (A) &*

'ing'

'3cotfto

simple sentence

s'

form,

(B) 5^

'Sstfto

'Ing'

form

tfc

simple sentence ciKr^oc.

&
"*&>

Ing' form- sentenced

'Ing'

'S&^u ag^rf &F?^

first

action

form &*&,

second

action simple sentence

iocrS.
:

Nature of the "ing" form Sentence form &;?& "3^ follow words1] "Ing"
complement
2~\

object^

r?

^o^^cij^oX).

"Ing" form

)3do simple sentence o5S

>&&>$ conjunctive word &oti&.

<i

3l "So^fo actions

So

subject

ajSiSrr

subject simple sentence .5^3 &otooa. s*3'

'Ing'

form

EXERCISE No.
or
(B)

14

(A) Collect sentences of this model from

your Text

News papers/Magazines.
blanks
in the

Fill in the

following sentences with

the 'tog' forms.

1]

(bend) before Gandhiji with his palms

ther he fired three shots in quick

toge-

succession.

Informative
2]

79

English

Grammar

At last (become) desperate, he picked up his watch and held it up before him.
(discuss) with

3]

them

his visit to

Pakistan, Gandhiji could be upset.

4]

told

Sevagram and them that his plans

he looked

(come) out
refreshed.

after his bath,

much

5]

(pass)

through

his

room, he handed

me

the

draft constitiUicn.
6]

Finally

(see)

had calmed down, he

pointed

to the take off board.

Model-Ill

"ING"

FORM AS
(ii)

(i)

SUBJECT,

OBJECT,
tT

(iii)
1

COMPLEMENT
(i) subject

"Ing" form
(ii)

&

&$ sentence

object (V&>,

(iii)

complement
:

r>*&>

[i]

AS SUBJECT OF A VERB &S sentences"*- "Ing" form &>1

subject <v

ftotfsSfib^Sb.

(noun)
:

Ex.
[ii]

Smoking

is

injurious to health.
:

AS OBJECT OF
a.3

A VERB
'Ing'

sentence^-

form

&>

object

rr

sSab^Sa.

(noun)
Ex.
:

I like

playing cricket.
:

[iii]

AS
&

COMPLEMENT
sentence^-

Ing' forrnfo

am/is,

are,

was

were, has, have,

had eb complements

'Ing'form
transtive'verbso

complement

rr

Ex.

The

essential thing in life

is

not

conquering

but fighting well.

Model-IV

"ING"
a&oS.

FORM AS PARTICIPLE
n
cfcSJcBr'AojDw^r
6

"Ing" form

adjective

....

e$a

noun

&

qualify
:

Ex.

Bookzwg Office;
5

Walkfng-stick.

lb sJcyoS"

"Ing" form,

noun

&

"3o&r>

"ing"

form-

noun&

qualify

Walking-stick

Re-opening-day

Washing-Soap
Dinirg-Hall

Booking-office

Working- day
Moving-star
Dressing-

Writing-pad

Match ing-grants
Dressing-table

Drawing-room
CUeaning-oil

room

Closing-day

Dancing-girl
Joining time

Reading-room
Travelling-Agent

Roxing-day
Touring-Officer
15

Running
condition

EXERCISE No.
Fill in the
1]

2]
3]

A -- (roll) stone gathers no mass. A -- (creek) door awakened the dog.

The boy woke up I saw the storm The rain came
inr
it.

blanks with suitable 'Ing' forms

41
5]

6]

-- (ask) a question

-- (hear) the noise. -- (approach). -- (pour) down in torrent.

is

easier than

to answer-

Informative

81

English

Grammar

CHAPTER-XII To'

Form

('$'
'principal verb
1

Present tense 5*0.,

sb

&oo<3>

'to'
tfgo,

c?>a
sentence

"To" form
b

esodj^.

"To" form

S*S subject

Soaotf s5bco#>.
cx>

s^otf subject (23

P erson > number, gender

^o^(ii.

sirS^^- "To" forms*

ScriS'

6^S

"Infinitive" es)

Sico^ci.

NATURE OF
1]
Siaoiii

"TO"'

FORM

'To'

form^-

present tense^a Principal verbSo

"To" &otoo>.

^S^ $&$&&&*
verb

&

'To' omit

Sbofi.

2]

"To" form

&o5
sentence &*

(a)

E5j>

"noun"

"*

^sip^sia.

e,^

noun

placesS^ ASicS^^^^^oS*....

"To" form

Ex.

hate

to

take wine.
rr s^cs- SD^^^oofi.
ssja-

(b)

esja

"verb"
e^s"

"noun

'transitive

verb' rr

objects

Ex.
3]

I like

to

read a novel.

t^ca verbs

&

e^Sbs-^

sSd^

"To" form

To

'To'Form

82

[5
[2]

verbs"sotf will, would, shall, shoul (a) "Auxiliary must a ^cos'S" u$b\ "Tc can, could, might, may, \J

form

S"

To &o<&.
:

Ex.

[1] I

must go home,

You

should do

it,

5 (b) 'Active voice"^ hear, see,

make, know,

fei
r

did, watch,

behold o

^Sbs ^

tib

To form

5*

Ex.

[1] I

heard him laugh,

[2] I

saw her

wait,

(c)

'Let'
1 let

Ex.

&33^ sSc&y To forms'*- To &orfi him gr>, [2] Please let me know.
'interrogative'

(d) 'Nagative',
dare,

sentences
^O^<SD.

needs
Ex.
:

"

sSfib^

To form
[2]

fir*.

To

need not

go,

He dare not

see him.
rath

(e)

Had
To

better,

had rather,
as

would

sooner- than, rather-

than,

soon as a

To form

<5*-

^o^(^b.
/zflrf

Ex.

You

feeder not stay here.

tfbs?e sSfio^

than o (f) But,

To form

Ex.

He

did nothing but laugh.

(A)

USE OF

'TO'

FORM
c.5'

'To' formSa-

sentenced*

1]

a verb,

3]

As the subject of a verb, 2] As the As an adjective, 4] As an adverb.

objeci

Informative
1]

83
:

English

Grammar

'To'

AS THE SUBJECT OF A VERB form&- e/J sentenced" 'subjectr? &

3

nounrr'
1

Ex.

1]

7" ' 7

err is

human,
in the

2]

To gft up early
habit.

morning

is

a good

To
To
2]

err get

>'To' forms (subjects of the verbs) =

is.

up

AS

THE OBJECT OF A VERB

formal&&'

'To'
SiCSbNcfc.

sentence

S*

object

TV

s)>

noun
:

rv (SaidST^eSooS.

Ex.

I like to

play cricket.
the verb)

To
3]

play 'To'

form (object of
:

like.

AS

AN ADJECTIVE
form&- &

'To'
fto^o5fc>&'

sentence

<r*

'adjective' TV

& "noun"s5o qualify

:

ScSjofi.

Ex.

have no money
'To'

to spare.

To spare
4]

form
:

(qualifying the

noun)=moneyr?

AS

AN ADVERB
1

'To
\$>\&>.
Eifi

form&
8j5'

e,S'

sentence &* 'adverb'

verb

J6a

"modify"

Sjojofi.

Ex.

I went to the market to buy vegetables. To buy 'To* form (modifying the verb) = went.
:
:

(B)

SOME IMPORTANT USAGES

1]
-&B
i

o> verbs e^&s?^

person
eS'co'B

'To'

form

;&

^ verbs

&>

s^cSa

Sdio actionsSb

Ex.

1]

want

to

play Cricket.

2] I like to see

Sankarabharanam.
2>n-S>3533
"Scab
'transitive

2]
verbs' r?

jjioa

verbs
z>~

Scr-zr-

33

3oo.

q3

"objects"

&

&&

1]

Indirect object

person,

2] Direct
1

object

thing.

$&&* 'To' form- direct 'objeet

permit
direct

r?

asSSpAckoa.

ask, allow

persuade
regarded

request
or(i er

command

demand
reject

pray
~
"
j

P^y
7-

Frame-2:
Ex.
1]

subject

.1
|

u verb

indirect

object

to form as dircct objcct

ask

him

to

stop.

2]
3]
s

He

requested

me

to to

help him.

They allowed us
So

work.

3]
.

\%ab verbs

^Co^tf "To'* form

&

^s verbs

&S action r^Sb

(Purpose)

Ex.

1] I

go there to see

my

friend.

2] I sit

here to read.
<5"*

4]

LO> phrases
&$ verb

"To" form- "adjective'V

person or thing
E'exS

&;5(3T'Aotfeifio>.

& phrasesC""
&
sb

&

s?3

IS
pen

quality

s><6

e&S:QSooa. _D
qualify

"To" form

"adjective"^
'to*

noun

^&oa.
-J3

write with
'to'

mouth *io'
legs 'to'

cat

books
soap

'to'
T

read

news paper

read

walk
think

'to

wash

food*to' eat
cot 'to' sleep

mind
hands

'to'

ball 'to' play

'to'

work
help

T,V.
radio

'to' see
'to'

clothes 'to'

wear

friends

'to*

hear

house

'to' live

tongue
teachers
*to*

'to'taste
'to'

eyes 'to' see

teach kindness

help
nosa
'to'

smell

lawyers

'to'

argue sympathy

'to'

help
ears 'to'

hear

money

'io'

spend

willingness 'to'

work

'to'Form
Ex.
:

86
1] I

have ears to hea>\

willingness to work.
L,~.

2]
s
(J:!.,

He has

5]

adjectives^
!

sentenced" subjective
e>?5rf

complements were o s$&z; s

j

r?

6:o53rfluu)fci.T

am,

is,

are, was,
iis76'

adjective
5"*

^O^^T

o^r

adjective

adverb "To" form

iofcooa

-3 adverb esoatf

"To"

form

adjective
to eat

?i>

modify w

good bad to use

cheap to buy costly to buy

beautiful to see
dull to pass

narrow

to pass

difficult to under-

stand

weak

to

walk

easy to learn

nice to play
dirty to live

ug!y to look at

clever to score

heavy to carry able to win

small to bear sorry to bear

Ex.

1]

The

figs are
is

2]

The cap
16
:

good to eat. bad to u e.

v

EXERCISE No.

Fill in the blanks using 'To' f^-rm or if the verbs suggested in the brackets.
1]

'Ing

form

While

(return)

home
because

last

night,

he had
not

(drive) carefully

his

brakes were

working properly.
2]
3]

Think of what you want --(say) before you

start.

He

started

(behave)

like a

the police mail refused

4]

druuken man, (arrept) him.

(snatch)

but

(walk) by the
girls

road, he tried

the

necklace.

Informative
5]

87

English

Grammar

(find) the

front door unlocked, he decided

(enter) the house.

6]

(march)
(attack) the

down to Kalinga, Asoka decided, enemy immediately,

CHAPTER
Correct

XIII

Form of Verb
&

sentence 5^0

'correct

form of verb

igo>

1]

The nature of
it

the

subject,

2]

The

auxiliary

verb which
4]

follows

3]

The clue words

in the

in the sentence,
5]

The tense of another verb

sentence

The time

of action.
1]

THE NATURE OF THE SUBJECT

The correct form verb
>

sentence &*

csa

subject lj wc*ds5(S d-otoofl. Subject

person, number,

gender oS^ acdcooS*

verb

gcres-

v>~&

person,

number,

gender uS" ^oc3o,

Ex.
:

1]

Rajn, plays foot ball.

2]
a]

The boys play foot

:

ball.

AUXILIARY VERB
BO^

sentence

eJ*

auxiliary

verb

e.s'^^3

di^\^

<a

auxiliary verb-

subject ofoS

person, number, gender

Correct form of verb

6oa*i.

88
efSrv

[^2.^ L5dirB
verb
Bcpo1

e"S

persoc

number, gender
Ex.
:

osr*

WCGPO.
'X'

The doctor has the

:-

Ray Machine.
person,
singula

Subject

the

doctor

(third

number

Verb
b]

has (third
:

per^op,

singular number)

PRINCIPAL VERB
&
sentence 6*

auxiliary
t?

verb

&ocr
e3">

a,"!

&

principal verb &$^$*-

principal verb

subject

person,

number,
aotoofi).

gender a5^

djofcooS^

Person, gender aS^

Ex.
:

Leela reads the novel.

:

Subject

Leela (singular number)

reads (singular number)
:

Verb
2]

THE NATURE OF AUXILIARY VERB

8uS
5

sentence^ auxiliary verb, principal verb

^5
ooSofiS

di^-MS"
O-

form

&

igofi

S^orv &otooa.
verb
CT-S)

of a) The form

auxiliary

subje<

nature cSo^;^ t/

"S>
(t

yo-dsSfi &otoo>.

b) The form of principal verb

auxiliary verb

n*i

Sasg.

jSsrsSoli
is

Ex.

1]

Mrs. Radha

singing a song.

2]

Mrs, Radha has sung a song.

:

Sentence-1

Auxiliary verb Principal verb

'is'

'singing*

Sentecce-2

Auxiliary verb 'has' Principal verb 'sung'

Informative
"3>

89
)S

English

Grammar

S#orv principal verb

s&o&tf^ auxiliary
6

verb& &43

^do^ooa.

-g-e

sST'Cb^-^er-

fcofcooS

preparatorycT

Ex.

"H
2]
~3]

The criminal

is

running away.
well.

The lawyer had argued the case The story may corns to an end.
She may be arriving here. He has been working well.

4]
5]

6] 7]

The work
The
lesson
:.

is
is

being done.

completed

3]

CLUE WORDS
&

sentence &*&

g"

?^

s$c?
S'

<a

sentence S^S verb

^CTTO verb

tSa^v.

tense b Hso^sroo.

^
si>^o

tense

form

&

"B^osg rfo"ss'e!V

(i)

PRESENT TENSE
"#e

^goa iocs'o^

S>]3

e^a'^ a-S

sentence
6

verb cSa^. tense

present tenses"

now-a-days
at

daily

now
just
this

present
days

every day

now
day

in the present

today
in these

days

at this

hour

(ii)

PASTTBNSR:
^6 ljHo> ^cyexS* ^ctf
EO^

sentence &* bti^S* verb-

past tense &*

Correct form of verb

long ago
in the

90
the day before
in the ancient days last week/month
etc

olden days

long long ago yesterday in the past in the days gone by

(iii)

FUTURE TENSE
s

(_oi

sScFoS"*

Si's

&$

sentenced

verb

future

tensed

&6ix>oc>)

next week/day etc.

in the

tomorrow
next time
in future days
:

days to in future
4]

come

The TENSE
&

OF OTHER VERBS
eS^

sentense
tense

"3o&>,

bj*<3o

verbs &o"&
tense ID

a,g

verb

form &6<3oo

verb

obatf^

tsq?6^a
sen7?

^pq^^Esorf complex,

compound
form

tence^ dokrcoD, 1)^5^

Prtoff*

"Sodfo

SSwiSa

wms) &

sentence
go

6o"S verb

(Sa^^p tense

es^

verb <5bD*_ tease form

Example

Cmi
or
1]

fa

-'

'

a "-

If

you study well

1]

and

He went

to the

market

you can score good marks and bought vegetables,

5]

TIME OF ACTION
&
sentences'" ^ action
8

sentence's verb

cxto^j- correct

tense form.

&^&)

esQASS6

<a

time of action 1

Informative
(a)

95

English
:

Grammar

PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

(f)

STcH5"o

(Jo

5 to

^dosS^b,

|jS&eg ooS'*

t>

SCPCS*

&o&, ssj^y^ ^r tfcoDSJ action tensed verb &C&DOS. perfect

ej&ft&r

&

I^-^&SS present

Ex.

]]

2]
(ii)

He IKLI taken The Minister

5

his

meal

just

HOW.

has arrived just now.

Past a"

^{JofijD,

present &*

o^cr atib^b^r

6^
tense

action
T*

& "e^&&
He

verb- present perfect continuous

6ocrO.
:

Ex.
(b)

has been reading the novel since 6 A.

:

M.
so^

PAST PERFECT TENSE

&g action
^d-tfotf;>tf>toS&

s^oo^

sSr^^o

^8

verb

past perfect tense 5

the station, the
train

Ex.

Af ter
left.

had arrived at

(c)

FUTURE PERFECT TENSE

Future S*

&

time limit

^o^

action

&
Ex.

"eS3)&)^ verb- future perfect tense

:

shall have visited

your house by 10 A. M.
:

(d)

TWO COMPLETED ACTIONS

Past &* ~3o&> completed actions

"S^eifSc'a^
tense

JSaTJixS^toSb *so&,g*

simple past ^jfr, "So^sS CT^S

past

perfect

^J
Ex.
:

had done
to

all

rny

home work, when Harj

came

mv

house.

Correct form of verb

(e)

92.

[tfci

(Jd5r
:

PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE

&
Ex.

(Joa

verbs

&

s?)

esoi^

ai3

present conti-

nuous tense &*

:

i)

Verbs of perception recognise.

see, hear, smell,

notice,

ii)

Verbs of appearing
Verbs of emotion
like, love, hate,

appear, look, seen.

iii)

want,

wish,

desire, feel,

hope, refuse, preter.

think, suppose,

iv)

Verbs of thinking

believe,

agree, consider, trust, remember, forget,

know,

understand, imagine, mind,

3XERCISE NO.

17 :,

Fill in the blanks in the following sentences

using
:

the correct tense forms

1]

of

the verbs given in the brackets

For the past fifteen years I (live) Yet whenever I (talk) of home. I

in the ciiystill

think

of that green valley where I (grow) up. -That home and I - (remember) it like that latter is

my

years.
2]
It

was

magnificent
trees

morning.

(watch)
as

among

the

to see

the flocks

they

(resound) (come) down the hill side. The air with the music of birds and tho young pale flowers
3]

(bloom) in the night.

In the

moon

light three figures

(walk) noise.

le^sly across the

lawn towards trn window. They

3] Informative
all

93

English

Grammar

(carry) guns

them
tired
4]

under their arms and one of (have) a white, coat over his shoulders. A
spaniel
(return) again

brown Today we

(keep) close to their heels. home. The war -

(be finish). And turning from into the inner tent and - (lie)
bed.
5]

them he - (go) down upon his

Over the years M.

people by
first

S.

(help) thousands of poor

(sing) for charitable causes.

Portia

(ask) Shylock
S.

(send) for a doctor.

feeling
tears to

6]

The way M.
that she

(sing) this song, the

it

of

(put) into

(bring)

the eyes

everyone

who
-

(listen) to

her

including Gandhi ji.

7]

Indeed,

many

a time Antonic

(call)

Shylock a
therefore,

dog and

(spit)

upon him. No wonder

opportunity

that Shylock

(bear) a deep grudge against

for an

him
his

and

(wait)

to have

revenge.

CHAPTER XIV
-

VOICE
sentences
I]

Saakar helps Sasidhar,

2] Sasidhar

is

helped by

Sankar.

'Voice

94
:

Sentence- 1

Subject
(helps)

Sankar- (doer of the action)

S^c&os?&>
s'_tf.

S ntence-2
ft

Sasklhar (Not the doer e the Subject - verb action)

Subject
:-

of

action ^cdasycSD

y&; ^S

action

NATURE OF ACTIVE VOICE

1]

($ V
doer of the action

&$ sentence S* & subject(S^JO

& sentence

verb- active voice &*

NATURE OF PASSIVE VOICE

l]

Passive voice

S"

sentence 6*S subject- doer of

the action s*<&.

verb- past participle 2] Principal
3]
^e Principal
r? &ofcoo>.
is,

verb

Sb

SScoo^s
e>s'fi3

am,

are,

was,

vere, be, been, being

06*

'35

aotoofi.

4] Principal

verb-

transitive verb A-

Intransitive verb
5]

go

passive

form

S(2b.

Passive voice <*- object, n-SS

&oo& "by"

CHANGE FROM ACTIVE VOICE TO PASSIVE

VOICE
:

Active voice

cT*

&'$

c's'sioS

&

sentences

sentences
6

&

c>3 passive

Voice

tT

Informative
Active Vojce

95

English
Passive Voice

Grammar

Ravi plays Tennis.

Ravi
is

Tennis
Tennis

is

played by Ravi.

playing Tennis.

is

being played by
Ravi.

Ravi has played Tennis

Tennis has been played by Ravi. Tennis will be played by Ravi

Ravi

will play Tennis.

Ravi would have played

Tennis.

Tennis would have been played by Ravi.

Who

can play Tennis

By

whom

Tennis can be
played.

Let me play Tennis.

Let Tennis be played by me.

1]

He

taught

me

English.

English

was taught

to

me

by him.
2]I

was taught English by him.

MODEL-1 SENTENCE WITH ONLY ONE PRINCIPAL VERB

Active voice rfo&
tf&s&

sentences

S"

principal
-s's

verb

&$_& aofcooS. ences & passive voice

Auxiliary verb &ctt&.

T*3

sent-

&r> tfr t>>

1

$t

\o,

auxiliary
ei

verb Q&* e-n"3S principal verb

am/is, are, was, were

,joo

i^Sri ,oc

Ex.

Active \oice
Passive voice

;:-

Latha sings a song-

song

is

sung by Latha.
object

Change

.-

l"]

Subject^

object

place
vO.

subject place

Voice

96
verb 2] Principal
3]
e

&

past participle rr
So

principal verb

oo&-

am,

is,

are,

was, were

o^

a^o-OO AsSSSrAoS'e.
sfc>o<2>

4] sSrtfy? sto^tf object^

"by"

EXERCISE No.
Change
1]

18:

(he following sentences into passive voice.

2]
3]

Raju broke the window. The students wrote six compositions.

The doctor treated many

patients.

4] 5]
6]

The monkey carries the baby monkey. The van carries twenty students.

He

teaches me.

7]
8]

They teach him. The donkey carries the

load.

9]

Five horses drag the cart.

10]

The Swamiji blessed

all the devotees,

EXERCISE No 19 A poisonous 1]
:

snake

bit

Raju.

2]
31

He

ate

some

special herbs as a cure.

Srinivasa broke the glass.

4] 5]

He threw

the pieces of glass into the dust bin.

The developments

of rocket

vehicles

open up

many new
6]
7]

possibilities for re-search.

The parents brought them up with

poverty.

difficulty.

Tbey gave them a good education inspite of their

loforjnative
8]j

97

English Gta&jtti*

9]

The sudden storm brought about It swept away homes and crops
people unaware.

10]

ShohanlaJ polished the man's shoes, thanked him.

Th

man

11]

They gram
:

a-?ked *!tndhiji
tot

if they should give a tele-

Sei\6ag^*

MODEL-2
am,
is,

SENTtNGE IN CONTINUOUS TENSE

tf
1 *-

Active voice

mode]

sen tehees
1

tfodfc

verb'ing'

are was * were 06*?'

Aofceoa**
j

&^-AoA;
0*0^^00^

CTS'^cbsy^
tense* S*1

fotm verb

ejfi-

Aofcoofi.

(present cjitin^as

alM8* pat^

eofrtfetro%&).*

Active

vo ice

fl

Ex.

Active voice

:-Mahdthma is playing chess. VdcV :i:"Cftess islieing played by

?

>+
i*

object place 5^*35,

ff* s> 5

object

&-

subject place

sSr

o-^O.
1

2] Principal verb
3^J

&-

past participle?? s5ro*^0

Principal verb
subject

&

sioofia^ auxiliary verb

e5<iiScr"e>'53^

SS

number

4] Auxiliary verb
'being'

So

principal verb

^sS^pAcc-O.

5]

sS^5t6 object- so

Informative
4] Auxiliary verb

99

English
principal verb

Grammar

&

"been"
5] sir"6^ object

&

boui>

"by" 3

EXERCISE No.

21

Change the verbs in the following sentences passive voice wherever necessary.
Ex.
:

into

1] I

have done

mistake.
all

2]

You

have done

the sums.

3] Saila

has bought a

new watch.
his friends to the dinner

4]
5]

Sekhar has invited

Syam
The The

has

received

many
down

presents

on

his

birthday.
6]

Pilot has slowed

terrorists

the plane.

7]

have

killed

hundreds

of

people in Punjab.
8]

The
the

separatists

had stored

many arms

in

Golden Temple.

9]

The

Government

has

implemented
the A.
I.

the

police action in Punjab.

10]

The Congress (i) has hJd Session at Kamaraj Nagar.

:

C. C.

MODEL-4
s

SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE

simple
future
I

Model Sentences
Active voice S^S
"2o3w4o

tense &*

sentence &*
will,

3o<56

verbs
shall,

auxiliary

verbs

would,

should, can, could, may,

might, must v&*

a^eJ &o&;

Voice
e,g

100

principal verb aodo&oS. -& sentences^ passive

sSj-Ca^toBb

voice fi^SS

"be"

principal verb

&

Ex,

Active voice
Passive voice

:-

Kumar
friend.

will write a letter to his

:-

letter

will

be

written

by

Kumar
Change
:

to his friend.

l]

Subject

&-

object place S^SI,

object &>-

subject place 5*38 sSrep^O.

verb 2] Principal

&-

past participles

verb SSptf&. 3] Auxiliary

verb 4] Auxiliary
go,

principal verb

go

"be"
5]
sfrStf

object
:

So

'by'

EXERCISE No.

22

Change the verbs

in the

following

sentences

into

passive voice wherever necessary.

1]

We
The

must respect the teachers.

sight will delight us.

2]

3]
4]
5]

We
He
The

can gain nothing without effort.

will speak the truth. will attend the

The Chief Minister

soldi:rs

meeting.

6]
7]
8]

must attack the enemy. The journalist will gather the news.
all

You must do

the sums.

10]

poem by heart. The lawyer may argue the case on his bahalf.

We

should get the

14]

Informative

101

English

Grammar

MODEL-5
$

FUTURE PERFECT TENSE

sentence-

Model eTS
H

future perfect tense

verb

cf

(o>

sentence J*S

cSs^

form

Ex.

He would have
Subject
::-

received the gift.

He;

Verb

:-

would have

received;

Object

the gift.

&
6^a.

verb &*

"Sstfto
e^Cflsye^

~5o& auxiliary verbs

"received" &'
principal

'would'

'have' &c3^o3D.

verb

sentence- future tense

verbs
so^rf
83
i.
.

&

3o(S?5<S.

future tense

will,

would

esKb

&)

e^^syQ' perfect tense ^> !)"t>- have,

e^u)

principal
participle rr

verb Aodj^oco.

^s principle verb SCPO* past

c'S'sio

&otooa.

&'

sentence
sb

&-

passive

voice

"*)

sSj'totoSo

principal verb

^odb-

"been"

Ex.

Active voice

Nirmala would have done

the

home work.
Passive voice
:-

The home

work

would have

been done by NirmaJa.

Change

l]
-

Subject

&

object place
"*)

5"*,

object

^>

subject place

sSro^O.

verb- past participle ;v3 2] Principal

verbs 3] "3o& auxiliary

^ds^. eer

Voice

102

verb 4] -Auxiliary

So,

principal verb

'been' &> asScSj-ofSos-O.

5] ^r6J6 object
Eo

boo&

"by"

EXERCISE No.
Change

23

the verbs

in

the

following

sentences

info

passive voice wherever necessary.

1]

Ravi would have completed the story.

She might have seen the thief.

2] 3]

4]
i]

Raju could have managed the shop. Rarou ought to have done his duty. The Janata Express could have stopped
station.

at the

i]

/]

The Police might have arrested the criminal. The Minister may have visited the colony.

8]

My

friend might have written this letter.

9]

The customers
goods.

would have

purchased

all

the

10]

The students may have attended the

class.

CHAPTER-XV

Reported Speech
NATURE OF DIRECT SPEECH Direct speech <5*> sentence &

1)

Informative
(1) Part-I (2) Part-II
:-

103

English

Grammar

Inverted
Inverted

:-

commas go commas So

e3_<

G*Q
take you to

Ex,

Mr. Rao said to Krishna "I Madras". Part-I Mr. Rao said to Krishna.
:
:

will

Part-II
2)

"I will take you to Madras".

II
:

LINK BETWEEN PART-I &

[l]

Part-il

8*3
So

<*>>^

first

personal

pronouns

Part-I

*) subject

SofiJSS.
eshj_

[2]

Part-II S^S
So

second personal pronouns-

Part-I S^JD object

[3]

3oa$3.

Part-II &*> nouns

eb^

vocative case

So

Part-I 5*0 object^ 3o>SS.

[4]

Part-II S*S verb

s&,

Part-I S^JD verb

So

[5]

Part-II 6*

?3*eofa

J5S^oe3

J6

sentences

esD

[l]

Assertive form,

form [2] Question

form. [3] Order^Request

3]

form. [4] Exclamatory

:

CHANGE OF OTHER WORDS

Reported Speech

104

MODEL-I :- PART
Model
form
s*
:

II

"ASSERTIVE FORM"
Sentence
Assertive

^r

Part-II (5^3

DIRECT SPEECH
Raju
Raju

said to Hari "7 will give you

:

my

bicycle"

REPORTED SPEECH

told Hsri that he would give /rim, his bicycle.

:

CHANGE
7

[1] Part-II a*- sentence-assertive

form

<5"*

form

sfrtfs

$Z3tfn to.
esh
first

[2] Part-II

(T'iO

personal -pronouns

So

Part-I tT*3 subject cSoS'- person,

number,

gender o

J^> [3] Part-II

CP^ second personal Pronouns&person,

Part-I S^a object 63^)5^

number,

gender o

I"4"I

_l

Part-IT ^S3 verbs

e5S>o63S) Part-I
C*-

^S

verb

EXERCISE No.
Change
1]

24

the following sentences into reported

like

speech.

Leela said to Rahim "I

ness."

you for your

good-

2]

The

officer said to the steno "I want to send

you

to Hyderabad ou some urgent duty."

3]

Sainatha

said to Saothi

"You

can come

to

my

house whenever vou

like."

Informative
4]

105

English

Grammar

The Police man

said to the thief "I will not leav e

you until you reveal the truth."

MODEL-2

(a)

PART-II "QUESTION WITH A QUESTION WORD"

Part-II S^S

Model &*

sentence
aotoofi.

question

with a question word

form 6*

DIRECT SPEECH
The
Police

man

said to

the

man "Why

are

you

standing here doing nothing ?"

REPORTED SPEECH: The "Why he was standing there

Policeman asked the

doing nothing."

man

CHANGE
^

1]

Part-II <"*> sentence- question f orm S*

assertive

& &SS
first

form 5 S

r5

sfra^S).

2] Part-II

personal pronouns

&

Part-I &*a

subject

P erson
3]

number,

gender o

S^sg

sSro^o.

Part-II (S^S
<5"*!D

cs^ second
'

personal

pronouns^

Part-I
.

object cSw^^r P erson number, gender o

^SS
verb
said,

4] Part-II cT'a verbs es^odS) Part-II tf*S

tense 5^S3
s5j*a^0.
r?

5] Part-I

^10

verb-

"asked"

r>-

5"^ questioned

g"S

Xrty^Q.

EXERCISE

No. 25

.-

Change the following sentences into Reported speech! The officer shouted to his men "Why are you 1] moving on ?" The Traffic Policeman said to the driver. 'Why 2] are you moving the vehicle, When the red
signal
is

given."

Reported Speech
3]

106
said to the shop keeper.
is

The customer

"Which
to his

of these two pens

4]

cheaper ?"
said

What
client.

is

your name ?"

the lawyer

MODEL- 2 (b)
&

:-

PART-II

"QUFSTION WITHOUT
Part-II &*$

A QUESTION WORD"
Model sentence 5^
sentence-

question without a question word form &*

DIRECT SPEECH
Ranga
said to

Rekha "Are you going home now?"

REPORTED SPEECH:
Ranga a=ked Rekha whether she was
then.

going

home

CHANGE
form"*3g
pronouns

1]

Part-II
2]

&*S question form &- assertive

Part-II S^IO

sSj-o^O.

vS^

first

personal

&

Part- &*&
sSrcr'^S.

subject cSQ^^- person, number,

3]

gender o S^SS

Part-II

^^

&$^ second
5^S
verbs

personal pronouns

&"*)

Part-I 5^S) object cfagfr. person,

number, gender o
esa^odSb
5]

^cr'^O.

4] Part-II

Part-II fi^S

verb

<So_

tense

Pnrt-I

&
cJ

II
5

6] Part-II

e& ^ea^do^- whether/If^ ^ said- asked/questioned TV

:

EXERCISE
Change
1]

No. 26

the following sentences Into reported speech:

The shop keeper

said to the lady

"Are you a

stranger to this place,"

Informative
2]

107
to

Bnglisb

Grammai

Santhi said

samatha
Santhi

"Have

you gone to

your village ?"

3]

Trilok said
to visit

to

my

native place alleast

"Will you pleace try next month?'' "Will the bus stop

4]

Charles said to the driver. school gate ?" at the

-

MODEL

3 :-

PART-H 'ORDER/REQUEST FORM'

Part-II
*

&
form

Model &*-

sentence-

order/request

DIRECT SPEECH
The teacher

said the students "Sit

.-

down boys."
sit

REPORTED SPEECH

The- teacher asked the students to

down.
order /request

CHANGE
form
ef
6

.-

l]

Part-II

sentence-

aofcooS.

q&

assertive sentence

2] Part-II

5~*

order
escco

/request
6oficooa.

form &*$
w

subject-

'you' ^^Jjesor? omit

"Soo^to- principal

S'aiS sentence ci^a

sSboo<&

verb

djoficooa.

aS)

'Te'

^o^sS.

3]

-6'e

principal

verb
Si

sb

^ao(SDw>
co-iDIO

&&&*^oAoc?^.

you,

please, kindly, pray oS*

A^ -

first personal 4] Part-II (3^^

pronouns^ Part-I
r6 .5 S)

subject Sx>3'k- person, number, gender v

5]
Part-II e^S)
1

5Spcr>^D

second personal
-

pronouns

Part-I 5*0 object

(Sxjg

person, number, gendero

Reported Speech
1

108

6]

'Said e>3

verb

&- request^d/ordered/asked

EXERCISE No.
Change
1]

27

the following sentences into reported speech.

The gateman said to the lady "Please buy your tickets from the booking office."
The old man
to

2]

said to the girl

"Give

a telegram

your brother today.

Don't waste time."

3]

Suman

said to Venkatesh. "Please give

me your

Wrist Watch."
4]

"Do

the

home work
PART-II
Part-II

first

and

then read your

books." Said mother.

MODEL
&6

"EXCLAMATORY
sentence-

SENTENCE"
Models'*
1

fiT*iO

exclamatory

sentence/*? aodaofi.

DIRECT SPEECH
The

visitor said

"How
:

high

the building

is

!"

REPORTED SPEECH
The
visitor

exclaimed that the building

was very
high-

CHANGE

l]

Part-II 5^3

exclamatory sentence

&-

assertive sentence 7?

2]

Part-II

5^3

first

personal pronouns&> Part-I^lO

subject

c3^_

person,

number, gendero

15J

Informative
Part-I

J09

English
personal

Grammar
&>-

3]

r;o

second

pronouns

object

oxoS'

person, number., gendero

4] Part-II S^S)

verbs- Part-I

S^iO

verb

tense S^SS

sfra^O,

5] Part-I

&

II

o&

oo^>5o-

)3>tfg- "that"

Aoo>.
6]

Said &>- exclaimed r?

sSj'cf^D.

EXERCISE No.

28

Change the following sentences into reported speech : The guest said "What a clever girl Haritha is !" 1]
2]
3]

Neeraja said
f

"What

a fine picture
it is

it is

!'

'What a lovely garden

!"

he
I"

said.

4]

"What

a wonderful story

it is

Bharathi

j.aid.

EXERCISE No.
"Now

29

Reported the following sentences.

1]

after trying the chillies

and onions" He

said to
2]

me,

"You

should add the vegetables,"

driver,

The policeman asked the show me your licence."

"Could you
I

3]

The stranger asked me "Where can for me."

"Pick up the stick"
dark boy.
the irhite

get a care

4]

boy

told

the

5]

"My husband and

said

brothers will be

home soon"

Mr. Sappleton to Fromton,"

Reported Speech
6]

110

Gandhi
I will

said.

"Why

waste

money en

a telegram.

announce the date

in the course of

my
said

prayer address."
7]

"I've heard so
to P. Suseela

much about you."

"Won't you
sing for

Helen

me ?"

CHAPTER XVI
-

Polite
TOOL
&>$

Manners
&> Polite r?

Sentence
SJCTO&J

r?, phrase
s5>

iv

sentence

^aoaii

w"S^ words/phrase

Tool

USE OF TOOL
8u^

sentence
4

So

sicodi,
&,&

Tool

?SD

^^NtoosSo^XJ
Si

'Tool'

sentence S

^o^g^co:,

polite sentence A:

LINK BETWEEN TOOL AND SENTENCE

1]

Tool

r$ago

sentence
es&Scraor?

So

^oi5b

Stf

"sentence" Tool

^oe? sS^db
z><5*

S3 verbs ^odd^o subject 2] Sentence 5^ auxiliary

form jSyub-^ofii. Question 3] Sentence cSa^ assertive form o^SiS, assertive form- question

form-

form

Informative

English

Grammar

MODEL-

REQUESTING OTHERS FOR

SOMETHING
-6s

model

Ex.

Tool
:-

"could you please."

Sentence

Please give
:

Polite request

me your pen. Could you please give me

your pen
,

CHANGE
1]

"Could you please"

csTS

"Tool"

&

sentence

so

2]

"Tool"

36^3

&z?-

"sentence"

question
56

form ^35

peoio>. s*3 sentence S^S principal verb

3] o^^D$)^> principal verb

&-

CT-

Tool" ^*

^o^r-S.

MODEL

REQUESTING OTHERS TO DO SOMETHING FOR US

Ex.

Tool
:-

"could you please."

Sentence

Please read out the news paper for me.

Polite sentence

CHANGE
e>3 "Tool"

1]

Cmtld you please read out the news paper for me. Sentence & oc&> "could you please"
:>,

&

3cr^

2] Sentence

ff*

principal verb

go

Polite

Manners

112

3] aoftDcsfcoiS^ sentence

&-

'Tool

ST*

sentence

rv

Sjtf^dfoSboa,

sentence- questionform

MODEL-3

AGREEING TO TEE REQUEST

OF OTHERS
request
s

S^?5^do....3r6

equest
,

&

model

&:ScSrAfoj)o).
_0

Ex.

Tool

Request of others
to the

"By all means," Could you give me your

:

wrist

watch
Agreeing
please take
request

?
:

(polite)

By

all

means,

it.

CHANGE
(So too a.

I] sjeTioo

request

'question [form' &*

s*porf

^J6 reply

assertive

form

cif*

&OCTO.

Tool ^ 'By all means' e>^ 2] Answer & SJ^&OCP Tool 8* answer n ^^tSrAo^^iS^^). answer S> 3] ^d^,
SCPCT di^tST'Ao^^^efe-s'e

answer
A
5 -

So

"S5fci please

kindly

ej*ofi3

sScyaSSs gips*

4]

a^'oTT

Tool^T

answer

answer

"positive"

MODEL

REFUSING THE REQUEST OF OTHERS

&sa^6o y"Scr
>

eg^ioo request

ao^^

Refuse

^
Ex

model
:

^so(Sr>f\SidSoSc)o6.
:

Tool

"I

am

sorry, but."

Informative
Request of others
:

113

English

Grammar

Could you give

please.

me

your bicycle,

but, I can't give

Refusing the request of others (polite) : I am sorry, it; I have some urgent work.
:

Tool

CHANGE l] & wc^a

EI> question
rr

Sentence

so

ohjo& "I

am

sorry but" &"$

assertive 2] Sentence&*

form &*

form

&fS^i&

sj^Sbo request go-

reply

&o&>.

3]
>.

-Bs^c6to?v

&?S^s&)

answer-

negative

77 3

Positive TV

MODEL- 5 SAYING
:

'I

AMSORRY (APOLOGY)
J

S^fTto&o, ^/Ttotoo;

^e

model
Ex.

T*

&otooa.

ui^^j

"apology"
sorry."

Tool
:

"1

am

Sentence

have dropped down your mirror into

pieces.
Polite Sentence
:

am sorry, I have droppec down your mirror into pieces.

Tool&>sentence

CHANGE
l] "I

am

sojrry"

2] Sentence positive rv^ ^oc^O.

Negative

JT

Polite

Manners

114 6

MODEL

ASKING FOR INFORN

modeler5
:

5oc?to oxr>

(i)

Ex.

Tool
:-

"could you please

tel]

Question

Is

the Chief Minister arriving

:

Polite Sentence

Could you please tel Chief Minister is an

'

now.

CHANGE
sentence
g&

.-

1]

"Could you Please

3a^0,

tell

me"
forn

j&cdfc

2] Question

sentence &>- 'answer form

Ex.
:

Question form

:-

Is

he playing ?
is

Answer form
3]

:-

He
6

playing.

Tool&> sentence^"
fe^cSpftoa9 !).

gesSftrS)

^^

ther

&

Question

without

word-

ED3s3)ci If /whether^

dSb'cSpAoc?!).

(ii)

Ex.

Tool
:-

"could you please tell

does the G. T. Express
i

Question

When
:

Polite Sentence

Could you please

fell

G. T. Express arrives here.

CHANGE
1]

"CouJd

you

please

tell

me"

<z>'

sentenced

&GG&

^a-^Q.

2] Question f<

sentenced assertive form

nfformative
Ex.
:

115

English

Grammar

Question form
Assertive form

When When
tfe>

does theG. T. arrive?

the G. T. arrives.

3]

Question word axcfo

sSycr-^t).

Questions

&>

Stfor?

MODEL- 7

ASKING FOR PERMISSION

permission

model
(i)

;5cBjrtsadfoefcoa.

Ex.

Sentence
Polite

"Would you mind." :smoke here/can is oke here ? Sentence :- Would you mind my smoking
:

Tool
I

herfi

CHANGE
ence
53

-.

l]

"Would you mind"

CToAoi^b.

Tool

&

sent-

&OQ&

^cr^O.

5*10 2] Sentence

principal verb so

wjooiibrf^

sb"c?a^ofi3S)

(Subject^ Auxiliarj

verbs),

3] Principal
r?sSycr'^eJ.

verb &- present partieiple ("Ing"

form)

4]

^'-8

principle verb
^D

go

aiaoto- subject so

SoftcS

possesive
its,

pronoun

dcr-^O,

(my, our, your,

his,

her,

their).
(ii)

Ex.

Tool
:-

:-

sentence

Can

I
:

smoke

"would you mind if." here/I smoke here.

L

Polite Sentence

Would you mind if

if"

smoked here.

CHANGE
sentence
So

1]

"Would you mind

tool

&-

^o&

^T^S. 2] Sentences-

assertive

form

Polite

Manners

116

[aortas'

i_s>6]

Sentence- simple past- tense dT^i 3]

sentence
tense 5* ASJ
1

&c<3"0.

^- a-33 simple past- tense

MODEL-8

MAKING SUGGESTIONS
#*

model

(i)

Ex.

Tool
:-

:-

"1 suggest you."

Sentence

You
:

must
1

seJl

away
?ell

your

old

bicycle.
Polite Sentence

suggest you

away your old

bicycle.
So

CHANGE

1]

"I suggest

you"

v>"a

Tool &- sentence

Principal

2] Sentence S^IQ

verb

So

Toftoz?.

3] Principal verb

?jo-

D g&a-ti
(ii)

AtS

sentence 5?5oS^ A5&5 Tool S

:

Ex.

Tool

"I suggest that/'

Sentence

You must meet

:-/
suggest

the Principal at once.

liiat

Polite Sentence

you

mu

meet
so

CHANGE
\>.
VJ

1]

"I suggest that"

^ Tool &,-vfO,

the Principal at once.

sentence

& 3o^).
31
-I

2] Sentence- simple

future tense

^aS
noun

Sentence 5*. "you"

^rcO^iSi

^^

Sj"a HQ

SUbjeCt
J

r>*

Si
5"*

GS7n
atf^

di06X)OiS

S'^oJQ^^Sb.
8

Simple future
?5

tense

sentence

S"

must/

should

D.

/TO..

&

fTQ...

157157-

207157k 6Oji O

157157-

127-

555

257-

157-

DiSg

207127-

127127-

127167-

12787-

167-

107187-

87-

eson

157-

157157127-

207878712767V3-(j^p'
jB,

127tD(p"
t

^-,,

'w " J

67127 167

0-3

4767-

107S. ?)oirU"5>, MA. iTQ

....

157

57
107

127-

10;

^~i"i

R^

nn

\/

P R

PP*~*

tij^u&uffi&iM.O. 'I^P Sv ""B^^ r ^

y
'i

^ioio^

o^i5^*o "!)&, y>\d^} rJ\i^uJrr

i^ro'ij'i:),

oo^

|oj5tJ*[D

<=sit

522 201. Phone No. 23037

Cont....4tf

Voice

98 20
:

EXERCISE No.
Change

the verbs in the following sentences into passive

voice wherever necessary.

1]

They are repairing up the road.

2]
3]

He was

pulling

down

the rope.
the children
well.
.

The old lady was bringing up

-

.-4]
5]
6]

The players are playing the Match

The workers
are cutting the crop.

The

driver
:

is

repairing the engine.

MODEL-3
&*

SENTENCE IN PERFECT TENSE

tense
eT*

Model sentence- perfect

&o&o>, &$&*

"5p&> verbs

60^00.

L&*

"Scotfd

verb TV- have, has, had

principal verb &ofcoo<a.
6c<&>o>

o&*

BJ

&otoofi>.

n"0 ^tfbsr^
r?

Principal verb- past participle fect/past prefect).

S)d30

(present per-

passive voice

principal verb
Ex.
:

So

s5ix)0(&

"been"

Active voice
Passive voice

:-

Sumathi has seen the thieves.

:-

The thieves have been

seen

by

Sumathi.

Change

.-

l]

Subject

&- object

place 5*03,

object

&>-

subject place

^S

sfrc^o.

verb- past participle 2] Principal

verb 3] Auxiliary

&.

sSpQtf

subject

So

number 5*03'