Trigonometry & Polar Coordinates

TRIGONOMETRY & POLAR COORDINATES

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1. Identify whether the values for sin will be positive or negative. Circle the correct answer:
a b

sini is above / below the x-axis sini is positive / negative

c d

sini is above / below the x-axis sini is positive / negative

sini is above / below the x-axis sini is positive / negative

sini is above / below the x-axis sini is positive / negative

2. Circle the correct answers:

a b c d

If i = 70c then i is between 0 and 180c / 180c and 360c and sini is positive /negative. If i = 110c then i is between 0 and 180c / 180c and 360c and sini is positive /negative. If i = 300c then i is between 0 and 180c / 180c and 360c and sini is positive / negative. If i = 240c then i is between 0 and 180c / 180c and 360c and sini is positive / negative.

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3. Identify whether the values for cos will be positive or negative. Circle the correct answer:
a b

cosi is positive / negative

c d

cosi is positive / negative

cosi is positive / negative

cosi is positive / negative

4. Circle the correct answers:

a

I f i = 65c then i is between 0 and 90c / 90c and 180c/ 180c and 270c / 270c and 360c so cosi is positive /negative. If = 250c then i is between 0 and 90c/ 90c and 180c/ 180c and 270c / 270c and 360c so cosi is positive/ negative. If = 135c then i is between 0 and 90/ 90 and 180 / 180 and 270 / 270 and 360 so cos is positive/ negative. If = 290c then i is between 0 and 90/ 90 and 180/ 180 and 270 / 270 and 360 so cos is positive /negative.

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5. Find the coordinates of the points A, B, C and D correct to 3 decimal places.

A: i = 45c x = cos 45c y = sin 45c ` A ^ x, yh = A ^cos 45c, sin 45ch

B: i = 170c x = cos 170c y = sin 170c ` B ^ x, yh = B ^cos 170c, sin 170ch

= A ^0.707, 0.707h (to 3 d.p.)

= B ^-0.985, 0.174h (to 3 d.p.)

C: i = 250c x = cos 250c y = sin 250c ` C ^ x, yh = C ^cos 250c, sin 250ch

D: i = 315c x = cos 315c y = sin 315c ` D ^ x, yh = D ^cos 315c, sin 315ch

= C ^-0.342, -0.940h (to 3 d.p.)

= D ^0.707, -0.707h (to 3 d.p.)

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6. Complete the table for the following points rounded to 2 d.p. where appropriate:

5 4 3 2 1 - 5 -4 -3 -2 -1 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 1 2 3 4 5

Point
A

r
2

i
30c

Polar coordinates (r, i)

A(2, 30c)

x = rcosi
2 cos 30c = 3 = 1.73

y = rsini
2 sin 30c = 1

(x, y) Coordinates
A ^1.73, 1h

B C D E

4 2 4 3

85c 110c 230c 300c

B(4, 85c) C(2, 110c) D(4, 230c) E(3, 300c)

4 cos 85c = 0.35 2 cos 110c = -0.68 4 cos 230c = -2.57 3 cos 300c = 3 cos 60c = 3 ^0.50h = 1.50

4 sin 85c = 3.98 2 sin 110c = 1.88 4 sin 230c = -3.06 3 sin 300c = -3 sin 60c = -3 3 2 = -2.60 3 sin 340c = -1.03

B ^0.35, 3.98h C ^- 0.68, 1.88h D ^-2.57. -3.06h E ^1.50, -2.60h

340c

F(5, 340c)

3 cos 340c = 2.82

F ^2.82, -1.03h

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7. C  hange the following rectangular coordinates (x, y) to polar coordinates (r, ) by completing the table (to 2 d.p.):
^ x, y h

r=

x2 + y2

y i = tan-1 ` j x tan-1 ` 4 j = 53.13c 3 tan-1 ` 12 j = 67.38c 5 tan-1 c 4 2 m = tan-1 1 = 45c 4 2 tan-1 c 3 m = 60c 1 tan-1 c 3 m = tan-1 c 1 m = 30c 3 3 3

^ r, i h

(3, 4)

32 + 42 = 5

^5, 53.13c h ^5, 67.38c h ^5, 45ch ^5, 60ch ^5, 30c h

(5, 12)
^4 2 , 4 2 h ^1, 3 h ^3 3 , 3 h

52 + 122 = 13

^4 2 h + ^4 2 h = 8
2 2

12 + 3 = 2

^3 3 h + 32 = 6
2

8.  Use the rules for each quadrant to complete the following table (to 2 d.p.):
^ x, y h

Quadrant

r=

x2 + y2

y i = tan-1 ` j x tan-1 ` -4 j = -53.13c 3 tan-1 c 3 m = -60c -1 tan-1 ` 12 j = 67.38c 5 tan-1 c 2 = -45c m - 2

^ r, i h

(3, -4)
^-1, 3 h ^-5, -12h ^- 2 , 2 h ^15, 8h ^7, -7 h ^-9, -12h ^- 3 , 1h

4 th

r = 32 + ^-4h2 = 5
^-1h2 + ^ 3 h = 2
2

a + 360c = 306.87c

^5, 306.87c h ^2, 120c h ^13, 247.38ch ^4, 135ch ^17, 28.07ch ^7 2 , 315ch ^15, 233.13ch ^2, 150c h

2nd

r=

a + 180c = 120c

3rd

^-5 h2 + ^-12h2 = 13 ^- 2 h + ^ 2 h = 4
2 2

a + 180c = 247.38c

2nd

r=

a + 180c = 135c

1st

r = ^15h2 + ^8 h2 = 17 r = ^7 h2 + ^-7h2 = 7 2 r = ^-9h2 + ^-12h2 = 15

^- 3 h + ^1 h2 = 2
2

tan-1 ` 8 j = 28.07c 15 tan-1 ` -7 j = -45c 7 tan-1 ` -12 j = 53.13c -9 tan-1 c 1 m = -30c - 3

a = 28.07c

4 th

a + 360c = 315c

3rd

a + 180c = 233.13c

2nd

r=

a + 180c = 150c

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9. Complete the table below to find the rectangular coordinates (to 2 d.p.):
^ r, i h

x = r cos i x = 2 cos 45c = 1 x = 3 cos 60c = 3 = 1.5 2 x = 5 cos 130c = -3.21 x = 4 cos 200c = -3.76 x = 6 cos 315c = 6 cos 45c = 6 = 4.24 2 x = 7 cos 270c = 7 ^0 h = 0

y = r sin i y = 2 sin 45c = 1 y = 3 sin 60c = 3 c 3 m = 2.60 2 y = 5 sin 130c = 3.83 y = 4 sin 200c = -1.37 y = 6 sin 315c = -4.24 y = 7 sin 270c = -7

^ x, y h

^ 2 , 45ch ^3, 60ch ^5, 130c h ^4, 200ch ^6, 315c h ^7, 270ch

^1, 1h ^1.50, 2.60h ^-3.21, 3.83 h ^-3.76, -1.37 h ^4.24, -4.24 h ^0, -7 h

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10. Use the circle and the above formula to complete the table below (ignore the last column for now):
i i 360c 30c = 1 360c 12 60c = 1 360c 6 90c = 1 360c 4 120c = 1 360c 3 240c = 2 360c 3 270c = 3 360c 4 300c = 5 360c 6 360c = 1 360c Arc length covered by i 1 # 2rr = r r 12 6 1 # 2rr = r r 6 3 1 # 2rr = r r 4 2 1 # 2rr = 2r r 3 3 2 # 2rr = 4r r 3 3 3 # 2rr = 3r r 4 2 5 # 2rr = 5r r 6 3 1 # 2rr = 2rr 1 i in Radians r r'r = r 6 6 r r'r = r 3 3 r r'r = r 2 2 2r r ' r = 2r 3 3 4r r ' r = 4r 3 3 3r r ' r = 3 r 2 2 5r r ' r = 5r 3 3 2rr ' r = 2r

30c 60c 90c 120c 240c 270c 300c 360c

11.  Complete the last column of the table on the previous page. Use the table to draw all the angles in radians on the axes below:
90c = r radians 2 120c = 2r radians 3 60c = r radians 3

30c = r radians 6

360c = 2r radians

240c = 4r radians 3 270c = 3r radians 2

300c = 5r radians 3

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12. Use this formula to convert the following angles from degrees to radians (leave answers as fractions):
a

60c = 60c # r 180c = r rad 3 100c = 100c # r 180c = 5r rad 9

90c = 90c # r 180c = r rad 2 225c = 225c # r 180c = 5r rad 4

40c = 40c # r 180c = 2r rad 9 315c = 315c # r 180c = 7r rad 4

13. To develop a formula to convert radians to degrees, make ic the subject of the formula above: (degrees) = (radians) # 180c r 14. Use this formula to convert the following angles from radians to degrees (1 decimal place):
a

2r = 2r # 180c = 120c 3 3 r 3r = 3r # 180c = 270c 2 2 r

r = r # 180c = 45c 4 4 r 4r = 4r # 180c = 240c 3 3 r

b

5r = 5r # 180c = 150c 6 6 r 7r = 7r # 180c = 315c 4 4 r

15. a Find the arc length L.

Find the perimeter of the following sector.

L = ri = 4 # r = r cm 4
c

L = ri = 4.8 # 5r = 4r cm 6
b

Find L and P in the following diagram.

Find the arc length of the entire circle below. (Hint: Convert the angle to radians first)

L = ri = 6 # 4r = 8r cm 3

L = ri = r # 2r = 2rr cm This is the formula for circumference of a circle.

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16. Use the diagram on the left to answer the following questions:
a

Identify the major and minor segments on the diagram

Minor segment r 3 6cm Major segment

Find the area of the sector: 1 r2 i = 1 ^6h2 # r = 6r cm2 2 2 3 Area sector = 1 r2 i = 1 ^6 h2 r = 6r cm2 = 18.85 cm2 (2 d.p.) 2 2 3

Find the area of the triangle Area triangle = 1 r2 sin i = 1 ^6 h2 sin 60c = 18 c 3 m = 9 3 cm2 or 15.59 cm2 (2 d.p.) 2 2 2

Find the area of the minor segment Area minor segment = Area sector - area triangle = 6r - 9 3 cm2 = 3.26 cm2 (2 d.p.)

17. Find the arc length of a sector subtending an angle of 5 r and a radius of 12 cm. 6 L = ri = 12 ` 5 r j 6 5r 6 = 10r cm

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18. A sector with a radius of 4cm has an area of 4r cm 2 . What is the angle inside the sector? Use the formula for the area of a sector, and solve for i. First substitute A = 4r and r = 4. ` 4r = 1 ^4h2 i 2 4r = 16 i 2 4r = 8i 8i = 4r i = 4r 8 r i = rad 2

19. Find the overlapping area of the 2 circles below if x = r and y = 2r (to 2 d.p.): 3 3 The overlapping area is the sum of 2 minor segments. Use the formula for the area of minor segment for each of these. ` Area = 1 122 ` r - sin r j + 1 32 ` 2r - sin 2r j 2 3 3 2 3 3 = 72 c r - 3 m + 9 c 2r - 3 m 3 2 2 3 2 = 24r - 36 3 + 3r - 9 3 4 = 27r - 3 ` 144 + 9 j 4 = 27r - ` 153 j 3 cm2 4
12cm x y 3cm

20. What is the perimeter of the overlapping area in the previous question? The perimeter of the overlapping area is the sum of 2 arc lengths. Use the arc length formula for each side. ` Perimeter = 12 ` r j + 3 ` 2r j 3 3 = 12r + 6r 3 = 18r 3 = 6r cm

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21. Find the area of the region below if M is the centre of the circle and AB is the diameter: By symmetry the two triangles are exactly the same, since +AMB is a straight angle so +AMD + 23c = +AMC + 23c = 180c ` +AMD = +AMC = 180c - 23c = 157c Convert the angle of 46c to radians: 46c = 46r rad 180 ` Total area = 1 ^16h2 sin 157c + 1 ^16h2 sin 157c + 1 ^16h2 ` 46r j 2 2 2 180 = 202.79 cm2 (2 d.p.)
C 23c

M
16cm

23c

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22. Use the exact ratios above to complete the table: i 0 r 6 r 3 r 4 r 2 5r 4 3r 2 sini 0 1 2 3 2 1 2 1 - 1 2 -1

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cosi 1 3 2 1 2 1 2 0 - 1 2 0

tani 0 1 3 3 1 Undefined 1 Undefined

23. Complete the radian values for the quadrants on the axes: r rad ^90ch 2

r rad ^180ch

0 rad ^0ch

3r rad ^270ch 2 24. Complete the following tables:

a

Rule in degrees sin ^90c - i h = cos i cos ^90c - i h = sin i tan ^90c - i h = cot i

Rule in radians sin ` r - i j = cos i 2 cos ` r - i j = sin i 2 tan ` r - i j = cot i 2

Rule in degrees sin ^180c - i h = sin i cos ^180c - i h =-cos i tan ^180c - i h =-tan i

Rule in radians sin ^r - i h = sin i cos ^r - i h =-cos i tan ^r - i h =-tan i

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24. c Rule in degrees sin ^180c + i h =-sin i cos ^180c + i h =-cos i tan ^180c + i h = tan i Rule in radians sin ^r + i h =-sin i cos ^r + i h =-cos i tan ^r + i h = tan i
d

Solutions
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Thinking More
Rule in radians sin ^2r - i h =-sin i cos ^2r - i h = cos i

sin ^360c - i h =-sin i cos ^360c - i h = cos i

tan ^360c - i h =-tan i tan ^2r - i h =-tan i

25. Use what you know about quadrants to complete the following table: Expression of i sin r 6 cos r 2 sin 3r 4 tan 11r 12 cos 5r 4 tan 2r 3 cos 9r 10 sin 19r 10 tan 7r 4 sin r 10 cos 8r 7 tan 15r 8 i (radians) r 6 r 2 3r 4 11r 12 5r 4 2r 3 9r 10 19r 10 7r 4 r 10 8r 7 15r 8 Quadrant of i 1st 1st 2nd 2nd 3rd 2nd 2nd 4 th 4 th 1st 3rd 4 th Simplication Rule sin r 6 cos r 2 sin 3r = sin `r - 3r j = sin r 4 4 4 tan 11r = tan `r - r j =-tan r 12 12 12 cos 5r = cos `r + r j =-cos r 4 4 4 tan 2r = tan `r - r j =-tan r 3 3 3 cos 9r = cos `r - r j =-cos r 10 10 10 sin 19r = sin `2r - r j =-sin r 10 10 10 tan 7r = tan `2r - r j =-tan r 4 4 4 sin r 10 cos 8r = cos `r + r j =-cos r 7 7 7 tan 15r = tan `2r - r j =-tan r 8 8 8

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26. Can you complete the table below? i as a fraction r 2 r 6 4r 3 3r 4 7r 4

Solutions

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i as a decimal 1.5707... 0.5235... 4.1887... 2.3561... 5.4977..

Quadrant 1st 1st 3rd 2nd 4 th

27. Complete the table for the following points:

5 4 3 2 1 -5 -4 -2 -1 -1 1 2 3 4 5

-3

-3 -4 -5

Point A B C D E

r 5 4 3 5 2

i r 6 r 2 7r 6 7r 4 r

Polar Coordinates ^ r, i h r `5, 6 j

x = r cos i 5 cos r = 5 3 6 2 4 cos r = 0 2 3 cos 7r =- 3 3 6 2 5 cos 7r = 5 4 2 2 cos r =-2

y = r sin i 5 sin r = 5 6 2 4 sin r = 4 2 3 sin 7r =- 3 6 2 5 sin 7r =- 5 4 2 2 sin r = 0

^ x, y h Coordinates

c5 3 , 5 m 2 2
^0, 4h

r `4, 2 j 7r `3, 6 j 7r `5, 4 j

^2, r h

c- 3 3 , - 3 m 2 2 c

5 ,- 5 m 2 2
^-2, 0h

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28. Use the rules for each quadrant to complete the following table (to 2 d.p.):
^ x, y h

Quandrant 4 th 1st 2nd 3rd

r=

x2 + y2

y A = tan-1 ` j x tan-1 ` -4 j = -0.927... 3 tan-1 c 6 m = tan-1 2 = 0.955... 3 tan-1 ` 8 j = -0.927... -6 tan-1 ` -12 j = 0.927... -9 tan-1 ` 0 j = 0 -5 tan-1 ` 5 j = undefined 0 tan-1 c - 3 m = r 3 -1 tan-1 c - 7 m = -1.0799... 2

i 2r + A = 5.36

^ r, i h

^3, -4 h ^ 3, 6h ^-6, 8h ^-12, -9h ^-5, 0h ^0, 5 h ^-1, - 3 h ^ 2,- 7 h

r = 32 + ^-4h2 = 5 r=
^ 3h +^ 6h = 3
2 2

^5, 5.36h ^3, 0.96h ^10, 2.21h ^15, 4.07h ^5, r h

A = 0.96

r = ^-6h2 + ^-8h2 = 10 r = ^-12h2 + ^-9h2 = 15 r = ^-5h2 + ^0 h2 = 5 r = ^0 h2 + ^5 h2 = 5 r=

^-1h2 + ^- 3 h = 2
2

r + A = 2.21

r + A = 4.07

3rd 4 th

r r 2 A + r = 4r 3 A + 2r = 5.20

r `5, 2 j 4r `2, 3 j
^3, 5.20h

r=

^ 2 h + ^- 7 h = 3
2 2

29. Complete the table below to find the rectangular coordinates (Set calculators to radian mode):
^ r, i h

x = r cos i 4 cos r = 4 ` 1 j = 2 3 2 2 cos r = 1 4 3 cos 5r = - 3 4 2 2 cos 15r = 1.8477... 8 cos r = 0 2 3 cos r = -3 5 cos 3r = 0 2

y = r sin i 4 sin r = 4 c 3 m = 2 3 3 2 2 sin r = 1 4 3 sin 5r = - 3 4 2 2 sin 15r = - 0.7653... 8 sin r = 1 2 3 sin r = 0 5 sin 3r = -5 2

^ x, y h

r `4 , 3 j r ` 2, 4 j 5r `3, 4 j 15r `2, 8 j r `1, 2 j

^3, r h

^2, 2 3 h ^1, 1h

3 ,- 3 cm 2 2
^1.85, -0.77h (to 2 d.p.) ^0, 1h ^-3, 0h ^0, -5 h

3r `5, 2 j

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