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REACTIVE POWER COMPENSATION USING
FACTS DEVICES

MAJOR PROJECT REPORT

SUBMITTED IN FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT
FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE
OF

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Submitted by:

NANDINI JANGPANGI (09EES-38)
NISHA PARVEEN (09EES-40)
OWAIS AHMED QAZI (09EES-41)

Under the supervision of

DR. ANWAR SHAHZAD SIDDIQUI


DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
JAMIA MILLIA ISLAMIA
NEW DELHI-110025 INDIA
2013

2


DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
JAMIA MILLIA ISLAMIA



CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the Project titled REACTIVE POWER COMPENSATION USING FACTS
DEVICES submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Bachelor of
Technology in Electrical Engineering by NANDINI JANGPANGI (09EES-38), NISHA PARVEEN
(09EES-40), OWAIS AHMED QAZI (09EES-41)is a bonafide record of the candidates own work
carried out by them under my supervision and guidance.
This work has not been submitted earlier in any university or institute for the award of any degree to
the best of my knowledge.

Dr. A. S. SIDDIQUI
Professor
Department of Electrical engineering
Jamia Millia Islamia


3

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We feel profound pleasure in bringing out this project report for which we have to go
from pillar to post to make it a reality. This project works reflects contribution of many
people with whom we had long discussion and without which it would not have been
possible. We must first of all express our heartiest gratitude to respected Dr. A. S.
Siddiqui of Department of Electrical Engineering for providing us all required
guidance to complete project, for providing us the components required for the project
and providing us the laboratory where we completed our project.
We are also thankful to Prof. Zaheeruddin, HOD, Department of Electrical Engineering
for his work and cooperation to facilitate smooth progress of the project.
It would be unfair if we would not mention the invaluable contribution and timely co-
operation extended to us by staff members and laboratory assistance of our Department.
A special thanks to our parents and friends whose inspiration made the whole project a
great success. Last but not the least we express our sincere thanks to the Institute
JamiaMilliaIslamia for providing us such a platform for implementing the ideas in our
minds.



NANDINI JANGPANGI (09EES-38)

NISHA PARVEEN (09EES-40)

OWAIS AHMED QAZI (09EES-41)



4

ABSTRACT

The Power electronic based FACTS devices can be added to power transmission and
distribution systems at strategic locations to improve system performance.

Modelling and simulation of Fixed Capacitor Thyristor Controlled Reactor (FC-TCR)
and Thyristor controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC) for power system stability
enhancement and improvement of power transfer capability have been presented in this
project. First, power flow results are obtained and then power (real and reactive power)
profiles have been studied for an uncompensated system and then compared with the
results obtained after compensating the system using the above-mentioned FACTS
devices. The simulation results demonstrate the performance of the system for each of the
FACTS devices in improving the power profile and thereby voltage stability of the same.
All simulations have been carried out in MATLAB/SIMULINK environment.



















5



TABLE OF CONTENTS
Topics Page No.
1. Introduction 6-7
2. Theoretical background 10
2.1. Introduction 11
2.2. Basic principle of power compensation 11-14
2.3. FACTS 14-16
2.4. Basic description of FACTS devices 16-19
3.Simulation 20
3.1. Introduction 21
3.2. Performance analysis 21
3.2.1. Uncompensated system model 21
3.2.2. Compensated system 22-23
4.Results and discussion 24
4.1. Results of uncompensated system 25
4.2. FC-TCR compensated system 25-26
4.3. TCSC compensated system 27
4.4. Discussion 28-29
5.Conclusion 30-31
References 32


6









CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION









7

INTRODUCTION:
Rising energy costs and greater sensitivity to environmental impact of new transmission
lines necessitated new controllers to minimize losses and maximize the stable power-
transmission capacity of existing lines. FACTS technology opens up new opportunities
for controlling power and enhancing usable capacity of the existing lines. FACTS
technology is one that incorporates power-electronics based and other static controllers to
enhance controllability and increase power transfer capability. The increasing complexity
and interconnectedness of existing power systems present new challenges for their secure
operation. Therefore, they call new and efficient forms of power control. In most of the
AC systems the load sharing while transmitting power is entirely governed by the line
impedance. In this context, the high power switching devices applied at the transmission
level is bringing utilities new opportunities as well as new challenges for controlling the
main parameters related to power flow and voltage control. In the evolving utility
environment, financial and market forces are, and will continue to, demand a more
optimal and profitable operation of the power system with respect to generation,
transmission, and distribution. Now, more than ever, advanced technologies are
paramount for the reliable and secure operation of power systems. To achieve both
operational reliability and financial profitability, it has become clear that more efficient
utilization and control of the existing transmission system infrastructure is required.
Improved utilization of the existing power system is provided through the application of
advanced control technologies. Power electronics based equipment, or Flexible AC
Transmission Systems (FACTS), provide proven technical solutions to address these new
operating challenges being presented today. FACTS technologies allow for improved
transmission system operation with minimal infrastructure investment, environmental
impact, and implementation time compared to the construction of new transmission lines.
When discussing the creation, movement, and utilization of electrical power, it can be
separated into three areas, which traditionally determined the way in which electric utility
companies had been organized. These are illustrated in Fig.1.1.



8


Fig.1.1 Illustration of the creation, movement and utilization of electrical power

Although power electronic based equipment is prevalent in each of these three areas, such
as with static excitation systems for generators and Custom Power equipment in
distribution systems, the focus of the project and accompanying presentation is on
transmission that is, moving the power from where it is generated to where it is utilized.
Modern power system is complex and it is essential to fulfill the demand with better
power quality. Advanced technologies are nowadays being used for improving power
system reliability, security and profitability and due to this power quality is improved.
Voltage stability, voltage security and power profile improvement are essential for power
quality improvement. To achieve optimum performance of power system it is required to
control reactive power flow in the network. Construction of new transmission lines and
power stations increase the problem of system operation as well as the overall cost.
Regulatory limitation on the expansion of system network has resulted in reduction in
stability margin thereby increasing the risk of voltage collapse. Voltage collapse occurs
in power system when system is faulted, heavily loaded and there is a sudden increase in
the demand of reactive power. Voltage instability in power system occurs when the
system is unable to meet the reactive power demand.
Reactive power imbalance occur when system is faulted, heavily loaded and voltage
fluctuation is there. Reactive power balance can be regained by connecting a device with
the transmission line which can inject or absorb reactive power based on system
requirement. One of the most important reactive power sources is FACTS (Flexible A.C
transmission system) device. FACTS may be defined as a power electronic based
semiconductor device which can inject or absorb reactive power in a systemas per
requirement. This device allows Flexible operation of an AC system without stressing
the system, which helps in controlling the power flow. Shunt type FACTS device are
used for controlling and damping voltage oscillations in a power system. The benefits of
employing FACTS are many: improvement of the dynamic and transient stability, voltage

9

stability and security improvement, less active and reactive power loss, voltage and
power profileimprovement, power quality improvement, increasing power flow capability
through the transmission line, voltage regulation and efficiency of power system
operation improvement, steady state power flow improvement, voltage margin
improvement, loss minimization, line capacity and load ability of the system
improvement.

















10











CHAPTER 2

THEORETICAL
BACKGROUND


11

2.1. INTRODUCTION:
Research works are going on in finding newer concept for minimizing the reason of
voltage collapse by increasing voltage stability (Dynamic, Transient and Steady-state
stability), voltage margin and voltage security in the system. Voltage collapse is a major
problem of power system and it occurs due to voltage instability. There are many analysis
methods for determining voltage stability based on power flow. Steady- state stability is
the ability of power system to control after small disturbances e.g.:- change in load.
FACTS (Flexible alternating current transmission system) are mainly used for solving
instability problems. Recently it has been noted that FACTS controllers can also be used
for power flow control and stability enhancement control. Power electronic controllers
were first introduced in HVDC transmission for improving power flow and system
stability. There are four types of controllers in FACTS device family. Series controllers
are used to inject voltage in series with the line and directly control voltage and current.
In this paper modeling and simulation of various FACTS (Flexible alternating current
transmission system) devices have been done using MATLAB/SIMULINK software.
These FACTS devices are controlled by controlling their source and line impedance
value. First we determined the impedance value for better system performance. By
varying the value of capacitor of FACTS device models real and reactive power flow
through the system is tabulated to find the FACTS device which gives better performance
for a particular capacitor value.

2.2. BASIC PRINCIPLE OF POWER COMPENSATION IN
TRANSMISSION SYSTEM:

Figure 2.1 shows the simplified model of a power transmission system. Two power grids
are connected by a transmission line which is assumed lossless and represented by the
reactance X
L
.
o1 1
Z
V
and
o2 2
Z
V
represent the voltage phasors of the two power grid
buses with angle o =
o1
-
o 2
between the two.


12


Fig. 2.1Simplified model of power transmission system

The magnitude of the current in the transmission line is given by:



The active power and reactive power at bus 1 are given by:



The active power and reactive power at bus 2 are given by:

=
P2
,
sin
2 1
X
V V
L
o
( )
X
V V V
Q
L
o cos
1 2 2
2

=


Power equations indicate that the active and reactive power flow can be regulated by
controlling the voltages, phase angles and line impedance of the transmission system.
The active power flow will reach the maximum when the phase angle is 90.
Generally, the compensation of transmission systems can be divided into two main
groups: shunt and series compensation.

2.2.1.Series compensation

Series compensation aims to directly control the overall series line impedance of
the transmission line. The AC power transmission is primarily limited by the
series reactive impedance of the transmission line. A series-connected can add a
voltage in opposition to the transmission line voltage drop, therefore reducing the
series line impedance.


X
V V
X
V
L L
L
I
o o Z Z
= =
2 1
X
V V
P
L
o sin
2 1
1
=
( )
X
V V V
Q
L
o cos
2 1 1
1

=

13

2.2.2.Shunt compensation

Shunt compensation, especially shunt reactive compensation has been widely
used in transmission system to regulate the voltage magnitude, improve the
voltage quality, and enhance the system stability. Shunt-connected reactors are
used to reduce the line over-voltages by consuming the reactive power, while
shunt-connected capacitors are used to maintain the voltage levels by
compensating the reactive power to transmission line. A simplified model of a
transmission system with shunt compensation is shown in Figure 2.2.




Fig. 2.2 Transmission system with shunt compensation

The voltage magnitudes of the two buses are assumed equal as V, and the phase
angle between them is . The transmission line is assumed lossless and
represented by the reactance X
L
. At the midpoint of the transmission line, a
controlled capacitor C is shunt-connected. The voltage magnitude at the
connection point is maintained as V.
Fig. 2.3 Power Angle Curve


14

As discussed previously, the active powers at bus 1 and bus 2 are equal.


The injected reactive power by the capacitor to regulate the voltage at the mid-
point of the transmission line is calculated as:



From the power angle curve shown in Figure 3, the transmitted power can be
significantly increased, and the peak point shifts from =90 to =180. The
operation margin and the system stability are increased by the shunt
compensation.
The voltage support function of the midpoint compensation can easily be
extended to the voltage support at the end of the radial transmission, which will
be proven by the system simplification analysis in a later section. The reactive
power compensation at the end of the radial line is especially effective in
enhancing voltage stability.
2.3. FLEXIBLE AC TRANSMISSION SYSTEM (FACTS):

The history of FACTS controllers can be traced back to 1970s when Hingorani presented
the idea of power electronic applications in power system compensation. From then on,
various researches were conducted on the application of high power semiconductors in
transmission systems. Nowadays, FACTS technology has shown strong potential. Many
examples of FACTS devices and controllers are in operation. FACTS and FACTS
controllers are defined in IEEE Terms and Definitions as:
Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS): Alternating current transmission
systems incorporating power electronic-based and other static controllers to
enhance controllability and increase power transfer capability.
FACTS Controller: A power electronic-based system and other static
equipment that provide control of one or more AC transmission system
parameters.
2
sin 2
2
2 1
o
X
V
P P
L
= =
|
.
|

\
|
=
2
cos 1 4
2
o
X
V
Q
L
C

15

As new technology for power transmission system, FACTS and FACTS controllers not
only provide the same benefits as conventional compensators with mechanically-
controlled switches in steady state but also improve the dynamic and transient
performance of the power system. The power electronics-based switches in the functional
Blocks of FACTS can usually be operated repeatedly and the switching time is a portion
of a periodic cycle, which is much shorter than the conventional mechanical switches.
The advance of semiconductors increases the switching frequency and voltage-ampere
ratings of the solid switches and facilitates the applications.
FACTS controllers have many configurations. In general, they can be categorized into
shunt-connected controllers, series-connected controllers and their combinations.

1. Shunt-connected controllers:
FACTS controllers can be impedance type, based on thyristors without gate
turn-off capability, which are called Static Var Compensator (SVC) for shunt-
connected application. Another type of FACTS controllers is converter-based
which is usually in the form of a Static Synchronous Compensator
(STATCOM).
Static Var Compensator is a shunt-connected static Var generator or absorber
whose output is adjusted to exchange capacitive or inductive current so as to
maintain or control specific parameters of the electrical power system. SVC
is based on thyristors without gate turn-off capability. SVC includes two main
components and their combination: (1) Thyristor-controlled and Thyristor-
switched Reactor (TCR and TSR); and (2) Thyristor- switched capacitor
(TSC). Figure 2.4 shows the diagram of SVC.

Fig. 2.4Static VAR Compensators (SVC): TCR/TSR, TSC, FC and Mechanically Switched Resistor

16

TCR and TSR are both composed of a shunt-connected reactor controlled by two
parallel, reverse-connected thyristors. TCR is controlled with proper firing angle
input to operate in a continuous manner, while TSR is controlled without firing
angle control which results in a step change in reactance.
TSC shares similar composition and same operational mode as TSR, but the
reactor is replaced by a capacitor.

2. Series-connected controllers:
As shunt-connected controllers, series-connected FACTS controllers can also be
divided into either impedance type or converter type. The former includes
Thyristor-Switched Series Capacitor (TSSC), Thyristor-Controlled Series
Capacitor (TCSC), Thyristor-Switched Series Reactor, and Thyristor-Controlled
Series Reactor. The latter, based on VSI.


2.4. BASIC DESCRIPTION OF FACTS DEVICES:
2.4.1. Fixed capacitor thyristor controlled reactor (FC-
TCR):

Fig. 2.5 Fixed Capacitor Thyristor Controlled Reactor

Static VAR compensated FACTS device are the most important device and have
been used for a number of years to improve voltage and power flowthrough the
transmission line by resolving dynamic voltage problems. SVC is shunt connected
static generator/absorber. Utilities of SVC controller in transmission line are

17

many: a) provides high performance in steady-state and transient voltage stability
control, b) dampen power swing, c) reduce system loss, d) Control real and
reactive power flow.
In FC-TCR,a capacitor is placed in parallel with a thyristor controlled reactor. Is,
Ir and Ic are system current, reactor current and capacitor current respectively
which flows through the FC-TCR circuit. Fixed capacitor- Thyristor controlled
reactor (FC-TCR) can provide continuous lagging and leading VARS to the
system. Circulating current through the reactor (Ir) is controlled by controlling the
firing angle of back-back thyristor valves connected in series with the reactor.
Leading var to the system is supplied by the capacitor.
The current in the reactor is varied by the method of firing delay angle control
method. The constant capacitive var generation (Qc) of the fixed capacitor is
opposed by the variable var absorption (QL) of the thyristor controlled reactor, to
yield the total var output (Q) required. At the maximum capacitive var output, the
thyristor-controlled reactor is off. To decrease the capacitive output, the current in
the reactor is increased by decreasing delay angle .
At zero var output, the capacitive and inductive currents become equal and thus
both the vars cancels out. With further decrease of angle , the inductive current
becomes larger than the capacitive current, resulting in a net inductive output.

2.4.2. Thyristor controlled series capacitor (TCSC):




Fig. 2.6Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor


18

Thyristor controlled series capacitor (TCSC) is very important series compensator
like SSSC. Specially in this FACTS (Flexible alternating transmission system)
device, thyristor with gate turn-off capability is not required. Figure 6 shows
schematic diagram of a TCSC controller. In TCSC, capacitor is inserted directly
into the transmission line and TCR are mounted in parallel with the capacitor. As
the capacitor is inserted in series with the line, there is no need of using high
voltage transformer and thus it gives better economy. Firing angle of back to back
thyristorsare controlled to control the reactor. At 180 firing angle TCR, is non-
conducting and at 90 firing angle TCR is in full conduction.
It is a one-port circuit in series with transmission line; it uses natural
commutation; its switching frequency is low; it contains insignificant energy
storage and has no DC-port. Insertion of a capacitive reactance in series with the
lines inherent inductive reactance lowers the total, effective impedance of the
line and thus virtually reduces its length. As a result, both angular and voltage
stability gets improved. Furthermore, in contrast to capacitors switched by circuit
breakers, TCSC will be more effective because thyristorscan offer flexible
adjustment, and more advanced control theories can be easily applied.

Operation of TCSC:
TCSC operates in different modes depending on when the thyristors for the inductive
branch are triggered. The modes of operation are as listed:

- Blocking mode: Thyristor valve is always off, opening inductive branch, and
effectively causing the TCSC to operate as Fixed series compensation (FSC)
- Bypass mode: Thyristor valve is always on, causing TCSC to operate as
capacitor and inductor in parallel, reducing current through TCSC
- Capacitive boost mode: Forward voltage thyristor valve is triggered slightly
before capacitor voltage crosses zero to allow current to flow through
inductive branch, adding to capacitive current. This effectively increases the
observed capacitance of the TCSC without requiring a larger capacitor within
the TCSC
Because of TCSC allowing different operating modes depending on system
requirements, TCSC is desired for several reasons. In addition to all of the benefits of

19

FSC, TCSC allows for increased compensation simply by using a different mode of
operation, as well as limitation of line current in the event of a fault. The benefits of
TCSC are seen in its ability to control the amount of compensation of a transmission
line, and in its ability to operate in different modes. These traits are very desirable
since loads are constantly changing and cannot always be predicted.























20













CHAPTER 3
SIMULATION


21

3.1. INTRODUCTION:
MATLAB/SIMULINK environment is used for this comparative study to model and
simulate FC-TCR type SVC and TCSCconnected to a simple transmission line. First,
power flow results are obtained and then power (real and reactive power) profiles have
been studied for an uncompensated system and then compared with the results obtained
after compensating the system using the above-mentioned FACTS devices. The
simulation results demonstrate the performance of the system for each of the FACTS
devices in improving the power profile and thereby voltage stability of the same.
3.2. PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF FACTS DEVICES:
3.2.1. Uncompensated system model
Figure 3.1 shows the basic transmission (11kV) model of an uncompensated
system. This model consists of current measurement block, voltage measurement
block, real and reactive power block and scopes.
Fig. 3.1 Uncompensated system model
Continuous
powergui
v
+-
Vol1
v
+
-
Vol
Series RLC Load
Series RLC Branch1
Series RLC Branch
Scope5
Scope4
Scope3 Scope2
Scope1
Scope
i
+
-
Cur1
i
+
-
Cur
V
I
PQ
Active & Reactive
Power
AC Voltage Source
<>
<>

22

11kv voltage is supplied from the AC voltage source to the system. Source
impedance (0.01+0.001) , Line impedance (5+0.023) and load is kept constant
for the above transmission line model. Simulation is done using
MATLAB/SIMULINK. Current measurement block is used to measure the
instantaneous source and load current flowing through the transmission line,
Voltage measurement block is used to measure the source and load voltage. Real
and reactive power in load side is measured using active and reactive power
measurement block. Scopes display results after simulation. Above model
provides three scopes: one displays the source voltage (V) and source current (I),
second one displays real (P) and reactive (Q) power and third one displays load
voltage (V1) and load current (I1) after simulation.
3.2.2. Compensated system:
3.2.2.1. FC-TCR Compensated
The SIMULINK model of FC-TCR (SVC) with line voltage of 11KV is shown
below:

Fig. 3.2 FC-TCR Compensated system
Line impedance is kept at (0.01+0.001) and load is fixed. Current measurement
block is used to measure the instantaneous source and load current flowing
through the transmission line, Voltage measurement block is used to measure the
source and load voltage. Real and reactive power in load side is measured using
active and reactive power measurement block. Scopes display results after
simulation.
z
rl2
Continuous
powergui
i
+
-
i2
i
+
-
i1
v
+
-
V1
g
m
a
k
Th2
g
m
a
k
Th1
Series RLC Branch
S
Q
Pul se1
Pul se 2
P
Ith,Vth
Itcr
C 1
V
I
PQ
Active & Reactive
Power1
AC Voltage Source

23

3.2.2.2. TCSC Compensated system
The model shows a Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor connected to the
system. In TCSC simulation model, inductor is fixed at 100mH and results are
obtained for different capacitor values.

Fig. 3.3TCSC compensated system
Current measurement block is used to measure the instantaneous source and load
current flowing through the transmission line, Voltage measurement block is used
to measure the source and load voltage. Real and reactive power in load side is
measured using active and reactive power measurement block.








24











CHAPTER 4
RESULTS AND
DISCUSSION




25

4.1. SIMULATION RESULTS OF UNCOMPENSATED
SYSTEM:

The Real power and the Reactive Powers measured in the load are 0.39MW and
0.81MVAR as shown in Figure 4.1 (a & b). This power flow is obtained without any
compensation. By introducing FACTS Controllers in the transmission line, the power
flow can be increased.



Fig. 4.1 (a) Real power flow




Fig. 4.1 (b) Reactive power flow

4.2. FC-TCR COMPENSATED SYSTEM:


26

Results obtained after simulation of FC-TCR model at capacitor value of 300uF is shown
below:




Fig. 4.2 (a) Real power flow




Fig. 4.2 (b) Reactive power flow
Real and reactive powers have been obtained for a fixed value of TCR inductance
(100mH) and for different values of the capacitor. Improvement obtained in real and
reactive power with changes in capacitor values are tabulated below:

S. No. Capacitor (uF) P (MW) Q (MVAR)
1. 50 0.488 0.72
2. 300 0.68 0.96
3. 500 0.91 1.27
Table 4.1: variation of power flow with change in capacitance


27

Thus from the above table we see that power flow through the system increases
proportionally with increase in capacitance. Real power varies from 0.488MW to
0.91MW and reactive power varies from 0.72MVAR to 1.27MVAR with variation in
capacitance value. In this system results have been obtained by varying the capacitor
value from 50 F to 500F.

4.3. TCSC COMPENSATED SYSTEM:
Results obtained after simulation is shown below:



Fig. 4.3 (a) Real power flow at C=300uF


Fig. 4.3 (a) Reactive power flow at C=300uF

28

For TCSC too, increasing the value of capacitance results in continuous compensation of
real and reactive power without deterioration.

4.4. DISCUSSION:
Comparison between the devices:

Table 4.2: Comparison of power flow between above FACTS devices

FACTS device P (MW) Q (MVAR)
Without any device 0.39 0.81
FC-TCR 0.68 0.96
TCSC 0.63 0.89

From the table, it is seen that reactive power improvement will vary with change in
capacitance. Increased rating of capacitor means increase the cost of equipment. From the
table, we conclude that FC-TCR will give optimum performance at capacitor rating of
300F.


Fig. 4.4Variation of power flow withchange in capacitance

The above graph shows the variation of reactive power profile with change in capacitance
for an FC-TCRtype SVC connected to the system. Reactive power flows improves
proportionally with increase in capacitance value. In this case, optimum performanceis
obtained for capacitor value of 500F.



29


Fig. 4.5Variation of power flow withchange in capacitance


Above graph shows compensation of the system for varying capacitor values when a
TCSC is connected toit. We can see that increase in the value of capacitanceresults in
improvement of reactive power.
This project presents performance analysis of all the above FACTS devices and an
elaborate comparison between their performances. Power flow and voltage profile are
seen to improve with all the compensating devices.Results show that in case of FC-TCR
compensation, reactive power flow improves proportionally with increasing capacitance
and is maximum at maximum value of capacitance.TCSC behaves in a similar way a
FC-TCR and gives best performance at high value of capacitor. Power flow is seen to
improve with all the compensating devices.














30













CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION












31



MATLAB/SIMULINK environment is used for this comparative study to model and
simulate FC-TCR type SVC and TCSCconnected to a simple transmission line. This
project presents performance analysis of all the above FACTS devices and an elaborate
comparison between their performances. The project describes the control strategy for
Real and Reactive powers of the transmission line using FC-TCR and TCSC. In case of
FC-TCR, the control is achieved by controlling the current through the thyristor
controlled reactor by varying the phase of the thyristor switch.
Power flow and voltage profile are seen to improve with all the compensating
devices.Results show that in case of FC-TCR compensation, reactive power flow
improves proportionally with increasing capacitance and is maximum at maximum value
of capacitance.TCSC behaves in a similar way as FC-TCR and gives best performance at
high value of capacitor. Power flow is seen to improve with all the compensating devices.
















32


REFERENCES:
[1] SamimaAkter, AnulekhaSaha, Prof. Priyanath Das, Modelling, Simulation And
Comparison Of Various FACTS Devices In Power System, International Journal
of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT), Vol. 1 Issue 8, October 2012.
[2] N.G Hingorani& Laszlo Gyugyi, Understanding FACTS: concepts and
technology of flexible AC transmission System, IEEE Press, New York, 2000.
[3] D. Murali, Dr. M. Rajaram& N. Reka, Comparison of FACTS Devices for Power
System Stability Enhancement, International Journal of Computer Applications,
Volume8-No.4, October 2010.















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