MLA GUIDELINES FOR WRITERS OF RESEARCH PAPERS I. TITLES OF WORKS 1.

In a title or subtitle, capitalize the first word, the last word and all principal words, including the following parts of speech: nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, subordinating conjunctions ( after, although, as if, as soon as, because, before, if, that, unless, until, where, when, while)., e.g., Tender is the Night, The Art of Fiction, Stream of Consciousness in the Modernist Novel, Go Down, Moses, Anywhere That Chance Leads. The following parts of speech should not be capitalized when they occur in the middle of a title: Articles (a, an, the) A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. Prepositions (against, between, in, of, to) The Merchant of Venice, The Reaction against Experiment. Coordination conjunctions (and, but, for, nor, or, so, yet) Love and Death in the American Novel. The to infinitives How to Play Chess 2. Underlined / Italicized Titles Titles of works published independently should be underlined or italicized. These include: the names of plays, long poems published as books, pamphlets, periodicals (newspapers, magazines and journals), films, radio and television programs, compact discs), ballets, operas, paintings, works of sculpture, ships, aircraft and spacecraft, e.g., The House of the Seven Gables A Streetcar Named Desire (play) The Waste Land (poem) Wall Street Journal The Nutcracker The Titanic Challenger (spacecraft) 3. Titles in Quotation Marks Quotation marks are used for works published within larger works, such as: names of articles, essays, short stories, short poems, chapters of books, individual episodes of television and radio programs; unpublished works, such as lectures and speeches, e.g., The End of Something in the volume In Our Time In Our time and Hemingways Later Work (chapter in a book) Kubla Khan (poem) 4. Titles and Quotations within Titles Underline / italicize a title when it appears within a title enclosed in quotation marks ( In Our Time as Modernist Achievement chapter in a book) Enclose in single quotation marks a title normally indicated by quotation marks, when it appears within another title given in quotation marks ( Lines after Reading Sailing to Byzantium poem about a poem). Use quotation marks around a title normally indicated by quotation marks when it appears in an underlined / italicized title ( The Lottery and Other Stories a book of short stories). Exceptions: Underlining and quotation marks should not be used with names of sacred writings, of laws, acts, political documents; of series, societies, buildings, monuments; of conferences, seminars, workshops and courses, e.g.,

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Bible, Old Testament, Gospels, Genesis, Koran, Talmud; Magna Charta, Declaration of Independence, Treaty of Trianon; Bollingen Series, Masterpiece Theatre; Modern Language Association Arch of Triumph, Tate Gallery Words designating the divisions of a work are not underlined / italicized or put within quotation marks, nor are they capitalized when used in the text (preface, introduction, bibliography, appendix, index, stanza 20, canto 32), e.g., The author says in the preface This idea will be expanded in chapter 2. II. QUOTATIONS Select carefully the quotations and avoid overquotation. The quotations must reproduce the source exactly unless indicated in brackets or parentheses, changes must not be made in the spelling, capitalization, or interior punctuation of the source. Alternatively, you may paraphrase the original and quote only fragments, which may be easier to integrate into the text. If you change a quotation, make the alteration clear to the reader. The following guidelines should be kept in mind: - Introduce and / or comment on the quotation; - If a quotation runs no more than four lines and requires no special emphasis, put it in quotation marks and incorporate it into the text. - If a quotation runs to more than four lines in your paper, set it off from your text by beginning a new line, indenting one inch from the left margin, and typing it without adding quotation marks. - If the quotation represents a single paragraph or part of one, do not indent the first line more than the rest. - If your quotation includes two or more paragraphs, indent the first line of each paragraph an additional quarter inch. - Single quotation marks should be used for quotation in quotation. III. DOCUMENTATION: CITING SOURCES IN THE TEXT 1. Parenthetical Documentation - The simplest way to identify the source of the quotations is to mention the name of the author and the page number in parentheses. The references must clearly point to the specific source detailed in the list of works cited. This applies to items belonging to secondary bibliography. When the quotation is taken from the primary bibliography, you must write at first a footnote with all necessary information and the specification of the title shortening you are going to use throughout the paper, e.g., Hemingway, The First Forty-Nine Stories. London: Arrow Books, 1993 (hereafter cited as Stories in parentheses). When you refer only to one story in the text, you specify it as, g., Ernest Hemingway. Indian Camp. The First Forty-Nine Stories. London: Arrow Books, 1993, 85-93 (hereafter cited as Camp in parentheses). - Keep parenthetical references as brief and as few as clarity and accuracy permit. If you include the writers name in your comment, you need not repeat it in the parenthetical page citation that follows, g., Tanner has already argued this point (210-215). This point has already been discussed (Tanner 211-212). Others hold an altogether different view point (Jackobson and Waugh 210-212). - When the list of works cited contains more titles by the same author, you must mention the year of publication, after the writers name, in parentheses, e.g.,

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This is a book explicitly about the making of modern styles in life and emotion (Bradbury 1992, 97) - The parenthetical reference precedes the quotation mark that concludes the sentence, clause or phrase containing the borrowed material. - A reference directly after a quotation follows the closing quotation mark. - If the quotation is set off from the text, type a space after the concluding punctuation mark of the quotation and insert the parenthetical reference (i.e. parentheses after the full stop). 2. Using Notes Two kinds of notes can be used: - Content notes, offering comments, explanations or information that the text cannot accommodate. - Bibliographic notes containing either several sources or comments on sources. You may include these notes either as endnotes (at the end of the paper/chapter of your work) or as footnotes. A documentation note has four main divisions: the authors name in normal order ( first name followed by last name), comma, the title, the publication data in parentheses and a page of reference, e.g., Deborah Tannen, You Just Dont Understand: Women and Men in Conversation (New York: Morrow, 1990) 52. IV. WORKS CITED The entries in the list of works cited should be alphabetized by the authors last name. If two or more entries citing coauthors begin with the same name, alphabetize by the last names of the second authors listed, e.g.,. Scholles, Robert and Robert Kellog Scholles, Robert, Carl H. Klaus and Michael Silverman Arrangement of Entries: Authors name (as it appears on the title page), period, full title of the book, including subtitle, period (unless it ends with another punctuation mark). Underline / italicize the whole title, but do not underline the period that follows the title. Publication Information: city of publication, publishers name, year of publication. Use a colon between the place of publication and the publisher, a comma between the publisher and the date, a period after the date. EXAMPLES: MORE BOOKS BY THE SAME AUTHOR: Frye, Northrop. Anatomy of Criticism: Four Essays. Princeton: Princeton UP, 1957. -----, ed. Sound and Poetry. New York: Columbia UP, 1957. -----, The Double Vision. Language and Meaning in Religion. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1962. A BOOK BY MORE AUTHORS: Eggins; Suzanne, and Diana Slade. Analysing Casual Conversation. London: Cassell, 1997. A TEXT IN AN ANTHOLOGY: Allende, Isabel. Toads Mouth. Trans. Margaret Sayers Peden. A Hammock Beneath the Mangoes: Stories from Latin America. Ed. Thomas Colchie. New York: Plume, 1992, 83-88.

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Franklin, Benjamin. Emigration in America. 1782. The Faber Book to America. Ed. Christopher Ricks and William L. Vance. Boston: Faber, 1992, 24-26. FAMILIAR REFERENCE BOOKS: Ginsburg; Ruth, Bader, Whos Who in America, 56th ed. 2002. Noon def. 4b. The Oxford English Dictionary. 2nd ed. 1989 When citing less familiar reference books, especially at the first edition, give full publication information: Allen, Anita L. Privacy in Health Care. Encyclopedia of Bioethics. Ed. Warren T. Reich. Rev. 5 vols. New York: Macmillan Simon, 1995. AN INTRODUCTION, PREFACE, FOREWORD, AFTERWORD: Drable, Margaret. Introduction. Middlemarch. By George Eliot. New York: Bantam, 1985. viixviii. Sears, Barry. Afterword. Beyond Category: The Life and Genius of Duke Ellington. By John Edward Hasse. New York: Simon, 1993. 13-14. AN ANONYMOUS BOOK: If there is no authors or editors name on the title page, begin with the title. Encyclopedia of Virginia. New York: Somerset, 1993. TRANSLATION: Hildegard of Bingen. Selected Writings. Trans. Mark Atherton. New York: Penguin, 2001. AN INTERNET SITE: Bartleby.com: Great Books Online .Ed. Steven van Leeuwen.2002. 5 May 2002 <http:// www.bartleby.com/> Encyclopaedia Britannica Online.2002, Encyclopaedia Britannica, 15 May 2002 http://www.britannica.com/ AN ARTICLE IN A MAGAZINE: Brooks; David. The Culture of Martyrdom. Atlantic Online. June 2002. 24 Sept. 2002 http://www.theatlantic.com/issues/2002/06/brooks.htm AN ARTICLE IN A SCHOLARLY JOURNAL: Dane, Gabrielle. Reading Ophelias Madness. Exemplaria 10.2 (1998). 22 June 2002 http://www.web.english.ufl.edu/english/exemplaria/danefram.htm AN UNPUBLISHED DISSERTATION Write the title of an unpublished dissertation in quotation marks, followed by the descriptive label Diss., the name of the degree-granting university, comma and the year, e.g., Boyle, Anthony T. The Epistemological Evolution of Renaissance Utopian Literature, 15161657. Diss. New York U, 1983. To cite a masters thesis, substitute the appropriate label (e.g., MA thesis, MS thesis) for Diss. A LECTURE, A SPEECH, AN ADDRESS, OR A READING In a citation of an oral presentation, give the speakers name; the title of the presentation (if known), in quotation marks; the meeting; the location; and the date. If there is no title, use an appropriate descriptive label (Address; Lecture; Keynote Speech, Reading), neither underlined nor enclosed in quotation marks, e.g., Terkel, Studs. Address. Conf. on Coll. Composition and Communication Convention. Palmer House, Chicago. 22 Mar. 1990.