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t". -l=: :entury unfolds, chemistry based, bottom-
::': i -::jtes to the creation of malerials with exactly
' .-1=, =-:mic and molecular infrastructures have
:. :r:re and more feasible while the top-down
,:,- -r-hich has served us so well, appears to be
-:-j-,:-g some fundamental limits. The aim has
' ., : -:ess the promise that such materials hold of
,rr -='. :ehavrour, such as highly improved tensile
' " -:- =-:-:;/or electronic and magnetic properties. As
: :=r: tlpro?Ches to research in materials science
" ,:--:::d more and more towards thls intrinsic
.r
-=- ::rspective, the fleld acquired a new narne,
:-::.e & Nanotechnology (N&N). It is not, of
. :: -Li new as biology has
conslrucled all tiving
rlr-: :-crrr by atom, molecule by molecule on the
, - INA-based blueprint. At the same time that
.: . :r- ilprooChes
were developing, a totally unex-
' : :.:::1y of pure carbon cage molecules with fas-
",
,t-: ::rperties was discovered, the Fullerenes and
:-::-taied Nanotube (Buckytube) cousins. These
' :r :-r',:e properties that should be able to fulfl1
, :: --::e exciting new developments promised by
-:i,-rry materials science and technology The
-.-::.. ,,vhich have also become the iconic images
:roldKroto.Sl9
A r^ flc::crcr*r:c:
$
l\JLJ
Nj"?' \c. { c-t:hrur3i{
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of N&N, are now lhe subject of intense study as they
promise to play key roles in almost every possible area
of future lechnology, from medicine and molecular
electronics to clvil engineering. In addition to carbon-
based structures, the nanoscale behaviour of numer
ous other molecular and exlended atomic array mater-
ials is being explored with similarly exciting prospects.
Ingenious strategies for the creation of molecules wilh
complex, exactly specified structures and functions are
being developed - basically to make molecules that "do
something". In fact, the cross-disciplinary fleld of N&N,
which has resulted from deeper understanding and im-
proved expertise ln the application of the chemical
principles that underlie condensed-matter physics,
molecular biology and malerials engineering may be
considered "The Frontier Science of the 21st Century".
Improvemenls in materials behaviour have already
been achleved and if we can solve the problems of fine
control over bottom-up chemical self-assembly then a
paradigm shift in materials technology of all kinds will
be achieved, with apptications from molecular elec-
tronics to civil engineering. Such advances are vital if
we are to develop the sustainable technologies that are
necessary for survivai of lhe human race.
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:it-I inost not:tbly haircare and- lighr yet slable i-nateriais can be
crea.ted. Lighlrvei?ht
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. J\/ prot..ction can be achieved ,i ,,,',-i*
and rockets againsl lhe exireme heat
, and cold.
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l

.:,' are invisible on the skin erren paints that relajn their glo:s le,1gg,
/5,--
.: quentilies. Iithe particles were by prut..ctine
against scratching that an rtsulr
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,.,.ltite from car washes.
= crearny a.ppaarance. Mirrors darken p1-rorochromatically as
, th.^ light
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b.: lnade sall_cleen-
branchcs are driven by in_
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ing rvith tl-re h..1p of photocatalysts
t-ll ensive roaclmeps lor" thc de_ . Medicine, life scienccs anci pharrnacenlics
.rpplicaLion arcas sirch as r,Llira bcnefut
from nanotechnology, ruhich fbr exanrple
.,,:bi-. matei:ials, ,.,,ririch for space l.rc1p im
pi:ove the reception of implants
by t5-. 1ro;r, Oclrranc-os
,r:a aonsirmpLion and for iormlr ja
1 in the treatm--nt oi cancer har,-. becn
'' .-1.. I o .. -oa" pn ,iUl_
l by ihc abllity to ailorv agents to
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e .omputer concern Apple once again has

s- -nitiative with the iPhone: after the iMac,
; -rcd the fourth in a series of revolutionary
r:s irom Apple in the last decade. It is no
: --ral the crealive industries have tradilion-
a a central role atApple and are involved in
dc:-;ions from an early stage
;: lieresl for producl designers are the pos-
::eC bv ev-or smaller electronic comnonents
-::: with textiles. "smart textiles", intelligent
--erm enjoyingparlicular currency at pres-
=
,=s cf products range from outdoor jackets
:r 1.1F3-player or heallng elements have been
:: :rganlc light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) that
:r:r,e night-time safety for fans of extreme
:.. -{alweit 2006). Research projects are also

: r ]oductdesgn 52 5l