CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 PREAMBLE Chennai the fourth largest metropolis in India is the focus of economic, social and cultural development and is the capital of the Tamilnadu state. It is growing at a rapid pace, and there is a demand for integration of the past developments with the future requirements. The Chennai Metropolis is expected to become one of the Mega Cities in the world with more than 10 million population, in the next 10 years. The Chennai City Corporation with 176 sq.km. area will accommodate about 59 lakh population while the rest of the Metropolitan Area with an extent of 1013 sq.km. Will accommodate about 66 lakh population by 2026. Due to the increase in population it leads to various phenomenon such as exacerbated by poverty, leading to tremendous problems of employment, immigration from the rural areas, transportation, food supply and environment protection. Simultaneously with the growth of cities, a new type of agriculture has emerged; namely, urban agriculture. Here, the main functions of urban agriculture are described: its social roles, the economic functions as part of its multi-functionality, the constraints, and the risks for human consumption and the living environment. Agricultural activity will continue to be a strong contributor to urban households. Currently, differences between rural and urban livelihood households appear to be decreasing. Urban agricultural production includes aquaculture, livestock and plants. These vegetable industries have short marketing chains with lower price differentials between farmers and consumers than longer chains. The city food supply function is one of the various roles and objectives of urban agriculture that leads to increasing dialogue between urban dwellers, city authorities and farmers. One of the farmers' issues is to produce high quality products in highly populated areas and within a polluted environment. Agricultural production in cities faces the following challenges: access to the main agricultural inputs, fertilizers and water; production in a polluted environment; and limitation of its negative impact on the environment. Urban agriculture can reuse city wastes,
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but this will not be enough to achieve high yields, and there is still a risk of producing unsafe products. These are the main challenges for urban agriculture in keeping its multi-functional activities such as cleansing, opening up the urban space, and producing fresh and nutritious food. Urban agriculture is "an industry that produces, processes and markets food and fuel, largely in response to the daily demand of consumers within a town, city or metropolis, on land and water dispersed throughout the urban and peri-urban area, applying intensive production methods, using and reusing natural resources and urban wastes, to yield a diversity of crops and livestock

1.2 PROFILE OF CHENNAI Chennai was established in 1639, as one of the East India Company's earliest trading Ports and later became the centre of the company's control over Southern India. Chennai Corporation was constituted in 1798. Chennai situated on the shores of Bay of Bengal is the capital of Tamil Nadu State. It is the fourth largest metropolis in India. Its earlier name of Madras was officially changed to Chennai in 1996. Chennai is located on the Coramandal coast in southern India and the land is a flat coastal plain. Three rivers viz. Kosasthalaiyar, Cooum and Adyar pass through Chennai Metropolitan Area. Buckingham canal, a man made canal, is another large waterway which runs north south through this metropolis. Chennai lies close to the equator and most of the year it is hot and humid. Highest temperature attained in May-June is usually about 40oC for a few days. The coldest time of the year is early January when the temperature is about 20oC. Predominant wind direction is from South East to North West. While majority of people in Chennai are Tamil speaking, a sizeable population is Telugu speaking. Since Madras was the capital of the erstwhile Madras Presidency covering most of the areas now under the States of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Kerala it has inherited a mix of languages. Chennai has become progressively more cosmopolitan after Independence with people from north mainly Rajasthan, Gujarath and Punjab setting in this metropolis for business.
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Recently the growth of I.T industries in this metropolis has been attracting a mix of people from other states as well as from abroad. Chennai has a very heterogeneous mix of architectural style ranging from ancient temples to British colonial era buildings to the latest modern buildings. Most of the buildings constructed during colonial era are of Indo-Saracenio style. Chennai is a major transportation hub for road, rail, air and sea transport connecting major cities inland and abroad. Chennai is one of the major educational centres in India with a number of colleges and research institutions. Recently it has also been emerging as an important health centre with a large no of super speciality hospitals. Chennai is thus emerging as an important metropolis in the South Asian region.

1.2.1 DEMOGRAPHY Madras had become a thriving city with about 3 lakhs inhabitants by the year 1700; most of the population then lived in the Black Town in the north of the British Fort St. George. By the end of the eighteenth century, according to Dupuis (1968), the north of the city had become profoundly different from the south. The north was densely populated, with Black Town, the heart of the city. To the south were the open spaces and scattered settlements of the Europeans. By the time of the first census in 1871, the city had reached over 4 lakh population. The first railway line between Madras and Arcot was opened in 1856 and the Madras Port was improved in 1890, which had attracted industrial developments to the north of the black zones renamed as George Town in 1905. The growth of Chennai City continued in the twentieth century and it has grown to the fourth largest Metro City in India.

Table 1.1 Growth of Population in Chennai City

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Populatio

1901 5.41

1911 5.56 68.1 0.27

1921 5.78 68.1 0.39

1931 7.13 68.1 2.12

1941 8.65 77.2 0.69

1951 1961 1971 1981 14.27 17.49 24.69 32.8 128.8 128.8 128.8 176 -0.11 2.06 3.51 -0.27

1991 38.4 176 1.58

2001 43.4 176 1.23

n in lakhs Area in 68.1 sq.km Annual Growth( %) Density Persons /hec

--

80

82

85

105

112

111

136

192

187

218

247

Source: Chennai II Master Plan 1.2.2 DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION The population density within the City is very high compared to the rest of the metropolitan area as shown . The second Master Plan estimated that CMA would house a population of 126 lakhs by 2026, of which Chennai City alone would account for 58 lakhs. In order to relieve congestion in the City the First Master Plan proposed for; To relieve congestion in the City through development of radial corridors linked to three satellite towns and six urban nodes; to decentralize the economic and industrial activities into urban nodes and satellite towns. Out of the three satellite towns and six urban nodes proposed, CMDA was involved fully in the development of Maraimalai Nagar New town and Manali urban node. Though population proposed for the 3 satellite towns (planning area) was one lakh each, the actual population that settled in these towns was 1.16 lakh at Thiruvallur, 0.55 lakh at Gummidipoondi and 0.5 lakh at Maraimalai Nagar. In respect of the urban node at Manali, 500 acres of land were acquired and developed as a residential township to accommodate a population of 70,000. TNHB has developed housing for about 52000 families while other public agencies have contributed about 25000 units; the TNSCB has constructed nearly 65000 tenements in Chennai. These regulations have served as a tool for regulating the developments in CMA. As far as Chennai City area is concerned, Detailed Development Plan for 56 planning units have been prepared covering about 60% of the area, and the remaining area could not be covered for various reasons including the non-availability of micro level / subdivision level land
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data, ongoing resurveys by Revenue Department etc. In the first master plan MSB permissible within the Chennai City only and the special permission for the IT corridor. In the OMR both side 500m IT MSB permissible. Table 1.2 Growth of Population in CMA Population (in lakhs) SI.No Local body 1971 1981 1991 2001 Annual Rate of growth (%) 71- 81- 9181 1 2 3 4 5 91 01 Area Gross Density In 2001 247 66 25 12 Sq.Km per Ha.

Chennai city 26.42 32.85 38.43 43.43 2.20 1.58 1.23 176 Municipalities 4.84 8.14 11.84 15.81 5.24 3.80 2.91 240 Town 1.11 1.64 2.71 3.86 4.43 4.94 3.62 156 Panchayats Village Panchayats CMA Total 2.67 3.38 5.20 7.31 2.40 4.38 3.58 617

35.04 46.01 58.18 70.41 2.76 2.37 1.93 1189 59 Source: Chennai II Master Plan

Table 1.3 Projected Population for CMA and Chennai City (In Lakhs) Actual SI.No 1 2 Description CMA Chennai City 2001 70.41 43.44 Projection 2006 78.96 46.28 2011 88.71 49.50 2016 99.66 52.39 2021 111.97 55.40 2026 125.82 58.56

Source: Chennai II Master Plan

1.3 AIM To create a healthy living and improving the aesthetics of the city. 1.4 OBJECTIVE
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To use the urban waste into an effective resource. To study the organization involved in urban agriculture in Chennai. To study about the types of urban agriculture suitable for Chennai. To assess the people opinion/perception about the Urban Agriculture.

1.5 NEED FOR STUDY Urban agriculture, particularly the production of food inside and around cities, can contribute to urban food security, income savings and generation, employment and enterprise development, productive utilization of idle space and use of urban wastes, and environmental enhancement. However, most urban producers in developing countries are poor men and women who grow food for self-consumption and trade, with resources they do not own. They have little support or protection and there are various needs such as, enhancing urban food security, nutrition and health; creating urban job opportunities and generation of income especially for urban poverty groups and provision of a social safety net for these groups; contributing to increased recycling of nutrients (turning urban organic wastes into a resource); facilitating social inclusion of disadvantaged groups and community development; and, Urban greening and maintenance of green open spaces.

1.6 SCOPE Urban agriculture may also positively impact upon the greening and cleaning of the city by
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turning derelict open spaces into green zones and maintaining buffer and reserve zones free of housing, with positive impacts on the micro-climate. 1.7 LIMITATION Availability of time restricts the study only to the case study area. The study analysis is based upon the sampling survey Special reservation areas (reserve forest, defence area and sub mergeable land) are not taken into consideration. Method of Data Collection Secondary data from various department such as Town Panchayat office, Village administrator officer and libraries. Primary data from the surveys. The primary survey is done based on the structured Questionaire. The survey is done in Households and in the industries.

1.8 METHODOLOGY

Choose the important parameter (UA) Dar es salaam Mexico Literature study Hyderabad

Aim and objective

Master plan proposals & Open space usage

Using degraded land and large volumes of waste

Solid waste management

Policies supporting UA

Choose the study area Collect secondary data Primary survey

Town panchayat details Agricultural details Existing land use

Data analysis Market Parks & Playground Physical Other Study about suitable type of UA Study about organisation supporting UA Proposal Water supply& Sewerage Solid Waste Management Transportation