EE 2192 Laboratory Practice IV

INDUCTION GENERATOR

Instructed by: G.R.S.B. Gonawala

Name Index No Group Date of Per Date of Sub Field

: : : : : :

S.P.M Sudasinghe 100523G G - 12 2012/12/ 2013/01/01 EE

THEORY
The induction machine as a motor is very popular due to its many advantages. Though not popular as such, it is also capable of working as a generator at rotor speeds greater than synchronous speed.

Figure 1: Torque Slip characteristic of an induction machine

Induction machine can be operated as generator either isolated or connected to the grid supply. Irrespective of the form of operation, lagging reactive power has to be supplied to the induction machine by an external source. When operated as an isolated generator, a set of capacitors is used to supply the reactive power required. The residual magnetism present in the machine causes a voltage to buildup across the terminals. Thus the residual flux in the machine is of utmost importance when operated as an isolated induction generator. When the induction generator is connected to the grid supply, lagging power requirement is draw from the grid supply and by driving the machine at a synchronous speed in the correct direction; real power can be fed in to the grid. 1. Isolated Induction Generator

Figure 2: per phase equivalent circuit of an induction machine with terminal capacitor connected

If the slip is close to zero, and neglecting the stator series impedance voltage drop and losses, the circuit in figure 3 can be obtained.

Figure 3

The above assumptions are approximately valid under no load conditions. The internal voltage current characteristic of the two circuit elements, C and Xm are that one is linear and the other is non linear. The non linear element Xm exhibits saturation curve of the magnetic circuit of the machine.

Figure 4: V-I characteristic of C and Xm

There is a small voltage Er due to the residual magnetism in the machine Two curves are machine terminal frequency dependent | | | | | | | |

is the angular frequency at machine terminal The figure depicts a case where build up of terminal voltage is similar to that of a self excited DC shunt generator. The point of intersection of the two curves gives the open circuit terminal voltage V t and the corresponding magnetizing current It of the machine.

2. Induction generator connected to the mains Since the machine is supplied at the mains frequency , it is driven at a speed greater than the synchronous speed, the element r2(1-s)/s of the equivalent circuit of the induction machine becomes negative, suggesting that the machine receives mechanical energy and converts it to electrical energy. In this case the lagging reactive power requirement of the machine is drawn from the mains supply.

PROCEDURE
1. Isolated Induction Generator (1.a) No load characteristic for varying capacitance and constant prime mover speed

Figure 5

Circuit is connected as in figure 5 and the DC dynamometer is driven at 2500 rpm using field current control. The terminal voltage of induction machine is measured with terminals open circuited and it is the residual voltage of the machine. Then the voltage, frequency and the magnetizing line current is measured on no load at 2500 rpm for various values of capacitances of capacitor bank.

(1.b) No load characteristics for varying prime mover speed and constant capacitance The capacitance required to obtain the rated voltage under no load at 2500 rpm is identified from the previous case and it is connected to the induction machine. Voltage, frequency and magnetizing current are measured for different values of speed.

(1.c) Performance of the loaded generator with constant speed

Figure 6

Circuit is connected as in figure 6 and, the capacitor bank is set such that the no load generator voltage is 280V. Voltage, frequency, generator current, load current, torque and speed is measured for different loads while keeping the speed constant at 2500 rpm.

(1.d) Performance of the loaded generator without speed regulation Procedure in part 1.c is repeated. Under no load the speed is set to 2500 rpm and the speed is not adjust again to 2500 rpm after add loads.

2. Grid Connected Induction Generator

Figure 7

Circuit is connected as in figure 7. The wattmeter is connected so that the power flow from generator to grid is shown positive. Phases are connected to dynamometer and induction machine so that, the rotation of dynamometer and the rotation of the induction machine as a motor, both are in same direction. The dynamometer is driven at 3000 rpm and the induction machine is connected to the grid. The wattmeter read negative value Then the speed of prime mover is increased until the wattmeter reads the zero reading. Under this condition no real power is delivered to the grid and the current read from the ammeter is excitation current drawn by the induction generator. Line current, voltage, frequency, power, speed and torque are measured at this condition. Then the speed is increased in steps of 25 rpm and the above readings were taken for each step.

OBSERVATIONS
Name Index No Group Date Instructed by : S.P.M Sudasinghe : 100523G : G 12 : 2012/12/11 : G.R.S.B. Gonawala

1. Self Excited Induction Generator (1.a) No load characteristics for varying capacitance and constant prime mover speed

Speed: 2500 rpm Capacitance (F) 25 50 55 60 62 65 70 Voltage (V) 4.4 6.0 17.0 238 240 256 272

Residual Voltage: 2.958 V Current (A) Frequency (Hz)

41.7 41.5 2.20 2.25 2.50 2.75 41.5 41.4 41.5 41.4

(1.b) No load characteristics for varying prime mover speed and constant capacitance

Capacitance: 62 F Voltage (V) 200 220 240 260 270 280 Speed (rpm) 2377 2440 2498 2566 2609 2623 Current (A) 1.75 2.00 2.20 2.50 2.65 2.70 Frequency (Hz) 39.3 40.5 41.3 42.6 43.3 43.6

(1.c) Performance of loaded generator with constant speed

Speed: 2500 rpm Voltage (V) 240 234 216 196 174 Gen. Current (A) 2.20 2.15 2.10 2.10 2.20

Capacitance: 62 F Load Current (A) 0 0.50 0.80 1.05 1.25 Frequency (Hz) 41.33 41.31 41.90 40.60 40.40 Torque (Nm) 1.5 2.2 2.7 2.9 3.0

(1.d) Performance of the loaded generator without speed regulation

No load speed: 2500 rpm Speed (rpm) 2500 2383 2354 2370 2413 Voltage (V) 240 188 146 116 94 Gen. Current (A) 2.20 1.70 1.35 1.20 1.10 Load Current (A) 0 0.3 0.5 0.6 0.7 Frequency (Hz) 41.33 39.31 38.49 38.50 39.00 Torque (Nm) 1.5 1.8 1.9 1.8 1.6

2. Grid Connected Induction Generator

Current (A) 1.65 1.75 1.90 2.25 2.45

Voltage (V) 228 228 228 228 228

Power (W) 0 200 420 620 740

Speed (rpm) 3015 3040 3065 3090 3115

Frequency (Hz) 50.1 50.2 50.0 50.0 50.0

Torque (Nm) 1.9 2.0 2.8 3.4 3.8

(1.a) No load characteristics for varying capacitance and constant prime mover speed

Line Voltage Vs Magnetizing Current

300 290

Line Voltage (V)

280 270 260 250 240 230 220 210 200 190 180 170 160 150 140 130 120 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 Graph 1 1.75 2 2.25 2.5 2.75 3

Magnetising Current (A)

(1.a) No load characteristics for varying capacitance and constant prime mover speed

Line Voltage Vs Capacitance

300 290

Line Voltage (V)

280 270 260 250 240 230 220 210 200 190 180 170 160 150 140 130 120 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75

Graph 2

Capacitance (F)

CALCULATIONS
1. Self excited Induction Generator (1.a) No load characteristics for varying capacitance and constant prime mover speed

From graph 2 (Line voltage Vs Capacitance), Capacitance required to obtain the rated voltage of 240V at given speed = 62 F

From graph 1(Line voltage Vs magnetizing Current), Magnetizing current required to obtain the voltage of 240V | | | | | | | |

Capacitance required to obtain the rated voltage of 240V at rated frequency 50 Hz is, 29.84 F

(1.b) No load characteristics for varying prime mover speed & constant capacitance

Voltage Vs Speed
290

Voltage (V)

280

270

260

250

240

230

220

210

200

190 2350

2375

2400

2425

2450

2475

2500 Graph 3

2525

2550

2575

2600

2625

2650

Speed (rpm)

Frequency Vs Speed
44

Frequency (Hz)

43.5

43

42.5

42

41.5

41

40.5

40

39.5

39 2350

2400

2450

2500 Graph 4

2550

2600

2650

Speed (rpm)

Magnetizing Current Vs Speed

3

Magnetizing Current (A)

2.9

2.8

2.7

2.6

2.5

2.4

2.3

2.2

2.1

1.9

1.8

1.7

1.6

1.5 2350

2375

2400

2425

2450

2475

2500 Graph5

2525

2550

2575

2600

2625

2650

Speed (rpm)

Performance of the loaded generator

Voltage Vs Load current

With constant speed Without speed regulation
250

Voltage (V)

240

230

220

210

200

190

180

170

160

150

140

130

120

110

100

90 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 Graph 6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3

Load Current (A)

Performance of the loaded generator

Frequency Vs Load current

With constant speed Without speed regulation
44

Frequency (Hz)

43.5

43

42.5

42

41.5

41

40.5

40

39.5

39

38.5

38

37.5

37 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3

Load Current (A)

Graph 7

(1.c) Performance of the loaded generator with constant speed

Generator Current Vs Load Current

2.23

Generator Current (A)

2.22

2.21

2.2

2.19

2.18

2.17

2.16

2.15

2.14

2.13

2.12

2.11

2.1

2.09

2.08 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3

Load Current (A)

Graph 8

(1.d) Performance of the loaded generator without speed regulation

Torque Vs Speed Torque (Nm)

2

1.9

1.8

1.7

1.6

1.5

1.4

1.3

1.2

1.1

1 2320

2340

2360

2380

2400

2420

2440

2460

2480

2500

2520

Speed (rpm)
Graph 9

2. Grid Connected Induction Generator

Power Output Vs Speed

800

Power output (W)

750

700

650

600

550

500

450

400

350

300

250

200

150

100

50

-50 3000

3010

3020

3030

3040

3050

3060 Graph 10

3070

3080

3090

3100

3110

3120

Speed (rpm)

Line Current Vs Speed

2.50

Line Current (A)

2.40

2.30

2.20

2.10

2.00

1.90

1.80

1.70

1.60

1.50 3000

3010

3020

3030

3040

3050

3060

3070

3080

3090

3100

3110

3120

Speed (rpm)
Graph 11

Grid Connected Induction Generator

When Generator line current Voltage Power output to the grid Torque Speed = 1.75 A = 228 V = 200 W = 2.0 Nm = 3040 rpm

Input mechanical power = T =

= 636.7 W

Output active power = wattmeter reading = 200 W

= 31.41%

Power factor =

= 0.289

Similarly efficiency and power factor can be calculated for other speeds as well

Speed (rpm) 3015 3040 3065 3090 3115

Torque (Nm) 1.9 2.0 2.8 3.4 3.8

Current (A) 1.65 1.75 1.90 2.25 2.45

Power (W) 0 200 420 620 740

Efficiency (%) 0 31.41 46.73 56.35 59.70

Power factor 0 0.289 0.560 0.698 0.765

Efficiency Vs Speed
65

Efficiency (%)

60

55

50

45

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

0 3010

3020

3030

3040

3050

3060

3070

3080

3090

3100

3110

3120

Speed (rpm)
Graph 12

Power Factor Vs Speed

0.80

Power factor

0.75

0.70

0.65

0.60

0.55

0.50

0.45

0.40

0.35

0.30

0.25

0.20

0.15

0.10

0.05

0.00 3010

3020

3030

3040

3050

3060

3070

3080

3090

3100

3110

3120

Graph 13

Speed (rpm)

DISCUSSION
1. No load test was designed to result in lower frequency than the rated frequency of 50 Hz

Figure 8: lower frequency than rated frequency

Figure 9: Rated frequency

| |

Slope of the V-I characteristic of the capacitor is inversely proportional to the frequency. At rated frequency the two characteristics are like in figure 9 and operating point is not exact and there is range of operating points. But at low frequencies than the rated frequency the characteristic is like in figure 8 and there is only one exact operating point. Hence it gives stable operation. Also at no load condition there is no active power output and the slip is near zero. Due to this the rated voltage can be reached before the frequency reaches 50 Hz. If the machine drives at rated frequency then the voltage can be higher than the rated voltage and it is not good for the safety of the machine. Because of these reasons the generator runs at lower frequency than the rated one at no load test.

2. Cause of variation of the voltage and current waveforms of the generator when loading If the load increases on the generator without speed regulation, then the opposing torque from the generator will increase and speed will decrease. So the frequency of the generated voltage and current will decrease. Hence the voltage waveform tends to expand along the time axis. When the load increases, the output power of the generator should increase and hence the current generated will increase. Hence when the load is increasing on the generator amplitude of the current wave form will increase while the frequency will decrease. 3. Importance of Induction Generators in power generation of Sri Lanka Induction generators have the following advantages Simple and rugged in construction Cheaper in cost When short circuited it delivers little or no sustained power because its excitation quickly becomes zero

However these types of generators are not used for high power applications. They are very useful for the small power plants. Sri Lanka is rich of waterfalls and the other geographical features for hydro power generation. Induction generators are very useful in mini and micro hydro power plants. Also wind energy is another renewable energy generation method used in Sri Lankan power sector and they are not very large power plants. Induction generators are ideal for them.

Self-Excited Induction Generator They are very useful for the rural electrification projects as they didnt require any external power supply to generate the magnetic field. They are ideal for stand-alone wind power plants. It also reduces the transmission cost. They do not inherit the weakness of permanent magnet generators where the magnetic field deteriorates as time elapses causing the generated voltage to drop by big numbers. These are gradually replacing synchronous alternators in standalone power generation due to low unit cost and ease of maintenance and operation. They satisfactorily cope with dynamic loads under low speed operation. Grid Connected Induction Generator The induction generator is useful when the prime mover does not run at constant speed such as in hydroelectric power stations having a variable low head water supply. Also speed of the prime mover of a wind power plant depends on the wind speed and it is varying with time. These things cause the frequency of the generated voltage to varying with time. But induction generators in grid connected mode auto synchronize with the grid and the output frequency will not depend on the speed of the prime mover. So this is very useful foe wind and small hydro power plants. 4. Induction Generator Characteristics Graph Comments

1. Self-Excited Induction Generator (1.a) No load characteristics for varying capacitance and constant speed 1 2 Line Voltage Vs Magnetizing current Line Voltage Vs Capacitance Rate of increasing of voltage decreases with magnetizing current increase Line voltage increases with capacitance

(1.b) No load characteristics for varying speed and constant capacitance 3 4 5 Voltage Vs Speed Frequency Vs Speed Magnetizing current Vs Speed Voltage increases with speed approximately linearly Frequency increases with speed linearly Magnetizing current increases with speed linearly Performance of loaded generator 6 Voltage Vs Load current Voltage reduces with load current in both cases with and without speed regulation. But Voltage reduces rapidly if there is no speed regulation Frequency is constant if the speed is constant even though the load changes. But if there is no speed regulation frequency decreases with the increasing load

Frequency Vs Load current

(1.c) Performance of loaded generator with constant speed 8 Generator current Vs Load current (1.d) Performance of loaded generator without speed regulation 9 Torque Vs Speed Torque decreases as speed increases. Relation is approximately linear 2.Grid Connected Induction Generator 10 Power output Vs Speed 11 Line current Vs Speed 12 Efficiency Vs Speed 13 Power factor Vs speed Power output increases with speed linearly Line current increase with speed linearly Efficiency increases with speed, but the rate of change of efficiency decreases with the increasing of speed Power factor increases with speed. Relation is similar to efficiency characteristic