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Analytic Geometry Dianopoulos

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Precalculus Analytic Geometry: All in One
by Cody Dianopoulos
Adapted from Jan Gullbergs Mathematics: from the Birth of Numbers

Analytic (Coordinate) Geometry, Brief History
Analytic Geometry geometric problems made accessible to algebraic reasoning by
connecting points and numbers
Apollonius and Archimedes used longitude and latitude to define a points position
Ren Descartes and Pierre de Fermat directed Apollonius and Archimedes idea into
systematic use
Descartes represented a point with numbers and a line or curve by equations
Fermat outlined analytic geometry before Descartes, but was not recognized until later
Newton and Leibniz put structure to Descartes and Fermats ideas
Newton invented polar coordinates

Rectilinear Figures
Orthagonal, Rectangular, or Cartesian Coordinate System formed by two perpendicular
lines, the x-axis and the y-axis

Abscissa the x-coordinate of a point, i.e., the abscissa of (3,4) is 3
Ordinate the y-coordinate of a point, i.e., the abscissa of (3,4) is 4
Distance Formula (between
1 1 1
( , , ) x y z and
2 2 2
( , , ) x y z )
2 2 2
2 1 2 1 2 1
( ) ( ) ( ) d x x y y z z = + +
Midpoint Formula (between
1 1 1
( , , ) x y z and
2 2 2
( , , ) x y z )
1 2 1 2 1 2
( , , )
2 2 2
x x y y z z + + +

Area of a Triangle (with vertices at
1 1
( , ) x y ,
2 2
( , ) x y , and
3 3
( , ) x y )
1 1
1 2 3 2 1 3 3 1 2 2 2
3 3
1
1 1
[ ( ) ( ) ( )] 1
2 2
1
x y
A x y y x y y x y y x y
x y
= + =
used to ensure that the area is always positive
Slope or Inclination ratio of vertical displacement to horizontal displacement
2 1
2 1
y y
m
x x


Point-Slope Equation (of line with slope m and containing the point
1 1
( , ) x y )
1 1
( ) y y m x x =

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Slope-Intercept Equation (of line with slope m)
y mx b = +
General or Standard Form
0 Ax By C + + =
Finding x or y-intercepts for the x-intercept, set y = 0 and vice-versa for the y-intercept
Parallel and Perpendicular Lines parallel lines same slope, perpendicular lines slopes
are negative reciprocals
Angle Between Intersecting Lines (with slopes
1
m and
2
m )
2 1
1 2
tan
1
m m
mm
u

=
+


Conic Sections
Circle the locus (set) of points (x,y), in the plane that are at a given distance, called the
radius, from a fixed point, the center


Equation
2 2 2
( ) ( ) x h y k r + =
Centre ( , ) h k
Radius r
Circumference 2 r t
Area
2
r t
Eccentricity 0
Ellipse the locus of points (x,y), in the plane for which the sum of their distances from two
fixed points, called foci, is constant

Vertical Horizontal
Equation
2 2
2 2
( ) ( )
1
x h y k
b a

+ =
2 2
2 2
( ) ( )
1
x h y k
a b

+ =
Centre ( , ) h k
Vertices ( , ) h k a ( , ) h a k
Major Axis x h = y k =
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Major Axis Length 2a
Co-Vertices ( , ) h b k ( , ) h k b
Minor Axis y k = x h =
Minor Axis Length 2b
Foci 2 2
( , ) h k a b
2 2
( , ) h a b k
Directrices
2
2 2
a
y k
a b
=


2
2 2
a
x h
a b
=


Latera Recta 2 2
y k a b =
2 2
x h a b =
Latera Recta Length
2
2b
a

Eccentricity 2 2
a b
a


Area ab t
Slope of Tangent Line
2 2
2
( )
2( ) ( )
a a x h
y k b y k



2 2
2
( )
2( ) ( )
b b x h
y k a y k



Parabola the locus of points (x,y), in the plane, whose distances to a given straight line (the
directrix) and from a given point (focus) outside the line are equal


* in this picture,
4
a
p =
Vertical Horizontal
Equation
2
( ) ( ) x h a y k =
2
( ) ( ) y k a x h =
Vertex ( , ) h k
Axis of Symmetry x h = y k =
Focus
( , )
4
a
h k + ( , )
4
a
h k +
Directrix
4
a
y k =
4
a
x h =
Latus Rectum
4
a
y k = +
4
a
x h = +
Latus Rectum Length a
Eccentricity 1
Slope of Tangent Line 2( ) x h
a


2( )
a
y k

Hyperbola the locus of points (x,y), in the plane, for which the difference of their distances
from two fixed points (foci) is constant
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Vertical Horizontal
Equation
2 2
2 2
( ) ( )
1
y k x h
a b

=
2 2
2 2
( ) ( )
1
x h y k
a b

=
Centre ( , ) h k
Vertices ( , ) h k a ( , ) h a k
Transverse Axis x h = y k =
Major Axis Length
2 a>b
2 a<b
a
b


Co-Vertices ( , ) h b k ( , ) h k b
Conjugate Axis y k = x h =
Minor Axis Length
2 a<b
2 a>b
a
b


Foci 2 2
( , ) h k a b +
2 2
( , ) h a b k +
Asymptotes
( )
a
y k x h
b
= ( )
b
y k x h
a
=
Directrices
2
2 2
a
y k
a b
=
+

2
2 2
a
x h
a b
=
+

Latera Recta 2 2
y k a b = +
2 2
x h a b = +
Latera Recta Length
2
2b
a

Eccentricity 2 2
a b
a
+

Slope of Tangent Line
2 2
2
( )
2( ) ( )
a a x h
y k b y k

+


2 2
2
( )
'
( ) 2( )
b x h b
y
a y k y k

=


Beyond the Conics
2 2
1
x h y k
a b

+ = is an ellipse,
2 2
1
x h y k
a b

= is a hyperbola
Rotation (of
2 2
0 Ax Bxy Cy Dx Ey F + + + + + = ) cot 2
A C
B
u

= , plug in ' cos ' sin x y u u
for x and ' sin ' cos x y u u + for y , yielding
2 2
'( ') '( ') ' ' ' ' 0 A x C y D x E y F + + + + =


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Polar Coordinate System

Converting Between Orthagonal and Polar Coordinates ( , ) ( , ) x y r u , plug values in
to convert equations
2 2
cos
sin
tan
x r
y r
r x y
y
x
u
u
u
=
=
= +
=

Special Polar Graphs


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Polar Representations of Conic Sections ( p denoting the distance from a focus to the
corresponding directrix and e denoting the eccentricity of the conic section)
1 cos
1 sin
horizontal
vertical
ep
r
ep
r
u
u




Parametric Equations
Parameter an extra variable, along with whatever values the parametric equations solve
for, in parametric equations
Parametric Equations multiple equations that solve for either x, y, or z, along with a
parameter
Example:
2
2
x t
y t
=


Eliminating the Parameter use any means necessary of deleting the parameter
(substitution, elimination, matricies, etc.)

Vector Analysis, Brief History
Simon Stevin analysed the principle of geometric addition of forces
Caspar Wessel and Jean Robert Argand described a complex number plane
John Warren published a book based on Wessel and Argands work
W.R. Hamilton inspired by Warrens book, showed that complex numbers can be regarded
as ordered pairs of real numbers, first to use the term vector for a directed line segment
J.W. Gibbs developed much of vector analysis as we know it today

Scalars and Vectors
Scalar Quantities have magnitudes but no directions, i.e., mass, length, volume, etc.
Scalar the magnitudes of scalar quantities
Vector Quantities have both magnitudes and directions, represented by the displacement
between the initial point and terminal point
Adding Vectors adding vectors yields the resultant
, , , , , , a b c d e f a d b e c f + = + + +
Subtracting Vectors
, , , , , , a b c d e f a d b e c f =

Scalar and Vector Components
Vector Components
, , a b c a = i b + j c + k
Magnitude of a Vector
2 2 2
, , a b c a b c = + +

Multiplication of Vectors
Dot Product (of
1 1 1
, , u x y z = and
2 2 2
, , v x y z = )
1 2 1 2 1 2
u v x x y y z z = + +
Orthogonal Vectors vectors are perpendicular if 0 u v =
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Angle Between Two Vectors
cos
u v
u v
u

=
Cross Product (of
1 1 1
, , u x y z = and
2 2 2
, , v x y z = ) produces a vector orthogonal to both
vectors
1 2 2 1 2 1 1 2 1 2 2 1 1 1 1
2 2 2
, ,
i j k
u v y z y z x z x z x y x y x y z
x y z
= =
Properties of Vector Products
( )
( )
( )
c u v cu v u cv
u v w u v u w
u v v u
= =
+ = +
=

Area of the Parallelogram Formed by Vectors u and v u v
Scalar Triple Product ( ) u v w , yields the volume of a the Parallelpiped Formed by
Vectors u , v , and w

Lines and Planes in Space
Vector That Passes Through Point
1 1 1
( , , ) x y z and Parallel to Vector , , v a b c =
1
1
1
x x at
y y bt
z z ct
= +

= +

= +


Vector That Passes Through Points
1 1 1
( , , ) x y z and
2 2 2
( , , ) x y z form a vector from the
two points and treat like above
1 2 1
1 2 1
1 2 1
( )
( )
( )
x x x x t
y y y y t
z z z z t
= +

= +

= +


Normal Vector of Plane 0 ax by cz d + + + = a vector perpendicular to that plane
, , n a b c =
Plane Containing Point
1 1 1
( , , ) x y z and Having Nonzero Normal Vector , , n a b c =
1 1 1 1 1 1
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 0 a x x b y y c z z ax by cz ax by cz + + = + + + + =
Equation of a Plane Passing Through Points
1 1 1
( , , ) x y z ,
2 2 2
( , , ) x y z , and
3 3 3
( , , ) x y z
cross product of the vectors formed by two sets to find the normal vector, treat like above
Angle Between Two Planes (with normal vectors
1
n and
2
n )
1 2
1 2
cos
n n
n n
u

=
Distance Between a Plane and a Point Q take any point on the plane to find PQ
n
PQ n
D proj PQ
n

= =

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