Court File No.

: 35203

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF CANADA IN THE MATTER OF Section 53 of the Supreme Court Act, R.S.C. 1985, c. S-26; AND IN THE MATTER OF a Reference by the Governor in Council concerning reform of the Senate, as set out in Order in Council P.C. 2013-70, dated February 1, 2013 DANS LA COUR SUPREME DU CANADA DANS L' AFFAIRE DE l'article 53 de la Loi sur fa Cour supreme, L.R .C. 1985, ch. S-26 ; ET DANS L' AFFAIRE D'UN renvoi par Ie Gouverneur en conseil concernant la reforme du Senat tel que formule dans Ie decret C.P. 2013-70 en date du 1er fevrier 2013

REPLY RECORD / DOSSIER EN REPLIQUE ATTORNEY GENERAL OF CANADA / PROCUREUR GENERAL DU CANADA VOLUME XVI
(Pursuant to Rule 46 of the Rules of the Supreme Court of Canadal RegIe 46 des Regles de la Cour supreme du Canada)

Robert J. Frater Christopher M. Rupar Warren J. Newman

William F. Pentney Deputy Attorney General of CanadaiSous-procureur general du Canada Department of Justice CanadaiMinistere de la Justice Canada 234 rue Wellington Street, Tour Est lEast Tower, Room 1161, Piece 1161 Ottawa, ON KIA OH8 Tel: (613) 957-4763 Fax: (613) 954-1920 robert.frater@justice.gc.ca

Counsel for the Attorney General of Canada/Procureurs du procureur general du Canada

ORIGINAL TO: TO:

THE REGISTRAR

Burke-Robertson Barristers & Solicitors 441 MacLaren St., Suite 200 Ottawa, Ontario K2P 2H3 Per: Robert E. Houston, Q.C. Tel: (613) 566-2058 Fax: (613) 235-4430 Email: rhouston@burkerobertson.com
Agents for the Attorneys General of British Columbia, Ontario, and Newfoundland & Labrador

TO:

Gowling Lafleur Henderson LLP 2600 - 160 Elgin Street Ottawa, Ontario KIP 1C3 Per: Henry S. Brown, Q.C. / Brian A. Crane, Q.C. Tel: (613) 786-0139/ (613) 786-0107 Fax: (613) 563-9869/ (613) 788-3500 Email: henry.brown@gowlings.com/Brian.Crane@gowlings.com
Agents for the Attorneys General of Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia, and the Minister of Justice for Northwest Territories, and Nunavut

TO:

Noel & Associes 111, rue Champlain Gatineau, QC J8X 3RI Per: Pierre Landry Tel: (819) 771-7393 Fax: (819) 771-5397 Email: p.landry@noelassocies.com
Agent for the Attorney General of Quebec

TO:

Daniel Jutras University of McGill 3644 Peel Montreal, Quebec H3A lW9 Tel: (514) 398-6604 Fax: (514) 398-4659 Email: daniel.jutras@mcgill.ca
Amicus curiae

TO:

Supreme Advocacy LLP 397 Gladstone Avenue, Suite 1 Ottawa, Ontario K2P OY9 Per: Marie-France Major

Tel: (613) 695-8855 ext: 102 Fax: (613) 695-8580 Email: mfmajor@supremeadvocacy.ca Agent for Amicus curiae, John Hunter, Q.c. TO:
The Honourable Serge Joyal, Senator, P.C. 250 East Block, Parliament of Canada Ottawa, Ontario KIA OA4 Tel: 613-943-0434 Fax: 613-943-0441 E-mail: joyals@sen.parl.gc.ca

Intervener TO:
Heenan Blaikie LLP 300- 55 Metcalfe Street Ottawa, Ontario KIP 6L5 Per: Mark C. Power Jennifer Klinck Perri Ravon Sebastien Grammond, Ad.E. Telephone: (613) 236-7908 FAX: (866) 296-8395 E-mail: mpower@heenan.ca

Counsel for the Intervener, Federation des communautes francophones et acadienne du Canada TO:
Heenan Blaikie LLP 300-55 Metcalfe Street Ottawa, Ontario KIP 6L5 Per: Perri Ravon Telephone: (613) 236-8071 FAX: (613) 236-9632 E-mail: pravon@heenan.ca

Agent for the Intervener, Societe de l'Acadie du Nouveau-Brunswick Inc. TO:

Stikeman Elliott LLP 1600 - 50 O'Connor Street Ottawa, Ontario KIP 6L2 Per: Nicholas Peter McHaffie Telephone: (613) 566-0546 FAX: (613) 230-8877 E-mail: nmchaffie@stikeman.com

Agent for the Intervener, Anne C. Cools, Senator

TABLE OF CONTENTS/TABLE DES MATIERES

VOLUME I
DESCRIPTION OF DOCUMENTS DESCRIPTION DES DOCUMENTS Tab! Onglet Page

PART I - THE REFERENCE QUESTIONS

Certificate of Counsel Order-in-Council and annexed schedule

PARTIE I - QUESTIONS POSEES DANS LE RENVOI

L'attestation du procureur Decret et annexe jointe

A
1

PART II - LEGISLATION

PARTIE 11- MESURES LEGISLATIVES a) Proposees i) Qui sont mentionnees dans les questions posees dans Ie renvoi
Projet de loi C-7, Loi concernant la

a) Proposed i) Referred to in the Reference Questions

Bill C-7, An Act respecting the selection ofsenators and amending the Constitution Act, 1867 in respect ofSenate term limits

selection des senateurs et mod~fiant la Loi constitutionnelle de 1867 relativement ala limitation de la duree du mandat des senateurs
Projet de loi S-4, Loi nLOd~fiant la Loi 3 32

Bill S-4, An Act to amend the

Constitution Act, 1867 (Senate tenure)

Bill C-20, An Act to provide for

constitutionnelle de 1867 (duree du mandat des senateurs)

Projet de loi C-20, Loi prevoyant fa 4 38

consultations with electors on their preferencesfor appointments to the Senate

consultation des electeurs en ce qui touche leurs choix concernant fa nomination des senateurs

ii) Not Referred to in the Reference Questions

ii) Qui ne sont pas mentionnees dans les questions posees dans Ie renvoi

11

Bill C-l 0, An Act to amend the Constitution Act, 1867 (Senate term limits)

Projet de loi C-lO, Loi mod(fiant la Loi constitutionnelle de 1867 (limitation de la duree du mandat des senateur.s) Projet de loi S-7, Loi modifzant la Loi constitutionnelle de 1867 (limitation de la duree du mandat des senateurs) Projet de loi S-8, Loi concernant fa selection des senateurs Projet de loi C-19, Loi modifzant la Loi constitutionnelle de 1867 (duree du mandat des senateurs) Projet de loi C-43, Loi prevoyant la consultation des electeurs en ce qui touche leurs choix concernant la nomination des senateurs Projet de loi S-215, Loi mod(fiant la Loi constitutionnelle de 1867 (qualifzcation des senateurs en matiere de propriete) et La Loi constitutionnelle de 1867-Avis de motion tendant amodifier les dispositions concernant les biens fonciers des senateurs (Quebec: colleges electoraux et qualification fonciere des senateurs) Projet de loi S-229, Loi modifzant fa Loi constitutionnelle de 1867 (qualifzcation des senateurs en matiere de propriete) et La Loi constitutionnelle de 1867-motion tendant a modifier les dispositions concernant les biens fonciers des senateurs (Quebec: colleges electoraux et qualification fonciere des senateurs)

100

Bill S-7, An Act to amend the Constitution Act, 1867 (Senate term limits) Bill S-8, An Act respecting the selection ofSenators Bill C-19, An Act to amend the Constitution Act, 1867 (Senate tenure) Bill C-43, An Act to provide for consultations with electors on their preferencesfor appointments to the Senate Bill S-215, An Act to amend the Constitution Act, 1867 (Property qualifications of Senators) and Constitution Act, 1867-Notice of Motion to Amend Real Property Provisions for Senators (Quebec: electoral divisions and real property qualifications of Senators)

106

112

134

140

10

200

Bill S-229, An Act to amend the Constitution Act, 1867 (Property qualifications of Senators) and Constitution Act, 1867- Motion to Amend Real Property Provisions for Senators (Quebec: electoral divisions and real property qualifications of Senators)

11

211

111

VOLUME II
b) Former Constitution Act, 1965, S.C. 1965, c.4
Bill C-60, An Act to amend the Constitution of Canada with respect to matters coming within the legislative authority of the Parliament of Canada, and to approve and authorize the taking of measures necessary for the amendment of the Constitution with respect to certain other matters

b) Anciennes Loi constitutionnelle de 1965, L.c. 1965, ch. 4

Bill C-60, Loi modifiant la Constitution du Canada dans certains domaines ressortissant it la competence legislative du Parlement du Canada et prevoyant les mesures necessaires it la modification de la Constitution dans certains autres domaines 12 1

13

An Act respecting constitutional amendments, S.C. 1996, c. 1 Constitution Amendment, 1985 (Powers ofSenate)(resolution) PART III - REPORTS/STUDIES OF SENATE BY PARLIAMENT OR GOVERNMENT

Loi concernant les modifications constitutionnelles, L.C. 1996, ch. 1 Modification constitutionnelle, 1985 (pouvoirs du Senat)(resolution) PARTIE 111RAPPORTS/ETUDES RELATIVEMENT AU SENAT PAR LE PARLEMENT OU LE GOUVERNMENT
Legislature, Comite special mixte du Senat et de la Chambre des Commues sur la Constitution du Canada (Copresidents: Gildas Molgat, Mark MacGuigan)(extraits) Le comite senatorial permanent des affaires juridiques et constitutionnelles, Rapport sur certains aspects de la Constitution canadienne (novembre 1980) (President: H. Carl Goldenberg) (Rapport Lamontagne)

14

73

15

77

Parliament, Special Joint Committee of the Senate and of the House of Commons on the Constitution of Canada (1972) (Chairs: Gildas Molgat, Mark MacGuigan) (In part) Standing Senate Committee on Legal and Constitutional Affairs, Report on Certain Aspects of the Canadian Constitution (November 1980) (Chair: H. Carl Goldenberg) (Lamontagne Report)

16

81

17

127

IV

VOLUME III
Parliament, Minutes ofProceedings and Evidence of the Special Joint Committee of the Senate and of the House of Commons on the Constitution of Canada (February 13, 1981) (Chairs: Harry Hays, Serge Joyal) (In Part) Parliament, Report of the Special Joint Committee of the Senate and the House of Commons on Senate Reform (January 1984) (Chairs: Gildas Molgat, Paul Cosgrove) Legislature, Proces-verbaux et temoignages du Comite mixte special du Senat et de la Chambre des communes sur la Constitution du Canada (13 fevrier 1981) (Copresidents : Harry Hays, Serge Joyal) (extraits) Legislature, Rapport du Comite mixte special du Senat et de la Chambre des communes sur la Reforme du Senat (janvier 1984) (Copresidents : Gildas Molgat, Paul Cosgrove) 18 1

19

56

VOLUME IV
The History of Canada 's Constitutional Development, 1991, Minister of Supply and Services Canada Shaping Canada's Future TogetherProposals, 1991, Minister of Supply and Services Canada (In part) Histoire de l'evolution constitutionnelle du Canada, 1991, Ministre des Approvisionnements et Services Canada Biitir ensemble I 'avenir du CanadaPropositions, 1991, Ministre des Approvisionnements et Services Canada (extraits) Des institutions au service d'un Canada moderne, 1991, Ministre des Approvisionnements et Services Canada
20 1

21

38

Responsive Institutions for a Modern Canada, 1991, Minister of Supply and Services Canada

22

68

VOLUME V
Parliament, Report of the Special Joint Committee of the Senate and the House of Commons: The process for Amending the Constitution of Canada, (June 1991) (Chairs: Gerald Beaudoin, Jim Edwards) Legislature, Rapport du Comite mixte special du Senat et de la Chambre des communes: Le processus de modification de la constitution du Canada, (juin 1991) (Copresidents : Gerald Beaudoin, Jim Edwards) 23 1

VOLUME VI
Parliament, Report of the Special Joint Committee on a Renewed Canada, (February 28, 1992) (Chairs: Gerald Beaudoin, Dorothy Dobbie) (In part) Legislature, Rapport du Comite mixte special du Senat et de la Chambre des communes sur un Canada renouvete, (28 fevrier 1992) (Copresidents : Gerald Beaudoin, Dorothy Dobbie) (extraits) Senat, Comite senatorial special sur la reforme du Senat Rapport sur la teneur du projet de loi S-4, Loi modifiant la Loi constitutionnelle de 1867 (duree du mandat des senateurs), (octobre 2006) (President: Daniel Hays; Vice-president: w. David Angus) 24 1

Senate, Special Senate Committee on Senate Reform Report on the subject -matter ofBill S-4, An Act to amend the Constitution Act, 1867 (Senate Tenure), (October 2006) (Chair: Daniel Hays, Deputy Chair: w. David Angus)

25

68

VOLUME VII
Senate, Special Senate Committee on Senate Reform, Report on the motion to amend the Constitution of Canada (western regional representation in the Senate) (October 2006) (Chair: Daniel Hays; Deputy Chair: w. David Angus) Senat, Comite senatorial special sur la reforme du Senat, Rapport sur la motion pour modifier la Constitution du Canada (la representation des provinces de l'ouest au Sinat) (octobre 2006) (President: Daniel Hays; Vice-president: w. David Angus) Senat, Deliberations du Comite senatorial permanent des Affaires juridiques et constitutionnelles, Fascicule n. 30, 6 juin 2007, y compris Ie treizieme rapport du Comite (Ie projet de loi S-4), 12 juin 2007 26 1

Senate, Proceedings of the Standing Committee on Legal and Constitutional Affairs, Issue No. 30, June 6, 2007, including the Thirteenth Report of the Committee (Bill SA), June 12, 2007

27

52

Vi

VOLUME VIII
PART IV - CONSTITUTIONAL ACCORDS - FIRST MINISTERS' MEETINGS PARTIE IV - ACCORDS CONSTITUTIONNELS REUNIONS DES PREMIERS MINISTRES Guide de I' Accord constitutionnel du lac Meech, 1987 Rapport du consensus sur la Constitution, Charlottetown, Ie 28 aout 1992 (Charlottetown, projet de texte juridique, Ie 9 octobre 1992extraits) Conference constitutionnelle de Victoria (1971) 28 1

A Guide to the Meech Lake Constitutional Accord, 1987 Consensus Report on the Constitution, Charlottetown, August 28, 1992 (Charlottetown Accord, Draft Legal Text, October 9, 1992- in part) Constitutional Conference - Victoria (1971)

29

44

30

140

VOLUME IX
PART V - ADDITIONAL REPORTS AND STUDIES The Task Force on Canadian Unity, A Future Together: Observations and Recommendations, (January 1979) (Chairs: Jean-Luc Pepin, John P. Robarts) (In part) Parliament, Report of the Special Joint Committee of the Senate and the House of Commons on the 1987 Constitutional Accord, (September 1987) (Chairs: Arthur Tremblay, Chris Speyer) (In part) Royal Commission on the Economic Union and Development Prospects for Canada, Report, Vol. III, Ottawa, 1985 (MacDonald Commission) (In part) PARTIE V - AUTRES RAPPORTS ETETUDES La Commission de l'unite canadienne, Se Retrouver : Observations et recommandations, (janvier 1979) (Copresidents : Jean-Luc Pepin, John P. Robarts) (extraits) Legislature, Rapport du comite mixte special du Senat et de la Chambre des commues sur I 'entente constitutionnelle de 1987, (septembre 1987) (Copresidents : Arthur Tremblay, Chris Speyer) (extraits) Commission royale sur l'union economique et les perspectives de developpement du Canada, Rapport, Vol. III, Ottawa, 1985 (extraits) 31 1

32

100

33

140

Vll

VOLUME X
Peter McCormick, Ernest C. Manning and Gordon Gibson, Regional Representation: The Canadian Partnership- A Task Force Report (Calgary: Canada West Foundation, 1981) (In part) (extraits) Alberta Select Special Committee on Upper House Reform, Strengthening Canada: Reform of Canada 's Senate, Edmonton, March 1985 (In part) (extraits) 34 1

35

55

VOLUME XI
PART VI - SUBMISSIONS PARTIE VI - EXPOSES ET MEMOIRES
a) Comite senatorial special

a) Special Senate Committee

Submission by Gerard W. Horgan Submission by Neil Sutherland Essay by John K. Walker Briefby David Goetz, July 18, 2006

Memoire de Gerard W. Horgan Memoire de Neil Sutherland Memoire de John K. Walker Memoire de David Goetz, 18 juillet 2006 Lettre du premier ministre Danny Williams, Gouvernement de TerreNeuve et du Labrador, 18 aout 2006 Memoire de C.E.S. Franks (Ned), 6 septembre 2006 Apen;u de la declaration de Janet Ajzenstat, 6 septembre 2006 Memoire de Roderic Beaujot, 6

36 37 38 39

1
11

23 50

Letter from Premier Danny Williams, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador, August 18, 2006 Briefby C.E.S. Francks (Ned), September 6, 2006 Statement of Janet Ajzenstat, September 6, 2006 Briefby Roderic Beaujot, September

40

68

41

72

42

90

43

92

Vlll

6,2006 Notes for a presentation of Leslie Seidle, September 6, 2006 Letter by Timothy C. S. Hemmings, September 12, 2006 Letter by Premier Joseph Handley, Government ofthe Northwest Territories, September 12, 2006

septembre 2006 Notes en vue d'un expose de Leslie Seidle, 6 septembre 2006 Lettre de Timothy C. S. Hemmings, 12 septembre 2006 Lettre du premier ministre Joseph Handley, Gouvernement des Territoires du Nord-Ouest, 12 septembre 2006 Memoire d'Errol P. Mendes, 16 septembre 2006 Memoire de Gerald Baier, 19 septembre 2006 Expose de Roger Gibbins, 19 septembre 2006 Expose d' Andrew Heard, 19 septembre 2006 44 105

45

113

46

134

Memorandum by Errol P. Mendes, September 16, 2006 Written brief by Gerald Baier, September 19, 2006 Presentation by Roger Gibbins, September 19,2006 Presentation by Andrew Heard, September 19,2006

47

136

48

147

49

164

50

173

VOLUME XII
Briefby Philip Resnick, September 19,2006 Notes for a presentation by Gordon Gibson, September 20, 2006 Essay by Peter W. Hogg, September 20,2006 Presentation by Peter McCormick, September 20, 2006 Essay by Daniel Pellerin, September 20,2006 Notes for a presentation of Richard Memoire de Philip Resnick, 19 septembre 2006 Notes pour un expose de Gordon Gibson, 20 septembre 2006 Memoire de Peter W. Hogg, 20 septembre 2006 Presentation de Peter McCormick, 20 septembre 2006 Memoire de Daniel Pellerin, 20 septembre 2006 Notes en vue d'un expose par Richard 51 1

52

14

53

27

54

33

55

42

56

49

ix

Simeon, September 20, 2006 Submission by David E. Smith, September 20, 2006 Submission of John D. Whyte, September 20, 2006 Essay by Gerald-A. Beaudoin, September 21, 2006 Evidence of Marie Bountrogianni, Minister of Intergovernmental Affairs and Responsible for Democratic Renewal, Government of Ontario, September 21, 2006

Simeon, 20 septembre 2006 Memoire de David E. Smith, 20 septembre 2006 Memoire de John D. Whyte, 20 septembre 2006 Memoire de Gerald-A. Beaudoin, 21 septembre 2006 57 75

58

85

59

108

60

114

Intervention de Benoit Pelletier, ministre responsable des Affaires intergouvemementales canadiennes, de la Francophonie canadienne, de l' Accord sur Ie commerce interieur, de la Reforme des institutions democratiques et de l' Acces a l'information, Gouvemement du Quebec, 21 septembre 2006 Notes for evidence of Stephen A. Scott, and Additional Points for Senate hearing, September 21, 2006 Notes pour la presentation de Stephen A. Scott, et points additionnel de l' audience du Senat, 21 septembre 2006 Lettre de Guy Tremblay, 21 septembre 2006 Lettre de Harry Van Mulligen, ministre des Relations intergouvemementales, Gouvemement de 1a Saskatchewan, 22 septembre 2006 Lettre de Stephen M. MacLean, 2 octobre 2006

61

118

62

128

Letter from Guy Tremblay, September 21, 2006 Letter from Harry Van Mulligen, Minister of Government Relations, Government of Saskatchewan, September 22, 2006

63

142

64

144

Letter from Stephen M. MacLean, October 2,2006

65

148

Letter from Scott Gardiner, October 9,2006

b) Standing Senate Committee

Lettre de Scott Gardiner, 9 octobre 2006

b) Comite senatorial permanent

66

154

Presentation by Alexandra Dobrowolsky Evidence submission of Gerard W. Horgan Presentation by Errol P. Mendes, March 26, 2006 Submission by Henri Bron, September 14,2006

Presentation par Alexandra Dobrowolsky Memoire de Gerard W. Horgan

67

158

68

162

Presentation d'Errol P. Mendes, 26 mars 2006 Memoire de Henri Bron, 14 septembre 2006

69

172

70

184

VOLUME XIII
Memorandum of Henry S. Brown, March 21, 2007 Presentation of Roger Gibbins, March 21, 2007 Presentation of Andrew Heard, March 21,2007 Letter from Harry Van Mulligen, Minister of Government Relations, Government of Saskatchewan, March 21,2007 Memoire de Henry S. Brown, 21 mars 2007 Presentation de Roger Gibbins, 21 mars 2007 Presentation d' Andrew Heard, 21 mars 2007 Lettre de Harry Van Mulligen, ministre des Relations intergouvemementales, Gouvemement de la Saskatchewan, 21 mars 2007 Lettre du premier ministre Lome Calvert, Gouvemement de la Saskatchewan, 21 mars 2007 Remarques de Gerard W. Horgan, 22 mars 2007 Memoire de John P. McEvoy, 22 mars 2007 71 1

72

106

73

114

74

131

Letter from Premier Lome Calvert, Government of Saskatchewan, March 21,2007 Remarks of Gerard W. Horgan, March 22, 2007 Submission of John P. McEvoy, March 22, 2007

75

133

76

135

77

144

xi

Letter from Jean-Charles Belanger, March 26, 2007 Letter from Patrick J. Monahan, March 27, 2007 Notes for presentation by Alan C. Cairns, March 28, 2007 Notes on Senate Reform of Jennifer Smith, March 28, 2007 Letter by Jennifer Smith, March 30, 2007

Lettre de Jean-Charles Belanger, 26 mars 2007 Lettre de Patrick J. Monahan, 27 mars 2007

78

170

79

174

80

178

Notes sur la reforme du Senat de Jennifer Smith, 28 mars 2007 Lettre de Jennifer Smith, 30 mars 2007

81

189

82

195

VOLUME XIV
Letter from Warren J. Newman, April 13,2007 Letter and Brief of Stephen M. MacLean, April 16, 2007 Talking points for Video-Conference with Legal and Constitutional Affairs Committee, David Smith, April 18, 2007 Lettre de Warren J. Newman, 13 avril, 2007 Lettre et memoire de Stephen M. MacLean, 16 avril 2007 Points de discussion pour une videoconference avec Ie Comite permanent des affaires juridiques et constitutionnelles, David Smith, 18 avril 2007 Lettre du premier ministre Shawn Graham, Gouvernement du NouveauBrunswick, avec l'Enonce de principe du gouvernement du NouveauBrunswick, 20 avril 2007 Lettre du premier ministre Paul Okalik, Gouvernement de Nunavut, 18 mai 2007 83 1

84

85

16

Letter from Premier Shawn Graham, Government of New Brunswick, with Position Paper of the Government of New Brunswick, April 20, 2007

86

22

Letter from Premier Paul Okalik, Government ofNunavut, May 18, 2007 Letter from Pat Lun on behalf of Premier MacDonald, Government of Nova Scotia, May 22, 2007

87

51

88

53

xii

Letter from Harry Van Mulligen, Minister of Government Relations, Government of Saskatchewan, May 28,2007

Lettre de Harry Van Mulligen, ministre des Relations intergouvernementales, Gouvernement de la Saskatchewan, 28 mai 2007 Lettre de Marie Bountrogianni, ministre, Gouvernement de l'Ontario, 30 mai 2007 Lettre de premier ministre Danny Williams, Gouvernement de TerreNeuve et Labrador, 30 mai 2007 Lettre de Joan van Dongen, ministre d'Etat des relations intergouvernmentales, Gouvernement de la Colombie-Britannique, 30 mai 2007 Lettre de Benoit Pelletier, ministre responsable, Gouvernement du Quebec, avec Ie Memoire du gouvernement du Quebec concernant les projets legislatifs federaux sur Ie Senat, 31 mai 2007 Lettre de Peter W. Hogg, 5 juin 2007

89

54

Letter from Marie Bountrogianni, Minister, Government of Ontario, May 30,2007 Letter from Premier Danny Williams, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador, May 30, 2007 Letter from Joan van Dongen, Minister of State for Intergovernmental Relations, Government of British Columbia, May 30, 2007 Letter from Benoit Pelletier, Lead Minister, Government of Quebec, with Brief from the Government of Quebec concerning the federal bills on the Senate, May 31, 2007

90

57

91

65

92

71

93

75

Letter from Peter W. Hogg, June 5, 2007 Letter from Paul Vogt, on behalf of Premier Doer, Government of Manitoba, June 7, 2007 Letter from Stephen Green, on behalf of Premier MacDonald, Government of Nova Scotia, June 8, 2007 Submission by Peter W. Hogg, April 15,2008 Brief of Charles-Emmanuel Cote, April 30, 2008

94

100

95

104

96

107

Memoire de Peter W. Hogg, 15 avril 2008 Memoire de Charles-Emmanuel Cote, 30 avril 2008

97

108

98

116

X11l

Submission by Andrew Heard, May 7,2008 Working papers on Senate Reform by Ronald L. Watts, May 7, 2008 Presentation to the Legislative Committee on Bill C-20 by Roger Gibbins, May 14, 2008 Statement by Bert Brown, June 18, 2008 Order in Council dated October 25, 1935 - P. C. 3374

Memoire d' Andrew Heard, 7 mai 2008 Document de travail sur la r<!:forme du Senat de Ronald L. Watts, 7 mai 2008 Presentation au Comite legislative concernant Ie projet de loi C-20 par Roger Gibbins, 14 mai 2008 Declaration de Bert Brown, 18 juin 2008 Decret date de 25 octobre 1935 - C.P. 3374

99

136

100

145

101

174

102

191

103

198

VOLUME XV
The Amendment ofthe Constitution of Canada, The Honourable Guy Favreau, Minister of Justice, February, 1965 Modification de la Constitution du Canada, L'Honorable Guy Favreau, Ministre de la Justice, fevrier, 1965 104 1

VOLUME XVI
PART VII - REPLY EXPERT REPORTS OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL OF CANADA PARTIE VII - REPLIQUE RAPPORT D'EXPERT DE LA PROCUREUR GENERAL DU CANADA
Avis d'expert sur les effets possibles du projet de loi C-7 par Christopher P. Manfredi, Ph.D., date de juin 2013 105 1

An Expert Opinion on the possible effects of Bill C-7 by Christopher P. Manfredi, Ph.D., dated June 2013

Curriculum Vitae of Christopher P. Manfredi

202

VOLUME XVII
Expert Report by John A. Stilborn, Ph.D., dated May 2013 Resume of John A. Stilborn Rapport d'expert de John A. Stilborn, Ph.D., date de mai 2013 106
1

145

XIV

An Expert Opinion on Bill C-7 : An Act Respecting the Selection of Senators and Amending the Constitution 1867 in Respect of Term Limits by Peter McCormick, Ph.D., dated June 7, 2013

107

149

An Expert Opinion on the possible effects of Bill C-7 An Act respecting the selection of senators and amending the Constitution Act, 1867 in respect of Senate term limits

Christopher P. Manfredi, Ph.D Dean, Faculty of Arts Professor, Department of Political Science McGill University

June 2013

2
BIOGRAPHY
1. Christopher Manfredi is Professor of Political Science and Dean of the Faculty of

Arts at McGill University. He received his BA and MA from the University of Calgary, as well as an MA and a PhD from Claremont Graduate University in California. Dr. Manfredi is a scholar and authority on the role of the judiciary in democratic societies, principally Canada and the United States. His research focuses on political institutions, the dynamics of constitutional change, and the political and policy impact of rights litigation. 2. Dr. Manfredi is the author of a number of books, including Contested

Constitutionalism: Reflections on the Charter of Rights and Freedoms (co-editor with

James Kelly, 2009), Judging Democracy (co-author with Mark Rush, 2008), Feminist

Activism in the Supreme Court: Legal Mobilization and the Women's Legal Education and Action Fund (2004) and Judicial Power and the Charter: Canada and the Paradox of Liberal Constitutionalism (2d ed., 2001). Feminist Activism in the Supreme Court
received the Canadian Law and Society Association's Annual Best Book Prize and was shortlisted for the Donner Book Prize. articles, chapters, reports and reviews. 3. Dr. Manfredi has held research grants from the Social Sciences and Humanities He is also the author of more than 65

Research Council of Canada, the Canadian Institutes for Health Research, the Donner Canadian Foundation, and the Max Bell Foundation. He is a highly regarded political and legal commentator. From 2008 to 2013 he was a member of the governing council of the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada. In 2010, he served on the special committee to advise the Prime Minister on the appointment of the Governor General.

3
MANDATE

4.

I have been asked to prepare an expert opinion in connection with the reference

filed on February 1, 2013 by the Governor in council before the Supreme Court of Canada concerning the authority of Parliament to reform the Senate.

5.

In this opinion I assess whether Bill C-7, representing the federal government's

latest proposal to reform the Senate, will have profound effects on the fundamental features or essential characteristics of the Senate by affecting the independence of senators, the representational role of senators, or the review function of the Senate. I assess whether an election process will alter the regional representation focus of the Senate and/or diminish the capacity of the Senate to represent minorities or other politically underrepresented groups such as women, Francophones outside Quebec, and First Nations peoples. I also assess whether the establishment of nonrenewable fixed terms affects the independence, continuity, and long-term perspective needed by the Senate to serve its legislative review function.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

6.

The essential function of the Senate is to supplement the legal guarantee of

autonomy provided to the provinces by the Constitution Act, 1867 through a national political institution whose basis of representation is equality of subnational units, and whose purpose is to protect their interests through independent action. In my opinion, Bill C-7 does not diminish the Senate's essential function of regional representation, since it has no effect on the distribution of seats among the divisions or provinces. It is also my opinion that representation of minorities or other politically underrepresented groups is not part of the Senate's original function or current reality and therefore whatever the impact of Bill C-7 on such representation might be it will have no bearing on the fundamental features or essential characteristics of the Senate. Moreover, the empirical evidence suggests that the appointive mode of selection for the Senate has not been materially better at achieving this objective than the elective principle underlying the House of Commons. Finally, based on an empirical analysis of Senate and House careers, as well as of the typical length of Parliaments, it is my opinion that instituting a nonrenewable, nine-year fixed term will not adversely affect the independence, continuity, and long-term perspective the Senate contributes to the legislative process.

EXPERT OPINION

7.

Bill C-7 proposes to reform the Senate in two ways: (1) by providing an electoral

framework, adopted by provinces and territories at their own discretion, to generate a list of nominees that must be considered by the Prime Minister in recommending Senate nominees to the Governor General; and (2) by amending s. 29 (2) of the Constitution Act, 1867 to limit senators to a single term of nine years. In this opinion I do not offer a normative judgment with respect to whether these reforms are desirable, which is properly a matter for parliamentary debate. Nor do I offer a legal opinion on which, if any, constitutional amending procedure applies to the reforms proposed in Bill C-7. This is presumably the question that the court will determine on the basis of the arguments and evidence, including expert opinion, presented before it. 1 My opinion is restricted to considering the combined effects of a term limit and an elective dimension to Senate appointment on the independence of senators, their representational role, the review function of the Senate, the Senate's regional representation focus, and the capacity of the Senate to represent groups such as women, First Nations people, and Francophones outside Quebec. 8. My opinion contains two separate parts, each of which responds to some degree to

expert opinions prepared on behalf of the Government of Quebec and others. In Part 1, I consider the impact of introducing an elective element to the senatorial appointment process on the Senate's representational function and the independence of senators. I also look more closely at Canada's only experience with an elective dimension to senatorial selection-Alberta-for an empirical sense of the nature of those elections, the candidates they attracted, and the characteristics of the senators ultimately appointed on
1

I do offer a political opinion, based on my understanding of the Senate's need for independence, continuity and long-term perspective-with respect to the government's assertion that the proposed amendment to s. 29(2) of the Constitution Act; 1867 can proceed through s. 44 of the Constitution Act; 1982.
4

the basis of this process. Although the experience is limited, there is nothing in it to suggest that the elective process has produced senators significantly different from the purely nominative process that prevails in other provinces. In this part I argue that there is nothing explicit in Bill C-7 that would detract from the Senate's fundamental features or characteristics in these areas. Bill C-7 does not diminish the ability of senators to perform their roles free from fear that their actions will jeopardize their senatorial careers. Nor does Bill C-7 diminish the Senate's essential function of regional representation. In this regard, I also consider the Senate's representational role with respect to minorities or other politically underrepresented groups. I argue: (1) that this is not part of the Senate's original function; and (2) that the empirical evidence suggests that, even if one considers this a fundamental feature or essential characteristic of the contemporary Senate, the appointive mode of selection for the Senate has not been materially better at achieving this objective than the elective principle underlying the House of Commons. 9. In Part 2 of my opinion I consider the impact of instituting a nonrenewable, nine-

year fixed term through constitutional amendment according to s. 44 of the Constitution

Act, 1982. I pay particular attention to the impact of this change on the independence,
continuity, and long-term perspective that the Senate contributes to the legislative process. On the basis of an empirical analysis of Senate and Commons careers, as well as on the typical length of Parliaments, I conclude that this change is immaterial to these essential features and characteristics of the Senate. I also demonstrate that there is other professional opinion to this effect, even among experts who are otherwise skeptical toward Bill C-7. In fact, as I demonstrate later in my report, one of the experts for the Government of Quebec-David Smith-has proposed in his academic writings precisely what is contained in Bill C-7: the introduction through s. 44 of the Constitution Act, 1982 of a nonrenewable fixed term.

PART 1: INTRODUCING AN ELECTIVE ELEMENT 10. Part 1 of Bill C-7 contains two provisions. First, it establishes a framework for

the selection of Senate nominees-set out in an attached schedule-in which the key component is the selection of provincial or territorial Senate nominees through election. Second, where provinces or territories have chosen to select their Senate nominees through this framework, Bill C-7 provides that the Prime Minister, in recommending Senate nominees to the Governor General, "must consider names from the most current list of Senate nominees selected for that province or territory." Three principal objections have been raised to Bill C-7. First, that this reform undermines the Senate's

independence. Second, that it changes the method of selecting senators by transferring authority from the Prime Minister to the electorate. Finally, that it affects the powers of the Senate by fundamentally altering its essential representational characteristics. 11. These objections form an important part of the expert opinions prepared by

Heard, Smith, and Cardinal. Heard argues that the elections anticipated in Bill C-7 would be true, direct elections, and that the Prime Minister and Governor General would ultimately be obliged to appoint the winners of these elections to the Senate. He also argues that "the powers of the Senate are inextricably tied to the method of appointment." 2 This is why, he asserts, that almost all proposals to reform the

appointments process have been accompanied by proposals to change the Senate's powers. Smith's objections focus on his understanding of two important features of the Senate: independence and the Senate's role in giving expression "to voices not heard in the Commons." 3 Smith argues that Bill C-7 will harm these features because it

"partisanizes" the Senate and "presents a special challenge to Canada's federation of

Andrew Heard, Expert Opinion of Bill C-7, October 2012, 18. David E. Smith, Expert Opinion of Bill C-7, December 2012, 6-14.
6

cultures.,,4 In this latter point he echoes Cardinal's view that an elective process will undermine the representation of Francophones outside Quebec in the Senate, as well as of women. 5 12. In this Part of my report, I provide an alternative conceptual and empirical view

on these matters. With respect to Smith and Cardinal, I argue that their objections rely on an imprecise understanding of the concepts of "independence" and "representation." In particular, they rely on an idealized understanding of representation that is inconsistent with the historical meaning and empirical reality of representation in the Senate. 6 With respect to Heard, the simultaneous pursuit of reforms to mode of appointment and powers of the Senate is not determinative of whether one causes the other. In any event, if changing the mode of appointment changes the Senate's powers-or, more accurately, its propensity to exercise the powers it already has-it would do so in a way that promotes the Senate's essential characteristic of regional representation. With respect to Heard's other main point that Senate nominee elections would unduly constratn Prime Ministers, I demonstrate through Smith's academic writings that this outcome is not certain.

Representational Character
13.
In order to assess the impact of Bill C-7 on the representational function of the

Senate it is necessary to consider the relationship among federalism, bicameralism, and representation. Federal regimes divide the totality of government power between

(usually) two autonomous authorities, and they provide a legal guarantee of this autonomy, especially to subnational units, through a written constitution. Federal structures emerge when disparate political units seek to unify in a context of significant

5
6

Ibid., 19, 23. Linda Cardinal, Expert Opinion of Bill C-7, date uncertain, 12-30. I would apply the same critique to Hicks's argument, See Bruce M. Hicks, Expert Opinion of Bill C-7, October 2012, 5-6, 42-46, 79-80.

diversity, especially diversity in language, culture, religion, and local institutions.

In

fact, the essential characteristic of federal systems "is that they are based not solely on majoritarian principles, but upon the recognition and accommodation of diversity."g This was certainly the case for Canada, where federalism emerged as the alternative to a legislative union because of a political compromise between the proponents of unity and advocates of greater diversity. 9 In particular, the presence of a large, regionally

concentrated, French-speaking Roman Catholic population virtually guaranteed that Canada would unify in federal form. 14. Although written constitutions provide an essential legal guarantee of autonomy,

bicameralism operates in federal regimes as a political supplement to this legal guarantee. As Ronald Watts writes, the major role of bicameralism in federal systems is "representing regional interests at the federal or national level," 10 and it is clearly recognized that this was the original role for the Senate as Canada's upper house. As Hogg writes, the "Senate was intended to serve as a protector of regional interests, which is a traditional function of the upper house in federal systems."ll The broad acceptance of this view is demonstrated by its recognition in standard texts on Canadian government, 12 as well as in a recent compilation of writing on various aspects of Canadian politics. 13 The major representational function of the Senate, therefore, is with

10
11

12
13

Peter W. Hogg, Constitutional Law of Canada, 3 rd edition (Toronto: Carswell, 1992),102. Ronald Watts, "Bicameralism in Federal Parliamentary Systems," in Joyal, ed. Protecting Canadian Democracy: The Senate You Never Knew (Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2003)" 69. Hogg, Constitutional Law of Canada, 3 rd edition., 107. Watts, "Bicameralism in Federal Parliamentary Systems," 69. Hogg, Constitutional Law of Canada, 3 rd edition., 241. See, for example, N. Ward, Dawson's Government of Canada, 6th edition (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1987), 154. Paul G. Thomas, "Parliament and Legislatures: Central to Canadian Democracy?" in John C. Courtney and David E. Smith, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Canadian Politics (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010), 167.

10

respect to regional and provincial interests. As Alexander Galt put it during the London Conference in 1866, "To the Legislative Council [later Senate] all the Provinces look for protection under the Federal principle.,,14
15.

The design of the Senate pursued this objective through representation based on

regional equality. It is worthwhile to quote David Smith on this subject, as his academic writings offer a somewhat narrower understanding of the original representational function of the Senate than his opinion prepared for this case: ... the Canadian Senate was purposefully made to deal with the foundational concerns of the 1867 union-in particular Quebec's. For if representation by population was the rallying cry of Upper Canadians in the lead-up to Confederation, and if a Commons based on that principle may he viewed as Ontario's house, then the Senate, with equal numbers of senators from Ontario and Quebec, may be seen as the Quebec counterpart. 15 16. The equal distribution of seats in the Senate among the three constituent regions

(or divisions) operationalized this representational function of the Senate. It was, of course, an imperfect operationalization, since the constituent units of the federation were defined differently for the purposes of division of powers (provinces) and Senate representation (divisions). Nevertheless the intent was clear: the Senate would represent the interests of subnational political units. 17. The equal representation of subnational units in the Senate was not completely However, as Watts points out, the

divorced from the representation of minorities.

14

15

G.P. Browne, ed. Documents on the Confederation of British North America, (Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2009), 211 (A. Galt, London Conference, 13 December 1866). David E. Smith, "Canada: A Double Federation," in Courney and Smith, eds., The Oxford Handbook of Canadian Politics, 81-82. Smith points out that the principle of equal representation in the Senate also facilitated the entry of Maritime colonies into the union. 9

11

Senate's representation of minority interests pertained to national minorities who otherwise constituted a majority in one or more of the provinces or regions. 16 Indeed, federalism and bicameralism are not generally an effective means of protecting minorities that are not territorially concentrated, and it is therefore highly problematic to expect the Senate to do this. As Ajzenstat writes: "By the 'minority,' Macdonald does not mean ethnic or religious minorities.,,17 The submissions by Cardinal, Heard, Hicks, and Smith on this subject thus rely on a concept of "minority" that did not inform the Senate's design. Whatever the merits of having senators from minorities (in the modem sense) or other politically underrepresented groups in the Senate, it cannot be considered a foundational or fundament feature of the institution. Indeed, to the extent that Canada's founders viewed the Senate as protecting "minorities" beyond regional concerns, they meant property holders, whom they thought would always be in the minority (hence the property qWllification for appointment to the Senate). As Macdonald expressed this

view: "there should be a large property qualification for the upper house, which is then the representative 0!property.,,18

18.

There is nothing in Bill C-7 that deviates from the principle of equal regional

representation, as nothing in the Bill contemplates changing the distribution of Senate seats among the divisions or provinces. In fact, it is equally reasonable to argue that Bill C-7 would enhance regional representation, in two ways. First, by providing the people who live in these regions an opportunity to participate meaningfully, if not authoritatively, in the selection of Senators. Second, by making it more difficult for senators to purport to represent a region without having any meaningful connection to that region (a phenomenon that has been observed with respect to the current Senate).

16

17
18

Watts, "Bicameralism in Federal Parliamentary Systems," 70. Ajzenstat, "Bicameralism and Canada's Founders: The Origins of the Canadian Senate," in S. Joyal, ed. protecting Canadian Democracy, 7. G.P. Browne, ed. Documents on the Confederation of British North America, 133 (I.A. Macdonald, Quebec Conference, 11 October 1864). Emphasis mine.

10

12

These reasons may be why four provincial governments, in addition to Alberta, have contemplated the elective principle for senatorial appointments. 19. 19

Despite the overwhelming emphasis on regional interests as the Senate's primary

representational function, it is argued that that, "to a limited extent," the Senate took on the task of representing and protecting minorities and other special interests and underrepresented groups during the 20th century.20 Table 1 provides data on the number of women and persons ofInuit, Metis, and other First Nations origins who have served in the Senate and House of Commons, relative to the different size of the two institutions. Tables 2 and 3 break these data down by time period. 21

19

20
21

There has also been a private member's bill in Ontario. Paul G. Thomas, "Parliament and Legislatures: Central to Canadian Democracy?" 167. My emphasis. For women, I have calculated the percentage of women appointed or elected from 1930, which is the first year that women became constitutionally eligible for appointment to the Senate. The total number of Senators appointed during this period is 534; the total number of member elected to the House of Commons is 2463.

11

13

TABLE 1
Representation of Women and First Nations Peoples in the Senate and House of Commons22 Group Inuit, Metis, First Nations Women Senate 15 1.6% 92 17.2% House of Commons 32 0.8% 254 10.3%

Table 2 23 Women and Aboriginal Persons Appointed to the Senate by Time Period

Period

Number Appointed

Women Appointed

Aboriginal Persons Appointed

1 0.4% 0 0.0% 6 2.5% 7 54.1% 1 1.8%

1867-1907 1908-1947 1948-1987 1988-2007 2008-2013

276 221 241 138 57

0 0.0% 2 0.9% 24 9.9% 48 34.8% 18 31.6%

22

23

See Annexe 2, selected data from (accessed May 11,2013): http://www.parl.gc.ca/Parlinfo flists.fsenators.aspx?Parliament=&N ame=&Par ty=&Province=&Gender=F&Current=False&PrimeMinister=&TermEnd=&Mini stry=&Picture=False and http://www.parl.gc.ca/Parlinfo I Compilations IParliament/Aboriginal.aspx?Ro le=Senators and http://www.parl.gc.ca/parlinfo ILists 1M embers.aspx?Parliament-&Riding-& Name-&Party-&Province-&Gender- F&N ew- False&Current= False&First= Fal se&Picture- False&Section - False&ElectionDate=&SortColumn =ElectionEndDa te&SortDirection=ASC Ibid.
12

14

Table 3 Women and Aboriginal Persons Elected to the House of Commons by Time Period (By Date of First Election)24 Period Number Elected Women Elected Aboriginal Persons Elected
3 0.3% 0 0.0% 9 0.8% 14 2.2% 6 3.2%

1867-1907 1908-1947 1948-1987 1988-2007 2008-2013

1144 1027 1197 647 190

0 0.0% 5 0.5% 54 4.5% 132 20.4% 64 33.7%

20.

In terms of raw numbers, almost three times as many women have served in the

House of Commons as have served in the Senate, and more than twice as many persons of Inuit, Metis, or other First Nations origin have served in the House of Commons than in the Senate. However, in percentage terms, the data favour the Senate. With respect to women, during the common period when females could be both appointed to the Senate and elected to the Commons, female representation in the Commons is 10.3 percent compared to 17.2 percent in the Senate. For Inuit, Metis, and people of other First Nations origins, the historical representation is 0.8 percent in the Commons and 1.6 percent in the Senate. However, for both groups, in both institutions, increased

representation is largely a phenomenon of the past twenty-five years, suggesting that it is being driven by larger societal changes than any particular characteristic of the Senate or Commons. With respect to gender, 71.7 percent of all women appointed to the Senate and 76.8 percent of all women elected to the Commons have reached office since 1988.

24

Ibid.
13

15

With respect to Aboriginal peoples, the proportions are 53.3 percent for the Senate and 62.5 percent for the House of Commons. It is also important to note that, from 2008 to 2013, proportionately more women and Aboriginal persons have been elected to the House of Commons than appointed to the Senate. 21. The striking fact about these data, however, is that, until 1988, Canada's historical

record was not particularly strong in either case. Even in the past twenty-five years, women have represented only 33.8 percent of appointees to the Senate, and only 4.1 percent of appointees have been of Inuit, Metis, or other First Nations origin. In addition, the data suggest that an exclusively nominative process is not significantly more successful than an elective process in promoting the representation of these groups. In light of this, the more important question is why the record of appointments of these two groups to the Senate is not better than it is. Even without the constraints and vagaries of the electoral process, women and Canadians of Inuit, Metis, and First Nations origins have generally been underrepresented in the Senate. 25 The answer to this question lies in the fact that, to the extent that Prime Ministers have pursued any particular objective in making Senate appointments, it has been the partisan objective of appointing members of their own political parties. In fact, almost 95 percent of all appointees to the Senate have been from the appointing Prime Minister's own political party, which raises important questions about the extent to which the status quo nominative process promotes the principle of independence in a broader sense. 26 If senators are simply representatives of the party in government, then it is difficult to understand how the Senate can be a truly independent body in this sense. 22.
It is also difficult to point to specific instances where the Senate has effectively

protected or promoted the interests of minorities or other politically underrepresented

25
26

Women constitute 50.4% of Canada's population (2011 Census), and Aboriginal peoples 3.8% (2006 Census). Annexe 1 is a list of all senators with their biographical information. 14

16

groups against actions of the government. That this should be the case is unsurprising, given that partisanship is the most important factor determining nomination to the Senate. Consequently, except during short periods of transitions in power from one political party to another, the Senate is dominated by the government. Even the one instance in the past two decades where the Senate might be seen as having acted against the government in the interests of a politically underrepresented group-its defeat of legislation to regulate abortion following the 1988 Morgentaler decision (Bill C-43) by a tie vote in January 1991-does not contradict the general point that the Senate cannot be relied upon independently to protect these groups, whatever its demographic composition. In that instance, with some exceptions, senators were free to vote their conscience; moreover, some senators voted against Bill C-43 not to protect women from new abortion regulations, but because they thought the new regulations did not go far enough. Put simply, the Senate's 1991 defeat of Bill C-43 cannot be depicted as an example of the upper house protecting a politically underrepresented group from prejudicial government action. 23. One argument for the Senate's having a role with respect to minorities or other

underrepresented groups, advanced in this matter by Linda Cardinal, is its ability to represent the interests of non-Quebec Francophones. Cardinal identifies 64 members of Canada's non-Quebec Francophone community, from seven provinces and one territory, who have served in the Senate. This constitutes 6.9 percent of all senators who have served, which is very close to the current proportion of 7.8 percent of senators who are non-Quebec Francophones (8 of 103). There have, however, been significant gaps in the representation of non-Quebec Francophones. On the one hand, Francophone senators have regularly represented Manitoba, Ontario, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick; on the other hand, British Columbia and Newfoundland and Labrador have never had Francophone representation in the Senate. Alberta and Saskatchewan have had

Francophone representation for just over half of their history as provinces, while Prince

15

17
Edward Island has had only a single Francophone senator (none since the 19th century).27 As with women and First Nations peoples, the actual degree to which the Senate has represented non-Quebec Francophones is weaker than suggested by Cardinal, Heard, Hicks, and Smith in the their expert opinion reports. 24. Without a doubt, the Senate was established to a large degree to protect French-

speaking Canadians who were, and were expected to continue to be, a minority in Canada as a whole. For this reason, the regional basis for representation in the Senate was

perfectly suited to this objective, given the territorial concentration of French speakers in Quebec. This concentration existed in 1867-with approximately 90 percent of

Canadians of "French origin" living in Lower Canada-and it continues to exist todaywith 86.5 percent of Francophones living in Quebec. 28 However, the Senate was not explicitly intended to protect the Francophone minority outside of Quebec. Nevertheless, over time, Senate appointments may have increasingly reflected this concern, especially after 1960 when Quebec's national aspirations led it to be more self-focused (assuming Quebec ever thought of itself as having a special responsibility for Francophones outside the province). Indeed, of the non-Quebec Francophones appointed to the Senate, fully half have been appointed since 1960. 25. In my view, it is easy to exaggerate the importance of non-Quebec Francophone

representation in the Senate by missing its mostly symbolic rather than real effect. For non-Quebec Francophones, the Senate is a very weak institution on which to rely for protection of their interests, for at least two reasons. First, with the exception of ensuring access to federal government services in French throughout Canada, none of the key legislative areas relevant to cultural and linguistic preservation and promotion27

28

See Claudette Tardif and Chantal Terrien, "Senate Reform and Francophone Minorities," Canadian Parliamentary Review (Spring 2009), 8. For 1867, see http://www66.statcan.gc.ca!eng!acyb c1867eng.aspx?opt=!eng/1867/186700160016 The%20Census.pdf. For the current proportion, see http://www12.statcan.gc.ca!censusrecensementlindex-eng.cfm. accessed 1 May, 2013. 16

18
especially education-is within federal jurisdiction and the direct legislative authority the Senate shares with the Commons. 29 Second, and more important, the Charter of Rights and Freedoms introduced a far more powerful, effective, and frequently used instrument for the protection and promotion of the rights of non-Quebec Francophones. 26. In particular, the minority language education rights guaranteed under s. 23 of the

Charter have proven invaluable to these communities. Indeed, while Quebec initially expressed the most fear of being constrained by s. 23, other provinces have been more affected by minority language education rights litigation. Francophone parents have

successfully challenged provincial legislation and policy in Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Ontario, and Alberta under s. 23, resulting in important expansions of minority language education rights for Francophones outside Quebec. 30 Even if the shift from an exclusively nominative to a partially elective selection process reduces the number of non-Quebec Francophones who enter the Senate, the more useful, and frequently deployed, Charter-based language rights-especially s. 23-will remain. 27. While there may be an aspirational sense in which the Senate is considered to be a

place where minorities or other special interests and politically underrepresented groups might participate in some fashion in the legislative process, minority representation in this sense has never been one of its fundamental features or essential characteristics. The

29

30

To be sure, s. 93 of the Constitution Act, 1867 grants the federal government remedial legislative authority to prevent provincial violations of minority education rights, but that authority has never been used and is considered obsolete by some authorities. See Hogg, Constitutional Law of Canada, 3 rd edition., 114. Christopher Manfredi, "Constitutional Rights and Interest Advocacy: Litigating Educational Reform in Canada and the United States," in F. Leslie Seidle ed. Equity and Community: The Charter, Interest Advocacy and Representation (Montreal: Institute For Research On Public Policy, 1993), 91-117; Manfredi, "La Charte et Ie caractere distinctif du Quebec, Cite Libre 28 :4 (2000), 78-82 ; Troy Riddell, "The Impact of Legal Mobilization and Judicial Decisions: The Case of Official Minority-Language Education Policy in Canada for Francophones outside Quebec," Law & Society Review 38 (2004),583-610.
17

19

purpose underlying Canada's Senate was to ensure equal regional representation as a counterweight to representation by population in the House of Commons. To paraphrase and partially quote Ajzenstat, at Canada's founding, everyone agreed that a modem system of government required "rep-by-pop" in the lower house (even if Canada implemented this principle only imperfectly). The "formula for regional representation" proposed for the upper house was thought to be sufficient to offset the dominance that this principle would give Ontario and Quebec in the lower house relative to other regions and provinces. 3l Method of Selection: Independence and Prime Ministerial Authority 28. The concept of an elected upper house was not unknown to the Fathers of

Confederation. The United States Constitution provided for election of senators by state legislatures, and the elective principle operated for the legislative council of the Province of Canada and Prince Edward Island prior to Confederation. As John A. Macdonald pointed out during debates in the Legislative Assembly of Canada in 1865, there was considerable debate surrounding the choice between an elective or nominative principle for appointment to the upper house. 32 Macdonald himself favoured appointment by the Crown, but not because he considered the elective principle to have failed in Canada. 33 Instead, as he explained during the Canadian parliamentary debates, delegates to the earlier conferences viewed the shortcomings of the elective principle as more practical than philosophical. In particular, the enormous size of the constituencies and the

associated degree of effort to become elected were considered important reasons for

31

32
33

Ajzenstat, "Bicameralism and Canada's Founders," in S. Joyal, ed. Protecting Canadian Democracy, 15. J. Ajzenstat et al., eds. Canada's Founding Debates (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1999), 78 (J.A. Macdonald, 6 February 1865). G.P. Browne, ed. Documents on the Confederation of British North America, 97 (J.A. Macdonald, Quebec Conference, 11 October 1864. 18

20
rejecting the elective principle. 34 George Brown reiterated this view in the same debates: " ... elections of members for such enormous districts as form the constituencies of the upper house has become a great practical inconvenience." 35 The "inconvenience"

associated with elections held across such large areas also affected the quality of the candidates who ran for these councils. Once again, Macdonald's words are instructive on this issue: "in every succeeding election in both Canadas there has been an increasing disinclination, on the part of men of standing and political experience, to become candidates; while, on the other hand, all the young men, the active politicians, those who have resolved to embrace the life of a statesman, have sought entrance to the House of Assembly.,,36 29. The concern here was that the upper house would be of poor quality under the

elective principle because the best candidates for public office would choose the less arduous electoral path to the lower house. 30. These practical concerns are, of course, of little relevance today. In a world

where elections can be contested effectively in constituencies as geographically large as the Northwest Territories, the Yukon, and Nunavut, the area over which Senate elections would have to be contested can no longer be an objection to the elective principle. Nor is there any evidence from the Alberta experience, discussed next, that contemporary Senate nominee elections attract low quality candidates. The practical concerns which led the Fathers to select the nominative over the elective principle for the Senate have long been erased by history.

34 35 36

Ajzenstat et al., eds. Canada's Founding Debates, 79 (J.A. Macdonald, 6 February 1865). Ibid., 85 (G. Brown, 8 February 1865). Ajzenstat et al., eds. Canada's Founding Debates, 79 (J.A. Macdonald, 6 February 1865).

19

21

31.

There is little sense from the debates that key participants in the framing and

ratification of the 1867 constitution believed that the elective principle was inherently incompatible with the functions to be served by the upper house. The Fathers of

Confederation did believe that the nominative principle was consistent with their objective "that the constitution of the upper house should be in accordance with the British system as nearly as circumstances would allow.,,37 They recognized, however, that it could not be identical in the sense of being an hereditary upper house, which Macdonald described as "unsuited to our state of society." Canada, he argued, "had none of the elements for the formation of a landlord aristocracy-no men of large territorial possessions-no class separated from the mass of the people.,,38 Appointment by the Crown would bring Canada as close as possible to the model of the British constitution while recognizing the impossibility of establishing an hereditary upper house in Canada. 32. Both Macdonald and Brown did articulate the general principle that the upper

house should be an independent body, "one that would be in the best position to canvas dispassionately the measures of this house [i.e legislative assembly] and stand up for the public interests in opposition to hasty or partisan legislation.,,39 However, the discussion of independence took place in the context of defending life appointments. Macdonald's and Brown's argument was that, once appointed, the term in office of members of the upper house must be independent of the appointing authority, whether that authority is the Crown through nomination or the people through election.
4o

In this sense, "senatorial

independence" is very much like judicial independence in that senators and judges are free to act according to what they believe is right because they neither fear capricious

37
38 39

40

Ibid., 78 (I.A. Macdonald, 6 February 1865). Ibid., 78 (I.A. Macdonald, 6 February 1865). Ibid., 80 (I.A. Macdonald, 6 February 1865), 88 (G. Brown, 8 February 1865). The quotation is from Brown. Janet Ajzenstat, "Bicameralism and Canada's Founders: The Origins of the Canadian Senate," in S. Joyal, ed. Protecting Canadian Democracy, 8.

20

22

removal from office nor must they seek approval for continuation in office. As long as continuation in office is independent of the appointing authority, the Senate is independent, and this form of independence is protected by non-renewability.41 Bill C-7 protects independence in this sense by preserving the non-renewability of Senate terms established in 1867 and continued in 1965.42 In addition, without affecting the original understanding of Senate independence, Bill C-7 has the potential for promoting the Senate's practical independence by partially untethering Senate appointments from the Prime Minister's personal political agenda and the influence of patronage. 33.
It might still be argued, for precisely this reason, that Bill C-7 undermines the

authority of the Prime Minister to recommend appointments to the Governor General. I am not persuaded by this argument. The elective element contemplated by C-7 will only be triggered in provinces that choose to adopt legislation along the lines of the model provided in C-7. Moreover, future governments may choose to repeal it. Although

Alberta has already adopted an elective element, and five provinces have taken steps in this direction (British Columbia, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia), I do not think one can assume that an elective element will be in place in every province, nor can one assume that a province that introduces it will always choose to maintain that approach. 34. To be sure, it is possible that a convention might emerge that the Prime Minister

must recommend the appointment of elected nominees, where elections take place. Yet it is unclear whether even such a possibility would have an impact on the character of the institution. Consider, for example, a key element in David Smith's recommendations for
41

42

For example, in reviewing the founding debate between the elective and nominative principle Ajzenstat does not pronounce herself in favour of one or the other, although she clearly opposes the notion that senators present themselves for re-election or re-appointment. Ibid.,ll. It might be argued that elections would make senators dependent on the people, which would restrict their sphere of independent action, I address this issue in Part 2.

21

23

nonconstitutional reform to the Senate appointment process, articulated in his academic writings but absent from his expert opinion in this case. 43 Although Smith is very skeptical about the wisdom of elective appointments, he nevertheless recognizes the shortcomings of the status quo. He therefore recommends three reforms that he believes could be achieved without constitutional amendment: 44 Make all aspects of the appointment process transparent and open to the public. Establish an independent, non-partisan vetting commISSIOn, responsible to Parliament, to oversee the appointment of senators. Develop publicly accessible guidelines governing the selection of senators (my emphasis). 35. The common intent of these reforms is to remove the Prime Minister's unfettered

discretion when advising the Governor General with respect to Senate appointments (note Smith's use of "govern," rather than a word like "guide," in the third recommendation). Nothing would make the appointment process more transparent and open to the public than introducing an elective element. In fact, Smith directly ties the third of these

recommendations to the general electoral process, suggesting that the "electorate would be able to judge both the quality of the criteria and the subsequent appointments as part of the government's record.,,45

36.

Perhaps the most interesting of his recommendations is to establish an

"Appointments Vetting Commission," whose express purpose would be to "lessen the

43

44

4S

David Smith, "The Improvement of the Senate by Nonconstitutional Means," in Joyal, ed. Protecting Canadian Democracy, 257-61. He recommends a fourth reform-nonrenewable twelve-year terms-that would require constitutional amendment, but he suggests this could be done unilaterally by Parliament. I discuss this proposal later in my report. Smith, "The Improvement of the Senate by Nonconstitutional Means," in Joyal, ed. Protecting Canadian Democracy, 260.

22

24
excessive power of the Prime Minister" in Senate appointments. 46 According to Smith, such a commission would construct a short list of candidates from which the Prime Minister would choose. Over time, Smith argues, "a new convention would emerge by which the Prime Minister would only appoint senators recommended by the vetting commission.,,47 From the perspective of the Prime Minister's authority in recommending Senate appointments, it is unclear how this differs from the mechanism established in Bill C-7. Senate nominee elections will produce a list that the Prime Minister would consider before making a recommendation, and it might even be the case that a convention would emerge that the Prime Minister would only appoint Senators recommended by the electorate through Senate nominee elections. However, as long as the Prime Minister is free to choose which name on the list to recommend, then the fact of recommending from a list does not impede Prime Ministerial authority. In other words, if an "Appointments Vetting Commission," operating on the same principle and tending toward the same convention as Senate nominee elections, would not unduly constrain Prime Ministerial authority, then the same should be true about the elective element contemplated in Bill C7.

37.

To summanze, the Canadian founders clearly chose the nominative over the

elective principle for appointments to the upper house, but they did so largely on practical rather than philosophical grounds. More precisely, there is no inherent contradiction
46

47

A similar commission exists in the United Kingdom, "to recommend individuals for appointment as non-party-political peers" and "to vet nominations for life peers, including those nominated by the UK political parties, to ensure the highest standards of propriety." See http://lordsappointments.independent.gov.uk/, accessed May 7,2013. As an aside, this appears to be what Prime Minister Harper has done with respect to vice-regal appointments. In 2010 he established an ad hoc committee to consult broadly and construct a short list of names for consideration for appointment as Governor General (full disclosure: I was a member of that committee). In 2012 he established a standing Advisory Committee on Vice-Regal Appointments with three permanent members and two rotating members. 23

25

between the Senate's functions and appointment through election. Moreover, although the founders expressly desired the Senate to be an independent body, they sought to protect its independence not through mode of appointment but through the term of appointment. In particular, they favoured non-renewability in order to free members of the upper house from dependence on others for continuity in office. In this way Senators would be free to act according to their conscience, free from fear of repercussions. The concerns that Smith articulates in his expert opinion, in other words, are based on a concept of independence quite different from that which Canada's founders were aiming to establish. Finally, as Smith suggests in his academic writings, and contrary to Heard's assertion in his expert opinion, the mere fact of limiting the Prime Minister's unfettered discretion in the appointment process-even to the extent of establishing a highly constraining new convention-should not be problematic so long as the Prime Minister retains some degree of choice with respect to which particular name he or she decides to recommend. In the final analysis, Bill C-7 does not change the fact that the Governor General summons individuals to the Senate on the advice of the Prime Minister, although it does establish a process to guide the Prime Minister when determining precisely what advice to give the Governor General.

The Alberta Experience

38. Alberta remains the only province to have held Senate Nominee Elections, which

it has done on four occasions, in 1989, 1998, 2004, and 2012. These elections are held under the authority of the Senatorial Selection Act (RSA 2000, Chapter S-5). The first two of these elections were held in conjunction with municipal elections, while the two most recent were held in conjunction with the Alberta general election. Thirty-three (33) candidates have presented themselves in these elections: six in 1989, four in 1998, ten in 2004, and thirteen in 2012. Of these thirty-three candidates, twenty were affiliated with a political party and thirteen presented themselves as independent candidates. Three 24

26

women have presented themselves as candidates. Ten of these candidates have been deemed elected and had their names submitted to the Queen's Privy Council of Canada "as persons who may be summoned to the Senate of Canada for the purpose of filling vacancies relating to Alberta," as provided for in s. 3(1) of the Senatorial Selection Act. Of these ten individuals, five have eventually been appointed to the Senate: four men and one woman. Each election merits its own short treatment.

1989 Senate Nominee Election

39. The 1989 Senate Nominee Election involved six candidates and took place in

conjunction with Alberta municipal elections. Three political parties-Reform, Liberal, and Progressive Conservative-ran candidates, along with three independent candidates. Stan Waters won the election with 41.7 percent of the vote, thereby becoming the first person to have his name submitted for appointment to the Senate as the result of an election. Although Waters won as a Reform Party candidate, in 1990 Progressive

Conservative Prime Minister Brian Mulroney recommended his appointment to the Senate, and Waters joined it on June 11, 1990. He would serve only fifteen months, dying in office on September 25, 1991.

1998 Senate Nominee Election

40. The 1998 Senate Nominee Election was also held in conjunction with municipal
It attracted four candidates: two representing the Reform Party and two

elections.

independents. Bert Brown, a retired farmer, won the election by almost seven percentage points over F.L (Ted) Morton, a University of Calgary professor. Both Brown and

Morton were deemed elected and had their names submitted for appointment to the Senate. However, Prime Minister Jean Chretien refused to acknowledge the result of the election, and he recommended the filling the two vacancies with Douglas Roche in 1998 and Tommy Banks in 2000.

25

27

2004 Senate Nominee Election

41. The 2004 election, to select nominees for three vacancies in the Senate from

Alberta, was the first held in conjunction with a general provincial election. The election attracted ten candidates, of whom eight represented two political parties (five Progressive Conservative and three Alberta Alliance-forerunner to the Wildrose Alliance). As in 1998, Bert Brown (Progressive Conservative) finished first, but the three runners up (Betty Unger, Cliff Breitkreuz, and Link Byfield) were also deemed elected. Unger and Breitkreuz also represented the Progressive Conservative Party, but Byfield was one of two independent candidates in the election. Like his predecessor Jean Chretien, Prime Minister Paul Martin refused to recommend appointments from this list, choosing instead to recommend the appointment of Elaine McCoy, Grant Mitchell, and Claudette Tardif (all of whom still serve in the Senate). However, in 2007 Prime Minister Harper

recommended Brown's appointment to the Senate, and in 2012 he recommended Unger's appointment.

2012 Senate Nominee Election

42. The 2012 election, held in conjunction with a provincial general election, selected

nominees for three vacancies on the Senate from Alberta. Thirteen candidates presented themselves for election, seven of whom represented three political parties (Progressive Conservative, Wildrose Alliance, Evergreen Party) and six of whom ran as independent candidates. Electors had the right to vote for as many as three candidates on a single ballot. Five candidates received at least 11 % of the votes, with Doug Black (15.9), Scott Tannas (13.1), and Mike Shaikh (11.5) finishing in the top three. On January 25, 2013 Prime Minister Harper recommended the appointment of Doug Black, and two months later he recommended the appointment of Scott Tannas.

26

28
Analysis
43. Between 1989 and 2012, the Alberta Senate Nominee Election process generated

ten names of individuals that four different prime ministers could have advised the Governor General to appoint to the Senate. Table 4 lists these individuals by year elected, profession, party affiliation, age at election, year appointed, and age at appointment. TABLE 4 Alberta Senate Nominee Election Winners 48 Name S. Waters
B. Brown T. Morton

Elected

Profession Military/Business Farmer Academic Farmer

Party Affiliation

Age at Year Election Appointed

Age at appointment

B. Brown B. Unger C. Breitkreuz L. Byfield D. Black S. Tannas M. Shaikh

1989 1998 1998 2004 2004 2004 2004 2012 2012 2012

Reform Reform Reform Progressive Conservative Business Progressive Conservative Farmer/Teacher Progressive Conservative Journalist Independent Lawyer Progressive Conservative Financial Services Progressive Conservative Accountant Progressive Conservative

69 60 49 66 61 64 60 50 64

1990 2007 2012

69 69 68

2013 2013

60 51

44.

From this experience, limited as it is, several observations about the impact of

Senate nominee elections on the characteristics of those who ultimately serve in the Senate are possible. First, on four occasions the winners of these elections have not been appointed. Second, the Alberta process led to one of the uncommon instances in which the Prime Minister made a cross-party recommendation for appointment to the Senate

48

Alberta Senate Nominee election results for 1989, 1998, and 2004 can be found at http://www.elections.ab.ca/Public%20Website/589.htm#officiaI results, accessed May 12, 2013. For 2012, they can be found at http://results.elections.ab.ca/wtResultsSNE.htm, accessed May 12,2013. 27

29

(Mulroney's recommendation of Waters). Third, the process generated a proportion of female appointees roughly consistent with the nominative process. Fourth, the process produced a visible minority Senate nominee (Shaikh). Fifth, the range of backgrounds and professions of those elected and appointed is quite broad; nor is it very different from the ten most frequently represented professions in the Senate. 49 Finally, the average age of the senators appointed through this process is slightly higher than for all senators appointed since 1965 (63.4 vs. 57.6), but the difference is less than ten years. It is true, of course, that none of the Senators appointed through this process have been Francophone, but as Cardinal's expert opinion report indicates, the nominative process also failed to produce a Francophone Senator from Alberta between 1931 and 1940 and between 1964 and 2005. 50 45. One interesting aspect of the Alberta experience is the small insight it

provides into how elected senators view themselves. In Senator Brown's maiden speech to the Senate,S1 which he gave in opposition to a motion by Senator Hugh Segal to hold a referendum on whether the Senate should be abolished, Brown articulated his belief that "the function a future senator can play is as an effective counterbalance to the other place." Brown argued that "this chamber's best service to this country will occur when elected senators truly represent the wishes of the people of their home provinces, not the political philosophy of past prime ministers." In reponse to a question from Senator Joan Fraser about the non-binding nature of the Alberta Senate Nominee Elections, Bert Brown responded: "it is not

49

50

51

These professions are, in order: lawyer, businessperson, merchant, farmer, teacher, physician, journalist, author, professor, manager. See http://www.parl.gc.ca/parlinfo/Lists/Top100ccupations.aspx?Menu=SENBio-Occ&Section=b571082f-7b2d-4d6a-b30a-b6025a9cbb98&Chamber=b57 1082f-7b2d-4d6a-b30a-b6025a9cbb98&Parliament Cardinal, Expert Opinion of Bill C-7, date uncertain, 20. (http://www.parl.gc.ca/Content/SEN IChamber 1392/Debates/010db 200711-13-E.htm? Language=E&Parl=39&Ses=2#73) accessed April 26, 2013. 28

30

binding, to use Senator Fraser's words, simply because it leaves the Prime Minister with the right to decide whether to address politically the wishes of the people of the province depending upon how strong the Prime Minister feels those wishes are." These statements suggest that Brown believed that a Senate with a non-binding eleCtoral dimension would strengthen the "very independence towards the lower house" that commentators like Smith identify as one of the essential characteristics of the Senate that Bill (-7 allegedly threatens. 46. To summarize, Alberta Senate nominee elections have not produced Senators

whose professional and life experience varies significantly from Senators appointed through the nominative process. To be sure, the process has not yet produced a Francophone Senator from Alberta, but neither did the nominative process for the four decades prior to Senator Tardifs appointment. The process produced one female Senator of the total of five appointed, which is entirely consistent with the historic proportion of women appointed to the Senate. It has also produced a visible minority Senate nominee. Finally, given the ages of those elected and appointed, the Alberta experience offers little evidence that these Senators or nominees have an incentive to calibrate their actions to their post-Senate career aspirations, even if they leave the Senate after a fixed term of nine years.

PART 2: INSTITUTING A NONRENEWABLE NINE-YEAR FIXED TERM

47. Bill (-7 would change the tenure of Senators to a single, nonrenewable fixed

term of nine years. The Bill recognizes that this change requires an amendment to s. 29 (2) of the Constitution Act, 1867, but proceeds on the assumption that it falls within the unilateral amending authority of Parliament under s. 44 of the

Constitution Act 1982. It is worth recalling that Ajzenstat describes the original
provision of appointment for life as a "nonrenewable" appointment, and the same

29

31
description applies to appointment until age seventy-five. 52 Consequently, this aspect of Bill C-7 should be considered a continuation of the status quo rather than a deviation from it.

Non-renewability and Independence

48.

Non-renewability is a key element of the Senate's independence because it

removes the necessity for senators to curry favour with the "elites of the day."53 Where there is an elective dimension to appointment, it also frees them from concerns about alienating the electorate, since there is no appointment to lose in a subsequent election. Indeed, speaking about the proposed "legislative council" in February 1865, George Brown speculated about how members of the council might act during the final stages of a renewable term: " ... they would be anticipating its expiry, and anxiously looking to the administration of the day for reappointment; and the consequences would be that a third of the members would be under the influence of the executive."54 Fixed terms, per se, are not problematic with respect to maintaining independence; the problem is fixed terms with the possibility of renewal. Bill C-7 recognizes this and avoids the problem by foreclosing the This dynamic applies whether the mode of

possibility of reappointment.

appointment is nominative or elective. Even elected representatives are free from constituency pressures if they do not have to present themselves for reelection. Once elected, senators become independent of those who elected them. 49. In this sense, elected Senators would be free to discharge their

representational responsibilities as trustees rather than as delegates, and in this way they would be different from members of the Commons. 52 53 54 Although both

Ajzenstat, "Bicameralism and Canada's Founders, in Joyal, ed. Protecting Canadian Democracy, 11. Ibid., 9. Canada's Founding Debates, 88 (G. Brown, 8 February 1865). 30

32
trustees and delegates have a responsibility to take into account the wishes of those they represent, delegates are expected to act directly according to those wishes, while trustees take those wishes into account but still form their own opinion on the correct course of action. It is much easier to act as a trustee when continuation in office is not an issue. Freed from direct responsibility to act in the narrow interests of a constituency that holds their political careers in their hand, elected senators can continue to act dispassionately and with "sober second thought" in a way that members of the Commons never could. In this regard, it is worth pointing out that the existing nominative mode of appointment does not completely immunize the Senate from the influence of constituency-oriented electoral politics. In addition to the overwhelming tendency of Prime Ministers to appoint members of their own party, a significant proportion of appointed senators enter the institution after holding elected office: more than 40 percent of those appointed since 1965 have held elected office at the federal, provincial or municipal level. 50. Of course, it might be the case that elected senators with fixed terms would

still be sensitive to external pressures out of concern for their post-Senate career, but this would only be true if their age at appointment meant that they could expect a long career after their term in the Senate. Historically, the average age at which individuals have been appointed is 57, which means that, had the nine-year fixed term applied since 1867, the average senator would have left the Senate at age 66 and would not have expected a lengthy post-Senate career. We cannot know the age at which senators would be appointed under the elective process anticipated in Bill C-7, but we do know that the average age of senators appointed from Alberta as a result of elections is 63. Based on a nine-year fixed term, their average age at end of appointment would be 72, which is exactly the historical average age at end of appointment of all persons appointed to the Senate since 1867. Even the youngest winners of Alberta Senate nominee elections, had they been appointed immediately 31

33

upon election, would have left the Senate at approximately the age of 60 after a nine-year term. Yet, even if this were a concern there is no evidence that it would be unique to an elected senator: a large number of current senators, appointed exclusively by nomination, continue to have outside employment (especially as corporate directors) during their senatorial terms, to which they will presumably return. Nevertheless, they are expected to be able to act independently in the
.

discharge of their representational responsibilities. 55

Length a/Service, Continuity, and Long-Term Perspective

51.

The shift to a fixed term is also such a small deviation from actual historical

practice that the difference is immaterial and should therefore not impede Parliament's unilateral authority to amend the constitution to achieve it. In order to understand this aspect of the term limit provision of Bill C-7 it is important to compare a single nine-year fixed term to the length of terms actually served by senators, as well as to the average duration of Parliaments and length of terms of members of the House of Commons. 52. Table 5 summarizes the mean and median term length for senators

appointed since 1867 and for those appointed since 1965 (when the term of appointment changed from life to age seventy-five). Two sets of data are included in the table: one that includes current senators and a second that excludes them. Not surprisingly, since the first set of data includes 58 senators appointed since 2006, the mean and median length of service increases slightly when current senators are excluded.

55

See Annexe 3 "Outside Employment"

32

34

TABLE 5 Mean and Median Length of Senatorial Service 56 Since 1867 (Includes Current) Mean (Years) Median (Years) 13.9 12.8 Since 1965 (Includes Current) 11.3 9.8 Since 1867 (Excludes Current) 14.6 13.6 Since 1965 (Excludes Current) 12.7 11.7

53.

The nine-year fixed term provided for in Bill C-7 compares favourably to

both the mean and median length of term of Senators appointed since 1965, especially when current Senators are included in the calculation. In particular, it is very close to the median length of service for post-1965 appointees, including current Senators. Even excluding current Senators, it is still equal to 77 percent of the actual median term of service for Senators appointed since 1965. The nine-year term proposed in Bill C-7 is not materially less than the actual mean and median terms of Senators appointed after the change in 1965.57 The term of nine years also compares favourably to the terms of upper houses in other countries. According to data compiled by the Interparliamentary Union, only 11 of 77 upper houses in the world have terms of nine years or more. 58
56

57

58

http://www.parl.gc.ca/Parlinfo I compilations Iparliament/YearsOfService. aspx? Parliament =&Section=b571082f-7b2d-4d6a-b30a-b6025a9cbb98& Name=& YearsOfService= &Continuous- False&Current=False Accessed May 11,2013 The difference is, admittedly, somewhat greater if one focuses exclusively on senators whose appointments have ended since 2006. The mean and median length of service of these senators is 14.6 and 15.2 years, respectively. http://www.ipu.org/parline-e/TermofParliament.asp?LANG=ENG&REGION SUB REGION=All&typesearch=5&Submitl=Launch+query. accessed May 8, 2013. 33

35
54. In addition to independence, which I argue is safeguarded through non-

renewability, Smith includes continuity and a long-term perspective, especially in its relationship to the House of Commons, among the fundamental features and essential characteristics of the Senate. 59 One way in which the Senate embodies these features/characteristics is through lower turnover compared to the Commons. The mean length of a parliament (through the 40 th Parliament) is 3.2 years, with the median length being 3.6 years. 60 The proposed nine-year term in Bill C-7 would thus, on average, span three Parliaments, and reach into a fourth depending on when an appointment takes place in the life cycle of an average Parliament. Imagine, for example, a Senator appointed at the midway point in the life of the average parliament. Her term would span the remainder of that Parliament, the entire period of the following two Parliaments, and one year into a fourth. A

Senator serving a full nine-year term would thus represent important continuity relative to the turnover that can take place in the Commons over three Parliaments. 61 To get a better sense of this, Table 6 presents data on the mean length of service for all members of the House of Commons:

59

60

61

David Smith, "The Improvement of the Senate by Nonconstitutional Means," in Joyal, ed. Protecting Canadian Democracy, 234. Smith also highlights these characteristics in his expert opinion, Smith Smith, Expert Opinion of Bill C-7, December 2012,13-14. It is possible that, with the implementation of fixed election dates through Bill C-16, the mean length of Parliaments will converge towards the maximum length of four years. However, that has not been the case since 2006, when the Bill was passed. Assuming the 41 st Parliament survives until its fixed end date of 2015, the average length of a Parliament since 2006 will have been three years. This is because of minority governments, which have been quite common since 1962: of the seventeen elections held since then, eight have produced minority governments. Under the new provision there will, of course, be senators who do not serve their full nine-year terms, just as there are senators now who leave the Senate prior to reaching age seventy-five. However, given the historical trend since 1965 that half of all senators serve terms of between 9.8 and 11.7 years, one 34

36

TABLE 6 Members' Mean Length of Service, House of Commons 62 Years of Service 0-4 0-9 0-14 Number 1613 2898 3612 Cumulative Percent 38.4 68.9 85.9 Mean Years of Service 3.3 5.1 6.6

55.

If independence, continuity, and a long-term perspective require that

senators serve longer terms than members of the House, then Table 6 indicates that a nine-year senatorial term is adequate to serve this purpose. It is almost three times longer than the mean length of 38.4 percent of terms in the House of Commons, and it is more than one-third longer than the mean length of 85.9 percent of terms in the Commons. After four years in office, Senators will have more

experience, on average, than almost 40 percent of House members; and in the last year of their term, Senators will be more experienced Parliamentarians than almost 70 percent of their colleagues in the Commons. The guaranteed term of nine years is sufficient to counterbalance the defects that may be associated with high turnover in the House of Commons. 56. Even an expert like Smith, who argues forcefully in his academic writings

that Senate reform should proceed from a set of first principles derived from the

62

can expect a high proportion of senators appointed to a nine-year term to complete their full term. http://www.parl.gc.ca/Parlinfo I compilations Iparliamen t/Y earsOfService. aspx?Parliament =&Section=03d93c58-f843-49b3-9653-84275c23f3fb&Name = &YearsOfService= &Continuous=False&Current=False Accessed May 11,2013 35

37

"fundamental features and essential characteristics of the Senate," recognizes nonrenewable fixed terms as a reform that would be consistent with those principles, an aspect of Bill C-7 that is not addressed in his expert opinion report. According to Smith, although "it is essential that senators have lengthy terms of office in order to perform their functions, ... [this] does not necessarily have to mean that they be appointed until the age of seventy-five."63 Indeed, Smith characterizes the theoretical possibility that a senator might serve forty-five years (appointed at thirty, retired at seventy-five) as "clearly too long, even for the needs of continuity and long-term perspective."64 "Such excesses," he continues, "could be avoided by appointing senators for a fixed term of twelve years."65 Smith even suggests that the required amendment to s.29 (2) of the Constitution Act, 1867 "could be made unilaterally by the federal Parliament as it would merely translate the reality of an average tenure of twelve years (i.e. three parliaments) into the Constitution without altering or affecting the 'fundamental role and essential characteristics' of the Senate."66 There is nothing in Smith's expert opinion report that contradicts or suggests a reconsideration of this position.

57.

If nonrenewable fixed terms are not, in principle, inconsistent with the

"fundamental role and essential characteristics" of the Senate, and if the requirements of "continuity and long-term perspective" translate into a fixed term that spans three Parliaments, then the nonrenewable fixed term of nine years provided for in Bill C-7 should fall within Parliament's unilateral amending power under s. 44 of the Constitution Act; 1982. In any event, there is little empirical evidence to suggest that this change would materially affect the actual terms that 63 64 65 66

Smith, "The Improvement of the Senate by Nonconstitutional Means," in Joyal, ed. Protecting Canadian Democracy, 259. Ibid. Ibid. Ibid., 259-60. 36

38

senators serve, which means that their ability to provide continuity and a long-term perspective should be unaffected. Absent evidence to the contrary in his expert opinion report, one must conclude that Smith himself would accept the proposal to introduce a nonrenewable fixed term through s. 44 of the Constitution Act, 1982.

CONCLUSION 58. It has been observed, with respect to the Senate, that "[i]nstitutional reform

proposals have sometimes been supported by overly ambitious claims."67 It could equally be said that these same proposals have also been opposed by overly exaggerated warnings of dire consequences. This certainly seems to be the case with respect to the expert opinions provided on behalf of the Government of Quebec and interveners. Their analysis of Bill C-7 is based on a comparison between a hypothetical set of consequences and an idealized Senate that exists neither conceptually nor empirically. What are some of their arguments? That the elective element of Bill C-7 will undermine the Senate's capacity to represent minorities or other politically underrepresented groups; yet this was not how the Senate's designers understood representation, and in any event the empirical evidence indicates that the existing nominative process has not been significantly better in achieving this objective than the elective process chosen for the Commons. That the shift from a nominative to an elective process will, in particular, undermine the Senate's capacity to represent non-Quebec Francophones; yet the empirical evidence indicates that, even under the nominative

67

F. Leslie Seidle, "Democratic Reform: The Search for Guiding Principles," in Courtney and Smith, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Canadian Politics, 524. 37

39
process, there have been large gaps in such representation from important parts of Canada. That Bill C-7 will unduly fetter the Prime Minister's authority in recommending appointments to the Senate; yet even one of the experts for the Government of Quebec does not consider a convention requiring appointment from a list generated by another body as problematic. That the elective element will undermine the Senate's independence; yet it was nonrenewable terms rather than mode of appointment that was considered to be the critical guarantor of independence from either the executive or the people. Fixed, nonrenewable terms ensure that length in office is not dependent on others, and preserves independence by prohibiting senators from seeking additional terms. It also allows them to discharge their representational responsibilities as trustees rather than as delegates. That Bill C-7 will undermine continuity and long-term perspective in the legislative process; yet the nine-year term provided for in Bill C-7 is not materially different from the historical length of Senate terms. Moreover, it allows continuity of senatorial terms across at least three average length parliaments. 59. Bill C-7 proposes a moderate set of reforms to the mode and term of

appointment of senators. These reforms will not materially affect the fundamental features or essential characteristics of the Senate.

Christopher P. Manfredi, PhD June 10, 2013

38

40

Annex 1: Table of all senators with their biographical information

ANNEXEI

NAME
Ander~on.

DOB
John Hawkins

Chandler, Edward Barron Todd,Wiliiam

Fergus!>on

Polltkal Ase Affiliation at nomination App't Canada ConselVatlVe Canada Canada (18671942) Canada (18671942) Canada (18671942) Cal"lada (18671942) (1867-1942) (18671942) ConselVallve ConselVa\lve

Province I Terrltorv 82 67 64 51
N.5.

N.B. N.B. Ontario

Appointed on thea4vlceof Proclamation Prodamation Proc!amatiOll Prodamatioll Proclamation Proclamation Pfociamatloll Proclamation Proclamation Proclamation Proclamation Proclamation Proclamation Proclamation Proclamation Proclamation ProclamatIon Proclamation Proclamation Proclamation Proclamation Proclamation Proclamation Proclamation Proclamation Proclamation Proclamation Proclamatioll ProcJamatiOfl Proclamation Proclamation Proclamation Proclamation Proclamation Proclamation Proclamation Proclamation Proclamation Proclamation Proclamation Proclamatlofl Proclamatiofl ProclamatIon Proclamation ProclamatIon Proclamation Proclamation Proclamation ProclamatIon Prociamatlofl Proclamation Prociamatioll Proclamation Proclamation Proclamation Proclamation Proclamation Proclamanon Proclamation Proclamation Proclamation ProclamatIon Proclamation Proclamation Proclamation

Date of App't 1867.10.23 1867,10.23 1867.10.23 1867.10.23 1867.10.23 1861.10.23 1867.10.23 1867.10.23 1867.10,23 1867.10.23 1867.10.23 1861,10.23 1867.10.23 1861.10.23 1861.10.23 1861.10.23 1867.10.23 1867.10.23 1861.10.23 1867.10.23 1861.10.23 1867.10.23 1861.10,23 1867.10.23 1867.10.23 1867.10.23 1867.10.23 1867.10.23 1867.10.23 1867.10.23 1867.10.23 1861.10.23 1867.10.23 1867.10.23 1867.10.23 1867.10.23 1867.10.23 1867.10.23 1867.10.23 1867.10.23 1867.10.23 1861.10.23 1861.10.23 1867.10.23 186710.23 1861.10.23 1867.10.23 1867.10.23 1867.10.23 1867.10.23 1867.1023 1867.10.23 1867.10.23 1867.10.23 1867.10.23 1861.10.23 1861.10.23 1861.10.23 1867.10.23 1867.10.23 1867.10.23 1861.10.23 1867.10.23 1867,10.23 1867.10.23

End of App't 1870.12.24 1867.10.23 1867.10.23 1867.12.29 1868.01.01 1868.04.14 1870.07.04 1870.09.28 1870.09.28 1871.01.05 1871.01.07 1871.01.31 1871.05.12. 1872.02.01 1872.07.13 1872.10.01 1813.01.13 1873.02.11 1813.05.10 1873.09.08 1873.10.01 1873,12.06 1873.12.09 1873.12.10 1813.12.12 1874.01.24 1874.08.15 1874.11.09 1876.02.10 1876.04.11 1876.06.03 1876.08.03 1876.12.14 1871.05.04 1878.02.06 1818.11.26 1879.01.20 1880.02.10 1880.03.23 1880.12.15 1881.01.20 1882.09.23 1882.10.10 1883.02.07 1883.08.22 1884.01,21 1884.02.14 1885.03 21 1887.02.07 1887.05.01 1887.05.07 1887.09.22 1888.05.30 1888.08.21 1889.05.25 1890.10.18 1891.05.14 1891.07.25 1894.03.19 1894.06.15 1894.01.19 1896.06.14 1896.08.16 1896.12.09 1901.01.01

Age at Methodofend endof of appointment App't Death Appointment Appomtment Death Resignation Death Death Resignation ReSIgnation Resignation Res!gnatlon Death Death Death Re$ignatlon Resignation Death Resignation Death Resignation Resignation Death Deall"l Death Death Death Death Death Resignation ReSIgnatIon Death Death ReSignatIon Death Death Death Death Resignation Death Death Resignation Death Death Death Death Death ResignatIOn Death Reslgllation Resignation Death Death Death Death Death Death Death Death Death Death Death ResignatIon Death ResignatIon Resignation

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59 Quebec 62 N.S. 74 Ontario 58 N.S. 59 N.5. 56 Ontario 57 Quebec 49 Ontario

72

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10
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Schultz,JonnChnstl<ln Rodrigue

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Lawyer Memhant Farmer Mewhant Merchant Industrialist Liquor merchant Wholesaler PhysiCian Merchant Lawyer Lawyer Farmer

MM

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mM BM BM aM

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54P.E.I. 66p.E.l. 47 N.B. 52 N.B.

59 Quebec

16
21

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10 7
25 25

16

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77 M 77M

200'
2704

59 Quebec

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66 Quebec 55 Quebec
61 Quebec 50 N.B.

11
21 14 2

18 6

4066 7828 5148 1091 8469

76 M 53 M 81 M

11

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72 Ontano

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Macl(een, David

Temple,Thomas Carling,John forget, Louis Joseph Mowat,Ollver

Bechard,
Fran~ots

(18671942) (18671942) ConselVatlve (18671942) Canada Canada Canada Canada Canada Canada Canada Canada Canada Canada Canada Canada Canada Canada Canada Canada Canada Canada Canada Canada Canada Canada Canada Canada Canada Canada Canada Canada Canada Canada Canada Canada Canada Canada Canada Canada Canada Canada Canada Canada Canada Canada Canada Canilda Canada Canada Canada Canada Canada Canada Canada Canada Canada Canada Canada Canada Canada Canada Canada liberal Canada Canada Canada Canada

56 N.S.
nN.B.

Mackenzie MackenZie Mackenzie Charles Wilfnd Wilfrid Wilfrid Wilfrid Wilfrid Wilfnd Wilfrid Wilfnd Wilfrid Wilfrid Wilfrid Wilfnd Wilfrid Wilfrid Wilfrid Wilfnd Wilfrid Wilfnd Wilfrid Wilfrid Wilfnd Wilfnd Wilfrid Wilfrid Wilfrid Wilfnd Wilfrid Wilfnd Wilfrid W!lfnd Wilfrid Wllfrod Wilfrid Wllfrod Wilfrid Wllfrtd Wilfnd Wilfrid Wilfrid Wilfrid Wilfrid Wilfrid Wilfrid Wilfrid Wilfrid Wilfrid Wilfrid Wilfrid Wilfrid Wilfrid Wilfrid Wilfrid Wllfnd Wilfrtd Wilfrid WHfrid Wilfrid Wilfrid Wilfrid Wilfrid Wilfrid Wilfrid Wilfrid Wilfrid

1896.02.21 1896.04.23 1896.04.23 1896.0615 1896.07.15 1896.07.17 1896.08.22 1896.11.13 1896.11.13 1896.12.18 1896.12.18 1897.10.20 1897.11.18 1898.01.22 1898.06.27 1898.11.19 1898.12.31 1899.03.15 1899.03.1S 1900.01.29 1900.01.29 1900.01.29 1900.01.30 1900.02.01 1900.02.05 1900.04.02 1900.09.03 1901.01.21 1901.01.21 1901.01.21 1901.01.21 1901.02.16 1901.04.04 1901.05.13

1915.10.15 1899.08.25 1911.11.06 1911.0407 1897.11.17 1897.04.13 1926.08.15 1902.02.07 1914.01.16 1908.04.13 1928.04.28 1917.01.0S 1906.02.16 1942.03.11 1901.03.29 1924.12.14 1903.04.24 1906.11.22 1921.02.02 1905.10.15 1929.05.19 1939.01.06 1916.02.15 1900.07.19 1918.07.14 1903.04.13 1913.06.10 1903.01.21 1916.12.25 1917.04.15 1926.11.28 1903.10.04 1923.04.01 1902.05.01

R~ignatlon

76 M 80 M 83 M 58M

Merchant Farme.-.lumberman Brewer Bankar.stockbroker Lawyer Farmer BUsl!1ess axecu~va. wholesaler Lawyer.lea<:her Merchanl. real estata agent. telegraphar M8stalmatlner.shipown8r BUSinessman PhysK:ian Editor Aulhor.lawyer Merchant Farmer.shlPownar Businessman. Shipowner

19
16

23 3

7176 1221 5973 5410 492 272 10951 1913 6274 4134 11455 7018 3013 16119 1007 9523 1575 2809 7996 2087 10704 14222 5860 169 6735 1107 466S 731 5819 5930 9444 961 8034 355 4815 7386 11541 1426 4054 4467 10618 751 4108 4916 5018 11260 6761 6677 2718 8469 8990 8102 3040 9459 463 2918 4499 5570 10304 2496 1872 3207 5023 5280 7065 3592 1684 2609

19,65 3,34 16,35 14,81 1,35 0,74 29,98 5,24 17,18 11,32 31,36 19,21 8,25 44,13 2,76 26,07 4,31 7,69 21,89 5,71 29,30 38,94 16,04 0,46 18,44 3,03 12,77 2,00 15,93 16,24 25,86 2.63 22,00 0,97 13,18 20.22 31.60 3,90 11,10 12,23 29,07 2,05 11,25 13,46 13,74 30,83 18,51 18,28 7,44 23,19 24,61 22,18 8,32 25,90 1,27 7,99 12,32 15,25 28,21 6,83 5,12 8,78 13,75 14,45 19,34 9,83 4,61 7,14

Death Death Death Resignation Death Death ReSignation Death Death Death Dealh R~sl8natiol'l Death Death Death Resignation Death Death Death Death Death Death ReSignation Death Oeath Death Death Dilath Death Death Death Death Death Resignation Dilath Death Death Death Dilath Death Resignation Death Dealh Dealh Dealh Death Death Resignation Death Death Death Death Death Dealh Death Death Resignation Death Death Resignation Death Dealh Death Death Dealh Death Death

6B Ontano

43 Quebec
75 Ontario 66 Quebec 35 Quebec 65 Ontario 56 Ontario 64 N.S. 60N.B. 54 Quebec 55B.C. 36 Quebec 40 Quebec 64P.E.I. 79N.S.

14

23
28

77 M
66M 65 M 70M 73 M 75 M 91 M 73 M 63 M 80 M 43M 90M 83 M 70 M 78M

Ttf,baudeau, Alfred

Mills, David
COlf,GeorgeAlbertus

"
17
11 31

11

24 26 25 10
17

tovitt,John
King, George Gerald

Fiset,Jean-BaptlsteRomuald la43.O~.07
Templeman, William Dandurand, Raoul Paquet, Joseph Arthur Yeo,John

19
44

30 18 26 23

2
26
7 21

Carmichilel,JamesWliham Kerr,Wllliam McSweeney,Peler

63 Ontario
56N.B. 47 Ontario 46 Manitoba

Lawyer
Merchant Businessman. Industrialist Aulhor,cIVlienglneer.lal'\dsurvey Farmer Farmer Wholesaler Farmer. lumberman Aulr.or.acfltorjoumallst Businessman Wholesaler Manager Farmer PhYSician Physlclsn Physician Not listed
Lawyer

10
3

fulford,GeorgeTaylor Watson,Robert Baby

Voung, Finlay McNaughton Burpee, Charles

S3M
76 M 82 M 63 M 83 M 88M 79 M 78M 76 M 76M 73M 81 M 64 M 72 M

21 17 20 16 17

43 Quebec
47 Manitoba 82 N.B. 70 Quebec 76 N.B. 65N.B. 74 Ontario 60 Quebec 57 Ontario 55 Ontario 61 Ontario 50 Quebec 53 Quebec 6IP.E.!. 55N.a. 56 Quebec 67N.S 680 ntano 52 Ontario 52 Quebec 43 N.S. S90f'ltarlo 590f'ltario 61 Ontario 50 Quebec SBOntario 60N.B. 64 N.S 63 Quebec "SQuebec 52 Quebec 700nla,,0 40S.C 71 N.S. 68 Ontario 48NWT 50 Quebec 48NWT 80N.S. 3BAIberta 74 Ontario 51 Alberta 66Sask 57 Alberta 628.C. 46N.S. 6.5 Ontario

" "

11

16

o
18

Shehyn, Joseph Gillmor,ArthurHIII flUs,JohnValenlll'\e

3 12
15

11
8

Wood, Andrew Trew

Mackay, Robert Jones, lyman Melvin
McHugh, George

11
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21

MIIIllIe
Robertson, James Edwin
Pembertol1

S4M
74 M 76M
88 M

7 11 11
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17 20 6 20 26 23 26 20 29 16 26 29 11

1902.02.Q7 1902.02.07
1902.02.08 1902.02.11 1902.02.11 1903.02.10 1903.03.12 1903.03.12 1903.03.12 1903.03.12 1903.03.12 1903.03.17 1903.04.20 1903.04.24 1903.06.19 1903.06.30 1904.03.05 1904.03.08 1904.06.06 1904.06.10 1904.09.30 1904.09.30 1904.09.30 1904.09.30 1905.05.18 1906.03.08 1906.03.08 1906.03.08 1906.03.08 1906.03.08 1906.03.22 1907.01.15 1907.01.15

1915.04.13 1922.04.27
1933.09.12 1906.01.03 1913.03.18 1914.0S.04 1932.03.06 1905.03.30 1914.06.08 1916.08.2S 1916.12.04 1934.01.06 1921.09.17 1921.07.30 1910.10.01 1926.08.24 1928.02.08 1926.05.10 1912.07.03 1930.04.28 1905.09.14 1912.09.24 1917.01.23 1919.12.29 1932.12.14 1912.03.17 1911.04.21 1914.12.16 1919.12.06 1920.08.19 1925.07.09 1916.01.19 1911.08.25 1914.03.07

Belque,Fredjlrlcliguori Church,Charies Edward

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13 20 31
11

71 M
19M

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11 13

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McMullen,James Gibson,Wiliiam Legns, Joseph Hormisdas Curry, Rufus Coffey,Thomas Frost, FrancIs Theodore Kerr,James Klrkpatnck Tessler,Jules Edwards, William Cameron DomVIUe, James McGregor, James Drummond 18U.09.01 David, Laurent-Olivier Cloran.HenrvJoseph Mitchell,Wilham Wilson, John Henry Bostock,Hewltt Black,ThomasReuben Cartwright. RkhardJohn Dilvis, Thomas Osborne Choquette, Philippe Auguste Ross, Jilmes Hamilton Ross,Wiliiam Roy,Phillppe Jaffray, Robert Tillbol.Peter Douglas, James Moffat DeVeber, Leverett George Riley, George Comeau,AmbrOiseHllalre Rrn;s,GeorgeW,!llam

64 M 81 M 45 M 70M 72 M 75 M 81 M 17 M 78 M 12 M 86 M 72 M 7S M 78M 65 M 12 M 76 M 60 M 65M 76 M 87M 43 M 82 M 6SM 81 M 76 M 12M 50M 12 M

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Giilmor,Daniel

Canada Canada Canada Canada Canada Can.. da Caoada Canada Canada Canada Canada Canada Canada Canada C.. oada C.. oada Canada (1861-1942) (1861-1942) (1861-1942) (1867-1942) (18671942) (1867-1942) (18671942) (18671942) Conset\latille (18671942) (18671942) {1867-1942} (18671942) {18671942} {18671942} (1861.1942) (1867194:2) (18671942) (1867-1942) (18671942) (1867-1942) (1867-1942) (1867-1942) (18671942) (1867-1942) (18671942) (18671942) (18671942) (18671942) (1861-1942) {1867-1942} (186719-42) (18671942) (18671942) (1867-1942) (1867-1:142) (1867-1942) (1867-1942) (1867-1942) (1867-1942) (18671942) (1867-1942) (18671942) (1867-1942) (1867-1942) (1867-1942) (1867-1942) (1867-1:142) (1867-1942) (1867-1942) (1867-1942)

71 N.B 57 N.B. 63 Ontario 79 Quebec 620ntano 60 On13rio 47 Ontario 62 Manitoba 60 Ontario 58 Quebec S4 Sask 67 N.5

Wilfrid Wilfrid Wilfrid Wilfrid Wilfrid Wilfrid Wilfrid Wilfnd Wilfrid Wilfrid Wilfrid Wilfrid Wilfrid Wllffid Wilfrid Wilfrid Wilfnd Robert Laird Roberttatrd Robert laird Robert laird Robert laird RobertL"lrd Robert laird Robertl"lrd Robert Laird Robert laird Robert laird Robert L,"rd Robert Laird Robert Laird Robert Laird Robert Laird Robert Laird Robert laird Robert Laird Robert laird Robert laird Roberttalrd Robertliurd Roberttaird Robert laird Robert Laird Robert Robert Robert Robert Laird Laird Laird Laird

1907.01.15 1907.01.15 1907,01.15 1907.03.12 1907.11.22 1907.11.22 1907,11.22 1909.01.18 1909.01.18 1909.06.28 1909.07.29 1910.01.12 1910.01.12 1910.10.13 1911.0S.02 1911.05.03 1911.05.0S 1911.10.23 1911.10.23 1911.11.14 1911.11.14 1912.03.18 1912.10.17 1912.10.17 1912.11.20 1912.11.20 1912.11.20 1912.11.20 1912.11.20 1912.11.20 1913.05.26 1913.0526 1913.05.26 1913.0526 1913.07.26 1915.12.03 1915.12.03 1915.12.03 1915.12.03 1916.02.10 1916.02.10 1917.01.08 1917.01.20 1917.01.20 1917.01.20 1917.01.20 1917.01.20 1917.01.20 1917.01.20 1917.01.31 1917.06.26 1917.06.26 1917.06.29 1917.07.26 1917,07.26 1917.07.26 1917.07.26 1917.07.27 1917.07.30 1917.08.01 1917.09.03 1917.10.23 1917.10.23 1917.10.23 1917.10.23 1917.11.13 1917.12.17 1918.02.05

1916.09,29 1918.02.22 1922.01.26 1930.04.19 1913.01.15 1916.06.18 1932.08.07 1911.10.09 1924.03.01 1922.01.24 1920.10.26 1925.10.19 1931.08.06 1930.01.01 1923.06.08 1939.01.01 1930.02.22 1912.10.30 1917.09.01 1919.03.26 1944.0S.16 1933.01.11 1917.04.23 1942.02.03 1915.11.08 1920.07.11 192503.06 1929.01.10 1931.10.23 1932.05.08 1918.07.16 1925.06.10 1946.01.10 1948.1020 1923.07.08 1917.11.10 1922.03.04 1936.02.20 1949.01.17 1939.09.15 1942.04.19 1920.05.02 1918.10.27 1921.03.10 1921.10.25 1933.08.05 1940.03.19 1946.01.13 1952.02.16 1940.09.30 1920.11.08 1935,12.11 1924.09.02 1926.11.21 1933.12.01 1941.08.31 1941.09.13 1931.05.01 1936.12.17 1921.01.01 1938.01.08 1932.08.01 1935.05.22 1941.05.11 1945.11.08 1925.03.15 1925.09.06 1947.06.16

Death Death Death Death Death Death Death Death Death Death Death Death Death Resigoation Death Resignation Oeatll Death Resignation Death Death Death Dealh Death Death Death Death Death Death Death De.. th Resignation Death Death Death Death Death Death Death Deatk Death Death Death De.. tk Death Death Death Death Death Death Resignation Death Death Death Death De.. th Death Death Reslgoalion Death Death Death

Selth,Robert OessauUes,GeorgesCaslmir Campbell,Archibald Derbyshire,Daniel 8ekourt, Napoleon Aroloine

Chevner, NoeE.

81M 68 M 78 M 102 M 67 M 69 M 71 M 65 M 75 M 70M 65 M 83M 17M 84M 75 M 79M 67M 64 M 75M 78M 86M 87 M
6SM

Judge Merchant Farmer Admlnlslrator Businessman. miller Oairyproprlelor,producedealer.taacher Lawyer Clothfflr,/urlra<:ier Lumber merchant Merchant
Farmef.m~ler,rancl1er

16
11 15 23

3547 4057 5502 8440 1883 3133 9027 995 5522 4595 4109 5761 7878 7022 4421 10106 6869
374

9,71 11,11 15,06 23,11 5,15 8,58 24,71 2,72 15,12 12,58 11,25 1S,n 21,57 19,22 12,11 27,67 18,81 1,02 5,86 7,37 32,51 20,82 4,52 29,30 2,97 7,64 12,29 16,14 18,93 19,47 5,14 12,04 32,63 35,41 9,9S 1,94 6,25 20,22 29,01 23,60 26,19 3,32 1,77 4,14 4,77 16,s4 23,16 28,99 35,07 23,67 3,37 18,46 7,18 9,34 16,36 24,10 24,14 13,77 19,39 3,42 20,35 14,78 17,58 23,55 28,OS 1,34 7,72 29,36

23 26 28 17 21 13 29 30 25 21

Rall,Valentlne
Boyer,Arthur Prince,JosephBenjamin Roche,Wllliam

"
15 12 11 15
21

Merchant,passoogeragent Pnnter,pubhher Edltor.nolary lawyer Merchant Merchant Author.mllfchilnl Correspondent,edilor Industrialist Breecter.larmer PhysiCian Lumber merchant Physici<ln Editor. JOurnalist. publisher Physicl<ln Lawyer Building conlraclor. manulaclurer. miner. r..llway employee Lawyer,leclurer Banker Lumbermerchsnt Fru't 9rower. ,ndustrial'sl. merchant. nUr$1lrymsn Lumberman.preSldentimanager,rarn:her Merchant BUSinessman tarmer,phY$lclan Foundryman Clerk,marchant,leacher

FarreH,EdwardMatthew lavergne,louis
Forget,AmedeeEmmanuel

55 N.S.
64 Quebe<:
63 Alberta

19 12
27

Wilson,Joseph-Marcellin
Prowse, BenJilmm Charles

51 Quebec 48 P.E.I.

18

21

BeU, Adam Carr

Clemenf

63 N.S.
69 Manitoba 71 Ontario 54 Quebec 67 N.B. 61 Ontario 470ntano
65 N.S 56 N.S

10
32

Taylor,George Pope, Rufus Henry

Oaniel,JohnWaterhouse Corby, Henn,o
Gordon, George

11 12 27 19

2142 2691 11874 7606 1651 10703 1085 2791 4490 5896 6913 7110 1879 4399 11918 12933 3636 710
2284

McKay,Wllliam Dennls,Wllllam

76M 68 M 64 M 56 M
73 M

, "
20

11

20 21 16 22 4 18 22 16

Murphy,Pa\(lckCilarles
Ross, William BenJamlrl

44P.EI. 56 N.S 61 N.S. 41 N.S.

6fI Ontano

12
16 18

Curry,Nathaniel

Glttolr, Edward Lavirl

Mason, James

80 M 60M 74 M 84 M 92 M 81 M 78 M 74 M 83 M 89 M 69 M 8S M 74 M 49 M 63 M 61 M 64 M 58 M 81M 88 M 87M 72 M 47 M 67 M 65 M 68M 78M 71 M 82 M

71 M 71 M

11

McCall,AlexiI!'\der Smith, Ernest D'israeli

OormellY,Jamesi

72 Ontario 59 Ontario

12

460ntano
68 N.B. 72 Ontario

32 35

,
11 11

Thorne,WlliiamHenry

17 27 14 10 1 20 5 10 24 20

Sproule, Thomas Simpson

L.()

Mllne,John Mclean,John Beaubien,Charies-Philippe Mclennan, John Stewart Sharpe, Wilham Henry Clive Richardson, Henry Westman Crosby, Adam Brown Nlcholls,Frederlc Robert.on,Gideon Decker Lynch-Staunton,George Tanner, Charles Elliott Bourque,Thomas-Jean lalrd,HenryWllioughby Shatford,LyttonWllmot Planta, Albert Fowler,GeorgeWiliiam 8lam,Rlchard Fisher, John Henry L'Esperance,DavldOvide McMeans,Lendrum Foster,GeorgeGreen White,RlchardSmeaton Macdonell,AngusClaude Benard,Aime Bartley Schaffner, Frederick laurence 1655.0e.18 Taylor, James Dallis Barnard, George Henry Bennett,WllhamHumphrey Bradbury, George Henry Michener, Edward
1663.09.02

76 Ontario
6fI P.E.I.

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Industllalist.publlsher Merchant Lawyer Gralnrnerchant EXporltll.memhanl Nollisted Tele9rapher lawyer Lawyer Physlc'an Journalist, wholesaler Accountant bUsinessman F,nanclatagent/adviser/consuitenl.lnsuranctlagenl

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16

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57 Manitoba 57 Quebec 52 Quebec 560otario 43 Manitoba
58 5ask 62 Manitoba 54 B.C.

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59 M 64M 73 M 79M 77M 77 M 65 M

66M

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Physlc,an Publlsher,leporte'

20 14
17

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Death
Resignation Death Death Death

23
28

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49 B.C. 57 OntariO
58 Manitoba 4B Alberta

Lawyer
Lawyer Manufacturer Broker

71 M

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Harmer,W.lIiamlames Todd,lrv!ngRimdall
Ale~ander

Canada (18671942! (18671942) (18671942) (1867.1942) Canada Canada (libera!) (18671942) (18671942) (18671942) (18671942) Independent (18671942) (18671942) (18671942) (18671942) (18671942) (18671942) (18671942) (18671942) (18671942) (18671942) (18671942) (liberal) (lS67-1942) Canada Canada Canada Canada Canada Canada Canada Canada
1866.01).Q1

45 Alberta 56 N.B. 570ntano 610 nt",lo 43 Quebec 66 Ontario 62Sask 60 Ontario 40 Ontario 61 Quebec 4B Quebec 52 N.S. 45 N.B. 43 Alberta
62 N.5.

Robert laird Robert Laird Robert laird Robert laird Robert laird Robert laird Robert laIrd Robert laird Robert laird Robert laird Robert laird Arthur Arthur Arthur Arthur Arthur Arthur Arthur Arthur Arthur Arthur Arthur Arthur Arthllf Arthllr Arthllr Lyon lyon Lyon lyon lyon lyon Lyon lyon lyon lyon lyon Lyon Lyon lyon Lyon Lyon lyon lyon lyon lyon lyon Lyon Lyon lyon Lyon Lyon Lyon lyon lyon lyon Lyon lyon Lyon lyon Lyon

1918.02.05 1918.03 07 1918.03.12 1918.03,12 1918.07.20 1918.09.01 1915,09.23 1919.11.06 1919.11.06 1919.12.31 1920.01.10 1921.02.17 1921.02.17 1921.09.15 1921.09.21 1921.09.22 1921,09,22 1921.09,22 1921.10.03 1921.10.03 1921.10.17

1947.09,09 1932.12.27 1927.10.01 1925.12.01 1943.10.29 1925.09.01 1930.11.10 1922.12.03 1948.10.24 1946.07.15 1941.09.27 1934.01.22 1948.12,12 1945.01.21 1936.02.21 1929.08.26 1931.12.30 1956.07.20 1921.12.10 1946.10.05 1940,01.18

Death Death Death Death Death Resignation Death Death Death Death Death Death Death Death Death Death Death Death Death Death Death Death Death Death Death Death Death Oeath Death Death Death Death Death Death Death Death Death Death Death Death Death Death Death Death Death Death Re5!gnatlon Death Death Death Death Death Death Death Death Oeath Death Death Death Death Death Died Died Died Died Died Died
~ied

74 M

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La~r,l"acher

71 M 67 M
12M 68M 73 M 74 M 63 M 69M 88M 69 M 65M 12M 67 M 77M 70 M 84M S7M
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Presbyteri~n

23
22 23

Webster,lohn
Blondin, Pierre Edouard

10

25
12

11
19 28
11

O'Bnen,MI(haeIJohn Turtlff,JohnGllianders Proudfoot,Wiliiam White,GeraldVemer

,
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20 16 19 26

Thomas

Webster,lorneCampbell
Stanfleld,John

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McCormlck,John

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10162 8531 5268

14
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Reid,JohnOowsley

620ntano 74 Ontario

2897 3753 29 12721 70 9134 6669 2840 6581 8497 23 3554 4898 2149 14642 1192 2094 8060 10627
408

foster, George

tula~

10

Calder,JamesAle~ander

53 5ask
11 Ontario 59B.C. 51sask 630ntano 530nlario 52 N.B. 52B.C. 65 N.S. 480nl3rlo 49 Ontario 550ntano
50 Quebec

34

Crothers, Thomas Wilson

Green, Robert Francis

o
25

Businessman Fanner, postmaster Busmessman NotUsted Lumber merci1anl, manufacturer. president I manager Contractor Contractor Agenl.farmer lawyer Barrisler Gentleman, journalist Edllor,loumal,sl Lawyer Enginee,.lal\dslJf\/eVOI Lawyer Lawyer Broker, merchant

Gilhs,Archlbald8eaton Kemp, Albert Edward Macdonell,Anh,baldHaves

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1962.04.16 197111.17 1977.08.19 1956.10.03 1949.01.20 1947.08.11 1970.0816 1955.01.31 1966.02.16 1966.1201 1964.02.14 1949.09.02 1962.09.27 1966.01.10 1956.09.26 1952.07,06 1953.10.25 1965.11.26 1958.04.18 19S3.04.06 1956.09.18 1961.12.31 1954.06.21 1962.10.26 1965.08.19 1962.02.06 1961.02.16 1967.11,n 1949.12.04 1951.06,01 1967.10.14 1965.06.08 1953.12.19 1958.08.14 1973.03.17 1976.11.18 1963.11.13 1952.04.02 1975.05.23 1954.03.31 1966.06.01 1966.03.15 1966.03.30 1981.10.31 1980.07.23 1967.12.22 1965.09.02 1961.09.12 1961.12.28 1965.06.12 1987.0919 1979.05.14 1991.06.11 1986.05.31 1910.04.29

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1895.07.05

L,beralPartvof Independent

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5tlaurent, Lou 1955.07.28 5t.Laurent,Lou1955.0728 5t-laurent, Lou 1955.07.28 5t-Laurent, Lou 1955.07.28 St-Laurent, lou 1955.07.28 5tlaurent, lou 1955.07 28 Stlaurent, lou 1955,07 28 StLaurent, Lou 1955.07.28 5tLaurent, tou 1957.01.03 5t-Laurent, Lou 1957.01.03 St.laurent, LOl!1957.01 03 5t-Laurent, lou 1957.01.03 5t-laurent, Lou 1957.04.25 0Iefenbaker,Jc1957.09.20 Dlefenbaker, Jc1957.10.04 Diefenbaker,Jc1957.1O.12 Dlefenbaker,Jc1957.10.12 Diefenbaker, Jc1957.10.12 Diefenbaker, Jc 1957.10.12 Diefenbaker,Jc1957.1O.12 Diefenbaker, Jc 1957.10.12 Dlefenbaker, Jc 1958.01.27 Diefenbaker, Jc 1958.01.29 Dlefenbaker,Jc1958.01.31 Die/enbaker,Jc1958.01,31 Olefenbaker,Jc1959.01.15 Oiefenbaker, Jc1959.01.15 Dlefenbaker, Jc 1959.01.15 Dlefenbaker, Jc 1960.01.14 Dlefenbaker, Jo 1960.01.14 Dlefenbaker,Jc1960.01.20 Dlefenbaker, Jc1960.06.~4 Dlefenbaker,Jc1960.09.12 Dlefenbaker,Jc1960.11.16 Diefenbaker,Jc1960.11.16 Diefenbaker, Jc1961.10.06 Diefenbaker, Jc 1962.06.15 Diefenbaker,Jc1962.06.15 Diefenbaker, JcI962.08.09 Diefenbaker, Jc 1962.09.24 Oiefenbaker,Jc1962.09.24 Oiefenbaker, Jc 1962.09.24 Diefenbaker, Jo1962.09.25 Dlefenbaker,Jc1962.09.2S Diefenbaker,1c1962.11.09 Dlefenbaker, Jc1962.11.29 Dlefenbaker, Jc1963.02.04 Oiefenbaker, Jc1963.02.04 Diefenbaker, 1c1963.02 04
Dlefenbaker,J~1963.02.05

1988.01.22 1993.05.31 1968.06.28 1968.05.30 1970.08.23 1980.07.07 1956.09.15 1962.07.07 1976.0623 1968.1231 1965.01.17 1962.07.18 1976.11.05 1972.11.17 1963.10.12 1972.08.06 1969.12.23 1971.03.31 1985.02.18 1962,07.07 1963.09.25 1971.04.20 1969.08.02 1981.03.06 1971.03.31 1965.10.02 1963.0701 1967.05.02 1969.11.01 1976.10.12 1961.12.22 1997.06.20 1967.11.07 1985.03.28 1980.04.17 1971.03.31 1977.12.29 1972.03.23 1968.05.13 1983.02.11 1981.12.13 1976.04.07 1969.06.12 1975.07.14 1990.08.22 1965.02.19 1992.11.03 1989.09.30 1986.07.09 1999.03.24 1979.03.29 1963,11.15 1975.12.10 1974.08.14 1991.09.04 1994.06.13 1984.07.26 1973.05.27 1974.11.28 1985.01.04 1980.03.31 1991.1002 1996.07,01 1986.01.10 1996.05.05 1982.05.04 1969.01.05 1990.04.01

Molson, Hartland de Montarvi 1907.05.29

Resigned Resigned Resigned Died Resigned Resigned Died

Died

92M 86M
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MLA - New

Brunswi~k

32
37

27 10 5

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~6,99

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Pouliot, Jean-Fran~ois Power, Charle~Gilvan SaVQIi!,Calh.teF.

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1890.03.28
1895,08.23

190507.07 188406.12
1911.07.11

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1889,11.12

Died Resigned Died Oied Resigned Resigned Died Died Died Resigned Resigned Died Died Resigned Died Resigned Resigned Resigned Died Died Died Resigned Resigned Died ReSigned Died Died Resigned Resigned Died Resigned Resigned Resigned DIed DIed Resigned Resigned Died Died Resigned DIed Resigned DIed Died Resigned Died Died ReSigned Resigned Died Resigned Died Died Died Resigned ReSigned Died Died Retired ReSigned

MP Mayor Leader of the OppositlOnMayor

Smltr.,SvdnevJohn
hylor, Austin Claude Bois, HeMi Charles
lefran~ois.

189209.23
1893.06.20 1R97.02.08 1896.08.09 1897,11.17
1903,10.24

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1895.05.13

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Monette,Gustave Pearson, Arthur Mauflce Sullivan,JosephAlbert Brunt,WiliiamRalph

Emerson,ClarenceVemon MacDonald,JohnJoseph Choquette,lionetHenn Gladstone,James Buchanan, John AleMander Higgins,John Gilbert Hnatyshyn,John Irvine. Olive lillian
Blol~,FrederlckMurray

1887.03.01 1890.12.29 1902.01.08 1902.10.24

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12 Councillor 13

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19
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Thorvaldson, Gunnar50Imund1901.03.18

11

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19 16 17
20 30

Cathohc Orthodo\( United Baptist Catholic UmtedChurch (athohc Catholic United Church UnitedChurcr. Baptist United Church Cathohc AnglIcan Catholic Bolptist Catholic United Church Catholic Angitcan UkranianCatholic United Church Catholic Catholic Catnolic Catholic UmtedChurch Anghcan Anglican Anghcan United Church Protestant UnitedChufch United Church Catholic UnitedChurcn Catholic UnitedChu"h Anglican

Courtemanche, Henri Macdonald, John Michael Brooks,AlfredJohnson Beaubien, Louis-Philippe Quart, Josie
AIi~e

64 Manitoba 66 N.S 43 Quebec

54 N.5. 59 N.B. 57 Quebec 65 Quebec 69 NFLO&Lab. 53 Manitoba 57 Ontario 56 Ontario 54 N.B. 55 Ontario 74 Ontario 46 N.5. 62 N.S. 47 Quebec 43 Ontario 57 Ontario 49 Mamtoba 38 P.LI. S5 Quebec

45M 91 M 76 M 82 M

Lawyer lawyer, school principal Barrister, teacher Businessman, stockbroker Volunteer worker Magistrate Barnster, lawyer lawyer, legal counsel Executive director, lawyer Principal, teacher Journali$t

11 11

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24
Newfoundland

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19 9
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McCutcheon, Maicolm Wallac,1906.0S.18

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36 15

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MacTavish, Dlincan Kenneth Louis-Philippe Bourque, Romua!d Denis,AzeilllS Lang,OamelAiken Cook,

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64 Ontario
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84M 84M

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Rattenbury, Nelson Aird, John Black Benidlchon, William Moore Argue, Hazen Robert Davey. Keith Douglas Deschatelets,Jean-Paul Hastings, Earl Adams Hays,HarryWilUam
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McDonald, Alnander Hamllto 1919.03.16

BM BM BM BM

18 30 19

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Carter,ChesleyWllham
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1924.01.07 1913.0702

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42B.C. 52 Alberta 45 N.5. 63 NFlD&Lab. 61 Quebec 62 NFlD&tab. 52 Quebec 62 Quebec 65 P.E I. 39 Manitoba 49 Quebec 42 Ontario 69 Ontario 60 Ontario 72 Quebec 38Sask 44 Ontario 61 N.B. 5S N.B. 55 Quebec 45 NFlD&Lab. 64 Ontario 66 N.S. 56 N.B. 56 Quebec 46 B.C. 51 Quebec 41 B.C. 62 Alberta 66 Mamtoba 43 Manitoba 74 Quebec 66 Ontario 48 P.E.I.

Pearson, lester 1966.02.24 Pearson, lester 1966.02.24 Pearson,lester1966.0224 Pearson, Lester 1966 07.08 Pearson, Lester 1966.07.08 Pearson, tester 1966.07.08 Pearson, tester 1966.07.08 Pearson, tester 1966.07.08 Pearson, lester 1966.07,08 Pearson, lester 1966.11.08 Pearson, Lestel i967.04.06 Pearson, lester 1967.04.06 Pearson, Lester 1967.04.06 Pearson, lester 1967.04.06 Pearson, LesteI1968.02.09 Pearson. lester 1965.02 09 Pearson,Lester1968,02.13 Pearson,lester1968.03.15 Pearson, lester1968.Q3.15 Pearson,lester1968.04.08 Pearson, lester 1968.04.08 TrudeaU,PlerrE1968.04.20 Trudeau,PlerrE1968.04.20 Trudeau, Piem1968.06 28 Trudeau,Plerrd968.09.10 Trudeau, PierrE 1970.10.07 Trudeau, Pierre 1970.10.07 Trudeall, PlerrE1970.10.07 Trudeau, PierrE 1970.10.07 TrudeaU,PlerrE1970.1O.07 Trudeau,PierrE1970.1O.07 Trudeau, Pierre 1970.10.07 Trudeau, PierrE 1970.10.07 Trudeau, PierrE 1971.11.04 Trudeau,
Pierr~

1973.04.19

ReSigned Died Died Retired Retired Resigned Retired Retired Died

Re~igned

49M

unknown Barnsterandsolicltor Barrisler and soliCitor, lawyer Educator Lawver AaHroad telegrapher, railway employee, alation agent, train dispal lawyer Barrister and solicitor, lawyer Farmer, trader Automobile dealer, lawyer Economist, professor of economics MP Businessman, SOCial worker Clerk, shipper Aulhor, barrister and solicilor lawyer Businessman, farmer, rancher Lawyer,lecturer Corporatee)(ecutive Farmer, salesman lawyer Broker Barrister, lawyer, lecturer Lawyer Admrnistrator Director Administrator Unlonofficet BUSinessman, management conslJlU Premier - Alberta 5eniorpubUcservant BU5!nessconsultant Humanist, journalist, lecturer AlJthor, professor, research director, lJnionisl Minister-PEl Phvslclan Lawyer 8usinessman lawyer Journalist Farmer AlJlhor, edlJcator Coundllor Newfoundland Alderman Manitoba Minister. Fed Mayor Alderman Ontario MP Speaker - House of Commons MP

7
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25 23

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English English English English French English french English English English French English English English English English Enghsh English French French English English French French French English French English English English French French English Enalish English English English French French English English English Enallsh English English French French English English English EngUsh English French English French English French English EngUsh English French English English born In ItalFrench English English English English

Arlghcan Presbyterian Anglican Catholic Catholic Catholic Anglican Catholic Anglican Catholic Anglican United Church Jewish United Church Presbyterian Presbyterian Catholic Catholic Anglican Cathohc Catholic Christian Catholic Baptist Protestant Catholic Catho!lc United Church Presbyterian Jewish Jewish Catholic Catholic United Church United Church Catholic Presbyterran Catholic Anghcan Unitarian United Church Unitarian Catholic Catholic Cathohc Catholic Baptist Catholic United Church jeWish Catholic Catholic Catholic Greek Catholic Catholic CatholiC Lutheran Anglican PresbyterIan

1976.09.27
1971.08.17 1977.0728 1980.0501 1978.02,28 198810,02 197807,30 1974.12.01 1994.01.20 1983.06.12 1998.03.23 1973.0403 1982.01.12 1970.10.10 2005.01.04 1998.05.02 1973.11.05 1978.06,05 1980.10.25 1998.01.28 1974.10.30 1968.12.20 1971.10.08 1986.12.18 1989.11.29 1988.05.27 2004.09.24 1983.09.20 1979.08.08 2001.02.28 1971.07.10 1979.05.29 1998.0104 1992.06.08 1991.11.03 1982.10.20 1987.01.03 1980.09.29 1987.09.28 1982.10.07 2004.05.21 1990.03.05 1983.07.29 1980.10.16 1990.08.07 1978.04.20 1978.10.23 1995.09.09 1975.02.13 1987.06.28 2001.02.06 1997.04.03 1984.09.13 2000.10.21 1988.02.15 1989.01.28 1982.12.19 2007.03.02 1999,07.23 1983.12.15 1991.01.26 1978.03.26 1997.08.03 1998.12.10 1996.03.07 2009.06.22 1994.08.29

63M 50M

1921.02.22
190207.29

Pau)

1905.05,01
1903.09.18

15M 15M
14M

MP

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13 1l

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15 M 7S M 75 M

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1923,03,04 1924.11.28
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60 Manitoba
62 Ontario 70 N.B. 52 Quebec 58 N.S. 59 N.S. 54 Quebec 61 Quebec 62 Quebec 35 Ontario 51 Sask 69 N.S. 42 Ontario 63 Alberta 51 Quebec 62 Quebec 48 NFLO&tab. 60 P.E.1. 64 N.B. 45 Manitoba 45 Ontario 4S Ontario 57 Dnlano 69 Quebec 59 Quebec 54 Quebec 69 Ontario 49 OntariO 42 N.S. 59 N.S. 40 Ontario

Bird, Florence Bayard Anderson,MargarelJean Wagner,Claude Therlault,L.Norbert

MUir, Robert

1908.01.15 1915.0B,07 1925.04,]4 1921.02,16

1919.11.10

H. H.

HM HM

MP
Premier Manitoba

'a0
17
26

45n
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16 15 19 10 13

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1924.08.21 1917.07.01

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17 5

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de Coiret, Robert Rene
Balfour,James Murray, Lowell

1917.02.18
194402.20
1928,05.22
1936.09.26

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11

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Charbonneau, Guy

1915.10.20
1922.06.21

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1946.02.01 1949.02,25 1931.04.09 1938,11.16

1924.0607

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2012.06,30 1993.01,29 1991.04.26 1996.02.01 2006.04.22 1992,12.09 2009.07.12 2005,10.02 2005.06.19 2001.08.09 2001.0227 2006.06,08 2000.06.16 2010.05.17 2001.03.12 2012.02,06 1997.10,30 1993.0S.2S

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English French English English fIrst black I EngHsh Engllsh English English French English English French English English English French English French English English Ellglish English English French English English Ellgiish English French French English French English English English French English French French English English English French French French English Engllsh Enghsh French English englISh English Frellch English English French English English English French English French Eoghsh English English English English English Catholic Cathohc Catholic jewish Ellaflgelical Baptist Catholic Catholic Anglican

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1931.04,22

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Kel!eher,JamesFrands

1939.11.28 1929.05.08 1934.07.12 1930.10.02 1930.06.19

1926.08.09 1941.05.16

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18 15 14 10 10 15 19 10 21 7
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DeWare, Mabel M
Bernts~n,

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10 5

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Johnson,J.misG

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COrl

MP

18 2 12

Progre~s!Ve Con ProgresslVeCon

6S Quebec 55 Ontario 62 51 S6 44 Quebec Orltario Alberta Weslern

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Harper, Stephe 2009.01.02 Harper, Stephe 2009.01.02 Harper, 5tephe 2009,01.02 Harper, 5tephe 2009.01.02 Harper, Stephe 2009,01,02 Harper, Stephe 2009.01.02 Harper, Stephe 2009.01.02 Harper, Stephe 2009.01.02 Harper, Stephe 2009.01.02 Harper, Stephe 2009,01.02 Harper, Stephe 2009.01.08 Harper, Stepi'le 2009.01.08 Harper, Stephe 2009,01.14 Harper, Stephe 2009,08.27 Harper, Stephe 2009.08.27 Harper, Stephe 2009,08.27 Harper, Stephe 2009,08,27 Harper, Stephe 2009.08.27 Harper, Stephe 2009,08.27 Harper, Stephe 2009.08.27 Harper, Stephe 2009.08,27 Harper, Stephe 2009.08,27 Harper, 5tephe 2010.01.29 Harper, Stephe 2010.01.29 Harper, Stephe 2010.01,29 Harper, 5tephe 2010.01.29 Harper, Stephe 2010.02,28 Harper, Stephe 2010.05.20 Harper, Stephe 2010.07.09 Harper, Stephe 2010,12.18 Harper, Stephe 2010.12.18 Harper, Stephe 2011.05.25 Harper, 5tephe 2011.05.25 Harper, Stephe 2011.06.13 Harper, Stephe 2012.01.06 Harper, 5tephe 2012.01,06 Harper, Stephe 2012.01.06 Harper, Stephe 2012.01.06 Harper, Stephe 2012.01.06 Harper, Stephe 2012.01.17 Harper, 5tephe 2012.02.20 Harper, Stephe 2012.09.06 Harper, Stephe 2012.09.06 Harper, Stephe 2012.09.06 Harper, Stephe 2012.09.06 Harper, Stephe 2012,09,06 Harper, 5tephe 2013.01.25 Harper, Stepne 2013,01.26 Harper, Stephe 2013.01.27 Harper, Stephe 2013.01.28 Harper, Stephe 2013.01.29 Harper, Stephe 2013,03.25

2011.03,28

Resigned current current current current current current current current current current current current current current current current current current current current current

46 M

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27 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10

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Waliace, John D.

1941.08.07
1949.03.26

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Wallin, Pamela
Duffy, Michael

1953.04.10
1946.05.27

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M
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Eaton, Nicole Brazeau, Patrick Housakos, Leo

FortIn-Duplessis, Suzanne

1945.01.21 1974.11.11

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1968.01.10
1940.06.30

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Finley. Doug
Frum,linda

1946.07.25
1963.01.13

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Ogilvie, Kelvin Kenneth

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1551 1328 1325 1325 1325 1325 1325 1325 1325 1325

3,64
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Patterson, Dennis Glen

Plett, Donald Neil
Seidman,Judith Stewart Olsen, Carolyn Carignan,Claude Demers,Jacques Kochhar, Vim Runciman, Bob Boisvenu, Pierre-Hugues Marshall, Elizabeth Poirier, Rose-May Braley, David Atauliahjan,Salma Meredith, Don Smith, larry Manning, Fabian Smith, Larry Verner, Josee Maltais, Ghislain Seth, Asha Unger, Betty E. Buth, joAnne l. Doyle, Norman E. Dagenais, Jean-Guy White, Vernon Mcinnis, Thomas johnson Mcintyre, Paul E. Ngo, Thanh Hai Bellemare, Diane Enverga, Jr., Tobias C. Batters, Denise Beyak, Lynn Black, Douglas Oh, Victor Wells, David M. Tannas, Scott

U
U U

44 Quebec
65 Quebec 73 Ontario 67 Ontario 60 Quebec 58 NFLD&Lab. 55 N.B. 68 Ontario 58 Ontario 46 Ontario 59 Quebec 47 NFLD&Lab.

M M

Lawyer. professor of law Coach, radio & t.v. commentator

Mayor

2011.09.21

Retired current current current current current current current

75M
M M

Business manager, engineer, president I manager Manager, newspaper owner leader ofthe OppositionActivist, director, senior public servant Auditor, chartered accountant, seniolMlA Newfoundland Businesswoman, insurance agent, s. MlA - New Brunswick 8usinessman Activist, artist, realtor Businessman, clergyperson, community activist, entrepreneur, pa Business executive, business executive, Canadian Football Leagl Business manager, development corMP Business executive, Canadian Football League Commissioner, co Executive assistant, political adviser MP Consultant, insurance broker Gynaecologist, obstetrician Businesswoman, registered nurse President I manager MNA Quebec

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68 Alberta 57 Manitoba 66 NFLD&Lab. 61 Quebec 52 Ontario 67 N.S. 67 N.B, 65 Ontario 62 Quebec 57 Ontario 42 Sask 63 Ontario

464
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Businessman PoHceofflcer Police chief, ReMP officer lawyer lawyer

Minister - Newfoundland

464

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Citizenship judge, diplomat, educator, hUman rights activisl Economist, executive manager, professor Project manager Lawyer Business owner Lawyer Businessman Business executive, public servant Chief executive officer, president I manager School Trustee

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55

Annex 2: Table of women and First Nation peoples in Senate and House of Commons

ANNEXE2

56

Annex 2: Table of women and First Nation peoples in Senate and House of Commons
Senators Page 1 of 3

Parliament of Canada

PARliAMENT o/CANADA

Site Map I A to Z Index I Contact Us I FranQais

. Search I
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92 Senators

Name

Political Affiliation at Appointment

Appointed on the advice Province I Territory Prince Edward Isl~nd

of

Term (yyyy.mm.dd)

Anderson, Margaret Jean Andreychuk, Raynell Ataullahjan, Salma Bacon, Use Batters. Denise Bell (Heath). Ann Elizabeth Haddon Bellemare, Diane

Liberal Party of Canada Progressive Conservative Party

New Brunswick Saskatchewan

Chretien, Joseph Jacques 1995.09.21 - 1997.07.05 Jean (Retirement) Trudeau, Pierre Elliott ~i978.0323 - 1990.08.07 (Retirement) Mulroney, Martin Brian

1993.03.11 -

Conservative Party of Canada Ontario Quebec Liberal Party of Canada Conservative Party of Canada Saskatchewan Liberal Party of Canada British Columbia Conservative Party of Canada Quebec Conservative Party of Canada Ontario Progressive Conservative Party Liberal Party 'of Canada Alberta Ontario

Harper, Stephen 2010.07.09Chretien, Joseph Jacques 1994.09.15 - 2009.08.25 Jean (Retirement) Harper, Stephen Trudeau, Pierre Elliott Harper, Stephen Harper, Stephen Clark. Charles Joseph Trudeau, Pierre Elliott

Beyak, Lynn
Biellsh, Martha Palamarek Bird, Florence Bayard Buth, JoAnne L.

2013.01251970.10.07 - 1989.11.29 (Death) 2012.09.06 2013.01.25 1979.09':27 -1990.09.26

(Resignation)

1978.0323-1983.01.15
(Retirement)

Butts, Peggy
Callbeck, Cathe"rine S. Carney. Pat Carstairs. Sharon Casgrain, Therese Forget Chalifoux, Thelma Champagne, Andree Chaput. Maria Chaput-Rolland. Satange Charette-Poulin, Marie-P.

Conservative Party of Canada Manitoba Liberal Party of Canada Nova Scotia Liberal Party of Canada Progressive Conservative Party Libera'i Party of Canada Independent Liberal Party of Canada Prince Edward Island 'British Columbia Manitoba Quebec
Alberta

2012.01.06Chretien, Joseph Jacques 1997.0922 - 1999.08.15

Jean (Retirement) Chretien, Joseph Jacques 1997.0922Jean Mulroney, Martin Brian

Harper, Stephen

1990.06,30 - 2008.01 ,31

(Resignation)

Chretien, Joseph Jacques 1994.09.15'~ 2011.10.17 Jean (Resignation) Trudeau, Pierre Elliott

1970.10.07-1971.07.10
{Retirement}

Chretien, Joseph Jacques 1997.11.26 - 2004.02.08 Jean (Retirement) Martin, Paul Edgar Philippe

Conservative Party of Canada Quebec Liberal Party of Canada Progressive Conservative Party Liberal Party of Canada Manitoba Ouebec Ontario

2005.08.02 -

Chretien, Joseph Jacques 2002.12.12Jean 1988.09.26 - 1994.05.14 Mulroney. Martin Brian (Retirement) Chretien, Joseph Jacques 1995.09.21Jean

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57

Annex 2: Table of women and First Nation peoples in Senate and House of Commons
Senators Page 2 of 3

Christensen, lone
Cochrane, Ethel M.

Liberal Party of Canada

Yukon Newfoundland and Labrador New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador

Chretien, Joseph Jacques 1999.09.02 - 2006.12.31 Jean (Resignation) Mulroney, Martin Brian Mulroney, Martin Brian

Progressive Conservative Party Progressive Conservative Party

1986.11.17 - 2012.09.23
(Retirement)

Cohen, Ermi~ie J.
Cook, Joan

1993.06.04 - 2001.07.23
(Retirement)

liberal Party of Canada

Liberal Party of Canada

Chretien, Joseph Jacques 1998.03.06 - 2009.1 0.06 Jean (Retirement) Trudeau, Pierre ElIlott

Cools. Anne C.
Cordy, Jane DeWare, Mabel M. Oyck, Lillian Eva Eaton, Nicole Fairbairn, Joyce Fallis, Iva Campbell Fergusson, Muriel McQueen Ferretti Barth, Marisa Finestone, Sheila Finnerty, Isabel Forest, Jean B. Fortin-Duplessis, Suzanne fraser, Joan Frum, Linda Hervieux-Payelte, Celine Hodges, Nancy Hubley, Elizabeth Inman, Florence Elsie Irvine,'Olive Ullian Jaffer, Mobina S.B. Jodoin. Marianna Beauchamp Johnson, Janis G. Kennedy, Betty Kinnear, Mary Elizabeth Lapointe, louise Marguerite Renaude Lavoie-Raux, Therese LeBreton, Marjory Leger, Viola Losier-Cool, Rose-Marie Lovelace Nicholas, Sandra Maheu, Shirley Maloney, Marian L. Marsden, Lorna MarshaU, Elizabeth Martin, Yonah McCoy, Elaine Merchant, Pana

Ontario
Nova Scotia New Brunswick
Saskatchewan

1984.01.13-

liberal Party of Canada

Progressive Conservative Party
New Democratic Party

Chretien, Joseph Jacques 2000.06.09Jean Mulroney, Martin Brian 1990.09.232001.08.09 (Retirement) Martin, Paul Edgar Philippe Harper, Stephen Trudeau, Pierre Elliott Bennett, Richard Bedford

2005.03.242009.01.02 1984.06.292013.01.18
(Resignation)

Conservative Party of Canada Ontario

Liberal Party of Canada

Alberta

Conservative (1867-1942)
Liberal Party of Canada

Ontario
New Brunswick Quebec Quebec Ontario Alberta

1935.0720 - 1956.03.07 (Death)

St-Laurent, louis Stephen 1953.05.19 -1975.05.23 (Resignation) Chretien, Joseph Jacques 1997.09.22 - 2006.04.28 Jean (Retirement) Chretien, Joseph Jacques 1999.08.11 - 2002.01.28 Jean (Retirement) Chretien, Joseph Jacques 1999.09.02 - 2005.07.15 Jean (Retirement) Chretien, Joseph Jacques 1996.05.16 - 1998.08.28 Jean (Resignation) ~Harper, Stephen 2009.01.14Chretien,'Joseph~ Jacques 1998.09.17Jean Harper, Stephen 2009.08.27Chretien, Joseph Jacques 1995.03.21Jean St-laurent, Louis Stephen 1953.11.05 -1965.06.12 (Resignation) Chretien, Joseph Jacques 2001.03.08 Jean St-laurent, Louis Stephen 1955.07.28 - 1986.05.31

liberal Party of Canada

Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada

Conservative Party of Canada Quebec Liberal Party of Canada Quebec

Conservative Party of Canada Ontario Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canad~ Progressive Conservative Party Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Progressive Conservative Party Liberal Party of Canada liberal Party of Canada liberal Party of Canada Progressive Conservative Party Progressive Conservative Party Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Cana'da Quebec British Columbia Prince Edward Island Prince Edward Island Manitoba British Columbia Quebec Western Provinces (Division) Ontario Ontario Quebec Quebec (Division) Ontario New Brunswick

(Death)
Diefenbaker, j~hn George 196ci~Ol:'14 -1969.11.01

(Death)
Chretien, Joseph Jacques 2001.06.13Jean St-laurent,louis Stephen 1953.05.19 -1966.06.01 (Resignation) . Mulroney, Martin'Brlan

199-0:09:27-

Chretien, Joseph Jacques 2000.06.20 - 2001.01.04 Jean (Retirement) Pearson, lester Bowles

1967.04.06 -1973.04.03
(Retirement)

~Trudeau, Pierre Elliott

Mulroney, Martin Brian Mulroney. Martin Brian

1971.11.10 - 1987.01.03
(Retirement)

1990.0927 ~ 2001.03.12
(Resignation)

1993.06.18 -

Chretien, Joseph Jacques 2001.06.13 - 2005.0629 Jean (Retirement) Chretien, Joseph Jacques 1995.03.21- 2012.06.18 Jean (Retirement) Martin. Paul Edgar Philippe Chretien, Joseph Jacques Jean Chretien, Joseph Ja~ques Jean Trudeau, Pierre Elliott Harper, Stephen Harper, Stephen

New Brunswick
New Brunswick Quebec Ontario Ontario

2005.09.21 1996.02.01 - 2006.02.01 (Death) 1998~06~11 -1999.08.16

(Retirement)

1984.0124.1992.08.31
(ReSignation)

Conservative Party of Canada Newfoundland and labrador Conservative Party of Canada British Columbia Progressive Conservative Party Liberal Party of Canada Alberta Saskatchewan

2010.01.29 2009.01.02

Martin, Paul Edgar 2005.03.24 Philippe Chretien, Joseph Jacques 2002.12.12Jean

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58

Annex 2: Table of women and First Nation peoples Commons

Senators

In

Senate and House of

Page 3 of 3

Milne, Lorna
Nancy Ruth
Neiman, Joan Bissett Norrie, Margaret Rosamond Fawcett Pearson, Landon

Liberal Party of Canada Progressive Conservative Party liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada liberat Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Independent

Ontario

Chretien, Joseph Jacques 1995.09.21 - 2009.12.13 Jean (Retirement)

Ontario
Ontario Nova Scotia Ontario Quebec Quebec

Martin, Paul Edgar Philippe

Trudeau, Pierre Elliott Trudeau, Pierre Elliott

2005.03.24 -

1972.09.01 - 1995.09.09
(Retirement) 1972.04.27 - 1980.10.16 (Retirement)

Chretien. Joseph Jacques 1994.09.15 - 2005.11.16 Jean (Retirement) Chretien, Joseph Jacques 1997.04.08 - 2011.09.07 Jean (Retirement) Chretien, Joseph Jacques 2003.09.09 - 2006.09.21 Jean (Retirement) Harper, Stephen 2010.02.28Chretien, Joseph Jacques 1998.09.17 - 2012.09.17 Jean (Resignation) Dietenbaker, John George 1960.11.16 - 1980.04.17

Pepin, Lucie
Plamondon, Madeleine Poirier, Rose-May Poy, Vivienne Quart, Josie Alice Raine, Nancy Greene Ringuette, Pierrette Robertson, Brenda

Conservative Party of Canada New Brunswick liberal Party of Canada Progressive Conservative Party liberal Party of Canada Progressive ConselVative Party Progressive ConsetVative Party Liberal Party of Canada Ontario Quebec

(Death)
Harper, Stephen 2009.01.02New Brunswick New Brunswick Prince Edward Island Quebec Chretien, Joseph Jacques 2002.12.12Jean Mulroney, Martin Brian Mulroney, Martin Brian Trudeau, Pierre Elliott Harper, Stephen Harper, Stephen Mulroney, Martin Brian Harper. Stephen Martin, Paul Edgar Philippe Mulroney. Martin Brian

Conservative Party ot Canada British Columbia

1984.1221 - 2004.05.23
(Retirement)

Rossiter, Eileen
Rousseau, Yvette Boucher Seidman. Judith Seth, Asha Spivak, Mira Stewart Olsen, Carolyn Tardif, Claudette Teed, Nancy Elizabeth Trenholme Counsell, Marilyn Unger, Betty

1986.11.17 - 2004.07.14
(Retirement)

ConselVative Party ot Canada Quebec Conservative Party of Canada Ontario Progressive Conservative Party Liberal Party of Canada Progressive Conservative Party Liberal Party of Canada Manitoba

1979.03.27 - 1988.03.17 (Death) 2009.08.27 2012.01.061986.11.17 - 2009.07.12

(Retirement)

ConselVative Party of Canada New Brunswick Alberta New Brunswick New Brunswick

2009.0827 2005.03.24 -

1990.08.30 - 1993.01.29 (Death) Ch~~iien. Joseph Jacques 2003.09.09 - 2008.10.22

(Retirement)

E:

Jean Conservative Party of Canada Alberta Conservative Party of Canada Quebec Conservative Party of Canada Saskatchewan Liberal Party Canada . . Ontario

Harper, Stephen
Harper. Stephen Harper, Stephen King, William Lyon Mackenzie

Verner, Josee
Wallin, Pamela

2012.01.062011.06.13 2009.01.021930.02.15 - 1962.03.03 (Death)

Wilson, Calrioe Reay

Wilson, lois Wood, Dalia

of

Independent Liberal Party of Canada

Ontario Quebec

Chretien, Joseph Jacques 1998.06.11 - 2002.04.08 Jean (Retirement) Trudeau, Pierre Elliott 1979.03.26 - 1999.01.31 (Resignation)

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59

Annex 2: Table of women and First Nation peoples in Senate and House of Commons
Members of The House Of Commons Page lof5

Parliament of Canada
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255 Members of the House of Commons

7N~~._~'":.~_~_ ..."':" .. _.~ .. _.C" .. _ ..~ .... _~~~"7.'~~P~O~Ii~ti~Ca~I7"A~ff~il~ia~tio~n~a~t~F~ir~s~t.Election C.~o~n~S~Ii~tu~e~n~cy,"a~t~F~ir~s~tE~I~e~cli~o~n~~~~~~~~~~~D~a~le~of~F~ir"Cs~t~E~le~cti,"'o""n

Macphail, Agnes Campbell Black, Martha Louise
Nielsen, Dorise Winifred

Prowessive Independent Conservative

-Grey Southeast, O~tario

Yukon, Yukon

1921.12.06 1935.10.14
1940.03.26

Casselman, Cora Taylor

Strum, Gladys Grace Mae Fairclough, Ellen Louks Aitken, Margaret Bennett, Sybil
~,hipley. Marie Ann

Unity Liberal
C.C.F.
Progressive Conservative Progressive Conservative Progressive Conservative liberal

North BattJeford, Saskatchewan

Edmonton East, Alberta

Qu'Appelle, Saskatchewan Hamilton West, Ontario York-Humber, Ontario Halton, Ontario Timiskaming, Ontario

1941.06.02
(ByElection)

1945.06.11 1950.05.15
(ByElection)

Wadds, Jean Casselman

-P~rogressive Conservative
Liberal Progressive Conservative Liberal Liberal Liberal Progressive Conservative Liberal New Democratic Party Liberal Progressive Conservative ~Liberal Liberal Liberal Liberal Liberal liberal liberal Progressive Conservative Liberal New Democratic Party Progressive Conservative Liberal

'Grenvili~':::'D~ndas, Ontario
Niagara Falls, Ontario King's, Prince Edward Island Northwest Territories, Northwest Territories Northumberland, Ontario . . Winnipeg South, Manitoba Saskatoon, Saskatchewan Westmorland, New Brunswick Vancouver Kingsway, British Columbia SaintMichel, Quebec K!ngston and the Islands, O.ntario LouisHebert, Quebec Ahuntsic, Quebec York South. Ontario Skeena, British Columbia South Western Nova, Nova Scotia Vancouver Kin~~way, Bri.tish ,Columbia Trinity,.On.tario Ottawa-Carleton, Ontario Mercier, Quebec Saint-Michel, Quebec Vancouver East. British Columbia Scarborough 'Centre: Ontario Roberval, Quebec

1953.08.10 1953.08.10 1953.08.10 1958.09.29

(By-Election)

LaMarsh. Julia Verlyn (Judy)

1960.10.31
(By-Election)

Macdonaid, Margaret 'M~fy

Hardie, Isabel J. Tibbie Jewett, Pauline KO.nantz. ~argaret MeTavish Jones, Eloise May

1961.05.29
(By-Election)

1962.06.18 1963.04.08 1963.04.08 1964.06.22

(By-8ection)

Rideout. Margaret Isabel

Macinnis, Winona Grace

1964.11.09
(By-Section)

Begin, Monique

NiaCDonal~, Flora Isabel

Morin, Albanie Sauve, Jeanne Appolloni, Ursula Campagnolo, lona Campbell, Coline M.
!i0It,S,imm~

Nicholson, Aideen Pigott, Jean Elizabeth HervieuxPayette, Celine Mitchell, M~.9aret Anne Stratas, Diane Rose Beauchamp-Niquet, Suzanne

1965.11.08 1972.10.30 1972.10.30 1972.10.30 1972.10.30 1974.07.08 1974.07.08 1974.07.08 1974.07.08 1974.07.08 1976.10.18
(By-Election)

Killens, Marie Therese Rollande Liberal

1979.05.22 1979.05.22 1979.05.22 1979.05.22 1980.02.18

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60

Annex 2: Table of women and First Nation peoples in Senate and House of Commons
Members of The House Of Commons Page 2 of 5

Carney, Pat

Progressive Conservative

Vancouver Centre, British Columbia Rimouski, Quebec

Cote, Eva Lachance

Erola, Judith A. Cossitt, Jennifer McDonald,

liberal
Liberal
Progressive Conservative

Nickel Belt, Ontario

Leeds--Grenville, Ontario Broadview--Greenwood, Ontario 8rome--Missisquoi, Quebec Rosemont, Quebec Montmorency--Drieans, Quebec Argenteuil-Papineau. Quebec Scarborough Centre, Ontario Saint-Hy-acinthe-Bagot, Quebec Capitano, British Columbia Hamilton East, On~~rio Mount Royal. Quebec Louis-Hebert, Quebec

1980.02.18 1980.02.18 1980.02.18 1982.10.12

(By-Election)

lynn

New Democratic Party

Progressive Conservative

1982.10.12
(ByBection)

Bertrand, Gabrielle

81ais-Grenier: Suza~ne
Blouin, Anne Bourgauh, Lise Browes, Pauline

Progressive Conservative Progressive Conservative Progressive Conservative Progressive Conservative Progressive Conservative Progressive Conservative

Champagne, Andree CoDins, Mary

Copps, Sheila Maureen Finestone, Sheila Fortin-Duplessis, Suzanne

liberal
Liberal Progressive Conservative
Progressive Conservative

Jacques, Carole LaOdry, Monique Mailly, Claudy Martin, Shirley

McDougall. Barbara Jean

Montreal-Mercier, Quebec
Blainville-Deux-Montagnes, Quebec Galineau, Quebec

Progressive Conservative Progressive Conservative Progressive Conservative Progressive Conservative Liberal Progressive Conservative Progressive Conservative New Democratic Party New'Democratic Party Progressive ConselVative New Democratic Party Liberal liberal Progressive Conservative Liberal liberal Progressive ConselVative Progressive Conservative Liberal
~~owessive Conservative Progressive Conservative

lincoln, Ontario
5t. Paul's, Ontario Oulremant, Quebec Calgary South, Alberta Charlesbourg, Quebec Rimouski-TemiscQuata, Quebec Hamilton Mountain, O~tario Yukon, Yukon Simcoe Centre, Ontario New Westminster--8urnaby, British Columbia Western Arctic, Northwest Territories Malpeque, Prince Edward Island Vancouver Centre, British Columbia Ottawa West, Ontario Halifax, Nova Scotia Winnipeg South, Manitoba Wild Rose, Alberta Nepean, Ontario Bourassa, Quebec Don Valley North: Ontario Mississauga East, Ontario Saanich--Gulf Islands, British Columbia Mission-Coquitlam, British Columbia Saint-Laurent, Quebec

Pepin, Lucie
~ a.~~if,. M.~~ique Bernatchez Vezina, Monique

Sparrow, Barbara Jane (Bobbie) Progressive Conservative

Dewar, Marion McLaughlin, Audrey Marlene Anderson, Edna Black, Dawn Blondin-Andrew, Ethel Dorothy Callbeck, Catherine S. CampbeU, A. Kim Catterall, Marlene Clancy, Mary Catherine Dobbie, Dorothy I. Feltham, Louise

1984.09.04 1984.09.04 1984.09.04 1984.09.04 1984.09.04 1984.09.04 1984.09.04 1984.09.04 1984.09.04 1984.09.04 1984.09.04 1984.09.04 1984.09.04 1984.09.04 1984.09.04 1984.09.04 1984.09.04 1984.09.04 1984.09.04 1987.07.20
(By Election)

1987.07.20
(By-Election)

1988.11.21
1988.11.21

Gaffney. Beryl
Gibeau, Marie Greene, Barbara Guarnieri, Albina Hunter, Lynn Langan, Joy Maheu, Shirley Marleau, Diane

Liberal New.Democratic Party New Democratic Party Liberal Liberal liberal Progressive Cons6IVative Liberal Progressive Conservative Reform Reform Liberal liberal Liberal liberal liberal Reform liberal Reform Liberal l.iberal Liberal Bloc Quebecois Bloc Quebecois liberal Bloc Quebecois Bloc Quebecois Reform Liberal Reform

Phinney, Elizabeth (Beth)

Roy-Arcelin, Nicole Stewart, Christine Susan Venne, Pierrette Grey, Deborah C.

S~~dbury, ,?n~~~ Hamilton Mountain, Ontario

Ahuntsic, Quebec Northumberland, Ontario Saint-Hubert, Quebec Beaver River, Alberta

1988.11.21 1988.11.21 1988.11.21 1988.11.21 1988.11.21 1988.11.21 1988.11.21 1988.11.21 1988.11.21 1988.11.21 1988.11.21 1988.11.21 1988.11.21 1988.11.21 1988.11.21 1988.11.21 1988.11.21 1988.11.21 1988.11.21 1989.03.13
(By-Election)

~,~Ion~~~,,~~~,
Augustine, Jean Bakopanos, Eleni
Bames~ ..S.,-!s~n (Sue) Beaumier, Colleen

Calgary North. Alberta

Etobicoke-Lakeshore. Ontario Saint-Denis, Quebec London West, Ontario Brampton, Ontario Edmonton East, Alberta Surrey North, British Columbia Oakville-Milton, Ontario Calgary Southeast, Alberta Cumberland-Golchester, Nova Scotia

Bethel, Judith Claire (Judy)

8~~g~~n, M~rgaret Brown, Bonnie

Brown, Jan Brushett, Dianne Chamberlain, Brenda Cowling, Marlene Dalphond-Guiral, Madeleine Debien, Maud

Guelph-Welii~glon, Ontario
Windsor--St. Clair, Ontario Oauphin--Swan River, Manitoba Laval Centre, Quebec Laval East, Quebec Vancouver Centre, British Columbia Quebec, Quebec Laurentides, Quebec Port Moody--Coquitlam, British Columbia St. John's East, Newfoundland and Labrador Mission-Coquitlam, British Columbia

Cohen, Elizabeth Shaughnessy liberal

Fry, Hedy
Gagnon, Christiane Guay, Monique Hayes, Sharon Ruth Hickey, Patricia (Bonnie) Jennings, Daphne G.

1993.10.25 1993.10.25 1993.10.25 1993.10.25 1993.10.25 1993.10.25 1993.10.25 1993.10.25 1993.10.25 1993.10.25 1993.10.25 1993.10.25 1993.10.25 1993.10.25 1993.10.25 1993.10.25 1993.10.25 1993.10.25 1993.10.25 1993.10.25 1993.10.25

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61

Annex 2: Table of women and First Nation peoples in Senate and House of Commons
Members of The House Of Commons Page 3 of5

Kraft Sloan, Karen Lalonde, Francine McLellan. A. Anne Meredith. Valerie (Val) Minna, Maria Parrish, Carolyn Payne, Jean Picard, Pauline

Liberal Bloc Quebecois Liberal Aeform Liberal Liberal Liberal Bloc Quebecois Liberal Liberal Liberal Liberal Liberal Liberal Bloc Quebecois Liberal Progressive Conservative liberal Liberal Bloc Quebecois Liberal Liberal Liberal Liberal Liberaf New Democratic Party New Democratic Party New Democratic Party Liberal Bloc Quebecois New Democratic Party Liberal Liberal Liberal New Democratic Party Liberal New Democratic Party Liberal Bloc Quebecois Progressive Conservative Liberal New Democratic Party New Democratic Party Liberal Liberal Bloc Quebecois Canadian Alliance Canadian Alliance Liberal Liberal Canadian Alliance Canadian Alliance Liberal Conservative Liberal Bloc Quebecois Bloc Quebecois New Democratic Party Bloc Quebecois Bloc Quebecois ~Liberal Bloc Quebecois Conservative Conservative Conservative Liberal Bloc Quebecois Conservative Bloc Quebecois Liberal

York-Simcoe, Ontario Mercier, Quebec Edmonton Northwest, Alberta Surrey-White RockSouth Langley, British Columbia 8eaches--Woodbine, Ontario Mississauga West, Ontario SI. John's West, Newfoundland and Labrador Drummond, Quebec Madawaska-Victoria, New Brunswick Saskatoon-Humboldt, Saskatchewan Central Nova, Nova Scotia Brant, Ontario Vancouver East, British Columbia Burlington, Ontario Aimouski-Temiscouata, Quebec LambtonMiddlesex, Ontario Saint John, New Brunswick
Essex~Windsor,

Ri~~u~~. ~i~~rette:
Sheridan, Georgette
Skoke, Roseanne Stewart, Jane Terrana, Anna Marina Torsney, Paddy Tremblay, Suzanne

Uf, Rose-Marie Margaret

Wayne, Elsie Eleanore

Whelan, Susan Robillard, Lucienne

Ontario

Saint-Henri-Westmount. Quebec Louis-Hebert, Quebec SI. Paul's, Ontario Moncton, New Brunswick Parkdale-High Park, Ontario Thornhill, Ontario Barrie-Simcoe--Bradford, Ontario Vancouver East, British Columbia Churchill, Manitoba Bras d'Or, Nova Scotia Laval West, Quebec Jonquiere, Quebec Yukon, Yukon Notre-Dame--de-Grace-Lachine, Quebec Nunavut, Northwest Territories Vancouver Kingsway, British Columbia , Da"rtmouth, Nova Scotia Whitby-Ajax, Ontario Halifax, Nova Scotia Kitchener Centre, Ontario Longueuil, Quebec Shefford, Quebec Saint-Lambert, Quebec Beausejour--Petitcodiac, New Brunswick Winnipeg North Centre, Manitoba York West, Ontario Laval East, Quebec Terrebonne--Blainville, Quebec Renfrew-Nipissing-Pembroke, Ontario Kamloops, Thompson and Highland Valleys, British Columbia Winnipeg South Cent~e, ~anitoba Louis-Hebert, Quebec Saskatoon-Aosetown--Biggar, Saskatchewan Blackstrap. Saskatchewan Verdun-Saint-Henri-Saint-Paul--Pointe Saint~Chartes, Quebec Edmonton-Spruce Grove, Alberta Galineau, Quebec Compton--Stanstead, Quebec Trois-Rivieres, Quebec Nanaimo--Cowichan, British Columbia Laval, Quebec Laurentides-Labelle. Quebec
8ra~pt.onSpringdale, Ontario

1993.10.25 1993.10.25 1993.10.25 1993.10.25 1993.10.25 Ui93.10.25 1993.10.25 1993.10.25 1993.10.25 1993.10.25 1993.10.25 1993.10.25 1993.10.25 1993.10.25 1993.10.25 1993.10.25 1993.10.25 1993.10.25 1995.02.13
(By-Election)

Alarie, HeMme
Bennett, Carolyn Bradshaw, Claudette Bulte, Sannite D.

Caplan, Elinor
CarroD, M. Aileen

Davies, libby
Desjarlais, Bev

Dockrill, Michelle
Felco, Raymonde Girard-Bujold, Jocelyne Hardy, Louise Jennings, Marlene

Karetak-lindeil, Nancy
Leung, M. Sophia
i.iCWen<lY~~

Longfield. Judi
McDonough, Alexa Redman, Karen St-Hilaire, Caroline St-Jacques, Diane

Thibeaul~ Yolande
Vautour, Angela Wasylycia-Leis, Judy

1997.06.02 1997.06.02 1997.06.02 1997.06.02 1997.06.02 1997.06.02 j997.06.02 1997.06.02 1997.06.02 1997,06.02 1997.06.02 1997.06.02 1997.06.02 1997.06.02 1997.06.02 1997.06.02 1997.06.02 1997.06.02 1997.06.02 1997.06.02 1997.06.02 1997.06.02
1997.06.02

Sgro, Judy
Allard, CaroleMarie Bourgeois, Diane Gallanl, Cheryl Hinton, Betty Neville, Anita Scherrer, Helene

1997.06.02 1999.11.15
(By-Election)

c.

Skelton, Carol
Yelich, Lynne Frulla, Uza
Am~ros~, Aona

2000.11.27 2000.11.27 2000.11.27 2000.11,27 2000.11.27 2000.11.27 2000.11.27 2000.11.27 2002.05.13

(By-Election)

B?ivin, Fran~ise 80nsant, France Brunelle, Paule Crowder, Jean Demers, Nicole Deschamps, Johanne Dhalla, Ruby Faille, Meili Finley, Diane Grewal, Nina Guergis, Helena Kadis, Susan Lavallee, Carole Oda, Bev Poirier-Rivard, Denise Aatansi, Yasmin

Vaudreuil--Soulanges, Quebec Haldimand-Norfolk, Ontario Fleetwood--Port Kells. British Columbia Simcoe-Grey, Ontario Thornhill, Ontario Saint-Bruno-Saint-Hubert, Queb~c Clarington-Scugog--Uxbridge, Ontario Chateauguay-Saint-Constant, Ouebec Don Valley East, Ontario

2004.06.28 2004.06.28 2004.06.28 2004.06.28 2004.06.28 2004.06.28 2004.06.28 2004.06.28 2004.06.28 2004.06,28 2004.06.28 2004.06.28 2004.06.28 2004.06.28 2004.06.28 2004.06.28 2004.06.28

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62

Annex 2: Table of women and First Nation peoples in Senate and House of Commons
Members of The House Of Commons Page 4 of 5

Smith, Joy Stronach, Belinda Thibault, louise Barbot, Vivian Bell, Catherine Boucher I Sylvie Charlton, Chris

Conservative Conservative Bloc Quebecois Bloc Quebecois New Democratic Party Conservative New Democratic Party New Democratic Party Conservative Bloc Quebecois Bloc Quebecois liberal New Democratic Party Bloc Quebecois New Democratic Party New Democratic Party New Democratic Party Conservative Sioc Quebecois Liberal Liberal Conservative New Democratic Party Bloc Quebecois Conservative Conservative Conservative Conservative Liberal Liberal Liberal New Democratic Party Liberal ConselVative New.Democratic Party New Democratic Party Conservative liberal ConselVative ConselVative ConselVative liberal Conservative Liberal Conservative Conservative New Democratic Party Conservative New Democratic Party New Democratic Party New Democratic Party oNew Democratic Party Ne;w D~~ocratic Party New D.~mocratic Party Conservative New Democratic Party New Democratic Party New Democratic Party
~~

Kildonan-St. Paul, Manitoba Newmarket-Aurora, Ontario Rimouski-T emiscouata. Quebec Papineau, Quebec Vancouver Island North, British Columbia Beauport-Limoilou, Quebec Hamilton Mountain, Ontario T rinity-Spadina, Ontario Samia-Lambton, Ontario

Chow, Olivia Davidson, Patricia Oe8~liefeuille. CI~~de

Freeman, Carole Keeper, Tina Mathyssen, Irene Mourani, Maria Nash, Peggy Priddy, Penny Savoie, Denise Verner, Josee Thi Lac, r::ve-Mary Thai Hall Findlay, Martha Murray, Joyce Aglukkaq, Leona Ashton, Niki Beaudin, Josee Bergen, Candice

Beauharnois-Salaberry. Quebec
Chateauguay-Saint-Constant, Quebec Churchill, Manitoba London-Fanshawe, Ontario Ahuntsic, Quebec Parkdale-High Park, Ontario Surrey North, British Columbia Victoria, British Columbia Louis-Saint-Laurent, Quebec Saint-Hyacinthe--Sagot, Quebec Willowdale, Ontario Vancouver Quadra, British Columbia Nunavut, Nunavut Churchill, Manitoba Saint-Lambert, Quebec Portage--Lisgar, Manitoba

2004.0628 2004.06.28 2004.06.28 2006.01.23 2006.01.23 2006.01.23 2006.01.23 2006.01.23 2006.01.23 2006.01.23 2006.01.23 2006.01.23 2006.0123 2006.01.23 2006.0123 2006.0123 2006.0123 2006.0123 2007.09.17
(Bv-Eleclion)

2008.03.17
(Bv-EIec1ion)

2008.03.17
(By-Election)

2008.10.14 2001.10.14 2008.10.14 2008.10.14

200!i.~io. f4

Block, Kelly Brown, Lois

Cadman, Dona Coady, Siobhan Crombie, Bonnie Duncan, Kirsty Duncan, Linda Francis Foote, Judy Glover, Shelly Hughes, Carol Leslie, Megan McLeod, Cathy Mendes, Alexandra

Saskatoon-Ros~t~wn"':Biggar, Saskatchewan
Newmarket-Aurora, Ontario Surrey North, British Columbia St. John's South-Mount Pearl, Newfoundland and Labrador Mississauga-Streetsville, Ontario Etobicoke North, Ontario Edmonton-:Strathcona, Alberta Random-Burin--St. George's, Newfoundland and Labrador Saint Boniface, Manitoba Algoma-Maniloulin-Kapuskasing. Ontario Halifax, Nova Scotia
Kam~~~ps-Thompson-Cariboo, British Columbia

Brossard-La Prairie. Quebec Miramichi, New Brunswick Halton, Ontario Egmont, Prince Edward Island Scarborough Southwest, Ontario Richmond, British Columbia LaSalle-Emard, Quebec Mississauga-Bramplon South, Ontario Mississauga South, Ontario Honore-Mercier, Quebec Winnipeg South Centre, Manitoba Pierrefonds--Dollard, Quebec T errebonne-Blainville, Quebec Hochelaga, Quebec Berthier--Maskinonge, Quebec Charlesbourg-Haute-Saint-Charles, Quebec Alfred-Pellan, Quebec Delta-Richmond East, B~itish Columbia

O'Neill Gordon, Tilly Raitt,Lisa Shea, Gail

Simson, Michelle Wong. Alice Zarac,lise Adams, Eve Ambler, Stella Ayala, Paulina

~a~.~a~~ Joyce Blanc.hette-Lamothe, Lysane

80rg, Charmaine Boutin-Sweet, Marjolaine Brosseau, Ruth Ellen Day, ~Anne-:Marie Dore Lefebvre. Rosane Findlay, Ke:'!Y.-Ly~ne D. Freeman. Myleme Groguhe, Sadia Hassainia, Sana James, Roxanne Latendresse, Alexandrine laverdiere. Helene LeBlanc, Helene Leitch, Kellie Liu, Laurin May, Elizabeth Michaud, Elaine Moore, Christine Morin, Isabelle Morin, Marie-Claude PapiUon, Annick

Argenteuil-Papi~eau:"'Mirabel, Quebec
Saint-Lambert, Quebec

Verch~res--Les Patriotes, Quebec

Scarborough Centre, Ontario Louis-Saint-Laurent, Quebec Laurier-Sainte-Marie, Quebec LaSaOe-Emard, Quebec Simcoe-Grey, Ontario Riviere-cles-Milie-lIes, Quebec Saanich-Gulf Islands, British Columbia Portneuf-Jacques-Cartier. Quebec Abitibi--Temiscamingue, Quebec Notre-Dame-de-Grcke-Lachine, Quebec Saint-Hyacinthe-Bagot, Quebec Quebec, Quebec

Conservative
N~w De~ocratic ~~rty

New 1?~~?Cratic Party New Democratic Party Conservative New Democratic Party Green Party New Democratic Party New. Oemocr~tic Party New Democratic Party New Democratic Party New Democratic Party

2008.10.14 2008.10.14 2008.10.14 2008.10.14 2008.10.14 2008.10.14 2008.10.14 2008.10.14 2008.10.14 2008.10.14 2008.10.14 2008.10.14 2008.10.14 2008.10.14 2008.10.14 2008.10.14 2008.10.14 2008.10.14 2011.05.02 2011.05.02 2011.05.02 2011.05.02 2011.05.02 2011.05.02 2011.05.02 2011.05.02 2011.05.02 2011.05.02 2011.05.02 2011.05.02 2011.05.02 2011.05.02 2011.05.02 2011.05.02 2011.05.02 2011.05.02 2011.05.02 2011.05.02 2011.05.02 2011.05.02 2011.05.02 2011.05.02 2011.05.02 2011.05.02

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63

Annex 2: Table of women and First Nation peoples in Senate and House of Commons
Members of The House Of Commons Page 5 of 5

Peelel, Eve
Perreault, Manon Quach, Anne Minh-Thu
Aaynault, Francine

New Democratic Party New Democratic Party

New Democratic Party

La Pointe-de-I'lle, Quebec
Montcalm, Quebec

Beauharnois--Salabeny, Quebec
Joliette, Quebec

New Democratic Party Conservative New Democratic Party New Democratic Party New Democratic Party New Democratic Party
Conservative

Rempel, Michelle Sallah, Djaouida Sims, Jinny Jogindera Sitsabaiesan, Aathika St-Denis, Lise
Truppe, Susan

Calgary Centre-North, Alberta Saint-Bruno--Saint-Hubert, Quebec Newton--North Delta, British Columbia Scarborough-Rouge River, Ontario Saint-MaurIce-Champlain. Quebec London North Centre, Ontario Hull-Aylmer. Quebec Vancouver South. British Columbia Calgary Centre, Alberta

Turmel, Nycole Young, Wai Crockatt, Joan

New Democratic Party Conservative Conservative

2011.05.02 2011.05.02 2011.05.02 2011.05.02 2011.05.02 2011.05.02 2011.05.02 2011.05.02 2011.05.02 2011.05.02 2011.05.02 2011.05.02 2012.11.26
(Bv-Election)

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64

Annex 2: Table of women and First Nation peoples in Senate and House of Commons
Inuit, Metis or First Nation Origin Page 1 of 1

Parliament of Canada
PARLIAMENT of CANADA Site Map I A to Z Index I Contact Us I Franyais Home Parliamentary Business Senators and Members About Parliament Visitor Information Employment

PARLINFO

INUIT, METIS OR FIRST NATION ORIGIN

SEARCH CRITERIA

Parliamentary Function: Current Parliamentarians Only

Native Origin:

Members of the House of Commons

-ALL-

Name
..........

McKay. Angus
Delorme. Pierre Riel, Louis Boucher, WiUiam Albert Teillet, Roger-Joseph Rheaume, Eugene (Gene) Marchand, Len Firth. Walter (Wally) Ittinuar, Peter Keeper, Cyril 8t. GermB!n, Gerry Suluk, Thomas Anawc:k, Jac~__ ly~rak Blondin-Andrew, Ethel Dorothy Littlechild, Wilton (Willie) DeViliers, Paul Harper, Elijah O'Brien, Lawrence D. Karetak-Lindell, Nancy Laliberte, Rick Cleary, Bernard Smith, David Russell, Todd Norman Bruinooge, Rod Keeper, Tina Merasty, Gary Clarke, Rob Aglukkaq. Leona Glover, Shelly
~ene~t-~our?~~~~~~~than Penashue, Peter

__......__.__._._......_......._._Independent Libe~ral~PartY

Political Affiliation

Constituency
................

Conservative (1867-1942)

Marque~~. Manitoba

_-._-_._._-_.._.__._-_.

Date Elected
(yyyy.mm.dd)

Native Origin

Cc;nservativ6 (1867-1942)

Provencher, Manitoba Provencher, Manitoba Rosthern, Sask~tchewan St. Boniface, Manitoba

of Canada

Liberal Party of Canada

Progressive Conservative Party Northwest Territories, Northwest Territories ~Libe~~ ~Pariv of Canada Kamloops-Cariboo, British Columbia New Democratic Party New Democratic Party New Democratic Party Northwest Territories, Northwest Territories Nunatsiaq, Northwest Territories
Winn~pe!l:-St: J~n:-e,s, ~anitoba

1871.03.02 1871.03.03 1873.10.13 1948.1025 1962.06.18 1963.04.08 1968.06.25 1972.10.30 1979.0522 1980.02.18 1983.08.29 1984.09.04 1988.11.21 1988.1121 1988.11.21 1993.1025 1993.10.25 1996.03.25 1997.06.02 1997.06.02 2004.0628 2004.0628 2005.05.24 2006.01.23 2006.0123 2006.01.23 2008.03.17 2008.10.14 2008.10.14 2011.05.02 2011.05.02 2011.05.02

"Metis
Metis Metis
~~- Metis

Metis Metis First Nations Metis Inuit Metis Metis Inuit Inuit First Nations First Nations Metis First Nations Metis Inuit Metis First Nations Metis Metis Metis First Nations First Nations First Nations Inuit Metis First Nations First Nations First Nations

Progressive Conservative"Party Mission-Port Moody, British Columbia Progressive Conservative Party Nunatsiaq, Northwest Territories Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada liberal Party of Canada New Democratic Party Bloc Quebecois Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party o.f C~nada Conservative Party of Canada liberal Party of Canada Liberal PartY Northwest Territories Western Arctic, Northwest Territories Simcoe North, Ontario Churchill, Manitoba Labrador, Newfoundland and Labrador Nunavut, Northwest Territories Churchill River, Saskatchewan Louis-Saint+laurent, Quebec Pontiac, Quebec Labrador, Newfoundland and Labrador Winnipeg South, Manitoba Churchill, Manitoba
Nunatsia~,

Progressive Conservative Party Wetaskiwin, Alberta

of Cana~

Oe~nethe--Missinippi--Churcl,iII River,
Saskatchewan Desnethe--Missinippi-Churchill River, Saskatchewan Nunavut, N'unavut Saint Boniface. Manitoba Manicouagan, Quebec labrador, Newfoundland and Labrador Abitibi-Baie-James--Nunavik-Eeyou, Quebec

Conservative Party of Canada Conservative Party of Canada

Con~ervative Party of <?anada

New Democratic Party Conservative Party of Canada New Democratic Party

Sagan ash, Romeo

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65

Annex 2: Table of women and First Nation peoples in Senate and House of Commons
Inuit, Metis or First Nation Origin Page 1 of 1

Parliament of Canada
PARLIAMENT afCANADA Site Map I A to Z Index I Contact Us I Franqais Home Parliamentary Business Senators and Members About Parliament Visitor Informalion Employment

PARLINFO

INUIT, METIS OR FIRST NATION ORIGIN

SEARCH CRITERIA

Parliamentary Function: Current Parliamentarians Only

Senators

Native Origin:

-- ALL--

Name Hardisty, Richard Charles Boucher, William Albert

Political Affiliation
Conservative (1867-1942) Liberal Party of Canada Independent Conservative Liberal~PartY of Canada~-' ~ Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada

Province I TerritolY Northwest Territories Saskatchewan

.. (vyyymm.dd) ..................._... _..... ... ..-

Gladstone, James Williams, Guy R. Adams, Willie Watt, Charlie Marchand, Len Twinn, Walter St. Germain, Gerry Chalifoux, Thelma Gill, Aurelien Sibbeston, Nick G. Dyck, Lillia.n Eva Lovelace Nicholas, Sandra Brazeau, Patrick

Alberta
British Columbi~~

Northwest Territories Quebec Liberai Party of C~nada British Columbia Progressive Conserv~tive Party 'Alberta Progressive Conservative Party British Columbia Liberal of Canada Alberta

PartY

Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada New Democratic Party Liberal Party of Canada Conservative Party of Canada

Quebec Northwest Territories Saskatchewan New Brunswick Quebec

1888.0223 1957.01.03 1958.01.31 "1971.12.09 1977.04.05 1984.01.16 1984.06.29 1990.09.27 1993.06.23 1997.11.26 1998.09.17 1999.09.02 2005.03.24 2005.0921 2009.01.08

Date Appointed

__

Native Origin

Metis Metis First Nations -First Nations

Inuit Inuit
First Nations Rrst Nations Metis Metis

First Nations
First Nations

First Nations

First Nations
Rrst Nations

http://www.parl.gc.ca/Pariinfo/Compilations/ParliamentiAboriginal.aspx?Role=Senators

2013-05-11

66

Annex 3: Table of current and recently retired senators and outside employment declared on Senate Ethics Officer website

ANNEXE3

Senator Andreychuk, Raynell

Outside Employment, Profession, or Business

Outside Positions (non voluntary)

Disposable Income

Assets

None

None

None

10 shared units in an apartment block from Hampton House Limited RRSPs with TD Asset Management Fund Pension from the Saskatchewan Provincial Judges Superannuation Shares of Sascom Computer System Inc.

:J :J (I) X

::t>

Ataullahjan, Salma

Baker, George

Business as part owner of Sascom Computer System Inc., a private corporation with activities in custom software, programming, maintenance of programs and computer systems; and Non practicing real estate agent Business in mineral prospecting under a corporate structure

3 0"0 -(I) o '< 0 3 -.,

(I) :J

(I)

Vice-President of Sascom Computer System Inc., a private corporation with activities in custom software, programming, maintenance of programs and computer systems.

Business income from Sascom Computer System Inc.

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Bellemare, Diane

None

Director of Baker Prospecting and Exploration Inc., a private corporation which prospects for minerals and holds mineral rights to lands for the purpose of prospecting, exploration and mining None

Pension from the Canada Pension Plan

Wilderness vehicles, boats, trailers and engines used in mineral exploration; and Shares of Baker Prospecting and Exploration Inc. Regime enregistre d'epargne-retraite et divers placements aupres de RBC Dominion Securities et Ie Fonds de solidarite FTQ, composes de valeurs cotees en bourse de societes et d'autres valeurs mobilieres.

en CD

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Revenu suite 11 un contrat complete avec Ralimpex International Inc. Rente de retraite du Regime de retraite des employes du gouvernement et des organismes publics du Quebec

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Senator Boisvenu, PierreHugues

Outside Employment, Profession, or Business

Outside Positions (non voluntary)

Disposable Income

Assets

(I)
::::l ::::l

None

None

Braley, David

Business as owner of Orlick Industries Limited; Business as owner of Alexander Tools Limited; Business as owner of the BC Lions Football Club Inc.; Business as owner of the Toronto Argonauts Football Club Inc.; Business as owner of 1463851 Ontario Limited; and Business as Partner in Innisfil Land Holdings LP.

Brazeau, Patrick

None

President and Member of the Board of Directors of Orlick Industries Limited, an auto parts manufacturing company President and Member of the Board of Directors of Alexander Tools Limited, a distribution and holding company for ownership in various real estate investments in Southern Ontario; President and Chairman of the Board of Directors of the BC Lions Football Club Inc., a Canadian Professional Football Team; President and Chairman of the Board of Directors of the Toronto Argonauts Football Club Inc., a Canadian Professional Football Team; President and Member of the Board of Directors of 1463851 Ontario Limited, a real estate investment company in the Hamilton area; Partner in Innisfil Land Holdings LP, a real estate investment partnership in Ontario; and Member of the Board of Directors of Swisher Hygiene Inc., a public commercial hygiene services. None

Revenus de conferences publiques Pension du Fonds de pension du Gouvernement du Quebec Employment and shareholder loan interest from Orlick Industires Limited Canada Pension Plan Interest from Scotiabank Director's fees from Swisher Hygiene Inc.

None

><
(I)

0J

Shares of Bellatrix Exploration Ltd.; Shares of Swisher Hygiene Inc.; Shares of Terra Energy Corp.; Shares of Orlick Industries Limited; Shares of Alexander Tools Limited; Shares of the BC Lions Football Club Inc.; Shares of the Toronto Argonauts Football Club Inc.; Shares of 1463851 Ontario Limited; Interest in a partnership with Innisfil Land Holdings LP.

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None

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Senator Brown, Bert

Outside Employment, Profession, or Business

Outside Positions (non voluntary)

Disposable Income

Assets

:::J
X eN

Infonnation missing

Buth, JoAnne

None

President of Bert Brown Land Consultants Ltd., a company that provides services to individuals and companies concerning rezoning, subdivision and planning of developments in and around Calgary, Alberta. None

Canada Pension Plan

Investment portfolio with Wealth Strategists in Calgary, Alberta

CD

:::J

:3 "0 o

CD

0-

rut

CD

None

A Registered Retirement Savings Plan with Wellington West Financial Services, composed of units of mutual funds A Locked-in Retirement Account with Wellington West Financial Services, composed of units of mutual funds. Investment portfolio of publicly traded securities of corporations and units of mutual funds Shares of Bel moral Investments Inc. and Lidstone Realties Ltd.

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Callbeck, Catherine

Business in real estate under a corporate structure.

Director and Officer of Lidstone Realties Ltd., a real estate holding company; Director and President of Belmoral Investments Inc., a private investment holding company.

---------------

Business income from Lidstone Realties Ltd. and Belmoral Investments Inc. Pension from the Canada Pension Plan Pension from the Pension Plan for Members of the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Prince Edward

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Senator Campbell, LarryW.

Outside Employment, Profession, or Business

Outside Positions (non voluntary)

Disposable Income

Assets

:::J :::J

(()

Business as owner of Mortis Consulting Ltd., a private company doing contract work in the area of forensic and investigation.

Carignan, Claude

A vocat exen;:ant la pratique du droit.

President of Mortis Consulting Ltd., a private company doing contract work in the area of forensic and investigation; Member of the Board of Directors of the Great Canadian Gaming Corporation, a multijurisdictional gaming and entertainment operator; Member of the Board of Directors of Asantae, a producer and marketer of innovative nutritional products through direct and network marketing channels. Adrninistrateur et president de Me Claude Carignan Avocat Inc., une societe privee pour l'exercice de la profession d'avocat; Adrninistrateur et dirigeant de la Fiducie Binette Carignan.

Business income as owner of Mortis Consulting Ltd. Pension from the British Columbia Pension Plan Directors' fees from the Great Canada Gaming Corporation and from Asantae

Shares of Mortis Consulting Ltd.

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Champagne, Andree

None

None

Revenu de Binette Carignan Inc. Revenu de Me Claude Carignan Avocat Inc. Dividendes de placements prives aupres de CIBC Wood Gundy Revenu de la finne d'avocats Dufresne Hebert Comeau Inc. Pour services a titre d' avocat-conseil Dividendes de la Fiducie Binette Carignan Revenue locatif pour la location d'immeubles Droits de suite de Radiocanada et prevoit recevoir des droits d'auteur des Editions La Semaine Regime des rentes du Quebec

0.:::J

Des actions de Me Claude Carignan Avocat Inc.; Des actions de Binette Carignan Inc.; Un interet dans des immeubles a revenu locatif; Placements prives et divers regimes emegistres detenus par CIBC Wood Gundy et par Fiducie Binette Carignan, composes de valeurs cotees en bourse de societes

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FEER aupres de la Financiere Banque Nationale compose de fonds mutuels FEER aupres de la Banque canadienne imperiale de commerce compose de fonds mutuels

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Senator Chaput, Maria CharrettePoulin, Marie-P

Outside Employment, Profession, or Business

Outside Positions (non voluntary)

Disposable Income

Assets

:::::l
:::::l

None Avocate-conseil chez Heenan Blaikie LLP

None None

None Honoraires en tant qu' avocate-conseil chez Heenan Blaikie LLP Honoraires en tant qu'administrateur et mernre du conseil consultatif de Actra Fraternal Benefit Society Deux revenus de retraite de CBC/SRC Revenue de retraite de la fonction publique du Canada Regime de pension universitaire Directorship fees, Dakota Investments

None None
(0

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Comeau, Gerald Cools, Anne

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None

Regime enregistre d'epargne-retraite compose de fonds mutuel. Shares of Roann Rentals, an RRSP with RBC composed of mutual funds, and an RRSP with TD Canada Trust composed of mutual funds and publicly traded securities.

(J)..., (0 (0

None

Cordy, Jane

None

Officer and member, Board of Directors, Roann Rentals, a private family owned company holding investments in mutual funds; and Officer and member, Board of Directors, Dakota Investments, a private family owned company holding investments. None

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Teachers' Pension Plan of the Government of Nova Scotia

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Interest Free Savings Plan withRBC Investment savings account with RBC composed of publicly traded securities

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Senator Cowan, James

Outside Employment, Profession, or Business

Outside Positions (non voluntary)

Disposable Income

Assets

None

Partner of the Atlantic Canada law firm of Stewart McKelvey, Halifax, Nova Scotia Corporate Secretary to the Halifax International Airport Authority's Board of Directors

Dagenais, Jean-Guy

None

None

Dallaire, Romeo

Exploitation d'une entreprise sous une structure corporative eeuvrant dans les domaines de la redaction de livres, de films et la presentation de conferences.

Administrateur et president de Romeo A. Dallaire LGen (Ret) Inc., une societe privee qui eeuvre dans les domaines de la redaction de livres, de films et la presentation de conferences.

A fixed annual stipend in equal monthly instalments with Stewart McKelvey An honorarium as Secretary to the Board of the Halifax International Airport Authority Trustee's fees from the Estate of Margaret St. George Expected executor's fees from the Estate of Joan Power and fromt eh Estate ofHSD Bauld An investment income from a portfolio of publicly traded investments maintained by the royal Bank of Canada Rente du regime de retraite des membres de la Surete du Quebec; et, revenu de loyer d'un condominium it I'Ile des Seeurs, Montreal, QC. Revenu du National Speakers Bureau pour des allocutions; Royautes de Westwood Creative Artists et de White Pines; Rente du regime de rentes du Quebec; Pension des forces canadiennes; Pension d'invalidite des anciens combattants

A Registered Retirement Savings Plan (RRSP) with Royal Bank

CD
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Senator Dawson, Dennis

Outside Employment, Profession, or Business

Outside Positions (non voluntary)

Disposable Income

Assets

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None

None

Un Regime enregistre d'epargne-retraite aupn':s de la Banque Nationale, compose d'unites de fonds communs de placement et de valeurs cotees en bourse de societes; Un Regime enregistre d'epargne-retraite aupn!s de la Banque Royale du Canada, compose d'unites de fonds communs de placement et de valeurs cotees en bourse de societes. Investment account, registered retirement savings plan and tax free savings account with CIBC Wood Gundy, composed of publicly traded securities of corporations; and Investment property. Regime enregistre d'epargne-retraite ainsi qu'un compte d'investissement aupres de TD Waterhouse, composes de valeurs cotees en bourse de societes. Un Regime enregistre d'epargne-retraite aupres de la Banque Royale du Canada, compose d'unites de fonds communs de placement.

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None

None

Pension from the Canada Pension Plan Rental income from an investment property

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Demers, Jacques

.Conferencier aupres du Bureau des conferenciers Orizon.

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Revenu a titre de conferencier

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Senator Downe, Percy E. Doyle, NormanE.

Outside Employment, Profession, or Business

Outside Positions (non voluntary)

Disposable Income

Assets

None None

None None

A government pension A pension from the Newfoundland and Labrador House of Assembly Pension Plan. A business income from Mike Duffy Media Services Inc.

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Duffy, Michael

Media consulting and public speaking.

Director and President of Mike Duffy Media Services Inc., a corporation involved in media consulting and public appearances.

Dyck, Lillian E.

A Registered Retirement Savings Plan with TD Canada Trust, composed of publicly traded securities of corporations and term deposits; and Shares of Mike Duffy Media Services Inc. Registered Retirement Savings Plans, investment account and Tax Free Savings Account with Wood Gundy, composed of publicly traded securities of corporations, units of mutual funds and bonds; and Registered Pension Plan with the University of Saskatchewan. None None

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Dividends, interest and capital gains from an investment account with Wood Gundy

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Enverga Jr., Tobias C.

None

None

Pension from the Canada Pension Plan Pension from OMERS for services with the City of Toronto Income from past employment with the Bank of Montreal and the Toronto Catholic District School Board.

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Senator Finley, Doug FortinDuplessis, Suzanne Fraser, Joan

Outside Employment, Profession, or Business

Outside Positions (non voluntary)

Disposable Income

Assets

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None None

None Administratrice et vice-presidente de Tourbiere Fortin Inc., une compagnie privee inactive. None

None Une prestation de retraite versee par la Commission administrative des regimes de retraite et d'assurance. Dividends from common shares of corporations and financial institutions; Interest from bonds of Manulife. Salary from Howard Holdings Corporation; and Expect receiving dividends from Linda Frum Holdings Ltd.

RRSP with BMO composed of a GIC Un interet conjoint dans Tourbiere Fortin Inc.
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Bonds and publicly traded securities of corporations and financial institutions; Units of mutual funds with RBC Mutual Funds. Shares of Linda Frum Holdings Ltd., its subsidiary corporations and assets; Shares ofFrumcor Investments Limited; Shares of Frumcor Holdings ULC; Shares of LFuture Investments Inc. and its limited partnership which has a loan receivable from Sunrise Entertainment LLLP, who are the owners of the Florida Panthers Hockey Team; Portfolio of publicly traded securities managed by Gluskin & Sheff & Assoc.; Advance receivable - Linda Frum Holdings Ltd.; Shares of 1513026 Ontario Ltd. who is a general partner of a real estate limited partnership called Trib-L limited partnership.

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Business as owner of Linda Frum Holdings Limited, its subsidiary corporations and a portfolio of publicly traded securities; and Employment from Howard Holdings Corporation.

Director and Officer of Linda Frum Holdings Ltd., a private holding company with the subsidiary corporations of: - Frumcor Investments Limited, a family investment corporation; - Frumcor Holdings ULC, a family investment corporation; and - LFuture Investments Inc., a corporation with interests in various real estate limited partnerships and a loan receivable from: Sunrise Entertainment LLLP, who owns the Florida Panthers Hockey Team. Director and Officer of 1513026 Ontario Ltd., a general partner of a real estate limited partnership called Trib-L limited Partnership; Director of the Frum Family Foundation; Trustee of the Estate of Barbara Frum;

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Outside Employment, Profession, or Business

Outside Positions (non voluntary)

Disposable Income

Assets

Furey, George J. Gerstein, Irving

None

None

Greene, Stephen

None

Trustee of the Murray FrumlNancy Lockhart Trust; Trustee of the Murray Frum Trust; Trustee of the Murray Frum (2007) Trust; and Director and Officer of The Linda Frum and Howard Sokolowski Charitable Foundation. Director of Canada Fluorspar Inc., a public corporation with activities in the mining sector. Director of Medical Facilities Corporation, a Canadian public corporation which has an interest in several specialty hospitals and centres in the United States; Chairperson of the Board of Directors of Atlantic Power Corporation, a Canadian public corporation which holds interests in a portfolio of power generation and transmission projects in the United States and Canada; and Corporate and Lead Director of Student Transportation Incorporated, a Canadian public corporation which provides school bus transportation services in the United States and Canada. None

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Share options in Canada Fluorspar Inc. Registered Retirement Savings Plan with CIBC Wood Gundy, composed of puhlicly traded securities of corporations; A variety of corporate bonds; and A portfolio of publicly traded securities of corporations with C.A. Delaney Investment Advisor CIBC Wood Gundy.

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A Registered Retirement Savings Plan with Scotia McLeod and the Bank of Nova Scotia

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10

Senator
Harb,Mac

Outside Employment, Profession, or Business

Independent consultant advising in areas such as: business, capacity building and investment.

Outside Positions (non voluntary)

Disposable Income

Consultancy with United Nations Development Program (UNDP) and Transtec Project Management; Rental income from real estate properties; Dividends and profits from a stock portfolio. I will be receiving income and revenue from Telmount Ltd. effective Feb 1,2013: Rental income Consultant fee Revenu de location d'un condominium et d'un duplex; Rente du regime de rentes du Quebec.

Assets

President, Telmount Ltd.

1470267 Ontario Ltd., for real estate properties: 1264205 Ontario Ltd., for real estate properties; RRSPs with RBC composed of publicly traded securities; Investment account with TD Bank composed of publicly traded securities; RESP with RBC; Real estate and land holdings in various properties in Ontario. Un condominium et un duplex; Un portefeuille d'actions, d'obligations et autres valeurs mobilieres dont les gestionnaires sont CIBC Wood Gundy et la Financiere Desjardins. RRSP with P.W.L. Capital Inc. composed of publicly traded securities. Property used for a Dance studio and community library; and 20 acres of woodland.

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None

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11

Senator Jafer, Mobina S.B.

Outside Employment, Profession, or Business

Outside Positions (non voluntary)

Disposable Income

Assets

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Lawyer with Dolun Jaffer & Jeraj, a law firm in Vancouver, B.C.

Johnson, Janis G.

None

Member of the Board of Directors of 548406 B.C. Ltd., a rental property corporation; Member of the Board of Directors of 508721 RC. Ltd., a rental property corporation; Member of the Board of Directors of 765922 B.C. Ltd., a real estate corporation; and Partner with Dolun Jaffer & Jeraj, a law firm in Vancouver, B.C. None

Law practice income from Dolun Jaffer & Jeraj; and Rental income from immovable properties.

Commercial properties and rental properties

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RRSP with Royal Dominion Securities composed ofpublicIy traded securities. Des actions de la societe 3029026 Canada Inc.; Un immeuble Ii Montreal; Un inventaire d'reuvres d'art canadien et international.

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Expert conseil aupres de Power Corporation du Canada, en vertu d'un contrat de service de gestion et de consultation pour sa collection d'reuvres d'art. None

Administrateur et dirigeant de 3029026 Canada Inc., une societe de gestion et de vente de biens mobiliers et immobiliers.

None

Kenny, Colin

Un revenu de Power Corporation du Canada, en vertu d'un contrat de service de gestion et de consultation pour sa collection d'reuvres d'art; Un revenu de location d'un immeuble situe Ii Montreal; Un revenu d'entreprise de 3029026 Canada Inc. Income from an investment portfolio with the Bank of Montreal; and A pension from the Government of Canada. Pension as a professor at St. Thomas University

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12

Senator Lang, Daniel

Outside Employment, Profession, or Business

Outside Positions (non voluntary)

Disposable Income

Assets

None

Director of Hector Lang Construction 2001 Ltd., a corporation which rents warehouses.

Lebreton, Marjory Lovelace Nicholas, Sandra M. MacDonald, Michael

None

None

A business income from Hector Lang Construction 2001 Ltd.; and A pension from the Yukon Legislative Assembly Retirement Pension Plan. None

Shares of Hector Lang Construction 2001 Ltd.

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Business in accommodation under a corporate structure.

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President and Chief Executive Officer of Fleur de Lis Motel Ltd., a corporation which operates a motel, a restaurant and a lounge complex in Louisbourg, Nova Scotia; Member of the Board of Directors of Eastern Antimony Ltd., a corporation involved in mining in Newfoundland; and Member of the Board of Directors of Canada Coal Ltd., a corporation engaged in the acquisition, exploration and development of coal properties in Nunavut.

None

Shares of Fleur de Lis Ltd.; Shares of Canada Coal Ltd.; and Publicly traded securities of corporations, bonds and units of mutual funds with Desjardins Financial Security and Independent Network Investments Inc.

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13

Senator Mahovlich, Frank W.

Outside Employment, Profession, or Business

Outside Positions (non voluntary)

Disposable Income

Assets

Public appearances through Big "Mil Promotions Ltd

President of Big "M" Promotions Ltd., involved in promotional work with regards to hockey career.

Maltais, Ghislain

None

Manning, Fabian Marshall, Elizabeth

None None

Administrateur et president de G. M. Consultants et Associes Inc., une societe dont les activites se rapportent a la prestation de services de conseils aux entreprises mais qui nl est pas operationnelle presentement. None None

Deferred income with the World Hockey Association, Pension from the National Hockey League, Investments with CLARICA (Sun Life Financial) and Manufacturers Life Insurance Co., composed of publicly traded securities. Un revenu du Regime de pension des Membres de l' Assemblee nationale du Quebec; Un revenu du Regime des rentes du Quebec. None Pension from the Governrnent of Newfoundland and Labrador; Dividends from Fortis Inc., Toromont Industries, Enerflex; and Pension from the Newfoundland and Labrador House Assembly. Income from an overseas contract as facilitator on leadership development; and Income from the sale of an investment property.

None

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Un Regime enregistre dlepargne-retraite aupres de la Banque Royale du Canada, compose de . certificats de depots a terme. None Shares of Fortis Inc., Shares ofToromont Industries, Shares of Enerflex, Approximately 2 acres of land at Tranquil Place; and Approximately 15 acres of land at Topsail Pond Road.

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14

Senator Massicotte,
Paul J.

Outside Employment, Profession, or Business

Outside Positions (non voluntary)

1) Les Equites Massicotte Inc. et ses filiales : - President et Secretaire de Les Equites Massicotte Inc., une societe privee detenant des placements et des investissements. 2) Groupe Attractions Hippiques: Fiduciaire de la Fiducie Fer a Cheval d'Or (inactive); - Fiduciaire de la Fiducie Fer a Cheval Argente (inactive); President, Secretaire et Tresorier d' A. H. Royale Inc., une societe privee avec inten'!ts dans les 4 hippodromes du Quebec (faillite 27/01110); - President, Secretaire et Tresorier d' Attractions Hippiques Quebec (Gestion) Inc., une societe prive avec interets dans l'achat et Ie developpement des hippodromes du Quebec (faillite 27/01110); President, Secretaire et Tresorier d' Attractions Hippiques (Mtl) Inc., commandite d' Attractions Hippiques (Montreal) S.E.C. (faillite 27/01110); President, Secretaire et Tresorier d' Attractions Hippiques (Que) Inc., commandite d' Attractions Hippiques (Quebec) S.E.C. (faillite 27/01110); - President, Secretaire et Tresorier d' Attractions Hippiques (T.R.) Inc., commandite d' Attractions

Disposable Income

Assets

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Gestion 1 Developpement immobilier (temps partiel).

profits sur placements et activites de la societe Les Equites Massicotte Inc. et ses filiales; placements et investissements dans des compagnies publiques, incluant principalement dans les indices boursiers detenus via CIBC Wood Gundy; investissements d'actifs passifs de 7211406 Canada Inc.; placements et investissements de Massicap Inc.; et developpement immobilier de Carre Notre-Dame Phase 1 Inc.

actifs et autres placements prives de Les Equites Massicotte Inc. (et filiales); investissements dans des compagnies publiques; incluant principalement dans les indices boursiers detenu personnellement (CIBC Wood Gundy), et via Mont-StHilaire Trust etlou Les Equites Massicotte Inc. (et ses filiales) etlou Massicap Inc.; investissement d'actifs passifs de 7211406 Canada Inc.; placements, investissements et developpement immobilier de Massicap Inc.; developpement immobilier de Carre Notre-Dame Phase 1 Inc.; investissements avec conjointe pour financer ses activites comme detaillant de vetements pour dames; et organisation pour investissement regional de FIERLaval.

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15

Senator

Outside Employment, Profession, or Business

Outside Positions (non voluntary)

Hippiques (Trois-Rivieres) S.E.C. (faillite 27/01110); President, Secretaire et Tresorier d' Attractions Hippiques (Ayl) Inc., commandite d' Attractions Hippiques (Aylmer) S.E.C (faillite 27/01110); President et Secretaire de 91662700 Quebec Inc., une compagnie utilisee pour fin d'achat de terrain (inactive); President et Secretaire de 91662759 Quebec Inc., une compagnie utilisee pour fin d'achat de terrain (inactive); President et Secretaire de 91763755 Quebec Inc., une compagnie utili see pour fin d'achat de terrain (inactive); President et secretaire de 91664084 Quebec Inc., une compagnie utilisee pour fin d'achat de terrain (inactive); President et Secretaire de Les immeubles A. H. (Couronne Nord) Inc., une compagnie utili see pour fin d'achat de terrain (inactive); President et Secretaire de Les immeubles A. H. (Trois-Rivieres) Inc., une compagnie utilisee pour fin d'achat de terrain de TroisRivieres (faillite); President et Secretaire de Les immeubles A. H. (Aylmer) Inc., une compagnie utilisee pour fin d'achat de terrain d' Aylmer (faillite);

Disposable Income

Assets

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16

Senator

Outside Employment, Profession, or Business

Outside Positions (non voluntary)

Disposable Income

Assets

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President et Secretaire de Les immeubles A. H. (St-Basile) Inc., une compagnie utili see pour fin d'achat de terrain (inactive).

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3) Attractions MASI ULC (societes inactive s): President du conseil d' Attractions MASI ULC, operateur de restaurant et President et Secretaire de 6796699 Canada Inc., une associee d' Attractions MASIULC.

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4) Propriete Sommet Prestige: - President, Secretaire et Tresorier de Propriete Sommet Prestige Inc., une societe privee dans les developpements immobiliers. 5) 7211406 Canada Inc. : - President et Secretaire de 7211406 Canada Inc., une societe privee d'investissements d' actifs passifs. 6) Groupe Alexis Nihon (societes inactives): President d' A. N. Canada Inc., une societe privee de portefeuille j President d' A. N. Commerce Inc., une societe privee dans l'immobilier commercial j President de 054936 N.B. Inc., une societe privee dans l'exploitation immobi!i(:re et dans

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17

Senator

Outside Employment, Profession, or Business

Outside Positions (non voluntary)

I'investissement j President d' A. N. (J. Dubreuil) Inc., une societe privee de portefeuille President de 513524 N.B. Inc., une societe privee dans Ie domaine immobilier j President de Societe de Capital Alexis Nihon Inc., une societe privee de portefeuille j President et non membre du conseil d'administration de Place A. N. Inc., une societe privee d'Investissements; President de 513273 N.B. Inc., une societe privee d'investissements j Membre du conseil d'administration de la Societe de Portefeuille Alexis Nihon Inc. j Membre du conseil d'administration d' Alexis Nihon Corporation, une societe privee dans Ie domaine immobilier Membre du conseil d'administration de Services Professionnels de Gestion Alexis Nihon Inc., une societe privee de services immobilier j Membre du conseil d'administration d' Alexis Nihon National Inc., une societe privee de portefeuille, une societe privee de portefeuille j Membre du conseil d'administration de Gestion Alexis Nihon Inc., une societe privee de portefeuille j

Disposable Income

Assets

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18

Senator

Outside Employment, Profession, or Business

Outside Positions (non voluntary)

Membre du conseil d'administration d' Alexis Nihon International Inc., une societe privee de portefeuille i Membre du conseil d'administration d' Alexis Nihon Inc., une societe privee de portefeuille j President de Services Financiers Alexis Nihon Inc., une societe privee d'Investissements; Membre du conseil d'administration de Construction Alexis Nihon Inc., societe privee dans Ie domaine de la construction immobiliere i et Membre du conseil d'administration de Les Developpements Alexis Nihon Limitee, societe privee dans la promotion immobiliere.

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Senator

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Outside Positions (non voluntary)

Disposable Income

Assets

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Business as owner of Macleod Institute Inc., a private corporation with activities in program evaluations, environmental management and performance benchmarking.

Pension from the Pension Plan of the Alberta Legislative Assembly; Director's fees from Climate Change Central; Salary from the Macleod Institute Inc.; and Pension from the Canada Pension Plan.

Registered Retirement Savings Plans with Scotia iTrade, composed of publicly traded securities of corporations; and Shares of Macleod Institute Inc.
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Senator
Mclntrye, Paul E.

Outside Employment, Profession, or Business

Outside Positions (non voluntary)

Disposable Income

Assets

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Pension du Regime de pensions du Canada

- Regime enregistre d'epargne-retraite aupn~s de la Banque Royale du Canada, compose d'unites de fonds communs de placement. None Shares of 101129950 Saskatchewan Ltd., 606215 Saskatchewan Ltd., Merchant Law Professional Corporation, Canada Renta-Heater (Regina), 34 Kleisinger Cres. (Regina), Merchant WorId Services Inc., Heart Force Medical and various other shares on the stock market. A Registered Retirement Savings Plan with Investors Group composed of units of mutual funds; A Registered Retirement Savings Plan with TD Canada Trust composed of units of mutual funds; and Shares of Dons cape , Landscape Services Inc RRSP and non RRSP investment accounts with CIBC Wood Gundy, composed of publicly traded securities, and a limited partnership fund.
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None None

None Officer and Member ofthe Board of Directors of 101129950 Saskatchewan Ltd., a private company that owns a condominium project.

None Various investments and loans, Canada Pension Plan and shares of 101129950 Saskatchewan Ltd.

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Landscaping services through Donscape Landscape Services Inc.

President of Donscape Landscape Services Inc., a corporation which provides landscaping services.

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None

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Alberta Legislature pension; and Proceeds from the sale of investment business with CIBC Wood Gundy.
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21

Senator Mockler, Percy Moore, Wilfred P.

Outside Employment, Profession, or Business

Outside Positions (non voluntary)

Disposable Income

Assets

None None

None Director and Officer of Freebooter Trading Ltd., an investment corporation; Director and Officer of McLaughlin Holdings Ltd., an investment corporation; Director and Officer of Tiller Holdings Ltd., an investment corporation; Officer of Helm Holdings Ltd., an investment corporation; Officer of Adams and Knickle Ltd., a corporation with activities in the fishing sector; Director and Officer of Gusto Resources Ltd., an inactive corporation; Partner with Giant Meguma Holdings, an inactive partnership; Director and Officer of Seabed Resources Ltd., an inactive corporation; and Director and Officer of Emocean Spa Inc., a corporation that is a wellness living centre. None Director and President of 443472 Ontario Ltd., a personal holding corporation. None

None Pension from the Canada Pension Plan

None Shares of Freebooter Trading Ltd.; Shares of Gusto Resources Ltd., Interest in partnership with Giant Meguma Holdings; Shares of Seabed Resources Ltd.; and Registered Retirement Savings Plans with several financial institutions and an investment account with CIBC Wood Gundy, composed of units of various mutual funds and publicly traded securities of corporations.

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Neufeld, Richard

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Pension from the Canada Pension Plan An income from the HRJ Trust Fund number 3; and A pension from the Canada Pension Plan. Pension from the Government of British Columbia; and Pension from the Government of Canada.

None Shares of 443472 Ontario Ltd.

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Senator Ngo, Thanh Hai Nolin, Pierre Claude Ogilvie, Kelvin, Kenneth

Outside Employment, Profession, or Business

Outside Positions (non voluntary)

Disposable Income

Assets

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A pension from the Ontario Teacher's Federation Honoraires en tant qu'avocat-conseil it mon compte. Pension managed by Jarislowski Fraser and investments with the RBC; Pension from the Canada Pension Plan.

A Registered Retirement Savings Plan with the Bank of Nova Scotia None

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Investment accounts with RBC composed of publicly traded securities. Shares ofTerragon Environmental Technologies Inc. Land, Scotts Bay Road, Kings County, Nova Scotia Shares of Dolin Fisheries Limited; Shares of Pleasant River Farms Limited; Shares of Mersey Point Fish Products Inc.; Shares of Premiere Shelf Storage; Shares of Crane Vista Investments; Shares ofVeridien Corporation Inc.; Shares of Silica Investments Inc.; Real estate holdings; An interest in Bridgewater Farmers Co-op; A portfolio of investments with BMO Nesbitt Burns, composed of publicly traded securities of corporations, bonds and debentures; A portfolio of investments

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Businesses under a corporate structure, involving exporting Christmas trees and sea products, as well as real estate developments and storage systems.

President and Board Member of Glen Moir Holdings Limited, a corporation with activities in real estate; President and Board Member of Dolin Fisheries Limited, a corporation with activities in fisheries; President and Board Member of Pleasant River Farms Limited, a corporation with activities in farming; Director of Mersey Point Fish Products Inc., a corporation with activities in fisheries; Director of Premiere Self Storage, a corporation with activities in storage systems; Member of the Advisory Board of Atlantic Signature and Loan Co., a corporation specializing in mortgages for residential and commercial real estate Chairman of the Board and a

Dividends and interest from a portfolio of investments with BMO Nesbitt Burns; Dividends and interest from a portfolio of investments with CIBC Wood Gundy; Dividends and interest from a portfolio of investments with TD Waterhouse; Dividends and interest from a portfolio of investments with the Bank of Nova Scotia Securities; Income from various real estate holdings; Dividends and interest from various whole life insurance policies with London Life and Sun Life; Business income/dividends from Pleasant River Farms

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Senator

Outside Employment, Profession, or Business

Outside Positions (non voluntary)

Director, Shareholder & Debenture Holder of Silica Investments Inc., Edmonton, Alberta

Disposable Income
Limited; Business income/dividends from Dolin Fisheries Limited; Director's fees from Atlantic Signature Mortgage and Loan Co.; Pension from the Canada Pension Plan.

Assets
with CIBC Wood Gundy, composed of publicly traded securities of corporations, bonds and debentures; A portfolio of investments with TD Waterhouse, composed of publicly traded securities of corporations, bonds and debentures; A portfolio of investments with the Bank of Nova Scotia Securities, composed of publicly traded securities of corporations, bonds and debentures; and - Whole Life insurance policies with London Life and Sun Life;

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Senator Patterson, Dennis Glen

Outside Employment, Profession, or Business

Outside Positions (non voluntary)

Disposable Income

Assets

None

Member of the Board of Directors of Northern Property Real Estate Investment Trust, a publicly traded Canadian Income Trust; and Member of the Board of Directors ofNunatta Environmental Services Inc., a private environmental remediation company in Iqaluit, Nunavut.

Plett, Don

Business in real estate and land development under corporate structure.

Poirier, Rose-Marie

None

Director of Landmark Holdings Ltd., a land and building private holding corporation; and Director of Bald Enterprises Ltd., a land development private company which is presently inoperative. None

Director's fees from Northern Property Real Estate Investment Trust; Director's fees from Nunatta Environmental Services Inc.; Dividends from publicly traded securities of corporations; Pension from the Northwest Territories Legislative Assembly; Pension from the Canada Pension Plan; A widower's superannuation; and Rental income from immovable properties. None

Two immovable properties; Publicly traded securities of corporations; Shares of Northern Property Real Estate Investment Trust; Shares ofNunatta Environmental Services Inc.

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Senator Raine, Nancy Greene

Outside Employment, Profession, or Business

Outside Positions (non voluntary)

Disposable Income

Assets

X eN

Endorsements and promotional contracts through NGRResort Consultants Ltd. and NGR Promotions Inc., including public speaking engagements

President and Member of the Board of Directors ofNGR Resort Consultants Inc. and NGR Promotions Inc., private corporations managing the interests of "Nancy Greene", including endorsements of Sun Peaks Mountain Resort, B.C.; and President and Member of the Board of Directors of Cahilty Food and Beverage Ltd., a company that rents space to the restaurant owner at Sun Peaks Resort, BC.

Old Age Security; Canadian Pension Plan; Interest and investment income from NGR Resort Consultants Inc.; Rental income from Cahilty Food & Beverage Company Ltd.; and Business income from NGR Promotions Inc.

RRSP composed of publicly traded securities with RBC Direct; Shares of NGR Resort Consultants Inc.; Shares ofCahilty Food & Beverage Company Ltd.; Shares ofNGR Promotions Inc.

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Un revenu pOl.!f la location d'un appartement dans la residence familiale. Un revenu de retraite verse par la Commission administrative des regimes de retraite et d'assurances.

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None

None

Robichaud, Fernand
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None

None

Un revenu proven ant du Regime de pension des membres de I' Assemblee nationale du Quebec. Un revenu provenant du Regime de pension du Canada

Un compte de placement aupn:s de la Banque Royale du Canada, Etema et Placements Toronto Dominion, composes de valeurs cotees en bourse de societes. Un Regime enregistre d'epargne-retraite.

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Senator Runciman, Robert

Outside Employment, Profession, or Business

Outside Positions (non voluntary)

Disposable Income

Assets

None

None

A pension from the Canada Pension Plan

A self-directed Registered Retirement Savings Plan with RBC Dominion Securities, composed of publicly traded securities of corporations Publicly traded securities in Berkshire Hathaway B, Gluskin Sheff & Associates, Hokim LTD Reg SHS CHE Z, I SHRS EQ WGT Bane RTE, Potash Corp of Saskatchewan, SNC Lavalin Corp., Sunlife Financial, Top 20 Dividend TN, Top 20 US Dividend ATV, and MIT Invest TRSINH FRAC.

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Senior Advisor, Aird & Berlis L.L.P. (Law Firm in Toronto); Senior Fellow, Queen's School of Policy Studies; Adjunct Professor, Queen's School of Business

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Member of the Board of Directors of Just Energy, a publicly traded Canadian Company, mid-market marketer of gas and electricity, based in Toronto, operating in 6 Canadian provinces and various US States, TSX and NYSE listed; Member of the Board of Directors of Hudson Energy U.K., a publicly traded Canadian Company, a specialized commercial supply division of Just Energy Group (NYSE:JE, TSX:JE), a leading energy retailer and supplier of green energy in North' America; Member of the Board of Directors ofHOLCIM (Canada) Inc., a manufacturer of cement and related products based in Ontario; Member of the Board of Directors of Sunlife Financial, an insurance and investment management firm operating in Canada, US, Indonesia, UK, China, India and Japan; Chair and Member of the Board of Directors of 1766021 Ontario Ltd., a company operating as Limestone Human Capital which consolidates prior inactive family holdillgcompanies and recei",es

Contract fees from Queen's University; Directors' fees from Hokim Canada, Just Energy and Sunlife Financial. Income in excess of$2,000 from SNC Lavalin Group Inc. Contract fees from Aird & Berlis L.L.P.; Director's fees from Hudson Energy UK; and Dividends from Ontario 1766021.

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Senator

Outside Employment, Profession, or Business

Outside Positions (non voluntary)

itinerant income from guest lectures and other income sources from above mentioned organizations; Advisory Board Member (probono) of Wellington Financial LP, a privately held bridge financing and venture debt fund, based in Toronto. President and Secretary of Consultants Miettinen and Seidman Inc., a consulting company in health applied research. None

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None

Dividends and interest of an investment portfolio with Scotia MacLeod

Land located in SaintRaphael, QC Investment portfolio composed of publicly traded securities managed by Scotia MacLeod. Registered Retirement Income Fund with the Bank of Nova Scotia; Immovable properties; Bonds; and Publicly traded securities of corporations. Shares of Ehmbee Ltd.; Immovable properties in Fort Simpson and Yellow knife.

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Self-employed medical practitioner.

Income from the practice of medicine; Rental income; Dividends; Interest; and Pension from the Canada Pension Plan Business income from Ehmbee Ltd.; Pension from the Canada Pension Plan; and Pension from the Northwest Territories Legislative Assembly Retirement Pension Plan. Canada Pension Plan; Pension and consulting fees from Fraser Milner Cas grain LLP; and Income, dividends and interest of several publicly traded securities.

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Business in real estate under a corporate structure.

Director and Officer of Ehmbee Ltd., a private corporation with activities in real estate.

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Chairman Emeritus and Counsel to the firm of Fraser Milner Casgrain LLP, Toronto, ON.

None

RRSP and non RRSP investment accounts with Nesbitt Bums composed of publicly traded securities of corporations, bonds, notes, mutual funds, share.

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Senator Smith, Larry w.

Outside Employment, Profession, or Business

Outside Positions (non voluntary)

Disposable Income

Assets

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Public speaking and consulting, P. M. P. Performance Consulting Group Inc.; and Co-owner, Westmount Moving & Warehousing Canada Inc.

Stewart Olsen, Carolyn

None

President and Member of the Board of Directors ofP.M.P. Performance Consulting Group Inc., a corporation with activities in public speaking and consulting; and Member of the Board of Directors ofWestmount Moving and Warehousing Canada Inc., a local, long distance, international and commercial mover. None

Public speaking and consulting activities, P.M.P. Performance Consulting Group Inc., and Dividends from Westmount Moving and Warehousing Canada Inc.

Retirement portfolios with CIBC World Markets and with Manulife; Shares of West mount Moving and Warehousing Canada Inc. and shares of P.M.P. Performance Consulting Group Inc.

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TFSA and RRSP comprised of bonds, mutual funds and stocks with Dundee Securities, Bank of Nova Scotia Assets in the stock market and real estate (commercial) Un Regime enregistre d'epargne-retraite aupres d'Investors Group, compose d'unites de fonds communs de placement. RRSP, RRIF and TFSA with BMO Nesbit Bums, all composed of publicly traded securities, and stock options of Cline Mining Corporation and Calian Technology Inc.

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None

None

Investments in the stock market Une prestation de retraite du Regime de retraite de l'Universite de l'Alberta.

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None

Member of the Board of Directors of C ali an Technology Ltd., a company which provides technical and engineering services specializing in defence and aerospace.

Directors' fees from Calian Technology Ltd. and Cline Mining Corporation.

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Senator
Unger, Betty

Outside Employment, Profession, or Business

Outside Positions (non voluntary)

Disposable Income

Assets

None

None

An income from a Registered Retirement Income Fund with RBC Dominion Securities; Dividends and interest from a portfolio of investments with RBC Dominion Securities; A pension from the Canada Pension Plan; A pension from the Old Age Security Program.

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Senator Wallace, John Douglas

Outside Employment, Profession, or Business

Outside Positions (non voluntary)

Disposable Income

Assets

None

Director and Officer of Glen Park Limited, an inactive company.

Dividends from Glen Park Limited.

Wallin, Pamela

Shares of Glen Park Limited; Publicly traded securities of Toronto-Dominion Bank and Apple Inc.; A Registered Retirement Savings Plan with RBC Dominion Securities Inc., composed of publicly traded securities of corporations, units of mutual funds and corporate bonds; A Locked-in Retirement Account with RBC Dominion Securities Inc., composed of publicly traded securities of corporations, units of mutual funds and corporate bonds; An investment account with RBC Dominion Securities Inc., composed of publicly traded securities of corporations; A whole life insurance policy with London Life Assurance Company; and A whole life insurance policy with Manulife Canada Ltd. Publicly traded securities inside investment portfolios managed by LDIC.
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Member of the Board of Directors of Porter Airlines Inc., a Canadian airline company; and Member of the Board of Directors of Gluskin Sheff & Associates _Jl1c., a wealth_lIlanagement iirm--,---- _

Directors' fees from Porter Airlines Inc. and Gluskin Sheff & Associates Inc.; and Honorarium from Ideas Council.
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31

Senator Watt, Charlie White, Vernon

Outside Employment, Profession, or Business

Outside Positions (non voluntary)

Disposable Income

Assets

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None Part-time professor at the Charles Stuart University; and Business under a corporate structure, providing strategic advice to companies engaged in policing and security practice, including teaching and lecturing on crime, criminology, law, justice, policing and leadership. None

None Director of S.S.M. White Consulting, a private corporation which provides consulting services on policing, criminology and criminal justice matters, as well as teaching and lecturing on leadership in policing; and Member of the Board of Directors ofnTerop, a private corporation which designs and develops software for the law enforcement sector.

None Income from the Charles Stuart University as a parttime professor; Pension from the Pension Plan of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police; Pension from the Ontario Municipal Employees Retirement System; and Business income from S.S.M. White Consulting.

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99

Avis d'expert sur les effets possibles du projet de loi C-7

Loi concernant la selection des senateurs et modifiant la Loi constitutionnelle de 1867 relativement it fa limitation de fa duree du mandat des senateurs

TRADUCTION

Christopher P. Manfredi, Ph.D Doyen, Faculte des arts Professeur, Departement de sciences politiques, Universite McGill

Juin 2013

100

BIOGRAPHIE 1. Christopher Manfredi est professeur en sciences politiques et doyen de la Faculte

des arts

a l'Universite McGill.

II est titulaire d'un baccalaureat et d'une maitrise en arts

de l'Universite de Calgary, et egalement d'une mai'trise et d'un doctorat de la Claremont Graduate University de Californie. M. Manfredi est un expert quant au role du systeme judiciaire dans les societes democratiques, principalement au Canada et aux Etats-Unis. Ses recherches mettent l'accent sur les institutions politiques, la dynamique des modifications constitutionnelles et les incidences sur I' elaboration des politiques des litiges portant sur les droits fondamentaux. 2. M. Manfredi est l'auteur de plusieurs ouvrages, notamment Contested

Constitutionalism: Reflections on the Charter of Rights and Freedoms (coediteur avec

James Kelly, 2009), Judging Democracy (co auteur avec Mark Rush, 2008), Feminist

Activism in the Supreme Court: Legal Mobilization and the Women's Legal Education and Action Fund (2004) et Judicial Power and the Charter: Canada and the Paradox of Liberal Constitutionalism (2d ed., 2001). Son ouvrage Feminist Activism in the Supreme

Court a re<;:u Ie prix annuel du meilleur livre de l' Association canadienne Droit et

Societe et a figure sur Ia liste restreinte du Donner Book Prize. Il est egalement l'auteur de plus de 65 articles, chapitres, rapports et d'etudes.
3. M. Manfredi est titulaire de subventions de recherche du Conseil de recherches en

sciences humaines du Canada, des Instituts de recherche en sante du Canada, de la Fondation canadienne Donner et de la Fondation Max Bell. II est egalement un commentateur juridique et politique tres respecte. De 2008

a 2013, il a ete membre du

conseil d'administration du Conseil de recherches en sciences humaines du Canada. En 2010, il a fait partie du comite special charge de conseiller Ie premier ministre re1ativement a la nomination du gouverneur general.

101

MANDAT

4.

On m'a demande de preparer un aVIS d'expert au sujet du renvoi que Ie

Gouverneur en conseil a depose Ie 1 fevrier 2013 devant la Cour supreme du Canada, relativement a l'autorite du Parlement de reformer Ie Senat.

5.

Dans Ie present avis, je vais examiner si Ie projet de loi C-7, representant la plus

recente proposition du gouvernement federal de reformer Ie Senat, entrainera d'importants effets sur les aspects fondamentaux ou les caracteristiques essentielles du Senat en touchant l'independance des senateurs, Ie role de representation des senateurs ou la fonction d'examen du Senat. 1'examinerai si un processus d'eIection modifiera la representation regionale du Senat et/ou si un tel processus diminuera la capacite du Senat

a representer des

minorites ou d'autres groupes politiquement sous-representes comrne

les femmes, les franco phones hors Quebec et les peuples des Premieres nations. 1'examinerai egalement si l'etablissement d'un mandat fixe non renouvelable a une incidence sur l'independance, la continuite et la vision Senat pour remplir sa fonction d'examen des lois.

a long

terme dont a besoin Ie

102

SOMMAIRE

6.

La fonction essentielle du Senat est de suppleer a la garantie juridique

d' autonomie accordee aux provinces par la Loi constitutionnelle de 1867 par Ie biais d'une institution politique nationale dont la base de representation est l'egalite des entites infranationales et dont l' objet est de proteger leurs
inten~ts

par une action ind6pendante.

A mon avis,

Ie projet de loi C-7 ne diminue pas la fonction essentielle de representation

regionale du Senat puisqu'il n'a pas d'effet sur la repartition des sieges entre les divisions ou les provinces. Je suis egalement d'avis que la representation de minorites ou d'autres groupes politiquement sous-representes ne fait pas partie de la fonction initiale du Senat ou de sa realite actuelle et que Ie projet de loi C-7, queUe que puisse en etre l'incidence sur ce type de representation, n'aura aucune repercussion sur les elements fondamentaux ou les caracteristiques essentielles du Senat. Par ailleurs, selon des donnees empiriques, Ie mode de selection pour la nomination des senateurs n'a pas mieux reussi a atteindre cet objectif que Ie principe de l'election qui s'applique ala Chambre des communes. Enfin, sur Ie fondement d'une analyse empirique des etats de service au Senat et a la Chambre et de la duree habituelle des Pariements, je suis d'avis que l'etablissement d'un mandat non renouvelable fixe de neuf ans ne portera pas atteinte a l'independance, ala continuite et a la VISIOn a long terme que Ie Senat apporte au processus legislatif.

103

AVIS D'EXPERT
7. Le projet de loi C-7 propose de rMonner Ie Senat de deux favons: (1) en

etablissant un cadre d'election, adopte par les provinces et territoires, visant

a leur discretion,

a etablir une liste de candidats senatoriaux que Ie premier ministre serait tenu, lors

de la recommandation de candidats senatoriaux au gouverneur general, de prendre en compte; et (2) en modifiant Ie par. 29 (2) de la Loi constitutionnelle de 1867 en vue de limiter la duree du mandat des senateurs

a un seul mandat de neuf ans.

Dans Ie present

avis, je ne pose pas de jugement nonnatif quant au caractere souhaitable de telles rMonnes, une question qui devrait plutot faire l'objet de debats parlementaires. Je ne donne pas non plus un avis juridique sur l'application eventuelle de la procedure de modification de la Constitution aux rMonnes proposees dans Ie projet de loi C-7. C'est sans doute la question que Ie tribunal tranchera sur Ie fondement des plaidoiries et de la preuve, notamment des avis d'experts, qui lui seront presentees 1 . Mon avis se limite

l'examen des effets combines qu'une limitation de la duree du mandat des senateurs et un processus d'election en vue d'une nomination au Senat auront sur l'independance des senateurs, leur role de representation, la fonction d'examen exercee par Ie Senat, la representation regionale du Senat et la capacite de ce dernier

a representer des groupes

comme les femmes, les peuples des Premieres nations et les francophones hors Quebec. 8. Mon avis comporte deux parties distinctes, chacune d'entre elles repond dans une

certaine mesure aux avis d' experts preparees au nom du gouvernement du Quebec et autres. Dans la Partie I, j'examine queUe est l'incidence de l'etablissement d'un processus d'election dans la procedure de nomination des senateurs sur la fonction

1.

Je donne une opinion politique, fondee sur rna comprehension du besoin d'independance, de continuite et de vision a long terme du Senat -relativement a l'argument du gouvernement portant que la modification prop osee au par. 29(2) de la Loi constitutionnelle de 1867 peut etre apportee aux termes de l'article 44 de la Loi constitutionnelle de 1982.
4

104

representative du Senat et l'independance des senateurs. J'examine egalement de plus pres la seule experience canadienne avec une dimension elective aux nominations senatoriales - I' Alberta - pour une idee empirique de la nature de ces elections, les candidats qu'elles attirees, et les caracteristiques des senateurs ultimement nommes sur la base de ce processus. Bien que l'experience soit limitee, rien qui s'y trouve ne suggere que Ie processus electif a produit des senateurs significativement differents du processus purement nominatif qui prevaut dans d'autres provinces. J'y fais valoir qu'il n'y a rien d'explicite dans Ie projet de loi C-7 qui aurait pour effet de changer les caracteristiques ou aspects fondamentaux du Senat capacite des senateurs

a cet egard.

Le projet de loi C-7 ne diminue pas la

a exercer leurs

fonctions sans craindre que leur action mette en

peril leur carriere de senateurs. Le projet de loi C-7 ne diminue pas non plus la fonction essentielle de representation regionale du Senat.

A cet egard, j' examine aussi

Ie role de

representation du Senat pour ce qui est des minorites ou d'autres groupes politiquement sous-representes. Je soutiens (1) que cela ne fait pas partie de la fonction initiale du Senat; et (2) que les donnees empiriques donnent

a croire que, meme si l'on considere a

cela comme une fonction fondamentale ou une caracteristique essentielle du Senat contemporain, Ie mode de selection des senateurs n' a pas vraiment mieux reussi

atteindre cet objectif que Ie principe electif qui s'applique it la Chambre des Communes. 9. Dans la Partie 2 de mon avis, j'examine l'incidence de l'etablissement d'un

mandat fixe non renouvelable de neuf ans par Ie biais d'une modification constitutionnelle en vertu de l'art. 44 de la Loi constitutionnelle de 1982. Je prete une attention particuliere it l'incidence de ce changement sur l'independance, la continuite et la vision

a long

terme que Ie Senat apporte au processus legislatif. Sur Ie fondement

d'une analyse empirique des etats de service au Senat et it la Chambre et de la duree habituelle des legislatures, je conclus que ce changement ne touche en rien ces caracteristiques et aspects essentiels du Senat. Je demontre egalement qu'il y a d'autres experts qui enoncent cet avis, meme chez des experts qui sont par ailleurs sceptiques

a
5

105

l'endroit du projet de loi C-7. En fait, comme je Ie demontrerai plus loin dans mon rapport, l'un des experts engages par Ie gouvemement du Quebec -David Smith- a, dans ses articles de doctrine, propose exactement ce que prevoit Ie projet de loi C-7 : l'etablissement d'un mandat fixe non renouvelable par Ie biais de l'art. 44 de la Loi constitutionnelle de 1982.

106

PARTIE 1 : ETABLISSEMENT D'UN ELEMENT ELECTORAL

10. La Partie 1 du projet de loi C-7 comprend deux dispositions. Premierement, elle prevu it l'annexe

etablit Ie cadre du processus de selection des candidats senatoriaux -

dont l' element de est la selection des candidats senatoriaux des provinces ou des

terri to ires par voie d'une election. Deuxiemement, lorsqu'une province ou un territoire a choisi de selectionner ses candidats senatoriaux conformement a ce cadre, Ie projet de loi C-7 prevo it que Ie premier ministre tient compte, lors de la recommandation de candidats senatoriaux au gouverneur general, des personnes dont Ie nom figure sur la plus recente liste des candidats senatoriaux choisis pour cette province ou ce territoire. Trois objections principales ont ete formulees a l'egard du projet de loi C-7. Premierement, cette reforme porte atteinte it l'independance du Senat. Deuxiemement, cette reforme change Ie mode de selection des senateurs en transferant it l'electorat Ie pouvoir du premier ministre. Troisiemement, cette reforme touche les pouvoirs du Senat en modifiant fondamentalement les caracteristiques essentielles de representation. 11. Ces objections constituent une partie importante des avis d'expert, rediges par

Heard, Smith et Cardinal. Heard soutient que les elections prevues dans Ie projet de loi C7 seraient de veritables elections directes et que Ie premier ministre et Ie gouverneur general seraient en definitive tenus de nommer au Senat les gagnants des elections. II affirme egalement que [TRADUCTION] les pouvoirs du Senat sont inextricablement lies a la methode de selection2 C'est pourquoi, affirme-t-il, que la plupart des propositions de reforme du processus de nomination ont ete accompagnees de propositions visant a modifier les pouvoirs du Senat. Les objections de Smith reposent sur la comprehension qu'il a de deux caracteristiques importantes du Senat : l'independance du Senat et Ie role de ce dernier dans l'expression [TRADUCTION] des voix qui n'ont pas ete entendues it la Chambre des communes 3 . Smith soutient que Ie projet de loi C-7 portera atteinte aces

Andrew Heard, Expert Opinion a/Bill C-7, octobre 2012, 18. 3. David E. Smith, Expert Opinion a/Bill C-7, decembre 2012, 6 - 14.
2.

107

aspects du fait qu'il [TRADUCTION] rend partisan Ie Senat et presente un defi particulier a 1'egard de la federation de cultures du Canada
4 .

Sur ce demier point, il

reprend Ie point de vue de Cardinal qui est d'avis qu'un processus d'election mettra en perilla representation au Senat des francophones hors Quebec et des femmes 12.
5

Dans cette partie de mon rapport, je presente une autre perspective conceptuelle et

empirique sur ces questions. En ce qui conceme Smith et Cardinal, je suis d'avis que leurs objections reposent sur une comprehension loue des concepts de 1' independance

et de la representation . Tout particulierement, ils se fondent sur une comprehension

idealisee du concept de la representation, qui n'est pas compatible avec l'interpretation historique et la realite empirique de la representation au Senat6 . Quant a Heard, la poursuite parallele de reforme au mode de nomination et aux pouvoirs du Senat ne permet pas de determiner si l'une entraine l'autre. Quoi qu'il en soit, si un changement du mode de nomination modifie les pouvoirs du Senat -ou plus precisement, l' exercice des pouvoirs que ce demier possede deja un tel changement procederait d'une fayon qui

favorise les caracteristiques essentielles de representation regionale. En ce qui conceme

l' autre grand point avance par Heard: que I' election des candidats senatoriaux limiterait
indument les premiers ministres, je vais demontrer l'incertitude d'une telle conclusion sur Ie fondement d'articles de doctrine de Smith.

4.

Ibid., 19, 23.

5 .
6.

Linda Cardinal, Expert Opinion of Bill C-7, date incertaine, 12-30. Je formulerais la me me critique a l'egard de l'argument de M. Hicks, voir Bruce M. Hicks, Expert Opinion of Bill C-7, octobre 2012, 5-6, 42-46, 79-80.
8

108

Caractere repn?sentatif

l3.

Afin d' evaluer I' incidence du projet de loi C-7 sur la fonction representative du

Senat, il est necessaire de tenir compte du lien entre Ie federalisme, Ie bicameralisme et la representation. Les regimes federaux divisent la totalite des pouvoirs gouvemementaux entre (habituellement) deux autorites autonomes, et foumissent, au moyen d'une constitution ecrite, la garantie juridique de cette autonomie, particulierement aux entites infranationales. Les structures federales emergent lorsque des entites politiques cherchent

a s'unir dans un contexte de diversite importante, surtout en ce qui a trait a la diversite de

langue, de culture, de religion, et d' institutions locales 7 . En fait, la caracteristique essentielle des systemes federaux est qu'ils doivent reposer non seulement sur une majorite gouvemante, mais aussi sur la reconnaissance et la tolerance de la diversite 8. Ce qui etait certainement Ie cas pour Ie Canada, OU Ie federalisme est apparu comme une solution de rechange

a une union legislative a la suite d'un compromis politique entre les

partisans de l'union et ceux de la diversite9 . En particulier, en raison de la presence d'une vaste population catholique romaine de francophones concentree dans une region, il etait pratiquement assure que Ie Canada allait s'unir sous Ie modele federal. 14. Les constitutions ecrites foumissent une garantie juridique essentielle

d'autonomie, mais dans les regimes federaux, Ie bicameralisme fait office de supplement politique

a cette

garantie juridique. Comme Ronald Watts l'ecrit, Ie role principal du

bicameralisme dans les systemes federaux consiste interets des regions

a assurer

la representation des

a l'echelon federal

ou national 10, et on reconnalt clairement qu'il

Peter W. Hogg, Constitutional Law o/Canada, 3 e edition (Toronto: Carswell, 1992), 102. 8. Ronald Watts, Bicameralism in Federal Parliamentary Systems , dans S. Joyal, dir., Protecting Canadian Democracy: The Senate You Never Knew (Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2003), 69. 9. Hogg, Constitutional Law o/Canada, 3 e edition, p. 107. 10. Watts, Le bicameralisme dans les regimes parlementaires federaux , p. 75.
7.

109

s'agissait la du role que devait jouer Ie Senat a l'origine en tant que chambre haute du Canada. Tel que l'ecrit Hogg, [TRADUCTION] Ie Senat devait agir a titre de protecteur des inten~ts regionaux, ce qui constitue une fonction traditionnelle pour la chambre haute dans les systemes federaux
11.

Cette opinion est largement partagee, comme on peut Ie

constater dans les ouvrages generaux sur Ie gouvemement canadien 12, ainsi que dans une recente compilation d'ecrits sur des aspects varies de la politique canadienne
13 .

La

principale fonction representative du Senat, par consequent, conceme les inten~~ts regionaux et provinciaux. Comme l'a declare Alexander Galt durant la Conference de Londres en 1866 [TRADUCTION], Au conseil legislatif [plus tard Ie Senat], toutes les provinces recherchent la protection qu'offre Ie principe federal 15.
14.

La conception du Senat a poursuivi cet objectif au moyen d'une representation

fondee sur l'egalite regionale. 11 importe de citer David Smith sur ce sujet, puisque ses ecrits universitaires offrent une vision plus etroite de la fonction representative du Senat a l'origine que l'opinion qu'il a redigee aux fins des presentes :
[TRADUCTION]

.. .Ie Senat canadien a volontairement ete cree pour repondre aux preoccupations entourant l'union de 1867 - en particuiier celles du Quebec. Car si la representation par la population constituait Ie cri de ralliement des Canadiens du Haut-Canada dans Ie processus menant a Ia Confederation, et si une Chambre des communes fondee sur ce principe peut etre pen;ue comme etant est la chambre de l'Ontario, alors Ie Senat, Hogg, Constitutional Law of Canada, 3 e edition, p. 241. 12. Voir, par exemple, N. Ward, Dawson's Government of Canada, 6e edition (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1987), p. 154. 13 . Paul G. Thomas, Parliament and Legislatures: Central to Canadian Democracy? dans John C. Courtney et David E. Smith, dir. The Oxford Handbook of Canadian Politics (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010), p. 167. 14 . G.P. Browne, dir. Documents on the Confederation of British North America, (Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2009), p. 211 (A. Galt, Conference de Londres, 13 decembre 1866).
11 .

10

110

avec un nombre egal de senateurs de I' Ontario et du Quebec, peut etre considere comme Ia contrepartie pour Ie Quebec 16.
l5 .

La repartition egale des sieges au Senat entre Ies trois regions (ou divisions)

constitutives a rendu Ia fonction representative du Senat operationnelle. C' etait, bien sur, une mise en vigueur imparfaite, puisque les unites constitutives de la federation etaient definies differemment pour les besoins de Ia division des pouvoirs (provinces) et la representation au Senat (divisions). Neanmoins, I'intention etait claire: Ie Senat allait representer les interets des entites politiques infranationales. 17. La representation egale des entites infranationales au Senat n'etait pas

completement etrangere

a Ia representation des minorites. Toutefois, comme M. Watts Ie

fait remarquer, la representation des interets des minorites au Senat se rapportait aux minorites nationales qui autrement constituaient une majorite dans une ou plusieurs provinces ou regions 16 . En fait, Ie federalisme et Ie bicameralisme ne sont generalement pas des moyens efficaces pour proteger les minorites qui ne sont pas concentrees sur un territoire, et s'attendre

a ce

que Ie Senat y parvienne pose un probleme. Comme I'ecrit

Ajzenstat: Lorsqu'il parle des minorites , Macdonald ne parle pas des minorites ethniques ou religieuses [... ]
17 .

Les observations de Cardinal, de Heard, de Hicks, et de

Smith sur ce sujet s'appuient donc sur un concept de minorite qui etait historiquement etranger au Senat. Quels que soient Ies avantages d'avoir un Senat compose de senateurs provenant de minorites (dans son sens contemporain) ou d'autres groupes sousrepresentes, on ne peut les considerer comme des caracteristiques inherentes

a Ia

15.

David E. Smith, Canada: A Double Federation dans Courney et Smith, dir.., The Oxford Handbook of Canadian Politics, 81-82. Smith signale que Ie principe de la representation egale au Senat a egalement facilite l'entree des colonies maritimes dans l'union. 16. Watts, Le bicameralisme dans les regimes parlementaires federaux , p. 70. 17 . Ajzenstat, dans Le bicameralisme et les architectes du Canada: Les origines du Senat canadien , dans S. Joyal, dir., Proteger fa democratie canadienne: Le Senat en verite, (Montreal et Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2003), p. 7.

11

111

fondation de l'institution. En effet, dans la mesure ou aux yeux des peres fondateurs, Ie role du Senat consistait a proteger les inten~ts des minorites au-dela des

preoccupations regionales, cela faisait reference aux proprietaires fonciers qui a leur avis seraient toujours en situation de minorite (d'ou la qualification fonciere pour etre nomme au Senat). McDonald a exprime ce point de vue: II doit y avoir une importante qualification de propriete dans Ie cas de la Chambre haute qui represente afors fa
. , ' 18 proprzete .

18.

Rien dans Ie projet de loi C-7 ne devie du principe de la representation regionale

egale, car celui-ci n'a pas pour but de changer la distribution de sieges au Senat entre les divisions ou les provinces. En fait, on pourrait egalement faire valoir en toute raison que Ie projet de loi C-7 aurait pour effet d' ameliorer la representation regionale de deux fayons. Premierement, en donnant aux residents de ces regions la possibilite de participer de fayon significative, sinon avec autorite, a la selection des senateurs. Deuxiemement, en rendant plus difficile pour les senateurs de viser a representer une region sans avoir de connections significative avec cette region (un phenomene qui a ete observe concernant Ie Senat actuel). Ces raisons expliquent peut-etre pourquoi quatre gouvernements provinciaux, outre l' Alberta, ont envisage d'adopter Ie principe electif pour la nomination des senateurs 19. 19. L'accent est mis sur la fonction principale du Senat qui est de representer les

interets regionaux, mais on soutient dans une certaine mesure qu'il s'est donne pour tache au cours du 20 e siec1e de representer et de proteger les minorites, d'autres groupes sous-representes et des groupes d'interets speciaux2o . Le tableau 1 fournit des donnees sur Ie nombre de femmes et d'autres personnes d'origines Inuits, Metis, et des Premieres

18.

G.P. Browne, ed. Documents on the Confederation of British North America, p. 133 (J.A. Macdonald, Conference de Quebec). Les italiques sont de moL 19 . II ya egalement eu un projet de loi emanant d'un depute en Ontario. 20 . Paul G. Thomas, Parliament and Legislatures: Central to Canadian Democracy? , p. 167. Les italiques sont de moi.

12

112

nations qui ont siege au Senat et

a la Chambre des communes en fonction des differentes

Tableau 1

tailles des deux institutions 21 . Les tableaux 2 et 3 repertorient ces donnees par periode.

Representation des femmes et des Premieres nations au Senat et a la Chambre des communes22 Groupe Inuits, Metis, nations Femmes Senat 15 1,6 % 92 17,2 % Chambre des communes 32 ,8 % 254 10,3 %

Premieres

Tableau 2 Femmes et Autochtones nommees au Senat par periode23

Periode 1867-1907 1908-1947

Nombre de nominations 276 221

Femmes nommees 0 0.0% 2

Autochtones nommes 1 0.4% 0

En ce qui concerne les femmes, j'ai calcule Ie pourcentage de femmes nommees ou elues it partir de 1930, soit la premiere annee ou les femmes sont devenues constitutionnellement admissibles it etre nommees au Senat. Le nombre total de senateurs nommes durant cette periode est de 534; Ie nombre total de membres elus it la Chambre des communes est de 2 463. 22. Voir Annexe 2, donnees selectionnes it partir de (accede Ie 11 mai 2013): http://www.parl.gc.ca/ParIinfo /lists Isenators.aspx?ParIiament=&N ame=&Party =&Province=&Gender=F&Current=False&PrimeMinister=&TermEnd=&Ministry= &Picture= False et http://www.parl.gc.ca/ParIinfo I Compilations IParliament/Aboriginal.aspx?Role =Senators et http://www.parl.gc.ca/parIinfo ILists 1M embers.aspx?Parliament=&Riding=&N a me=&Party=&Province=&Gender= F&N ew= False&Current= False&First= False&Pi cture= False&Section =False&Electi onDate=&SortCol umn =ElectionEndDate&Sort Direction=ASC 23. Ibid.
21 .

13

113

1948-1987
1988-2017?t

241 138 57

2008-2013

0.9% 24 9.9% 48 34.8% 18 31.6% Tableau 3

0.0% 6 2.5% 7 54.1% 1 1.8%

Femmes et Autochtones elus it la Chambre des Communes par periode (Par date de premiere election)24 Periode 1867-1907 1908-1947 1948-1987 1988-2007 2008-2013 Nombre elus 1144 1027 1197 647 190 Femmes elues 0 0.0% 5 0.5% 54 4.5% 132 20.4% 64 33.7% Autochtones elus 3 0.3% 0 0.0% 9 0.8% 14 2.2% 6 3.2%

20.

En ce qui conceme les chiffres bruts, pres de trois fois plus de femmes ont siege it

la Chambre des communes qu'au Senat, et plus de deux fois plus de personnes d'origine inuite, metisse ou des Premieres nations ont siege it la Chambre des communes qu'au Senat. Cependant, en pourcentage, les donnees favorisent Ie Senat. Pour ce qui est des femmes, durant la peri ode commune pendant laquelle les femmes pouvaient etre nommees aussi bien au Senat qu'it la Chambre des communes, la representation des femmes it la Chambre des communes se chiffrait it 10,3 p. 100, par rapport it 17,2 p. 100 au Senat. Pour les personnes d' origine inuite, metisse et des Premieres nations, la representation historique est de 0,8 p. 100 au Senat. 24.1bid. 14 Par
c~ntre,

a la Chambre des communes, et de 1,6 p. 100

pour les deux groupes et dans les deux institutions, une

114

representation plus importante est largement un phenomene des dernieres vingt-cinq annees, suggerent que c'est influence par des changements sociaux plus larges plutot que quelque caracteristique particuliere du Senat ou des Communes. Concernant Ie sexe, 71,7 pourcent de toutes les femmes nommees au Senat et 76,8 pourcent de toutes les femmes elues aux Communes sont arrivees en poste depuis 1988. Concernant les autochtones, les proportions sont 53,3 pourcent pour Ie Senat et 62,5 pourcent pour la Chambre des Communes. II est egalement important de noter que, entre 2008 et 2013,

proportionnellement plus de femmes et d'autochtones ont ete elus it la Chambre des Communes que nommes au Senat. 21. Toutefois, ce qui est frappant au sujet de ces donnees releve du fait que, jusqu'it

1988, Ie dossier historique du Canada n'etait particulierement solide dans aucun des cas. Meme au cours des vingt-cinq dernieres annees, les femmes ont representees seulement 33,8 pourcent des nominations au Senat et seulement 4,1 pourcent des nominations ont ete d'origine Inuit, Metis ou Premieres Nations. En outre, d'apres les donnees, un processus fonde exc1usivement sur les nominations n'a pas beaucoup plus de succes qu'un processus electoral en matiere de promotion de la representation de ces groupes. Compte tenu de ce qui precede, la question la plus importante consiste it se demander pourquoi les donnees relatives au nombre de personnes nommees au Senat qui appartiennent it ces deux groupes ne sont pas plus significatives. Meme sans les contraintes et les aleas du processus electoral, les femmes et les canadiens d' origine Inuit, Metis et des Premieres Nations ont generalement e16 sous-representes au Senat
25 .

La

reponse it cette question decoule du fait que, dans la me sure OU les premiers ministres ont poursuivi un objectif, quel qu'il soit, lors de leurs nominations au Senat, il s'agissait de l' objectif partisan visant it nommer des membres de leur propre parti politique. En fait, pres de 95 p. 100 de to utes les personnes nommees au Senat proviennent du propre parti
25.

Les femmes constituent 50,4% de la population du Canada (Recensement 2011), et les peuples autochtones, 3,8% (Recensement 2006). 15

115

politique du premier ministre, ce qui souleve des questions importantes quant a la mesure dans laquelle Ie processus de nomination tel quel fait la promotion du principe de l'independance d'une maniere globale26 . Si les senateurs ne sont que des representants du parti au gouvernement, il est alors difficile de comprendre comment Ie Senat peut etre un organe veritablement independant dans ce cas. 22. 11 est aussi difficile d'identifier des exemples specifiques de cas ou Ie Senat a

effectivement protege ou fait la promotion des interets de minorites ou autres groupes politiquement sous-representes c~ntres des actions du gouvernement. Que ce soit Ie cas n'est pas surprenant, compte tenu que la partisannerie est l'element Ie plus determinant concernant les nominations au Senat. Par consequent, mis transition de pouvoir d'un parti politique

a part de courtes periodes de

l'autre, Ie Senat est domine par Ie

gouvernement. Meme Ie cas au cours des deux dernieres decennies ou Ie Senat peut avoir ete peryu comme ayant agi c~ntre Ie gouvernement dans l'interet d'un groupe politiquement sous-represente - sa defaite de la legislation vis ant l'avortement suite

reglementer

a la decision Morgentaler de 1988 (Projet de Loi C-43) par un vote a

egalite en janvier 1991 - ne contredit pas l'idee generale que l'on ne peut se fier au Senat de fayon independante pour proteger ces groupes, peu importe sa composition demographique. Dans ce cas, avec exceptions, les senateurs etaient libres de voter selon leur conscience. Par surcrolt, certains senateurs ont vote c~ntre Ie projet de loi C-43 non pas pour proteger les femmes c~ntre une nouvelle reglementation en matiere d'avortement, mais parce qu'ils estimaient que la nouvelle reglementation n'allait pas assez loin. Simplement exprime, la defaite par Ie Senat du projet de loi C-43 en 1991ne peu etre vu comme un exemple de la chambre haute protegeant un groupe politiquement sous represente c~ntre une action gouvernementale prejudiciable.

26

.Annexe 1 represente une liste de tous les senateurs avec leur information biographique.

16

116

23.

L'un des arguments souleves par Mme Linda Cardinal quant au role du Senat it

l'egard des minorites et des autres groupes sous-representes, est sa capacite de representer les
inten~ts

des francophones hors Quebec. Cardinal a repertorie 64 senateurs

canadiens etant des francophones hors Quebec, provenant de sept provinces et d'un territoire. Ces senateurs comptent pour 6,9 p. 100 de to us les senateurs ayant siege, chiffre tres pres de la proportion de 7,8 p. 100 des francophones hors Quebec (8 sur 103). Cependant, il y a eu des lacunes importantes quant

a la representation des francophones

hors Quebec. D'une part, des senateurs francophones ont regulierement represente Ie Manitoba, l'Ontario, la Nouvelle-Ecosse et Ie Nouveau-Brunswick; d'autre part, la Colombie-Britannique et Terre-Neuve-et-Labrador n'ont jamais eu de representant francophone au Senat. L' Alberta et la Saskatchewan ont eu des representants francophones pendant un peu plus de la moitie de I'histoire de leurs provinces, tandis que l'I1e-du-Prince-Edouard n'a eu qu'un seul senateur francophone (aucun depuis Ie 1g siecle)27. Tout comme pour les femmes et les membres des Premieres nations, la proportion actuelle dans laquelle les senateurs francophones hors Quebec sont representes est inferieure it celle etablie par Cardinal, Heard, Hicks et Smith dans leurs rapports d' expertise. 24. II ne fait aucun doute que Ie Senat a ete cree dans une large mesure pour proteger
e

les Canadiens francophones qui etaient une minorite dans l'ensemble du Canada, et dont on s'attendait it ce qu'ils demeurent. Pour cette raison, Ie fondement regional de la representation au Senat correspondait parfaitement it cet objectif, compte tenu de la concentration territoriale des francophones au Quebec. Cette concentration existait en 1867 ou on comptait environ 90 p. 100 de Canadiens [TRADUCTION] d' origine et existe encore aujourd'hui alors que 86,5 p. 100 des

franyaise au Bas-Canada -

Voir Claudette Tardif et Chantal Terrien, La reforme du Senat et les minorites franco phones , Revue pariementaire canadienne (printemps 2009), p. 8.
27.

17

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francophones habitent au Quebec28 . Cependant, Ie Senat ne visait pas explicitement a proteger la minorite francophone hors Quebec. Neanrnoins, au fil des annees, les nominations au Senat ont pu avoir ref1ete de fayon grandissante cette preoccupation, particulierement apres les annees 1960, alors que les aspirations nationalistes du Quebec ont rendu la province plus centree sur elle-meme (presumant que Ie Quebec avait deja assume une responsabilite particuliere pour les francophones vivant a l'exterieur de la province). En effet, parmi les francophones hors Quebec nommes au Senat, au moins la moitie ont ete nommes a partir de 1960. 25.

mon avis, il est facile d'exagerer l'importance de la representation des

francophones hors Quebec au Senat en faisant fi de son effet Ie plus syrnbolique plut6t que son effet veritable. Pour les francophones hors Quebec, Ie Senat est une institution tres faible sur laquelle se fonder pour proteger ses interets, et ce, pour au moins deux raisons. En premier lieu, a l'exception d'assurer l'acces en franyais aux services du gouvemement federal partout au Canada, aucun domaine legislatif pertinent a la preservation et a la promotion culturelle et linguistique particulierement l'education

ne releve de la competence federale et de la competence legislative directe partagee

entre Ie Senat et la Chambre des cornrnunes29 . En second lieu et, ce qui est plus important, la Charte canadienne des droits et libertes a introduit un instrument encore plus puissant, efficace et frequemment utilise pour la protection et la promotion des droits des francophones hors Quebec.

28. Pour 1867, voir http://www66.statcan.gc.calenglacyb c1867eng.aspx?opt=lengl18671186700160016 The%20Census.pdf. Pour la repartition actuelle, voir http://www12.statcan.gc.calcensus-recensementlindex-fra.cfrn, consulte.le 1er mai 2013. 29. Pour etre certain, l'art. 93 de la Loi constitutionnelle de 1867 octroie au gouvernement federalla competence legislative corrective pour prevenir les atteintes aux droits a l'instruction dans la langue de la minorite, mais cette competence n'a jamais ete exercee et elle est consideree comme obsolete par certaines administrations. Voir Hogg, Constitutional Law o/Canada, 3e edition, p.114.

18

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26.

En particulier, les droits

a l'instruction dans la langue de la minorite garantis par

l'art. 23 de la Charte se sont reveles tres utiles pour ces collectivites. En effet, meme si Ie Quebec a exprime initialement Ie plus de crainte pour ce qui est d'etre limite par l'art. 23, d'autres provinces ont ete plus touchees par des litiges relatifs aux droits
~ns

a l'instruction
en

Ja la~~_de la _~inorite.

Des parents francophones ont conteste avec succes des

dispositions legislatives et des politiques provinciales

a l'I1e-du-Prince-Edouard, a l'instruction dans

Nouvelle-Ecosse, au Manitoba, en Saskatchewan, en Ontario, et en Alberta en vertu de l'art.23, ce qui a entraine une expansion importante des droits la

langue de la minorite des francophones hors Quebec3o . Meme si Ie passage d'un processus exclusivement nominatif

a un

processus partiellement electoral reduit Ie

nombre de francophones hors Quebec qui siegent au Senat, les droits linguistiques fondees sur la Charte allegues, demeureront. 27. Tandis qu'on pourrait aspirer particulierement l'art. 23 plus utiles et plus frequemment

a ce que Ie Senat soit considere comme un lieu 011

les minorites ou d'autres interets speciaux et groupes politiquement sous-representes participent d'une certaine fayon au processus legislatif, la representation des minorites dans cette me sure n'a jamais ete un aspect fondamental ou une caracteristique essentielle du Senat. L'objectif sous-jacent du Senat du Canada consistait representation regionale egale comme un contrepoids

assurer une

a la representation de la population

au sein de la Chambre des communes. Pour paraphraser et citer partiellement Ajzenstat, lors de la creation du Canada, chacun a convenu qu'un systeme de gouvemement

30.

Christopher Manfredi, Constitutional Rights and Interest Advocacy: Litigating Educational Reform in Canada and the United States , dans F. Leslie Seidle ed. Equity and Community: The Charter, Interest Advocacy and Representation (Montreal: Institute For Research On Public Policy, 1993), p. 91 a 117; Manfredi, La Charte et Ie caractere distinctif du Quebec Cite Libre 28(4) (2000), p. 78 a82 ; Troy Riddell, The Impact ofLegal Mobilization and Judicial Decisions: The Case of Official Minority-Language Education Policy in Canada for Francophones outside Quebec , Law & Society Review 38 (2004), p. 583 a 610. 19

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modeme exigeait une representation selon la population a la chambre basse (meme si Ie Canada a mis en ceuvre ce principe seulement avec imperfection). La formule regissant la representation regionale proposee pour la Chambre haute a ete determinee comme etant suffisante pour compenser la domination que ce principe conferait l'Ontario et au Quebec en Chambre basse, par rapport aux autres regions et provinces 3!.
Mode de selection: Independance et pouvoir du premier ministre

28.

Le concept d'une chambre haute elue n'etait pas etranger aux Peres de la

Confederation. La Constitution des Btats-Unis prevoyait l'election des senateurs par les legislatures des Btats, et Ie principe electif s'appliquait au conseillegislatif de la province du Canada et de l'Ile-du-Prince-Bdouard avant la Confederation. Comme l'a indique John A. Macdonald dans Ie cadre des debats de I' Assemblee legislative du Canada en 1865, il y avait un debat considerable sur Ie choix entre un principe d' election ou un principe nominatif32. Macdonald privilegiait personnellement la nomination par la Couronne des membres de la chambre haute, mais non parce qu'il considerait que Ie principe electif avait echoue au Canada33 . Comme ill'a explique dans Ie cadre des debats parlementaires canadiens, les delegues aux conferences anterieures consideraient comme plus pragmatiques que philosophiques les lacunes du principe electif. Tout particulierement, la taille enorme des circonscriptions electorales et Ie degnS connexe d'efforts requis pour se faire elire etaient consideres comme d'importantes raisons de rejeter Ie principe de I'election34 . George Brown a reitere ce point de vue dans Ies memes debats : l'eIection de deputes pour d'aussi vastes districts que ceux qui forment les colleges electoraux de la

31. Ajzenstat, Le bicameralisme et les architectes du Canada}), dans S. Joyal, ed. Proteger la democratie canadienne, p. 16. 32 . J. Ajzenstat et al., eds. Debats sur la fondation du Canada (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1999), 78 (J.A. Macdonald, 6 fevrier 1865). 33. G.P. Browne, ed. Documents on the Confederation of British North America, 97 (J.A. Macdonald, Quebec Conference, 11 octobre 1864. 34. Ajzenstat et al., eds. Debats sur lafondation du Canada, 79 (J.A. Macdonald, 6 fevrier1865).

20

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chambre haute est devenue un inconvenient reel considerable

35

L' inconvenient

associe aux elections pour d'aussi vastes regions a egalement eu une incidence sur la qualite des candidats qui briguaient une nomination aces conseils. Encore une fois, les propos de Macdonald sont instructifs sur ce point: Je reconnais qu'on a compte dans les premiers temps des hommes de ce calibre parmi les candidats, mais leur nombre a decru d'election en election dans les deux Canadas, tandis que d'un autre cote on voyait tous les hommes encore jeunes, actifs en politique et determines a devenir des hommes d'Etats chercher a sieger ala Chambre d'assemblee . 29. Dans ce cas, on craignait que l'application du principe de l'election donne lieu a
36

l'etablissement d'une chambre haute de pietre qualite parce que les meilleurs candidats a une charge publique choisiraient la voie electorale moins ardue pour sieger a la Chambre basse. 30. Ces preoccupations d'ordre pratique ont bien entendu peu de pertinence de nos

jours. Dans un monde OU des elections peuvent etre contestees efficacement dans des circonscriptions geographiquement aussi grandes que les Territoires du Nord-Ouest, Ie Yukon et Ie Nunavut, l'etendue du territoire sur lequell'election aurait lieu ne peut plus etre une objection au principe de l'election. Par ailleurs, l'experience de l' Alberta, dont il sera question ci-apres, ne donne pas a croire que la tenue d'elections modemes de candidats senatoriaux attire des candidats de pietre qualite. Les preoccupations pratiques qui ont mene les Peres de la Confederation a choisir Ie processus de nomination au Senat ont depuis longtemps ete effacees par l'histoire.

35 . 36.

Ibid., 85 (G. Brown, 8 fevrier 1865). Ajzenstat et aI., eds. Debats sur lafoundation du Canada, 79 (l.A. Macdonald, 6 fevrier 1865).

21

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31.

II y a peu qui se degage des debats it I' effet que les participants des a.

l'elaboration et it la ratification de la Constitution de 1867 croyaient que Ie principe electif etait incompatible en soi avec les fonctions que devait exercer la chambre haute. II est vrai que les Peres de la Confederation croyaient que Ie principe de la nomination etait conforme a. l'objectif qu'ils s'etaient fixe, soit que la constitution de la chambre haute suivrait Ie modele britannique autant que les circonstances pourraient Ie permettre 37. lIs reconnaissaient toutefois qU'elle ne pourrait etre identique en ce qu'elle ne saurait etre une chambre haute hereditaire qui, comme l'a decrit Macdonald,
[TRADUCTION]

ne

conviendrait [ ... ] donc d' aucune maniere it notre etat de societe . II a invoque qu' une chambre haute hereditaire est impossible dans notre jeune pays, a. qui il manque tous les elements propres it former une aristocratie fonciere : personne ne possede ici de grands territoires, et nous n'avons aucune dasse separee et distincte du peuple 38. Les nominations par la Couronne auraient pour effet de rapprocher Ie plus possible Ie Canada du modele de la Constitution britannique, tout en reconnaissant l'impossibilite d'etablir une chambre haute hereditaire au Canada. 32. Macdonald et Brown ont tous deux enonce Ie pnnclpe general selon lequel

[l]'idee premiere etait de faire de la chambre haute un corps parfaitement independant, qui serait dans la meilleure position possible pour examiner sans passion les mesures legislatives de cette chambre [c.-a.-d. l' Assemblee legislative] et p0t+r defendre les inten~ts publics contre toute tentative de legislation hative ou teintee d'esprit de parti
39.

Cependant, la discussion sur la question de l'independance s'est deroulee dans Ie cadre de la defense des nominations it vie. Selon l' argument invoque par Macdonald et Brown, apres avoir ete nommes a. la chambre haute les membres devaient, durant leur mandat, etre independants de l'autorite qui les a nommes, que ce soit la Couronne ou la
Ibid., p. 88 (I.A. Macdonald, 6 fevrier 1865). 38. Ibid., p. 88 (I.A. Macdonald, 6 fevrier 1865). 39. Ibid., p. 99 (I.A. Macdonald, 6 fevrier 1865), p. 88 (G. Brown, 8 fevrier 1865). La citation est de Brown.
37 .

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population dans Ie cadre d'une election4o . En ce sens, 1' independance senatoriale est tres similaire a l'independance judiciaire en ce que les senateurs et les juges sont libres d'agir selon leurs convictions, car ils ne craignent pas d'etre demis de leurs fonctions de maniere capricieuse, et n'ont pas a obtenir d'autorisation pour continuer d'exercer leur mandat. Pourvu que l'exercice des fonctions demeure independant de l'autorite qui a Ie pouvoir de nommer les senateurs, Ie Senat est independant, et cette forme d'independance est assuree par Ie fait que Ie mandat des senateurs n'est pas renouvelable 41 Le projet de loi C-7 assure l'independance des senateurs en ce qu'il prevo it que Ie mandat au Senat ne sera pas renouvelable, tel qu' etabli en 1867, et maintenu en 1965 42 . De plus, sans affecter la comprehension originale de l' independance du Senat, Ie proj et de loi C-7 a Ie potentiel pour faire la promotion de l'independance pratique du Senat en eloignant partiellement les nominations senatoriales de l' agenda politique personnel du Premier Ministre et de l'influence du patronage. 33. On pourrait encore invoquer, pour cette raison particuliere, que Ie projet de loi

C-7 mine Ie pouvoir du premier ministre de recommander des nominations au gouverneur general. Je ne suis pas persuade par cet argument. L'element electif envisager par C-7 sera seulement engage dans les provinces qui choisissent d'adopter une legislation suivant Ie modele etablit par C-7. De plus, les gouvernement futurs peuvent choisir de l'abroger. Quoique l' Alberta ait deja adopte un element electif, et cinq provinces aient entrepris des demarches en ce sens (la Colombie-Britannique, la Saskatchewan, Ie Manitoba, Ie Nouveau-Brunswick et la Nouvelle-Ecosse), je ne crois pas qu'il puisse etre Janet Ajzenstat, Bicameralism and Canada's Founders: The Origins ofthe Canadian Senate . dans S. Joyal, dir., Protecting Canadian Democracy:, p. 8. 41 . Par exemple, en examinant Ie debat sur la fondation portant sur Ie principe de l'election et Ie principe de la nomination, Ajzenstat ne se prononce pas en faveur de l'un ou de l'autre, meme si elle s'oppose clairement a ce que les senateurs soient obliges de se se faire elire ou nommer a nouveau. Ibid., p. 11. 42. On pourrait faire valoir que des elections contribueraient a rendre les senateurs dependant de la popUlation, ce qui aurait pour effet de restreindre leur sphere d'action independante. Je me penche sur cette question dans la Partie 2.
40 .

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presume qu'un element electif sera en place dans chaque province, pas plus qu'il ne puisse etre presume qu'une province qui l'adopte choisira toujours de maintenir cette approche. 34. Bien sur, il est possible qu'apparaisse une convention, en vertu de laquelle Ie

premier ministre ne devrait recommander que la nomination des candidats elus

a la suite

d'elections. Toutefois, on ne sait pas avec certitude si meme une telle possibilite aurait un impact sur Ie caractere de l'institution. Examinons par exemple la partie essentielle des recommandations formulees par David Smith relativement

Ia modification non

constitutionnelle du processus de nomination du Senat, enoncee dans ses ecrits universitaires, mais absente de son avis d'expert en l'espece43 . Meme si Smith se montre tres sceptique sur Ie bien-fonde des nominations par election, il reconnait neanmoins les lacunes du statu quo. II a par consequent recommande trois reformes qui,

a son

avis,
:

pourraient etre mises en reuvre sans qu'il soit necessaire de modifier la Constitution44

Rendre transparents to us les aspects du processus de nomination et les porter a la connaissance du public.

Creer une commission de validation independante, non partisane, responsable devant Ie Parlement, qui soit chargee de surveiller Ia nomination des senateurs.

Enoncer des lignes directrices regissant Ie processus de selection des senateurs et les rendre publiques (les italiques sont de moi).

35.

L'intention commune de ces reformes est d'enlever au premier ministre Ie

pouvoir discretionnaire absolu dont il dispose

l'egard des avis qu'il donne au

David Smith, The Improvement ofthe Senate by Nonconstitutional Means, dans S. Joyal, dir., Protecting Canadian Democracy 257-26l. 44. II recommande une quatrieme reforme - un mandat de douze ans, non renouvelable - qui necessiterait une modification constitutionnelle, mais il suggere que celle-ci pourrait etre apportee de fa<;on unilaterale par Ie Parlement. Je discute de cette proposition plus loin dans Ie present rapport.
43.

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gouverneur general en ce qui a trait aux nominations au Senat (signalons que Smith, dans la troisieme recommandation qu'il a formulee, emploie Ie terme regissant plutot que guidant ). Rien ne rendrait Ie processus de nomination plus transparent et ouvert au public que l'introduction d'un element electif. En fait, Smith etablit un lien direct entre la troisieme recommandation et Ie processus electoral general en suggerant que [1]' electorat pourrait ainsi juger

a la fois

de la qualite des criteres et des nominations

subsequentes dans Ie bilan qu'il fait du gouvernement 45. 36. Parmi les recommandations qu'il a formulees, la plus interessante est sans doute

celIe qui porte sur la creation d'une commission de validation des nominations dont Ie but precis serait de reduire Ie pouvoir excessif du Premier ministre

a l'egard

des

nominations au Senat46 . Selon Smith, unetelIe commission dresserait une courte liste de candidats

a partir de

laquelle Ie premier ministre exercerait son choix. Avec Ie temps,

Smith fait valoir qu' [u]ne nouvelle convention ferait son apparition : Ie premier ministre ne nommerait que les personnes recommandees par la commission de validation 47. La difference entre cette proposition et Ie mecanisme prevu dans Ie projet de loi C -7 n' est pas claire du point de vue du pouvoir du premier ministre de recommander des nominations au senat. Dne liste sera dressee en fonction des resultats

45. Smith, L'adaptation possible du Senat sans avoir a reformer la Constitution , dans S. Joyal, dir., Proteger fa democratie canadienne, p. 279. 46. Une commission similaire existe au Royaume-Uni [TRADUCTION] "afin de recommander des individus en tant que "peers" politiques hors-parti" et "d'examiner les nominations pour les "peers" a vie, incluant ceux qui sont nommes par les partis politiques du R-U, afin d'assurer les plus hauts standards appropries." Voir http://lordsappointments.independent.gov.uk/. accedele 7 mai 2013. 47 . Par ailleurs, il semble que ce soit ce que Ie premier ministre Harper ait fait en ce qui a trait aux nominations vice-royales. En 2012, il a cree un comite special charge de mener de vastes consultations et d'etablir une courte liste de candidatures dont il faudrait tenir compte pour la nomination a la fonction de gouverneur general (divulgation complete: j'etais membre de ce comite). En 2012, il a cree un co mite consultatif permanent sur les nominations vice-royales compose de trois membres permanents et de deux membres permutants.

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de I' election de candidats au Senat dont Ie premier ministre devra tenir compte avant de faire sa recommandation, et il se pourrait meme dans ce cas que I' ont voit apparaitre une convention en vertu de laquelle Ie premier ministre ne nommerait que les senateurs recommandes par I'electorat a Ia suite d'elections de candidats au Senat. Cependant, tant que Ie premier ministre est libre de choisir un nom sur la liste aux fins de recommandation, alors Ie fait d'exercer son choix sur Ie fondement de cette liste ne mine en rien son pouvoir. En d'autres termes, si une commission de validation des nominations fonctionnant selon Ie meme principe que les elections de candidats au Senat et tendant vers Ia meme convention n'avait pas pour effet de restreindre de fayon indue Ie pouvoir du premier ministre, aiors il devrait en etre de meme en ce qui a trait a l'element electif envisage par Ie projet de loi C-7. 37. En resume, les fondateurs du Canada ont clairement choisi Ie principe nominatif

plutot que Ie principe electif en ce qui a trait aux nominations it la chambre haute, mais ils l'ont fait en grande partie pour des raisons pratiques plutot que philosophiques. Plus precisement, il n'y a aucune contradiction inherente entre les fonctions du Senat et la nomination par election. Qui plus est, meme si les fondateurs ont expressement souhaite que Ie Senat soit un corps independant, ils ont cherche it assurer son independance non par Ie mode de nomination, mais par Ie mandat de nomination. Plus particulierement, ils ont favorise Ie non-renouvellement du mandat pour que les membres ne soient pas dependants d'autres personnes pour continuer d'exercer leurs fonctions. De cette fayon, Ies senateurs seraient libres d'agir selon leur conscience, sans crainte de represailles. Autrement dit, les preoccupations soulevees par Smith dans son avis d'expert sont fondees sur un concept d'independance bien different de celui que les fondateurs du Canada avaient a l'esprit. Enfin, comme Smith Ie suggere dans ses ecrits universitaires, Ie simple fait de restreindre Ie pouvoir discretionnaire absolu du premier ministre dans Ie cadre du processus de nomination - en allant meme jusqu'a mettre en ceuvre une nouvelle convention tres contraignante - ne devrait pas s'averer problematique tant que Ie premier
26

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ministre conserve une certaine faculte de choix en ce qui a trait aux noms qu'il decide de recommander. En derniere analyse, Ie projet de loi C-7 ne change rien au fait que c'est au gouverneur general qu'il revient de nommer des personnes au Senat sur avis du premier ministre, bien qu'il prevo it un processus destine celui-ci doit determiner precisement quel avis

a guider

Ie premier ministre lorsque

a donner au gouverneur general.

L 'exemple d 'Alberta 38. L' Albe'rta demeure la seule provmce qui a tenu des elections de candidats

senatoriaux en 1989, 1998,2004 et en 2012. Ces elections se tiennent conformement aux termes de la Senatorial Selection Act (RSA 2000, chapitre S-5). Les deux premieres elections ont eu lieu conjointement avec les elections municipales; les deux dernieres

a elles, ont eu lieu conjointement avec les elections generales en Alberta. Trente-trois (33) candidats se sont presentes a ces elections: six en 1989, quatre en 1998,
elections quant dix en 2004 et treize en 2012. Parmi ces trente-trois candidats, vingt etaient membres d'un parti politique et treize se sont presentes comme candidats independants. Trois femmes se sont presentees comme candidates. Dix candidats sont reputes avoir ete elus, et leurs noms ont ete presentes au Conseil prive de la Reine pour Ie Canada
[TRADUCTION]

a titre de personnes qui pourraient etre convoquees devant Ie Senat du Canada en vue
de pourvoir des postes vacants en Alberta, conformement au par. 3(1) de la Loi sur la selection des senateurs. Sur ces dix candidats, cinq ont ete par la suite nommes au Senat : quatre hommes et une femme. Chaque election merite d'etre brievement examinee.

Election de candidats senatoriaux de 1989 39. L'election de candidats senatoriaux de 1989 concernait
SIX

candidats, et s'est

tenue conjointement avec Ies elections municipales de l' Alberta. Trois partis politiques etaient representes: Ie Parti reformiste, Ie Parti liberal et Ie Parti progressiste conservateur; trois candidats independants se sont presentes. Stan Waters a remporte

27

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l' election (41,7 %), devenant ainsi la premiere personne dont Ie nom a ete soumis aux fins de nomination au Senat it la suite d'une election. Meme si M. Waters a remporte l' election en tant que candidat du Parti reformiste, en 1990, Ie premier ministre Brian Mulroney (progressiste conservateur) a recommande sa nomination au Senat, it laquelle on a donne suite Ie 11 juin 1990. Malheureusement, son mandat n'a dure que quinze mois puisqu'il est decede Ie 25 septembre 1991.

Election de candidats senatoriaux de 1998

40.

L'election de candidats senatoriaux de 1998 s'est egalement tenue conjointement

avec les elections municipales. Quatre candidats s'y sont presentes : deux representants du Parti reformiste et deux candidats independants. Bert Brown, un agriculteur it la retraite, a remporte l'election avec pres de sept points de pourcentage de plus que F.L. (Ted) Morton, un professeur de l'University of Calgary. Messieurs Brown et Morton sont reputes avoir ete elus et leurs noms ont ete soumis aux fins de nomination au Senat. Toutefois, Ie premier ministre Jean Chretien a refuse de prendre en consideration les resultats de l' election, et il a recommande la nomination de Douglas Roche (1998) ainsi que de Tommy Banks (2000) en vue de pourvoir aux deux postes vacants.

Election de candidats senatoriaux de 2004

41.

L' election de 2004 visant la nomination de candidats pour pourvoir aux trois

postes vacants de l' Alberta au Senat a ete la premiere qui a ete tenue conjointement avec des elections provinciaies. Dix candidats s'y sont presentes, parmi Iesquels huit representaient deux partis politiques (cinq representaient Ie Parti progressiste conservateur et trois autres, Ie Parti allianciste de l' Alberta (rebaptise Ie Parti Wildrose Alliance). En 1998, Bert Brown (du Parti progressiste conservateur) a remporte l' election, mais les trois autres candidats (Betty Unger, Cliff Breitkreuz et Link Byfield) sont egalement reputes avoir ete elus. Mme Unger et M. Breitkreuz representaient

28

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egalement Ie Parti progressiste conservateur, mats M. Byfield etait l'un des deux candidats independants. Comme son predecesseur Jean Chretien, Ie premier ministre Paul Martin a refuse de recommander la nomination en se fondant sur cette liste, et a choisi de recommander la nomination d'Elaine McCoy, de Grant Mitchell et de Claudette Tardif (qui siegent toujours au Senat). Toutefois, en 2007 Ie premier ministre Harper a recommande la nomination de M. Brown au Senat, et en 2012, il a recommande celle de MmeUnger.

Election de candidats senatoriaux de 2012 42. L'election de candidats senatoriaux de 2012 s'est tenue conjointement avec les

elections generales provinciales, aux fins de la nomination de candidats choisis pour pourvoir aux trois postes vacants de l' Alberta au Senat. Treize candidats se sont presentes aI' election, parmi lesquels sept representaient les trois partis politiques (Ie Parti progressiste conservateur, Ie Parti Wildrose Alliance et Ie Parti vert) et six etaient des candidats independants. Les electeurs pouvaient voter pour un maximum de trois candidats sur un seul bulletin de vote. Cinq candidats ont obtenu au moins 11 % des votes. Les trois premiers candidats ont obtenu respectivement: Doug Black (15,9 %), Scott Tannas (13,1 %) et Mike Shaikh (11,5 %). Le 25 janvier 2013, Ie premier ministre Harper a recommande la nomination de Doug Black, et deux mois plus tard il a recommande celle de Scott Tannas.

Analyse 43. Entre 1989 et 2012, Ie processus electoral de candidats senatoriaux de l'Alberta a

ete aI' origine de dix noms de personnes qui auraient pu etre recommandees aupres du gouverneur general par quatre premiers ministres differents aux fins de la nomination au Senat. Le tableau 4 dresse la liste de ces personnes par annee d'election, profession,

29

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appartenance politique, age au moment de l' election, annee de nomination et age au moment de la nomination. Tableau 4 Election de candidats senatoriaux de l' Alberta - Laureats48

Nom

Annee d'election

Profession

Appartenance politique

Age au moment de i'eJection

Annee de nomination

Age au moment de la nomination

S. Waters B. Brown T. Morton B. Brown

1989 1998 1998 2004

Militairelhomme d'affaires Agriculteur Universitaire Agriculteur

Parti reformiste Parti reformiste Parti reformiste Parti progressiste conservateur Parti progressiste conservateur Parti progressiste conservateur Candidat independant Parti progressiste conservateur Parti progressiste conservateur Parti progressiste conservateur

69 60 49 66

1990

69

2007

69

B. Unger

2004

Femme d'affaires

61

2012

68

C. Breitkreuz

2004

AgriculteuriEnseignant

64

L. Byfield
D. Black

2004 2012

Joumaliste Avocat

60

2013

60

S. Tannas

2012

Services financiers

50

2013

51

M. Shaikh

2012

Comptable

64

44.

De cet exemple, aussi limite soit-il, on peut fonnuler plusieurs observations quant

aux repercussions des elections de candidats senatoriaux sur les caracteristiques de ceux
48.

Les resultants pour l'election des candidats senatoriaux en Alberta pour 1989, 1998 et 2004 se retrouvent a http://www.elections.ab.ca/Public%20Website/589.htm#officialresults. accede Ie 12 mai 2013. Pour 2012, ils se retrouvent a http://results.elections.ab.ca/wtResultsSNE.htm. accede Ie 12 mai 2013. 30

130

qui

a tenne sont nommes au Senat. Premierement, a quatre reprises, les gagnants de ces elections n'ont pas ete nommes. Deuxiemement, Ie processus de l' Alberta a conduit a une
parti aux fins de la nomination au Senat (recommandation de Waters). Troisiemement, Ie processus a donne lieu qui correspond sensiblement au processus

situation peu courante OU Ie premier ministre a fonnule une recommandation relativement

a un membre d'un autre Mulroney a I' egard de

proportion de femmes

une

nominatif.

Quatriemement, dans Ie cadre du processus, il y a eu naissance de candidats senatoriaux qui sont membres des minorites visibles (Shaikh). Cinquiemement, l'eventail de milieux et de professions de ceux qui ont ete elus et nommes est tres large; cette situation n'est pas non plus differente des dix professions les plus frequemment representees au Senat49 . Finalement, l'age moyen des senateurs nommes dans Ie cadre de ce processus est

a celui de l'ensemble des senateurs nommes depuis 1965 (63,4 % par opposition a 57,6 %), mais la difference est inferieure a dix ans. II est vrai, il va sans
legerement superieur dire, qu'aucun des senateurs nommes dans Ie cadre de ce processus n'etait francophone, mais comme l'indique Ie rapport d'expert de Cardinal, il n'y a eu egalement aucune

nomination de senateur francophone de I' Alberta dans Ie cadre du processus nominatif

entre 1931 et 1940 ainsi qU'entre 1964 et 2005 50 . 45.
Un aspect interessant de I'experience albertaine est Ie peu d'eclairage qu'elle

fournit concernant la fa<;:on dont les senateurs se voient eux-memes. Dans Ie discours de Brown au Senat
5 \

qu'iI donna en opposition

a la motion du senateur Hugh Segal visant a

tenir un referendum sur I'abolition du Senat, Brown a enonce sa vision selon laquelle
49. Ces profeSSions sont en ordre : avocats, hommes ou femmes d'affaires, commeryants, agricuiteurs, enseignants, medecins, joumalistes, auteurs, professeurs et gestionnaires. Voir http://www.parl.gc.ca/parlinfo/Lists/Top 1OOccupations.aspx?Menu=SEN-BioOcc&Section=b571 082f-7b2d-4d6a-b30a-b6025a9cbb98&Chamber=b571 082f-7b2d4d6a-b30a-b6025a9cbb98&Parliament&Language=F 50 . Cardinal, Expert Opinion of Bill C-7, date incertaine, 20.

51. (http://www.parl.gc.ca/Content/SEN/Cham ber/392/Debates/010db

2007-11-13-

E.htm ?Language=E&Parl=39&Ses=2ff73) accessed April 26, 2013.

31

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[TRADUCTION] la fonction d'un futur senateur peut agir comme un contrepoids efficace de

a I'autre endroit. Brown a argumente que [TRADUCTION] Ie meilleur service cette chambre a I'egard de ce pays se produira lorsque des senateurs elus
a une question

representeront veritablement les souhaits de la population de leur province d'origine et non la philosophie politique des premiers ministres passes . En reponse

du senateur Joan Fraser concernant Ie caractere non-contraignant de la loi albertaine sur les elections senatoriales, Bert Brown a repondu: [TRADUCTION] ce n'est pas contraignant, pour utiliser les mots du senateur Fraser, simplement parce que cela laisse au premier ministre Ie droit de decider s'il s'adressera politiquement aux souhaits de la population de la province dependant de la perception du premier ministre concernant la force de ces souhaits. Ces declarations suggerent que Brown croyait qu'un Senat avec une dimension electorale non-contraignante renforcerait [TRADUCTION]

I'independance meme

a I' egard

de la chambre basse que des commentateurs tels

que Smith identifient comme etant une des caracteristiques essentielles du Senat que Ie projet de loi C-7 menace supposement.

46.

En resume, dans Ie cadre des elections de candidats senatoriaux de l' Alberta, il

n'y a pas eu de senateur dont l'experience de travail et de vie differe considerablement de celle des senateurs nommes dans Ie cadre du processus nominatif. Il est entendu qu'il n'y a pas encore eu, dans Ie cadre de ce processus, de nomination de senateur francophone de l' Alberta, mais il en a ete de meme pour Ie processus nominatif pendant les quatre decennies qui ont precede la nomination du senateur Tardif. Ce processus a entraine la nomination d'une senatrice sur l'ensemble des cinq personnes nommees, ce qui est tout a fait conforme egalement

a la proportion historique des femmes nommees au Senat. Ce processus a donne lieu a la nomination d'un candidat au Senat membre de minorites a agir

visibles. Finalement, compte tenu des ages des personnes dues et nommees, la situation de l' Alberta demontre peu que ces senateurs ou ces candidats pourraient etre portes

32

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en fonction de leurs aspirations professionnelles apres Ie terme de leur mandat de senateurs, meme s'ils quittent Ie Senat apres l'issue de leur mandat de neuf ans.

PARTIE 2 : INSTITUER UN MANDAT NON RENOUVELABLE DE NEUF ANS 47. Le projet de loi C-7 modifierait la duree du mandat des senateurs, qui siegeraient

pour un seul mandat fixe non renouvelable de neuf ans. Le projet de loi reconnait que ce changement necessite une modification au par. 29(2) de la Loi constitutionnelle de 1867, mais presume qu'il tombe sous la competence unilaterale de modification du Parlement en vertu de l'art.44 de la Loi constitutionnelle de 1982. II convient de rappeler qu' Ajzenstat decrit la disposition originale de la nomination it vie comme nomination irrevocable , et la meme description s'applique it une nomination jusqu'it soixante-quinze ans 52 Par consequent, cet aspect du projet de loi C-7 devrait etre peryu comme la poursuite du statu quo, plutot qu'une deviation de celui-ci.

Le non-renouvellement et l'independance
48. Le non-renouvellement constitue un element cM de l'independance du Senat parce

qu'il abolit la necessite pour les senateurs d'attirer les bonnes graces des [TRADUCTION] gouvemants de l'heure
53.

Lorsqu'il y a un element electoral it une nomination, cela

libere egalement les senateurs des preoccupations liees it l'alienation de l'electorat, puisqu'il n'ya aucune nomination a perdre lors d'une election subsequente. En effet, en parlant du
[TRADUCTION]

conseil

legislatif

propose

en

fevrier 1865,

George Brown s' est prononce sur la fayon dont les membres du conseil pourraient agir lors des etapes finales d'un mandat renouvelable : [TRADUCTION] [ ... ] ils anticiperaient l'expiration du mandat, et envisageraient avec anxiete l'administration du jour de la

.Ajzenstat, "Bicameralism and Canada's Founders, in Joyal, ed. Protecting Canadian Democracy, 11. 53. Ibid., 9.
52

33

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nouvelle nomination; ce qui pourrait avoir pour consequence qu'un tiers des membres seraient sous l'influence du pouvoir executif54. Les mandats fixes,per se, ne posent pas probleme quant au maintien de l'independance; Ie probleme des mandats fixes reside dans la possibilite de renouvellement. Le projet de loi C-7 reconnait cela et contoume Ie probleme en excluant la possibilite de faire de nouvelles nominations. Cette dynamique s'applique que Ie mode de nomination so it nominatif ou electoral. Meme les representants elus ne subissent pas les pressions de leur circonscription s'ils n'ont pas it se presenter en vue d'une reelection. Une fois elus, les senateurs deviennent independants de ceux qui les ont elus. 49. En ce sens, les senateurs elus seraient libres de s'acquitter de leurs responsabilites

de representation it titre de fiduciaires plutot que de delegues et, de cette fayon, ils seraient differents des deputes de la Chambre des communes. Meme si it la fois les fiduciaires et les delegues ont la responsabilite de prendre en compte les desirs de ceux qu'ils representent, on s'attend it ce que les delegues agissent directement en fonction de leurs desirs, tandis que les fiduciaires tiennent compte de ces desirs mais forment toujours leur propre opinion sur la mesure it suivre adequate. II est beaucoup plus facile d'agir it titre de fiduciaire lorsque la poursuite du mandat ne pose pas probleme. Liberes de la responsabilite directe d'agir conformement aux interets etroits d'une circonscription qui detient leurs carrieres politiques entre leurs mains, les senateurs elus peuvent continuer d'agir de fayon impartiale et en faisant un [TRADUCTION] second examen objectif d'une fayon que les deputes de la Chambre des communes ne pourraient jamais Ie faire.

A cette

fin, il vaut la peine de souligner que ce mode nominatif n'immunise pas

completement Ie Senat contre l'influence de politiques electorales axees sur la circonscription. En plus de la tendance ecrasante du premier ministre de nommer des membres de son propre parti, une proportion importante des senateurs nommes ont joint

54.

Canada's Founding Debates, p. 88 (G. Brown, 8 fevrier 1865).

34

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l'institution apres avoir occupe une fonction elective: plus de 40 p. 100 des personnes nommees depuis 1965 ont occupe une fonction elective aux niveaux federal, provincial ou municipal. 50. Bien entendu, les senateurs elus pour des mandats fixes pourraient toujours etre

sensibles aux pressions extemes parce qu'ils sont preoccupes par leur carriere apres Ie Senat, mais ce1a ne pourrait etre vrai que si l'age qu'ils avaient lors de leur nomination signifiait qu'ils pourraient s'attendre it mener une longue carriere apres leur mandat au Senat. Par Ie passe, l'age moyen auquelles individus ont ete nommes etait de 57 ans, ce qui signifie que, si Ie mandat de neuf ans avait ete applique depuis 1867, Ie senateur moyen aurait quitte Ie Senat it 66 ans et ne se serait pas attendu it une longue carriere apres Ie Senat. Nous ne pouvons pas connaitre l'age auquel les senateurs seraient nommes se10n Ie processus electoral prevu au projet de loi C-7, mais nous savons que l'age moyen des senateurs albertains nommes apres des elections est de 63 ans. En se basant sur un mandat fixe de neuf ans, la moyenne d'age serait de 72 ans, ce qui correspond exactement it l'age moyen historique it la fin du mandat de toutes les personnes nommees au Senat depuis 1867. Meme les plus jeunes elus au Senat en Alberta, s'ils avaient ete nommes immediatement apres l'election, auraient quitte Ie Senat
it environ 60 ans apres un mandat de neuf ans. Cependant, meme si les pressions extemes

liees it une carriere apres Ie Senat avaient ete une preoccupation, aucune preuve ne permet d'etablir que cela ne viserait qu'un senateur elu: it l'heure actuelle, un grand nombre de senateurs, exclusivement nommes, continuent d'avoir un emploi it l'exterieur (particulierement it titre de directeurs de societe) pendant leur mandat au Senat, auquel ils retoumeront probablement apres leur mandat. Neanmoins, on s'attend it ce que les senateurs agissent independamment dans l'exercice de leurs responsabilites en matiere de representation55.

55.

Voir Annexe 3.

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Longueur du mandat, la continuite, la perspective it longue terme 51. Le changement vers un mandat fixe constitue egalement une deviation si petite,

par rapport it la pratique passee, que la difference n' est pas pertinente et ne devrait pas, par consequent, nuire au pouvoir unilateral du Parlement de modifier la Constitution pour l'atteinte de cet objectif. Afin de comprendre cet aspect de la disposition sur la duree limitee du projet de loi C-7, il est important de comparer un mandat fixe de neuf ans it la duree des mandats remplis par les senateurs, avec la duree moyenne des sessions parlementaires et la duree des mandats des deputes de la Chambre des communes. 52. Le tableau 5 resume la moyenne et la mooiane du mandat des senateurs nommes

depuis 1867 et de ceux nommes depuis 1965 (lorsque la duree du mandat est passee d'une nomination it vie, it une expiration it l'age de soixante-quinze ans). Deux ensembles de donnees sont comprises dans Ie tableau: l'un qui inclut les senateurs actuels et l'autre, qui les exclut. Ce qui n' est pas etonnant, puisque Ie premier ensemble de donnees comprend 58 senateurs nommes depuis 2006, la moyenne et Ia mediane de Ia duree du service augmentent Iegerement Iorsque Ies senateurs actuels sont exclus. Tableau 5 Moyenne et mooiane du service senatoriaI56 Depuis 1867
(membres actuels incIus)

Depuis 1965
(membres actuels indus)

Depuis 1867
(membres actuels excIus)

Depuis 1965
(membres actuels excIus)

Moyenne (annees) Mediane (annees)

13,9 12,8

11,3 9,8

14,6 13,6

12,7 11,7

56.http://www.parl.gc.ca/Parlinfo/compilations/parliament/YearsOfService.aspx?P arliament=&Section=bS71082f-7b2d-4d6a-b30ab602 Sa 9cb b98&N ame=&YearsOfService=&Continuous= False&Current= False Accede Ie 11 mai 2013. 36

136

53.

Le mandat fixe de neuf ans prevu au projet de loi C-7 se compare de favon

positive a la fois a la moyenne et a la mediane des senateurs nommes depuis 1965, particulif:rement lorsque les senateurs actuels sont inclus dans Ie calcul. En particulier, il est tres pres de la duree mediane du service pour les personnes nommees apres 1965, y compris les senateurs actuels. Meme en excluant les senateurs actuels, il se chiffre encore a 77 p. 100 de la mediane du mandat actuel pour les senateurs nommes depuis 1965. Le mandat de neuf ans propose dans Ie projet de loi C-7 n'est pas beaucoup plus court que les durees actuelles moyennes et medianes des mandats des senateurs nommes apres Ie changement en 1965 57 . Le mandat de 9 ans se compare aussi favorablement ala duree des mandats des chambres hautes dans d'autres pays. Selon les donnees compilees par l'Union Interparlementaire, seules 11 des 77 chambres hautes dans Ie monde ont des termes de neuf ans ou plus. 54.
58

Outre l'independance qui, selon moi, est preservee grace au non-renouvellement,

Smith inclut la continuite et une perspective a long terme, particulierement pour ce qui est du lien avec la Chambre des communes, parmi les aspects fondamentaux et les caracteristiques essentielles du Senat59 . L'une des manieres dont Ie Senat incame ces caracteristiques est par Ie roulement inferieur, par comparaison a la Chambre des communes. La duree moyenne d'une legislature (pendant la 40 e legislature) est de

La difference est effectivement un peu plus importante si l'emphase est mise exclusivement sur les senateurs dont la nomination s'est terminee de puis 2006. La longueur moyenne et mediane du service de ces senateurs est de 14,6 et 15,2 ans respectivement. 58 .http://www.ipu.org/parlinee/TermofParliament.asp?LANG=ENG&REGION SUB REGION=All&typesearch=5 &Submit1=Launch+query, accede Ie 8 mai 2013. 59. David Smith, The Improvement ofthe Senate by Nonconstitutional Means )}, dans Joyal, ed. Protecting Canadian Democracy, p. 234. L'auteur met aussi en lumiere ces caracteristiques dans son expertise, Expert Opinion of Bill C-7, decembre 2012, p. 13-14.
57.

37

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3,2 ans, la mediane etant de 3,6 ans 60 Le mandat de neuf ans propose au projet de loi C-7 eouvrirait done en moyenne trois legislatures et Ie debut d'une quatrieme legislature, selon Ie moment ou la nomination est faite lors du cycle de vie d'une legislature de duree moyenne. Imaginons, par exemple, un senateur nomme au milieu de la duree d'une legislature moyenne. Le mandat s'etendrait sur Ie reste de la legislature, la totalite des deux pro chaines legislatures, s'echelonnant ainsi sur quatre ans. Un senateur qui siege pendant la totalite du mandat de neuf ans representerait ainsi une eontinuite importante par rapport au roulement qui peut avoir lieu it la Chambre des communes pendant trois . legislatures 61 . Le tableau 6, qui presente des donnees sur la duree moyenne du mandat de I' ensemble des deputes de la Chambre des communes, nous permet de mieux comprendre eette situation:

II est possible qu'avec l'etablissement de dates d'elections fixes en fonction du projet de loi C-16, la longueur moyenne des Parlements convergera vers la longueur maximale de 4 ans. Cependant, cela n'a pas ete Ie cas depuis 2006, lorsque Ie projet de loi a ete adopte. Prenant pour acquis que Ie 41 e Parlement survive jusqu'a sa date d'exporation fixe en 2015, la longueur moyenne d'un Parlement depuis 2006 aura He de 3 ans. Cela s'explique du fait que des gouvernements minoritaires ont ete souvent elus depuis 1962 : des 17 elections tenus depuis lors, 8 ont produits des gouvernements minoritaires. 61 . En vertu de la nouvelle disposition, il y aura, bien entendu, des senateurs qui ne siegeront pas pendant la totalite de leur mandat de neuf ans, tout comme il y a maintenant des senateurs qui quittent Ie Senat avant d'avoir atteint soixante-quinze ans. Cependant, puisque selon la tendance passee depuis 1965, la moitie de tous les senateurs remplissent des mandats entre 9,8 et 11,7 ans, on peut s'attendre a ce qu'une proportion importante des senateurs nommes pour neuf ans completent la totalite de leur mandat.
60.

38

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Tableau 6 Moyenne et mediane du mandat des deputes it la Chambre des communes 62 Annees de service 0-4 0-9 0-14

Nombre 1 613 2898 3612

Pourcentage cumulatif 38,4 68,9 85,9

Moyenne des annees de service 3,3 5,1 6,6

55.

Si l'independance, la continuite et une perspective it long terme exigent que les

senateurs siegent pour de plus longues periodes que les deputes de la Chambre des communes, alors Ie tableau 6 indique qu'un mandat senatorial de neuf ans est adequat it cette fin. Un tel mandat est pres de trois fois plus long Ie mandat moyen de 38,4 p. 100 it la Chambre des communes, et il est plus du tiers plus long que Ie mandat moyen de 85,9 p. 100 it la Chambre des communes. Apres quatre ans en poste, les senateurs auront plus d'experience, en moyenne, que pres de 40 p. 100 des deputes en Chambre; et, dans la demiere annee de leur mandat, les senateurs seront des parlementaires plus chevronnes que pres de 70 p. 100 de leurs collegues it la Chambre des communes. Le mandat garanti de neuf ans est suffisant pour faire un contrepoids aux lacunes qui pourraient etre liees au taux de roulement eleve it la Chambre des communes. 56. Meme un specialiste comme Smith, qui soutient avec vigueur dans ses ouvrages

de doctrine que l'on doit proceder it la reforme du Senat en se fondant sur un ensemble de principes fondamentaux decoulant des attributs essentiels du Senat , reconnait la necessite d'une reforme prevoyant un mandat d'une duree determinee non renouvelable qui serait conforme it ces principes, un aspect du projet de 10i C-7 qui n' est pas aborde

62.http://www.parl.gc.ca/Parlinfo/compiiations/parliament/YearsOfService.aspx?P arliament=&Section=03d93c58-f843-49b3-965384275c23f3fb&Name=&YearsOfService=&Continuous=False&Current=False Accede Ie 11 mai 2013. 39

139

dans son rapport d' expert. Selon Smith, meme

[TRADUCTION]

s' il est essentiel que la

duree de mandat des senateurs soit longue pour qu'ils puissent exercer leurs fonctions, ... [cela] ne signifie pas necessairement qu'ils soient nommes jusqu'a l'age de soixante-quinze ans. 63 En effet, Smith decrit la possibilite theorique selon laquelle un senateur puisse exercer ses fonctions pendant quarante-cinq ans (nomme a trente ans et prenant sa retraite a soixante-quinze ans) comme etant
[TRADUCTION]

d'une duree

nettement trop longue, meme pour les besoins de la continuite et de la perspective a long terme. 64 11 ajoute que
[TRADUCTION]

de tels exces, pourraient etre evites par la

nomination de senateurs pour une periode determinee de douze ans. 65. Smith propose meme que les changements necessaires au paragraphe 29(2) de la Loi constitutionnelle de 1867
[TRADUCTION]

puissent etre apportes unilateralement par Ie Parlement federal

puisqu'ils traduiraient simplement la realite d'une duree moyenne de douze ans (c.-a-d. trois legislatures) dans la Constitution sans qu'une atteinte soit portee au
[TRADUCTION]

role fondamental et aux caracteristiques essentielles du Senat66 ou encore que ces demiers soient mines. Rien dans Ie rapport d'expert de Smith ne contredit cette position ou ne semble indiquer qu'il se soit ravise. 57. Si les mandats d'une duree determinee non renouvelables ne sont pas en general
[TRADUCTION]

incompatibles avec Ie

role fondamental et les caracteristiques essentielles

[TRADUCTION]

du Senat , et si les exigences de

continuite et de perspective a long

terme se traduisent par un mandat a duree determinee qui s' etend sur trois legislatures, alors la question du mandat d'une duree determinee de neuf ans non renouvelable prevue dans Ie projet de loi C-7 devrait relever du pouvoir de modification unilateral du Parlement, comme Ie prevo it I' art. 44 de la Loi constitutionnelle de 1982. Dans tous les

Smith, The Improvement of the Senate by Nonconstitutional Means in Joyal, ed. Protecting Canadian Democracy, 259. 64. Idem 65. Idem 66. Idem, 259-260.
63.

40

140

cas, il existe peu de donnees empmques qui laissent entendre que ces modifications pourraient avoir une incidence considerable sur les mandats actuels des senateurs, ce qui signifie que leur capacite

a assurer une

continuite et une perspective

a long terme

ne

serait pas minee. En l'absence d'une preuve contraire dans son rapport d'expert, il [aut conclure que Smith lui-meme accepterait la proposition vis ant un mandat

a duree

determinee non renouve1able par Ie biais de l'art. 44 de la Loi constitutionnelle de 1982.

41

141

CONCLUSION

58.

On a constate qu' en ce qui a trait au Senat

[TRADUCTION]

les propositions de

rMonne institutionnelle ont parfois ete appuyees par des revendications trop ambitieuses.
67.

On pourrait egalement dire qu'on s'est oppose

a ces memes propositions

du fait de mises en garde trop exagerees de consequences desastreuses. Certes, c' est ce qui semble Sire Ie cas pour ce qui est des opinions d'expert foumies au nom du gouvemement du Quebec et des intervenants. Leur analyse du projet de loi C-7 repose sur une comparaison entre un ensemble de consequences hypothetiques et un Senat idealise qui ne l' est ni sur Ie plan conceptuel ni sur Ie plan empirique. Quels sont les arguments avances? Le facteur portant sur la voie elective du projet de loi C-7 minera la capacite du Senat

a representer les minorites

ou d'autres groupes politiquement sous-

representes; cependant, ce n'est pas la maniere dont les concepteurs du Senat concevaient la representation, et en tout etat de cause, les donnees empiriques indiquent que Ie processus nominatif actuel n 'a pas mieux reussi

a atteindre

ces objectifs que Ie processus electoral choisi pour la Chambre des communes. La transition entre un processus nominatif et electoral minera plus particulierement la capacite du Senat a representer les francophones autres que ceux du Quebec; cependant, les donnees empiriques indiquent que meme dans Ie cadre d'un processus nominatif, on a constate des lacunes de taille d'une telle representation dans des regions importantes du Canada. Le projet de loi C-7 limitera indument Ie pouvoir du premier ministre de recommander des nominations au Senat; cependant, meme un des specialistes

al'egard

F. Leslie Seidle, "Democratic Reform: The Search for Guiding Principles," dans Courtney and Smith, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Canadian Politics, 524.
67 .

42

142

du gouvemement du Quebec ne juge pas aussi problematique qu'on s'entende sur une nomination qui se fasse entite. Le facteur portant sur la VOle elective mmera l'independance du Senat; cependant, il s'agissait du mandat non renouvelable et non du mode de nomination qui a ete juge comme etant la garantie determinante de l'independance, que ce soit

a partir

d'une liste dressee par une autre

a l'egard

de l'executif ou de l'electorat. Un

mandat determine non renouve1able veille

a ce

que la duree du mandat ne

depende pas des autres, et preserve l'independance en interdi sant aux senateurs de chercher

a renouveler leur mandat.

II leur permet egalement de

deleguer leurs responsabilites de representation de delegues.

a titre de delegataires et non a long

terme du

Le projet de loi C-7 minera la continuite et la perspective

processus legislatif; cependant, Ie mandat d'une duree de neuf ans comme Ie prevoit Ie projet de loi C-7, n' est pas substantiellement different de la duree historique du mandat des senateurs. En outre, il permet la continuite du mandat des senateurs pendant au moins une duree moyenne de trois legislatures. 59. Le projet de loi C-7 propose une serie moderee de reformes visant Ie mode de

nomination et la duree du mandat des senateurs. Ces reformes n'auront aucune repercussion importante sur les caracteristiques fondamentales ou essentielles du Senat.

43

143
Annex 1: Table of all senators with their biographical information

ANNEXEI

NAME
Al'lder~Qn,Jor.n

DaB Hawkins

PoUtluJ Age Affiliation at nomInation App'\ Canada Canada Canada (18671942) Canada (1867-1942) Canada {1867-1942} Canada (1867-1942) (1867-1942) (18671942) Conservative 62 67 64 51

Chandler, Edward Barron Todd,William Fergusson

ProvInce/ Territory N.S. N.B. N.B. Ontario

Appoinledon the advl(e of Proclamation Proclamation Proclamation Pro(iamatlon

Dateo! App't 1867.10.23 1867.10.23 1867.10.23 1867.10.23

End of App't 1870.12.24 1867.10.23 1867.10.23 1867.12.29 1868.01.01 1868.0414 1870.07.04 1870.09.28 1870.09.28 1871.01.05 1871.01.07 1871.01.31 1871.05.12 1872.02.01 1872.07.13 1872.10.01 1873.01.13 1873.02.11 1873.05.10 1873.09.08 1873.10.01 1873.12.06 1873.12.09 1873.12.10 1873.12.12 1874.01.24 1874.08,15 1874.11.09 1876.02.10 1876.04.11 1876.06.03 1876.08.03 1876.12.14 1877.05.04 1878.02.06 1878.11.26 1879.01.20 1880.02.10 1880.03.23 1880.12.15 1881.01.20 1882.09,23 1882.10.10 1883.02.07 1883.08.22 1&84.01.21 1884.02.14 1885.03,21 1887.02.07 1887.05.01 1887.05.07 1887.09.22 1888.05.30 1888.08.21 1889.05.25 1890.10.18 1891.05,14 1891.07.25 1894.03.19 1894.06.15 1894.07.19 1896.06.14 1896.08.16 1896.12.09 1901.01.01

Age at Methodofend undof ofapPO!fltment App't Death Appointment Appointment Death Resignation Death Death Reslgnatiofl ReslgflatlOfl Resignation Resignation Death Death Death ReSignation Resignatlofl Death Resignation Death Resigflatlon ResignaliOfl Death Death Death Oeath Death Death Death Resignation Resignatlofl Death Death Resigflatlofl Death Death Oeath Death Resignation Death Death Reslgflatiofl Death Death Death Death Death Resigflatlofl Death Resignation Re$lgnaUofl Death Death Death Oeath Death Death Death Death Death Death Death Resignation Death Reslgflatiofl ReSlgnatlOfl

Sex 65M 67 M 64M 52M 60 M 62M 77 M 61 M 62 M 60 M 61 M 52 M 61 M 66M

48 M
53M

Career profiles Merchant Admlnls1rator, Businessman

Prior Political
E~per.

Yeers otMontha oOaya of S4Servlee In JServlce In lAboriClnal Mlnorl

LanguacelReUglon

1160

3,17
0,00

la~er
Judge, lawyer Merchant Contrac10r lawyer lawyer Lawyer lawyer lawyer Lawyer Farmer lawyer Military Dean Farmer Lawyer Miller, produce dealer Merchan1 Merchant
8

69

Bosse,Joseph-Noel
Wier,BenJamin
Crawford,George

59 Quebec 62 N.S. 74 Ontario 58 N.S. 59 N.S. 56 Ontario 57 Quebec 49 Ontario

Proclamation 1867,10.23 Proclamation 1867.10.23 Proclamation 1867.10.23 Proclamation Proclamation Proclamation Proclamation Prodamatlon Proclamation Proclamation Prociamatiofl Prodamatiofl Prodamatlon 1867.10.23 1867,10.23 1867.10.23 1867.10.23 1867.10.23 1867.10.23 1867.10.23 1867.10.23 1867.10.23 1867.10.23

U D 13

72

0,00 0,19 0,20 0,48 2,70 2,94 2,94 3,21 3,21 3,28 3,55 4,28 4,73 4,95 5,23 5,31 5,55 5,88 5,95 6,13 6,13 6,14 6,14 6,26 6,82
7,05

175 987 1073 1073 1172 1174 1197 1298 1563 1727 1807 1911 1940 2028 2149 2172 2238 2240 2242 2244 2286 2490 2575 3033 3094 3147 3209 3342 3483 3761 4053 4109 4494 4536 4804 5765 5450 5468 5587 5784 5936 5959 6361 7048 7131 7137 7276 7526 7610 7886 8398 8605 8678 9645 9733 9767 10463 10527 10642 12125

Mean original 14,7 13,9 14,6

Mediafl 13,7 12,8 13,6

Mode 15,8

McCully,Jonathan
Ritchie, John William McCrea, Walter Juchereau

u u

8 8 15 17 10 20 11
22

,II

',3
15,8

Ross,John

Jucherau SliI,CalebRand
Mltchell,Peter
Sanborn, John Sewall Matheson,Roderick
IBI9.01.01 1793

58 Quebec 61 N.S.
43 N.B. 48 Quebec 74 Ontario 50 Quebec 59 Ontario SO Quebec 49 Quebec 81 Quebec

Conservative Caflada (18671942) Canada (1867-1942) Caflada (1867-1942) (1867-1942) Canada Canada Caflada (1867-1942) (18671942) Canada (1867-1942) (1867-1942) (1867-1942) Canada liberal (1867-1942) {1867-1942} (1867-1942) Canada (18671942) (1867-1942) Canada (1867-1942) /1867-1942} (18671942) Caflada (18671942) Conservative (1867-1942) Caflada (1867-1942) (18671942) LIberal Caflada (18671942) (1867-1942) Conservative COflservative Canada (1867-1942) (1867-1942) Caflada Canada (18671942) (1867-1942) Canada Canada

39-41

14,6

15,2

Tessier, Ulric Joseph

Burnham, AsaAliworth Olivier, Louis Auguste
Renaud,Louis

Leslie,James
Steeves, William Henry alake,Oliver

Prodamatiofl 1867.10.23 Proclamatiofl 1867.10.23 Prodamatlofl 1867,10.23 Prodamation 1867.10.23 Proclamation 1867.10.23 Proclamation Proclamallofl Proclamation Proclamatlofl Prodamatlon Proclamation Proclamation Proclamation Prodamation Proclamatiofl Proclamatlofl Proclamation Proclamation Proclamatlofl Proclamatiofl Proclamation Prodamatlon Proclamation Proclamatlofl Proclamation Prodamatlofl Proclamation Proclamallon Proclamation Proclamatiofl Proclamation Proclamation Proclamation Prodamatlon Prodamation Prodamatiol1 Proclamation Proclamation Proclamatlofl ProdamaUofl Prodamatlon Proclamation Proclamation Proclamatlofl Proclamation Prodamatlon Proclamation Prociamatiofl 1867.10.23 1867.10.23 1867.10.23 1867.10.23 1867.10.23 1867.10.23 1867.10.23 1867.10.23 1867.10.23 1867.10.23 1867.10.23 1867.10.23 1867.10.23 1867.10.23 1867.10.23 1867.10,23 1867.10.23 1867,10.23 1867.10.23 1867.10.23 1867.10.23 1861.10.23 1867.10.23 1867.10.23 1867.10.23 1867.10.23 1867,10,23 1867.10.23 1867.10.23 1867.10,23 1867.10.23 1867.10.23 1867.10.23 1867.10.23 1867.10.23 1867.1023 1867.10.23 1867.10.23 1867.1023 1867.10.23 1867.10.23 1867.10.23

80M 55 M 65 M 56 M 54 M 87M 59 M 71M 48M 67 M 66 M 66M 58 M 75M

87M

11 24 22 19 18

10
U

11
16 18 20 22 3 25 18 20 20 12 24 13 17 30 20 25 12

53 N,B.
64 Ontario 42N.S. 60 Ofltarlo
59 N.B.

Clerk
Merchant Businessman Lawyer PhYSician Merchaflt Manager Businessman No1ary Businessman Merchan1 No1ary

locke,John

Mllls,Samuel
Hazen, Robert Leonard

Malhlot,Charles
Foster,AsaBelknap
Kenl'ly,Edward Holmes,Johrl

59 Quebec 50 Quebec 67 N.S. 78 68 47 59 N.S. N.B. Quebec Quebec

8,30 8,47
8,62 8,79 9,15 9,54 10,30 11,10 11,25 12,30 12,42 13,15 15,78 14,92 14,97 15,30 15,83 16,25 16,32 17,42 19,30 19,52 19,54 19,92 20,61 20,83 21,59 22,99 23,56 23,76 26,41 26,65 26,74 28,65 28,82 29,14 33,20

Robertson,John

<:j< <:j<

LeteliierdeSt-Just,Luc
Wllsarl,Charles

77 M 56 M 69M
81M 80 M 63 M 70 M 74M 62 M 64M
71 M

o ~

t:"i

Shaw,James
Lacoste,Louis
McDonald,Donald Wilmot, Robert Duncan Seymour,Benjamin Chflstie, David

70 Ontario G9Quebec 51 Ontario 58 N.B. 61 Ofltario 49 Ontario 50 Ontario

w
u u u

lands~lVeyor
Shipper Farmer Fiilfmer merohaflt Physk:ian ShipOWfler Notary Lumbefmerchant Merchant lawyer Merchant lawyer Lumberrnafl Miller Wholesaler Merchant Merchan1 Wholesaler Merchant Foundryman lawyer Judge Merchan! Merchan1 Farmer Contrac1or Merchant Manu!ac1urer

E
c. ~

u
u u u u u u

,5

13 :E

Skead,James Dumouchel,Leandre Hamllton,John Bureau,Jacques-Olivier Pnce, David Edward Bourinot, John Dickson, Walter Hamilton Slmpson,John
CampbeU,Ale~ander

56 QlIebec
65 Ofltarlo 47 Quebec 41 Quebec 53 N.S. 61 Ontario

80 M 63 M S7M 69 M 78 M 72 M 64 M S9M
73 M

u
u u u u
g g g g

20 17 31 31 24 30 17 9 15

:a ...
'Qi

8'

55 OMado
45 Ontario 39 Quebec

:5
.<::

Hamilton, John Cormier, Charles McMaster,Wiliiam Ferrler,James Ferguson,John Ryan,Thomas Archibald, Thomas Dickson leonard,Elijah Odell,WiliiamHunter Botsford,Amos Edw!r\ Flint, Billa Chaffers, Wilham Henry Guevremont, Jean-Baptiste Macpherson, David LeWis McClelan,AbnerReid Reesor,David

54 Quebec 550fltario 67 Quebec 53 N.B. 63 Quebec 54 NoS. 53 Ontario

c: '" '" ro
Q)

.8

75M 87M 74M 84M 77 M 76M 79 M 89 M 89M 66 M 69 M 77 M 65 M 77 M

u
8 31

m
II

n
D

11

28 22 27 23 27

55 N.B.
63 N.B. 62 40 41 49 Ontario Quebec Quebec Ofltario

D H
H

'0
Q)

:0 ~
Q)

36 N.B. 44 Ontario

n
26 19 11

c:

Armilnd,Jo5ephfran~ojS

Dicke .... , Robert Sarry

(1867-1942) (1867-1942) Canada Conserllative Conservative Conservative (1867-1942) Conservative (1867-1942) Conservative Canada Canada Conservative 181SCanada (1867-1942) 1798(1867-1942) (18671942) Conservative /1867-1942) (1867-1942) (1867-1942) /1867_1942} /1867-1942} (1867-1942) Conservative /1867-1942} /1867-1942} /1867-1942} Canada (1867-1942) (18671942) (1867-1942) Conservative (1867-1942) {1867-1942} Canada Canada (1867-1942) {1867-1942} Canadil Canada Canada Canada Canada Canada NatIOnalist Canada Nationalist Canada Canada Canada Canada Canada Canada Reformer {1867-1942} (1867-1942)
1516.01.27 lB3Q.05.25

46 Quebec 54 N.S. 63 N.B.

32 N.S.

Proclamiltion Proclamation Proclamation Proclamation Proclamation Proclamation Proclamation Proclamation John John John John John John John John John John John John John John John John John John John John John John John John Jonn John John John John John .lohn Alexander Alexander Alexander Alexander A!exander Alexander Alexander Alexander Alexander Alexander Alexander Alexander Alexander Alexander Alexander Alexander John John John John Jonn John John Johrl John John John John John

1867.10.23 1867.1023 1867.10.23 1867.1023 1867.10.23 1867.10.23 1867,10.23 1867.11.02 1868.01.30 1868.03.14 1868.03.14 1868.03.14 1869.06.21 1870.10.10 1870.10.10 1871.02.02 1871.02.02 1871.02.Q3 1871.02.24 1871.12.13 1871.12.13 1871.12.13 1871.12,13 1871.12.13 1871.12.13 1872.03.27 1872.10.17 1873.01.04 187301.15 1873.02.20 1973.0410 1873.05.30 1873.10.07 1873.10.18 1873.10.18 1873,10.18 1873,10.18 1873.10.31 1873.12.16 1874,03.13 1874.03.13 1874.03.27 1874.03.27 1874.12.09 1875.02.05 1876.02.12 1876.09.20 1876.11.10 1877.01.03 1877.02.02 1877.02.02 1877.02.02 1878.01.04 1878.08.09 1879.02.12 1879.02.24 1879.04.15 1879.12.12 1879.12.18 1880.02.11 1880.04.03 1880.05.19 1881.01.05 1881.12.24 1881.12.24 1881.12.24 1881.12.24

1903.01.01 1903.07.14 1905.08.20 1912.02.23 1882.05.30 1901.07.24 1867,10.23 1872.06.30 1885.07,17 1885.03.18 1894.07.07 1904.05.07 1881.05.20 1879.04,10 1898.12.14 1876.05.01 1900.01.01 1874.05.08 1874.03.26 1896.06.29 1876.04,11 1879,09.19 1881.07.01 1892.09.12 1899.0413 1915.04.13 1896.01.08 1903.08.12 1884.12.29 1906.11.18 1874.01.08 1882.11.03 1891.05.29 1899.08.13 1879.07.01 1880.12.27 1891.05.07 1893.07.31 1890.01.17 1880.05.09 1881.10.11
1913.04.~3

Dealh Death Death Death Death Death Appointment Resignation Death Death Death Death Resignation Death Death Death Resignation Death Resignation Death Resignation Death Resignation Death Resignation Resignation Death Death Death Death Resignation Resignation Resignation Death Resignation Resignation Death Death Death Death Death Death ReSignation Death Death Resignation Death Death Death Death Death Resignation Resignation Death Death Death Death Death Resignation ReSignation Resignation Oeath Death Resignation Death Resignation Death Resignation

~M

Farmer Lav.Yer Merchant Lawyer Farmer

Wark,Dilvld
Miller,Wllliam
Aikins,JamesCo~

mM illM

35 35 37
44

10 21

29

12855 13048 13817 16195 8469 12329

1

35,19 35,72 37,83 44,34 23,19 33,76 0.00 4,66 17,47 17,01 26,32 36,15 11,92 8,50 28,18 5,25 28,92 3,26 3,12 25,35 4,33 7,77 9,55 20,76 27,34 43,33 23,79 30,82 11,99 33,84 0,89 9,57 18,00 25,85 5,70 21,68 17,55 19,79 16,22 6,40 7,58 39,11 0,86 17,72 17,04 7,43 16,18 7,83 23,33 5,59 15,78 27,58 44,61 31,45
3.04 36,58

nM
~M ~M
~M

Allan,GeorgeWililam
BeJleau,Narcisse-Fortuna!

1822.01,09 1808.1020

440ntano 45 Ontario 59 Quebec 50 Quebec

Lawy,,,
Lawyer Editor Merchant
M~1et

"

33

o
29

Cauchon,J05ephEdouard
(hapais,leanCharles Benson, James Rea
GlaSler, Johll

56 Quebec
610ntano 58 N.B. 42 N.B.

HM HM
78 M 84 M 79M 56 M 63 M

17 17
26 36

18
5 25 10 24 30 6 10 30 30 15 6 30 8 20

1703 6379 6214 9613 13203 4352 3106 10294

1917 10561 1191

Dever, James
Woodbury Northup, Jeremiah Macfarlane, Alexander Perrv,Ebl!neler

Lumbar mercha~t Merchant Shipbuilder Shipowner

44 N.S.
54 N.S 52 N.S. 83 Qntarlo 480nlarlo 67 N,S, 76Qllebec 56 Ontano 53 Quebec 34 B.C. 35 B.C. 49 Manitoba
50 Manitoba

11

80 M
88 M
77 M

Lawyer
Merchant Grocery Wholesaler Shipbuilder Notary Farmer Lawyer Physician

"5
28
3

Smlth,Frank
Churchlll,Eua Panel,Louls

70 M 80M 81 M 58 M 42 M 45 M 70 M 77M 82M 65 M 79 M 65M 87 M 53 M 64 M 77 M 79 M 56 M 45M 75M 85 M 51 M 61 M 61 M 88 M 45 M 79 M 61 M 47 M 77M 48 M 87 M 69 M 78 M 67 M 80 M 71 M

Read,Robert Chaussagros
Carrall,RobertWlliiamWeir

25

Cornwall,Clementfrano;is

Aan~her
Notary Farmer Merchant Lawyer Rancher Miller Land surveyor Dean Merchant Farm8f Businessman Notary Merchant Magistrate Farmer Editor Publisher Joornalist
20
27

Girard,Mare-Amable
Sutherland,lohn Macdonald,WllIiamJohn Newman Cochrane, Matthew Henrv Mwrhead,Wiliiam

1141 9259 1582 2839 3490 7581 9985 15827 8689 11256 4379 12361 323 3496 6575 9443 2084 7919 6412 7228 5924 2338 2770 14286 315 6474 6223 2715 5909 2860 8522 2043 5765 10073 16293 11486 1111 13360
901

39B.C. 41 N.S. 46 Quebec 53 N.B. 53 Ontario 52 Quebec 54 Quebec 59 Ontario 53 Quebec 50 P.E.1. 38 P.E.I. 57 P.E.1. 65P.E.I. 35 Quebec 55 Ontario 53 Quebec 49 Ontario 44 Quebec 61 44 40 61 Quebec Quebec Quebec Quebec

43

"

30 14 11 10 10 25 26 19 26 31 14 5 20 14 19 25 31 11 10 11 21 14 6

30

11

Vidal,All!under
Olivier

33

Chinlc,Eugene
Alexander,George
Belierase, Joseph Hya(mthe

17

25
20 17

11 10

Haviland, Thomas Healh

8
20

l!')

Howlan, George Wilham

"' " t:""I .2

<ti

Haytrmrne, Robert Poore

Montgomery,Donald Anselme Brown,George Penny,EdwardGoff 5t:Ott,RlchardWiliiam Panet,Charies-Eugene Bailiargeon,Pierre Paquel,AnselmeHomere Fabre,Heclor Slevens,GardnerGreen POler,Chrlstlan Henry Lewin, James Davies Hope,Adam Grant, Robert Patterson Pantal!!!on Power,LawrenceGeoffreV Thlbaudeau,Joseph-Rosaire Brouse, William Henry Charles Eugene Bull,HarcourtBuriand Almon,WililamJohnslon Nelson, Hugh Carvell,JededlahSJa$on Bovd,John Gibbs, Thomas Nicholson Northwood,Joseph Howlan, George Wilham Skead,James Mcinnes, Thomas Robert Macinnes, Donald Ogilvie,AJexandetWalker

19
16

E ~
Cl

1875.02.04 1891.12.15 1891.12.22 1882.07.12 1892.04.15 1884.07.18 1900.03.11 1882.08.07 1892.11.13 1904.09.01 1921.09.12 1909.06.16 1881.08.23 1915.09.10 1881.08.12 1901.02.18 1887.03,01 1889.07.03 1893.09.21 1883.04.07 1886.10.29 1891.02.18 1884.07.05 1897.11.18 1900.12.02 1901.01.18

Lawyer Lawyer
PhysiCian Professor Editor Manager Lawyer Businessman Bwsinessman Merchant Lawyer Lawyer Business Executive Physician Physician Publisher

39

:c 0.
~

13
o

17 17
16 7

40 Quebec 64 N.B. 63 OntariO 62 N.S. 40 Quebec 35 N.S. 40 Quebec

54 OntariO 56 Quebec

29 30 12 29 9 11 15 28 10
2

"
15
27

:c

~
~

'-

44 31 36 21

3
<ti
c:
<n
Q)

:5
o

.M
UM

UM

Conservative Conservative
(1867194~)

54 Ontario 63 N.S. 49B.C. 47P.E.I. 53 N.B

59 OntariO

aM
.M

pr~lessor
Lumbetmerchant Merchant Merchant Produce dealer Mefchanl Merchant lumberman Physician Merchant Miller

18 6 20 17 11 12

7981 2638 3487 4972 1100 2356 7371 5765 5809 6919 6965

2,47 21,85 7,22 9,55 13,61 3,01 6,45 20,18 15,78 15,90 18,94 19,07

uM
~M

'0
Q)

co
~
x

Conservative Conservative Canada (1867-1942) Independent Conservative (1867-1942)

aM
nM
HM
OM

"
20

710ntano 45PE.1. 64 Ontario 418.C. 57 Ontario 52 Quebec

::0

UM MM
21M

15 15 18 19

12 10 11 26 10 25

c: c:

Q)

McKay, Thomas O'Oonohoe, Jotm Schultz,JohnChnstlan

Rodrigue

Conservative ConservatIVe Conservative (1867-1942) (1867-1942) (1867-1942) (18671942) (1867-1942) ConservaUve (18671942) (18671942) (1867-1942) (18611942) Conservative (1867-1942) Conservative (1867-1942) (18671942) Conservative (18671942) (18671942) (18671942) Conservative (18671942) (18671942) Conservative (1867-1942) (18671942) tiberal (1867-1942) (18611942) Conservative (18671942) (1867-1942) (1867-1942) Conservative Conservative Conservative Conservative (18671942) (1867-1942) (1867.1942) Conservative Canada Conservative Canada Conservative (18671942) (1867-1942) (1867-1942) (18671942) (1867-1942) Conservative (186i-1942) Conservative (18671942) Canada (1867-1942) (1867-1942) (1867-1942) (1867-1942) (1867-1942) Conservallve (18671942) (18671942) Conservative Conservative Conservative

42 N.S. 58 Ontario 42 Manitoba 56 Quebet 46 Quebec 66 Ontario 67 Quebec 64 Quebec 57 Ontario 41 Quebec 54 Ontario 48 Ontario 48 N.S. 37 Quebec 51 Quebec 69 Ontario 460nlarlo sa Ontario 33 N.B. 61 Ontario 630ntano 57 Quebec sa Ootario 4B Ontario 55 Quebec 66 Quebec 63 Quebec 72 Quebec
62 Ontano
56 NWT

John John John John John John John John John John John 10hn John John John John John John John John John John Jonn John John John John John Johfl John John John John John John John John John John John John John John John John john John Joseph JO$eph Joseph joseph Joseph Joseph

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1912.01.13 1902.12.07 1888.07.01 1887.02.01 1884.12.28 1888.03.12 1898.06.21 1888.10.01 1889.10.10 1891.09.15 1901.02.12 1914.07.26 1916.07.04 1924.08.13 1897.08.17 1907.02.25 1912.11.29 1902.05.28 1933.09.25 1907.03.08 1908.08.11 1887,10.11 1903.01.13 1899.07.10 1901.05.04 1893.10.30 1888.06.15 1888.03.22 1890.02.04 1889.10.15 1909.07.15 1904.05.03 1890.01.26 1899.08.30 1910.02.02 1895.12.05 1902.01.14 1899.05.15 1925.11.Q2 1903.06.11 1919.05.23 1895.01.17 1927,06.20 1894.02.01 1892.02.17 1902.02.01 1912.03.21 1907.01,27 1919.12.20 1896.06.16 1896.09.22 1908.12.30 1902.12.02 1917.12.10 1896.06.10 1914.12.22 1895.06.23 1909.09.04 1897.12.14 1917.04.21 1912.03.12 1901.06.27 1903.05.28 1907.02.19 1917.06.08 1910.02.09 1899.01.01 1904.08.06

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M!ils,Dalild
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11

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11
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26

McSweeney,Peter
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21

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71 N.B. 57 N.S. 630fltario 79 Quebec 62 OntariO 60 Ontario 470fltarlo 62 Manitoba 60 Ontario Quebec 545ask

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McDonald,JohnAlexander il.oebuck,ArthurWentworth Veniot,ClarenceJoseph Bu((;hiU,GeorgePercilJal Pirie,FrederickWIUiam Robinson, Brewer Waugh McGeer, Gerald Grattan Dessureault,JeanMarie Hurtublse,Joseph Raoul Bouffard,PaulHenri McKeen,5tanley5tewart Turgeon, James Gray Mackenzle,lanAlIstalr Farquhar, Thomas Comeau,Jo5ephWIlhe Ross, Ge(lrge Henry F(lgo,JiimesGordon DaIJIS, John Caswell WO(ld,ThomasHarold MacKinnon, James Angus Doone, James Joseph Hayes Godbout, Joseph Adiilard Golding,WiUiamHenry

1876.04.25 1876.06.17 1885.11.12 1889.12,07 1876.12.10 188901.22 1892,03.02 1883.04.11 1819.12.05 1881.10,15
1889.09.24 1878.02.28 1886.02.09 1889.11.03 1893.02.01 1891.01.09 1888.01.06 1888.12.30 1882.07.01 1895.04,05 1897.03.18 1879.10.07 1890.07.27 1875.01.28 1876.03.12 1878.06.13 1896.07.09 1888.08.19 1889.06.11 1881.10.04 1888.08.08 1892.09,24 1878.04.14 1883.11.07 1886.04.24 1876.12.21 1878,09.05 1897.06.01 1891.08.31 1897.10.24 1879.09.13 1886,04.18 1888,07.01 1878.08.03 1887.10.15 1885.05.10 1896.01.20 1888.10.06 1896.10.28 1899.05.26 1878.04.14 1886.04.16 1888.03.21 1906.10.31 1903.02.15 1891.12.25 1886.10.16 1894.10.11 1888.10.28 1901.03.06 1901.09.08 1900.03.12 1891.12.05 1895.04.29

Liberal Party of liberal Party of liberal Partv of tiberalPartyof liberal Party of

62 Quebec 52 Quebec 68 Quebec 68 Mantt(lba 59 N.B. 55 Ontario 68 Ontario 56 Quebec 53 Quebec 62 Alberta 65 Manlt(lba 63 N.S. 55 N.5. 67 Ontario 59 N.B. 55 N.B. 52 N.B. 54 P.E.!. 57B,C. 56 Quebec 620ntarl(l 51 Quebec 49B.C. 67 B.C. 57 B.C. 730otari(l 72 N.5. 70 Alberta 520ntan(l

Kini,Wilham l\ 1944.03,03 King, William l\ 1944.03.03 King, William l\1944.07.14 King, William L\1945.04,18 Kmg, William L\ 1945.04.18 King, WIJliam L,1945.04,18 King, William 1\1945.04.18 King.Wllllaml\1945.04.18 King, William L,1945,04.18 King, Wilham L\1945.04.18 King, Wilham L\1945.04 18 King, William l\ 1945.04.18 King, William l\1945.04.18 King,WiliiamL\1945.04.18 King, William L\1945.04.18 King, William L\1945.04.19 King. William L\1945.04.19 King. William l\1945.04.19 King, William l\ 1945.06.09 King, William l\ 1945.06.09 King, William t\1945.06.09 King,WllliamL\1946.12,27 King,WilliamL\1947.01.27 King,WilliamL\1947.01.27 Klng,WilhamL\1948.01.19 King,WilhamL\1948.09.10 StLaurent, Lou 1948.12,01 StLaurent, Lou 1948.12.01 Stlaurent, Lou 1949.01.25 StLaurent, lou 1949.01.25 StLaurent, Lou 1949.01.25 5t-laurent, L(lu 1949.05,09 Stlaurent, l(lu 1949.06.25 Sttaurent, Lou 1949,06,25 St-Laurent, l(lu 1949.06.25 Stlaurent, lou 1949.06.25 Sttaurent, lou 1949.06.25 St-Laurent, lou 1949.06.25 St-Laurent, Lou 1949.07.06 StLaurent, Lou 1949.08,17 St-Laurent, L(lu 1949.08,17 St-Laurent, lou 1949.08.17 StLaurent, lou 1949.Q9.07 StLaurent, lou 1949.09,07 St-Laurent, tou1949.09,07 St-Laurent, lou 1950.01.25 St-laurent, l(lu 1950.05.02 St-laurent, L(lu 1950,05.02 St-Laurent, Lou 1951.01.24 St-Laurent, Lou 1951.01.24 St-laurent,L(lu1951.01.24 St-Laurent,touI953.05.19 St-Laurent, t(lU 1953.05.19 St-Laurent, lou 1953.0S.19 St-laurent, tou 1953.0S.19 St.Laurent, tou 1953.06.12 StLaurent, l(lu 1953.06.12 St-laurent, lou 1953.06.12 St-Laurent, lou 1953.06.12 St_Laurent,l(lu1953.06.12 StLaurent, Lou 1953.06.12 St_Laurent,lou1953.06.12 Stlaurent, L(lu 19S3.11.05 St-laurent, lou 19S5.07.28 Stlaurent, L(lu 1955.07.28 Stlaurent, lou 1955.07.28 st-laurent, Lou 1955.07.28 Stlaurent, lQU 1955.07.28

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Langlois,J.G.leopold
KI(:kham, Thomas Joseph

Macnaughton, Alan Ayleswort 1903.07.30

1901.03.11

EVerett, Douglas Donald lamonto1gne,Maurice Thompson, Andrew Kinnear,MarvEli13beth

Laird,JohnKeithMcBroom

1927.08.12 1917.09.07 1924.12.14 1898.04.03

1907.01.12

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1895.10.10
1930.01.04

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1923.0502 1907.01.27 1912.12.28 1912.10.10 1923.01.28 1903.06.23 1901.05.10 1911.11.02 1911.12.18

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1915,10.04 1923.03.04

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62 Manitoba 55 Ontario 53 NFLD&Lab. S8 NFLO&Lab.

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1990.10.04 1998.03.04

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15 M 7SM 75 M 75 M 7SM 75 F 75F

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4580 7288 7922 6118 5202 4522 1761

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1924.11.28 1919.11.26 1917.06.17 1908.01.15

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70 N.B. 52 Quebec 58 N.B. S9 N.5. 54 Quebec 61 Quebec 62 Quebec 35 Ontario 51Sask 69 N.S. 42 Ontario 63 Alberta S7Quebec 62 Quebec 48 NFLD&lab.

1999.11,j.8 1994.11.26 1992.06,17 1983.01.15

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Premier-Manitoba

21 16
14 12

Anderson, Margaret Jean

Wagner, Claude

1915.08.07
1925.04,24

liberal Party of
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Military Consultant, coroner, ironworker, poti'Mayor Actress. administrator, public relalior MP Administrator, government relations :School Board PreSIdent Executive, professor. public policy consultant Businessmarl,executive,fundralser,teacner Executive, tawyer lawyer Activist. administrator. carpenter, health care provider Financier, lawyer Minister - Fed

57 S.C. 66 Quebec 55 Quebec 54 Ontario 62 Manitoba 65 Quebec 71 Quebec 57 N.S 44 Quebec 69 Alberta

M
f

M M M 2011.12.02 2009.0511 2008.09,07 2013.03.22 2012.02.09 Resigned Retired Resigned Retired Died
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Goldstein, YOlne lovelace N,chol<ls, Sandra Fortier, Michael Brown,Bert DICkson. Fred Gersteln,lrvlng Greene,Stephen lang,Oanlel MacOonald.MlchaelL.

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U
14 8
10

925
2084 1134 1562 1562 1562 1562

C1i

Columnist. development consultant, farmer, property manager Consultant, lawyer BUSinessman, corporale director, fundraiser Businessman, executive director, political adviser Real estate agent Businessman Yukon

'0
:0 ~
X <lJ
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71 N.S.
59 N.S. 60 Yukon 53 N.S.

14M
M

M M

10 10 10

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Manning, Fabian

1964.05.21
1965.04.11

Conservative Pa
Conservative Pa

44 NFlD&Lab. 44 B.C. 59 N.S.

Harper, stephe 2009.01.02 Harper, Stephe 2009.01.02 Harper, Stephe 2009.01.02 Harper, Stephe 2009.01.02 Harper, stephe 2009.01.02 Harper, stephe 2009.01.02 Harper, Stephe 2009.01.02 Harper, Stephe 2009.01.02 Harper, Stephe 2009.01.02 Harper, Stephe 2009.01.02 Harper, Stephe 2009.01.08 Harper, Stephe 2009.01.08 Harper, Stephe 2009.01.14 Harper, Stephe 2009.08.27 Harper, Stephe 2009.08.27 Harper, Stephe 2009.08.27 Harper, Stephe 2009.08.27 Harper, Stephe 2009.08.27 Harper, Stephe 2009.08.27 Harper, Stephe 2009,08.27 Harper, Stephe 2009.08.27 Harper, Stephe 2009.08.27 Harper, stephe 201,.0.01.29 Harper, Stephe 2010.01.29 Harper, Stephe 2010.01.29 Harper, Stephe 2010.01.29 Harper, Stephe 2010.02.28 Harper, Stephe 2010,05.20 Harper, Stephe 2010.07,09 Harper, stephe 2010.12.18 Harper, Stephe 2010.12.18 Harper, Stephe 2011.05.25 Harper, Stephe 2011.05.25 Harper, Stephe 2011.06.13 Harper, Stephe 2012.01.06 Harper, Stephe 2012.01.06 Harper, stephe 2012.01.06 Harper, Stephe 2012.01.06 Harper, Stephe 2012.01.06 Harper, Stephe 2012,01.17 Harper, Stephe 2012.02.20 Harper, stephe 2012.09.06 Harper, Stephe 2012.09.06 Harper, Stephe 2012.09.06 Harper, Stephe 2012.09.06 Harper, Stephe 2012.09,06 Harper, Stephe 2013.01.25 Harper, Stephe 2013,01.26 Harper, Stephe 2013.01.27 Harper, Stephe 2013.01.28 Harper, Stephe 2013.01.29 Harper,Stephe 2013.03.25

2011.03.28

Resigned current current current current current current current current current current current current current current current current current current current current current

46 M

Business manager, business manag MP Community activist, educator Politician Businessman Athlete, director MLA - New Brunswick MLA BriUsh Columbia

27

818
1562 1562 1562 1562 1562 1562 1562 1562 1562 1556 1556 1551 1328 1325 1325 1325 1325 1325 1325 1325 1325

2,24 4,28 4,28 4,28 4,28 4,28 4,28 4,28 4,28 4,26 4,26 4,25

First ofKorEnglish French English English French English English English English French French English English English English English English English French French Flrstoflnd English English French English French English
FlrstofPa~Engllsh

Martin, Yona!'!
Mockler, Percy Neufeld, Richard

f
M M M M

1949.04.14
1944.11.06

Conservative Pa
Conservative Pa

10 10
10 10 10 10 10 10 10

64 B.C.
65 B.C. 67 Quebec 59 N.B. 55Sask 62 P.E.l. 630ntarlo 34 Quebec 32 Quebec 68 Quebec 63 Ontario 46 Ontario 66 N.S. 60 Nunavut 59 Manitoba 58 Quebec 63 N,B.

Raine, Nancy Greene

Rivard, Michel

1943.05.11
1941.08.07

Conservative Pa
Conservative Pa

Administrator, businessman, director Municipal Government lawyer Chancellor emeritus, corporate director, entrepreneur Broadcast Journalist, political commentator, reporter Columnist, director, trustee Aboriginal leader Business manager, director teacher Author, columnist, journalist Alderman Administrator-manager, business manager, director Professor, researcher, scientist, university president Consultant, lawyer Businessman, president' manager Consultant, educator, epidemiologist, researcher, social worker Communications director, registered nurse LalNYer, professor of law Coach, radio & t.v. commentator Business manager, engineer, president I manager Manager, newspaper owner leader of the Opposition Activist, director, senior public servant Auditor, chartered accountant, seniolMLA Newfoundland Businesswoman, insurance agent, SIMLA - New Brunswick Mavor Premier - NWT

Wallace, John D.

Wallin, Pamela
Duffy, Michael

1949.03.26 1953.04.10
1946.05.27

Conservative Pa Conservative Pa
Conservative Pa

f
M M

Eaton, Nicole 8razeau, Patrick Housakos, Leo

Fortin-Duplessis, Suzanne

1945.01.21 1974,11,11 1968.01.10

1940.06.30

ConseNative Pa Conservative Pa Conservative Pa

Conservative Pa

4,28 First NaUOI Algonquin French

M
f

Flnlev. Doug
Frum, Linda Ogilvie, Kelvin Kenneth

1946,07.25
1963,01.13 1942.11.06 1948.12.30 1950.05.14 1950.09.01 1946.07.27 1964.12.04 1944.08.25 1936.09,21 1942.08.10 1949.02.12 1951.09.07 1954.03.02 1941.05.31 1952.04.29 1964.07.13 1951.04.28 1964.05.21 1951.04.28 1959,12.30 1944.04.22 1939.12.15 1943.08,21 1954,05.23 1945,11.11 1950.02.02 1959.02.21 1945.04.09 1947.05.06 1947.01.03 1949.10.13 1955.12.02 1970.06.18 1949.02.18 1952.05.10 1949.06.10 1962.02.28 1962.02.25

Conservative Pa
Conservative Pa Conservative Pa Conservative Pa Conservative Pa Conservative Pa Conservative Pa Conservative Pa Conservative Pa Conservative Pa Conservative Pa Conservative Pa Conservative Pa Conservative Pa Conservative Pa Conservative Pa Conservative Pa Conservative Pa Conservative Pa Conservative Pa Conservative Pa Conservative Pa Conservative Pa Conservative Pa Conservative Pa Conservative Pa Conservative Pa COl"IServative Pa Conservative Pa Conservative Pa Conservative Pa Conservative Pa Conservative Pa Conservative Pa Conservative Pa Conservative Pa Conservative Pa Conservative Pa Conservative Pa

M
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Patterson, Dennis Glen

Plett, Donald Neil

B U U U U U

3,64
3,63 3,63 3,63 3,63 3,63 3,63 3,63 3,63 1,65 3,20 3,20 3,20 3,12

Seldman,Judith

f
f

Stewart Olsen, Carolyn

Carignan, Claude Demers, Jacques Kochhar, Vim Runciman, Bob Boisvenu, Pierre-Hugues Marshall,E!izabeth Poirier, Rose-May Bra!ey, David AtauliahJan,Salma Meredith, Don Smith, larry Manning, Fabian Smith, Larry Verner, Josee Maltais, Ghlslaln Seth, Asha Unger, Betty E, Buth, JoAnne L. Doyle, Norman E. Dagenais, Jean-Guy White. Vernon Mcinnis, Thomas Johnson Mcintyre, Paul E. Ngo. Thanh Hai Bellemare, Diane Enverga. Jr" Tobias C. Batters, Denise Sevak, lvnn Black, Douglas Oh, Victor Wells, David M. Tannas, Scott

44 Quebec
65 Quebec 73 Ontario 67 Ontario 60 Quebec 58 NFlD&Lab. 55 N.B. 68 Ontario 58 Ontario 46 Ontario 59 Quebec 47 NFlD&lab.

M M
75 M

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~ ~ ~

2011.09.21

Retired current current current current current current current

601
1171 1171 1171 1139 1059 1009

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10

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2,76 2,32

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2011.03.25

Resigned current current current current current current current current current current current current current current current current current current current current current

0,27
1,88 1,88

M M
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10 10 10

18 18

60 Quebec
51 Quebec 67 Quebec

,2 0;

e-I

671
464 464 464 464

1,84
1,27 1,27 1,27 1,27 1,27 1,24 1,15 0,60

72 Ontario
68 Alberta 57 Manitoba 66 NFLD&Lab. 61 Quebec 52 Ontario 67 N.S. 67 N.B. 65 Ontario 62 Quebec 57 Ontario 42 Sask 63 Ontario

,5
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M M M M M M M

Businessman Police officer Police chief, RCMP oHlcer Lawver lawyer

Minister - Newfoundland

464 27
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453
419

:2

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219 219
219 219 219 18 79 79 79 79 79

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63 Ontario 50 NFlD&lab. 51 Alberta 57,2

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18 18
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158

Annex 2: Table of women and First Nation peoples in Senate and House of Commons

ANNEXE2

159

Annex 2: Table of women and First Nation peoples in Senate and House of Commons
Senators Page 1 of 3

Parliament of Canada
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SENATORS
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92 Senators

Name

Anderson,

D~ri~ Margaret

Political Affiliation at ~Ap;,,;;;p:;a;,in;,t~mc,;e.;;n~t~~=~=.Province I Territory Liberal PartY- of Canada P~i~~'eEdw-~~"lsland

Liberal Party of Canada New Brunswick

Appointed on the advice of Term (yyyy.mm.dd) Chretien, jo~~ph "Jacques 1995j)92"i - 19fi7.07 .05 Jean (Retirement)
Trudeau, Pierre Eiliott Mulroney, Martin Brian 1978.0323 - 1990.06.07 (Retirement) 1993.03.11 -

Anderson, Margaret Jean

Andreychuk, Raynell
Ataullahjan, Salma

Bacon. lise
Batters, Denise

Saskatchewan Progressive ConselVative Party Conservative Party of Canada Ontario Quebec Liberal Party of Canada Conservative Party of Canada Saskatchewan Liberal Party of Canada British Columbia ConselVative Party of Canada Quebec Conservative Party of Canada Ontario Progressive Conservative Party Liberal Party of Canada Alberta Ontario

Harper, Stephen 2010.07.09Chretien, Joseph Jacques 1994.09.15 - 2009.08.25 Jean (Retirement) Harper, Stephen Trudeau, Pierre Elliott Harper. Stephen Harper, Stephen Clark, Charles Joseph 2013.01.25-

8ell (Heath). Ann E'iz_th Haddon Bellemare, Diane

Beyak, Lynn Bielish. Martha Palamarek Bird, Florence Bayard Buth. JoAnne L.

1970.10.07 -1989.11.29
(Death)

2012.09.06 2013.01.25 1979.09.27 - 1990.09.26

(ReSignation)

1978.03.23 - 1983.01.15
(Retirement) 2012.01.06Harper. Stephen Chretien, Joseph Jacques 1997.09.22 -1999.08.15 Jean (Retirement) Chretien, Joseph Jacques 1997.09.22Jean 1990.08.30 - 2008.01'.31 (ReSignation) Chreti~n, Joseph Jacques ~1994.09.1~5'~ 2011.10.17 Jean (Resignation) 1970.10.07 -1971.07.10 Trudeau, Pierre Elliott (Retirement) Chretien, Joseph Jacques 1997.11.26 - 2004.02.08 Jean (Retirement) 2005.08.02 Martin, Paul Edgar Philippe Chretien, Joseph Jacques 2002.12.12Jean Mulroney, Martin Brian 1988.09.26 - 1994.05.14 (Retirement) Chretien, Joseph Jacques 1995.0921-

Conservative Party of Canada Manitoba liberal Party of Canada liberal Party of Canada Progressive Conservative Party Liberaf Party of Canada~ Independent Liberal Party of Canada
Nova Scotia

Butts, Peggy Callbeck, Catherine S. Carney, Pat Carstairs, Sharon Casgrain, Therese Forget Chalifoux, Thelma Champagne. Andree Chaput, Maria Chaput-Rolland, Solange Charette-Poulin, Marie-P.

Prince Edward Island British Columbia Manitoba Quebec Alberta

~Mulioney, Martin Br~n

Conservative Party of Canada Quebec Liberal Party of Canada Progressive Conservative Party Liberal Party of Canada Manitoba Quebec Ontario

Jean

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160
Annex 2: Table of women and First Nation peoples in Senate and House of Commons
Senators Page 2 of 3

Christensen, lone
Cochrane, Ethel M. Cohen, Erminie J.

Liberal Party of Canada Progressive Conservative Party Progressive Conservative Party

Yukon Newfoundland and Labrador New Brunswick Newfoundland and

ChflWen, Joseph Jacques 1999.09.02 - 2006.12.31 Jean (Resignation) Mulroney, Martin Brian Mulroney, Martin Brian

1986.11.172012.09.23
(Retirement)

1993.06.04 - 2001.07.23
(Retirement)

Cook, Joan

liberal Party of Canada

Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Progressive Conservative Party New Democratic Party

labrador
Cools, Anne C.
Cordy, Jane
Ontario Nova Scotia New Brunswick Saskatchewan

Chretien, Joseph Jacques 1998.03.06 - 2009.10.06 Jean (Retirement) Trudeau, Pierre Elliott

1984.01.13~

Chretien, Joseph Jacques 2000.06.09

Jean
DeWare. Mabel M. Oyck, Lillian Eva
Eaton, Nicole Fairbairn, Joyce Fallis, Iva Campbell Fergusson, Muriel McQueen Ferretti Barth. Marisa Finestone, Sheila Mulroney, Martin Brian Martin, Paul Edgar Philippe Harper, Stephen Trudeau, Pierre Elliott Bennett, Richard Bedford

1990.09232001.08.09
(Retirement)

2005.03.24 2009.01.02 . 1984.06.292013.01.18

(Resignation)

Conservative Party of Canada Ontario Liberal Party of Canada Alberta Conservative (1867-1942) Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Ontario New Brunswick Quebec Quebec Ontario Alberta

1935.07201956.03.07 (Death)

St-Laurent, Louis Stephen 1953.05.19 -1975.05.23 (Resignation) Chretien, Joseph Jacques 1997.09.22 - 2006.0428 Jean (Retirement) Chretien, Joseph Jacques 1999.08.11 - 2002.0128 Jean (Retirement) Chretien, Joseph Jacques 1999.09.02 ~ 2005.07.15 Jean (Retirement) Chretien, Joseph Jacques 1996.05.16 - 1998.08.28 Jean (Resignation) Harper, Stephen

Finnerty,lsobel
Forest, Jean 8. Fortin-Duplessis, Suzanne Fraser, Joan Frum, Linda Hervieux-Payette, Celina Hodges, Nancy

Conservative Party of Canada Quebec Liberal Party of Canada Quebec

2009.01.14-

Chretien, Joseph Jacques' 1998.09.17 ~ Jean Harper, Stephen

ConselVative Party of Canada Ontario Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Progressive Conservative Party Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Progressive Conservative Party Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Progressive Conservative Quebec British Columbia Prince Edward Island Prince Edward Island Manitoba British Columbia Quebec Western Provinces (Division) Ontario Ontario Quebec Quebec (Division) Ontario New Brunswick New Brunswick New Brunswick Quebec Ontario Ontario

2009.08.27 ~

Chretien, Joseph Jacques 1995.03.21Jean St-Laurent, Louis Stephen 1953.11.051965.06.12 (Resignation) Chretien, Joseph Jacques 2001.03.08 Jean SI-Laurent, Louis Stephen 1955.07.28 -1986.05.31

Hubley, Elizabeth
Inman, Florence Elsie Irvine, Olive lillian Jaffer, Mobina S.B. Jodoin, Marianna Beauchamp Johnson, Janis G. Kennedy, Betty Kinnear, Mary Elizabeth Lapointe, Louise Marguerite Renaude Lavoie-Roux, Therese LeBreton, Marjory Leger, Viola Losier-Gool, Rose-Marie Lovelace Nicholas, Sandra Maheu, Shirley Maloney, Marian L. Marsden, Lorna Marshall, Elizabeth Martin, Yonah McCoy, Elaine Merchant, Pana

(Death)
Oiefenbaker, John "George 1960.01.14 -1969.11.01

(Death)
Chretien, Joseph Jacques 2001.06.13Jean St-Laurent, Louis Stephen 1953.05.19 -1966.06.01 (Resignation) Mulroney, Martin Brian

1990.09.27-

Chretien, Joseph Jacques 2000.06.202001.01.04 Jean (Retirement) Pearson, Lester Bowles

1967.04.06 -1973.04.03
(Retirement)

Trudeau, Pierre Elliott

Mulroney, Martin Brian Mulroney. Martin Brian

1971.11.10 1987.01.03
(Retirement)

1990.0927 - 2001.03.12
(Resignation)

Party
Progressive Conservative Party Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada

1993.06.18-

ChreHien, Joseph Jacques 2001.06.13 - 2005.06.29 Jean (Retirement) Chretien, Joseph Jacques 1995.03.21 - 2012.06.18 Jean (Retirement) Martin, Paul Edgar Philippe

2005.09.21 -

Liber~1 Party of Canada

Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada

Chretien, Joseph Jacques 1996.02.01 - 2006.02.01 Jean (Death) Chretien, Joseph Jacques 1998.06.11 -1999.08.16 Jean (Retirement) Trudeau, Pierre Elliott Harper, Stephen Harper, Stephen Martin, Paul Edgar
Ph~ippe

1984.0124 -1992.08.31
(Resignation)

Conservative Party of Canada Newfoundland and Labrador Conservative Party of Canada British Columbia Progressive Conservative Party Liberal Party of Canada Alberta Saskatchewan

2010.01292009.01.022005.03.24 -

Chretien, Joseph Jacques 2002.12.12Jean

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161

Annex 2: Table of women and First Nation peoples in Senate and House of Commons
Senators Page 3 of 3

Milne. Lorna

Liberal Party of Canada

Ontario

Chretien, Joseph Jacques 1995.09.21 - 2009.12.13 Jean (Retirement) Martin, Paul Edgar Philippe Trudeau, Pierre Elliott Trudeau, Pierre Elliott 2005.03.24-

Nancy Ruth Neiman, Joan Bissett Norrie, Margaret Rosamond Fawcett Pearson, Landon

Progressive Conservative

Ontario Ontario Nova Scotia

Ontario

Party
Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada

1972.09.01 -1995.09.09
(Retirement)

1972.04.27 -1980.10.16
(Retirement)

Pepin, Lucie
Plamondon, Madeleine Poirier, Rose-May Poy, Vivienne

liberal Party of Canada

Independent

Quebec Quebec

Chretien, Joseph Jacques 1994.09.15 - 2005.11.16 Jean (Retirement) Chretien, Joseph Jacques 1997.04.08 - 2011.09.07 Jean (Retirement) Chretien, Joseph Jacques 2003.09.09 - 2006.09.21 Jean (Retirement) Harper, Stephen Chretien, Joseph Jacques Jean Diefenbaker, John George Harper, Stephen 2010.02281998.09.17 - 2012.09.17 (Resignation) 1960.11.16 - 1980.04.17

Conservative Party of Canada New Brunswick Ontario Liberal Party of Canada

Progressive Conservative Quebec

Quart, Josie Alice

Raine, Nancy Greene

Party

(Death)
2009.01.02Chretien, Joseph Jacques 2002.12.12Jean 1984.1221- 2004.05.23 Mulroney, Martin Brian (Retirement) Mulroney, Martin Brian Trudeau, Pierre Elliott Harper. Stephen Harper, Stephen Mulroney, Martin Brian Harper, Stephen Martin, Paul Edgar Philippe Mulroney. Martin Brian

Ringuette, Pierrette
Robertson, Brenda

Conservative Party of Canada British Columbia New Brunswick Liberal Party of Canada Progressive Conservative New Brunswick

Party

Rossiter, Eileen
Rousseau, Yvette Boucher Seidman, Judith

Progressive Conservative

Prince Edward Island Quebec

1986.11.17 - 2004.07.14
(Retirement)

Party
Liberal Party of Canada

Seth. Asha
Spivak. Mira Stewart Olsen, Carolyn Tardif, Claudette Teed. Nancy Elizabeth Trenholme Counsell, Marilyn Unger, B~tty 'E. Verner, Josee Wailin, Pamela Wilson, Cairine Aeay Wilson, Lois Wood, Dalia

Conservative Party of Canada Quebec Conservative Party of Canada Ontario Manitoba Progressive Conservative

1979.0327 -1988.03.17 (Death) 2009.08.27 2012.01.061986.11.17 - 2009.07.12

(Retirement)

Party
Conservative Party of Canada New Brunswick Alberta Liberal Party of Canada Progressive Conservative New Brunswick New Brunswick

2009.0827 2005.03241990.08.30 -1993.01.29 (Death)

Party
Liberal Party of Canada

Chretien, Joseph Jacques 2003.09.09 - 2008.1022 Jean (Retirement) Harper, Stephen Harper, Stephen 2012.01.062011.06.13-

Conservative Party of Canada Alberta Conservative Party of Canada Quebec Conservative Party of Canada Saskatchewan Ontario Liberal Party of Canada Independent Liberal Party of Canada Ontario Quebec

Harper. Stephen
King, William Lyon Mackenzie Chretien, Joseph Jacques Jean Trudeau, Pierre Elliott

2009.01.02C

1930.02.15 -1962.03~03

(D.ea~h)

1998.06.11 - 2002.04.08 (Retirement) 1979.03.26 - 1999.01.31 (Resignation)

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Annex 2: Table of women and First Nation peoples in Senate and House of Commons
Members of The House Of Commons Page lof5

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c: Show Picture
Show first election and subsequent elections
255 Members of the House of Commons Name Macphail. Agnes Campbell Black, Martha louise Nielsen, Dorise Winifred Casselman, Cora Taylor Strum. Gladys Grace Mae Fairclough, Ellen louks Aitken, Margaret Bennett. Sybil Shipley, Marie Ann Wadds, Jean Casselman LaMarsh. Julia Verlyn (Judy) Macdonald, Margaret Mary Hardie, Isabel J. Tibbie Jewett, Pauline Konant:z. Margaret McTavish Jones, Eloise May Rideout. Margaret Isabel Madnnis, Winona Grace Begin, Monique MacD.onald, Flora Isabel Morin. Albanie Sauve, Jeanne Appolloni, Ursula Campagnolo, lona Campbell, Cofine M. Holt,Simma Nicholson, Aideen Pigott, Jean Elizabeth Hervieux-Payette, Celine Mitchell, Margaret Anne Stratas, Diane Rose Progressive Independent Conservative
Unity

Date of First Election Grey Southeast. 0ntario

Yukon, Yukon North Battleford. Saskatchewan Edmonton East, Alberta Qu'Appelle, Saskatchewan Hamilton West, Ontario York-Humber, Ontario Halton, Ontario Timiskaming, Ontario Grenville-Dundas, Ontario Niagara Falls, Ontario King's, Prince Edward Island Northwest Territories, Northwest Territories Northumberland, Ontario Winnipeg South, Manitoba Saskatoon, Saskatchewan Westmorland, New Brunswick Vancouver Kingsway, British Columbia Saint-Michel, Quebec Kingston and the .Islands, Ontario Louis-Hebert, Quebec Ahuntsic, Quebec York South, Ontario Skeena, British Columbia South Western Nova, Nova Scotia Vancouver Kingsway, British Columbia Trinity, Ontario Ottawa-Carleton, Ontario Mercier, Quebec Saint-Michel, Quebec Vancouver East, British Columbia Scarborough Centre, Ontario Roberval, Quebec

Liberal

1921.12.06 1935.10.14 1940.03.26 1941.06.02

(By-Election)

C.C.F. Progressive Conservative

Progressive Conservative Progressive Conservative Liberal Progressive Conservative Liberal Progressive Conservative Liberal liberal liberal Progressive Conservative Liberal , New Democratic Party liberal Progressive Conservative liberal liberal Liberal liberal liberal liberal Liberal Progressive Conservative Liberal

1945.06.11 1950.05.15
(By-Election)

1953.06.10 1953.08.10 1953.08.10 1958.09.29

(ByElection)

1960.10.31
(ByElection)

1961.05.29
(By-Election)

1962.08.18 1963.04.06 1963.04.08 1964.06.22

(By-Election)

1964.11.09
(By-Election)

1965.11.06 1972.10.30 1972.10.30 1972.10.30 1972.10.30 1974.07.08 1974.07.08 1974.07.08 1974.07.08 1974.07.08 1976.10.18
(By-Election)

Killens, Marie Therese Rollande Liberal New Democratic Party Progressive Conservative Liberal

Beauchamp-Niquet, Suzanne

1979.05.22 1979.05.22 1979.05.22 1979.05.22 1980.02.18

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163

Annex 2: Table of women and First Nation peoples in Senate and House of Commons
Members of The House Of Commons Page 2 of 5

Carney, Pat

Progressive Conservative Liberal

Vancouver Centre, British Columbia Rimouski, Quebec Nickel Belt, Ontario

Leeds--Grenville. Ontario

Cote, Eva Lachance

Erala, Judith A. Cossitt. Jennifer McDonald, Lynn
~~~rtrand, Gabrielle

Liberal
Progressive ConS8IVative

1980.02.18 1980.02.18 1980.02.18 1982.10.12

(By-Election)

New Democratic Party Progressive Conservative Progressive Conservative Progressive Conservative Progressive Conservative Progressive Conservative Progressive Conservative Progressive Conservative Liberal Liberal Progressive Conservative Progressive Conservative Progressive Conservative Progressive Conservative Progressive Conservative Progressive Conservative Liberal

Broadview--Greenwood, Ontario Brome-Missisquoi, Quebec Rosemont, Quebec Montmorency-Orleans, Quebec Argenleuil--Papineau, Quebec Scarborough Centre, Ontario Sainl-Hyacinthe--Bagot, Quebec Capilano, British Columbia Hamilton East, Ontario Mount Royal, Quebec Louis-Hebert, Quebec Montreal--Mercier, Quebec Blainville-Deux-Montagnes, Quebec Gatineau, Quebec Lincoln, Ontario St. Paul's, Ontario Dutremont, Quebec Calgary South, Alberta Charlesbourg, Quebec Rimouski-T emiscouata, Quebec Hamilton Mountain, Ontario Yukon, Yukon Simcoe Centre, Ontario New Westminster--Bumaby, British Columbia Western Arctic, Northwest Territories Malpeque, Prince Edward Island Vancouver Centre, British Columbia Ottawa West, Ontario Halifax, Nova Scotia Winnipeg South, Manitoba Wild Rose, Alberta Nepean, Ontario Bourassa, Quebec Don Valley North, Ontario Mississauga East, Ontario Saanich--Gulf Islands, British Columbia Mission-Coquitlam, British Columbia Saint-Laurent, Quebec
Sudbury,~Ontario

1982.10.12
(By-Election)

Blais-Grenier, Suzanne

Blouin, Anne
Bourgault, Lise
Browes, Pauline

Champagne, Andree Collins, Mary Copps, Sheila Maureen Finestone, Sheila Fortin-Duplessis, Suzanne Jacques, Carole Landry, Monique

Mailly. Claudy Martin, Shir1ey McDougatl. Barbara Jean

Pepin, Lucie

Sparrow, Barbara Jane (Bobbie) Progressive Conservative Progressive Conservative Tardif, .Monique Bematchez Vezina, Monique Dewar, Marion McLaughlin, Audrey Mar1ene Anderson, Edna Black, Dawn Blondin-Andrew, Ethel Dorothy Callbeck, Catherine S. Campbell, A. Kim Catterall, Marlene Clancy, Mary Catherine
D~i.~, Dorothy

Progressive Conservative New Democratic Party New Democratic Party Progressive Conservative New Democratic Party Liberal Liberal Progressive Conservative liberal Liberal Progressive Conservative Progressive Conservative Liberal Progressive Conservative Progressive Conservative Liberal New Democratic Party New Democratic Party Liberal Liberal Liberal Progressive Conservative Liberal Progressive Conservative Reform Reform Liberal Liberal Liberal Liberal Liberal Reform Liberal Reform Liberal Liberal Liberal Liberal Bloc QuebeCOIS Bloc Quebecois Liberal Bloc Quebecois

1984.09.04 1984.09.04 1984.09.04 1984.09.04 1984.09.04 1984.09.04 1984.09.04 1984.09.04 1984.09.04 1984.09.04 1984.09.04 1984.09.04 1984.09.04 1984.09.04 1984.09.04 1984.09.04 1984.09.04 1984.09.04 1984.09.04 1987.07.20
(~y~E~~ion)

1987.07.20
(By-Election)

I.

Feltham, Louise

Gaffney. Beryl Gibeau, Marie Greene, Barbara

Guarnieri, Albina Hunter, Lynn Langan, Joy Maheu, Shirley Marleau, Diane Phinney, Elizabeth (8eth) Roy-Arcelln, Nicole Stewart, Christine Susan Venne, Pierrette Grey, Deborah C.
Ablonc~,

Hamilton Mountain, Ontario Ahuntsic, Quebec Northumber1and, Ontario Saint-Hubert, Quebec Beaver River, Alberta
~~g~I.fY Nort~, A.lberta Etobicoke--Lakeshore, Ontario

1988.11.21 1988.11.21 1988.11.21 1988.11.21 1988.11.21 1988.11.21 1988.11.21 1988.11.21 1988.11.21 1988.11.21 1988.11.21 1988.11.21 1988.11.21 1988.11.21 1988.11.21 1988.11.21 1988.11.21 1988.11.21 1988.11.21 1988.11.21 1988.11.21 1989.03:;3
(By-Election)

Diane

Augustine, Jean Bakopanos, Eleni

B~nes~

Saint-Denis, Quebec London West, Ontario Srampton, Ontario Edmonton East, Alberta Surrey North, British Columbia Oakville-Milton, Ontario Calgary Southeast, Alberta Cumber1and-Golchester, Nova Scotia Guelph-Wellington, Ontario Windsor--St. Clair, Ontario Oauphin--Swan River, Manitoba Laval Centre, Quebec Laval East, Quebec Vancouver Centre, British Columbia Quebec, Quebec Laurentides, Quebec Port Moody--Goquitlam, British Columbia St. John's East, Newfoundland and Labrador Mission-Coquitlam, British Columbia

Susan (Sue)

Beaumier, Colleen

Bethel. Judith Claire (Judy)

Bridgma,:\~arg.aret

Brown, Sonnie Brown, Jan Brushett, Dianne Chamberlain, Brenda Cohen, Elizabeth Shaughnessy Cowling, Marlene Dalphond-Guiral, Madeleine Debien, Maud

FlY, Hedy
Ga~non, C:hristiane

Guay, Monique Hayes, Sharon Ruth Hickey, Patricia (Bonnie) Jennings, Daphne G.

sioc Quebecois
Reform Liberal Reform

1993.10.25 i993:10.25 1993.10.25 1993.10.25 Hi93.1o.25 1993.10.25 1993.10.25 1993.10.25 1993.10.25 1993.10.25 1993.Hl.25 1993.10.25 1993.10.25 1993.10.25 1993.10.25 1993.10.25 1993.10.25 1993.;0.25 1993.10.25 1993.10.25 1993.10.25

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164
Annex 2: Table of women and First Nation peoples in Senate and House of Commons
Members of The House Of Commons Page 3 of5

Kraft Sloan, Karen

Liberal Bloc Queb(kois Liberal Reform Liberal Liberal Liberal Bloc Quebecois Liberal Liberal Liberal Liberal Liberal Liberal Bloc Quebecois Liberal Progressive Conservative Liberal Liberal Bloc Quebecois Liberal Liberal Liberal Liberal Liberal New Democratic Party New Democratic Party New Democratic Party Liberal Bloc Quebecois New Democratic Party liberal Liberal Liberal New Democratic Party Liberal New Democratic Party Liberal Bloc Quebecois Progressive Conservative Liberal New Democratic Party New Democratic Party Liberal Liberal Bloc Quebecois Canadian Alliance Canadian Alliance Liberal Liberal Canadian Alliance Canadian Alliance Liberal Conservative liberal Bloc Quebecois Bloc Quebecois New Democratic Party Bloc Quebecois Bloc Quebecois Liberal Bloc Quebtkois Conservative Conservative Conservative Liberal Bloc Quebecois Conservative Bloc Quebecois Liberal

York-Simcoe, Ontario Mercier, Quebec Edmonton Northwest, Alberta Surrey-White Rock*~South Langley, British Columbia Beaches*-Woodbine, Ontario Mississauga West, Ontario SI. John's West, Newfoundland and Labrador Drummond, Quebec Madawaska-Victoria, New Brunswick Saskatoon-Humboldt, Saskatchewan Central Nova, Nova Scotia Brant, Ontario Vancouver East, British Columbia Burlington, Ontario Rimouski-Temiscouata, Quebec Lambton~-Middlesex, Ontario Saint John, New Brunswick Essex--Windsor, Ontario Saint-Henri-Westmount, Quebec
Louis~Hebert,

Lalonde, Francine McLenan, A. Anne

Meredith, Valerie (Val)

Minna, Maria Parrish, Carolyn
Payne, Jean

Picard, Pauline Ringuette, Pierrette Sheridan, Georgette Skoke, Roseanne

Stewart, Jane
Terrana, Anna Marina Torsney, Paddy

Tremblay, Suzanne Ur, Rose-Marie Margaret Wayne, Elsie Eleanore Whelan, Susan Robillard, Lucienne Alarie, Helene Bennett. Carolyn Bradshaw. Claudette Bulte, Sarmite D. Caplan, Elinor Carroll, M. Aileen Davies, Libby Desjarlais, Bev

1993.10.25 1993.10.25 1993.10.25 1993.10.25 1993.10.25 1993.10.25 1993.10.25 1993.10.25 1993.10.25 1993.10.25 1993.10.25 1993.10.25 1993.10.25 1993.10.25 1993.10.25 1993.1025 1993.10.25 1993.10.25 1995.02.13
(By-Election)

Quebec

SI. Paul's, Ontario Moncton, New Brunswick Parkdale-High Park, Ontario Thornhill, Ontario
Barrie~-Simcoe~~Bradford,

Ontario

Vancouver East, British Columbia Churchill, Manitoba Bras d'Or, Nova Scotia 'Laval West: Quebec Jonquiere, Quebec Yukon, Yukon
Notre~Dame-de--Grace-~Lachine,

Oockrill, Michelle
Folco, Raymonde Girard-Bujold, Jocelyne
Hardy, Louise

Jennings, Marlene

Quebec

Karetak-lindell, Nancy Leung, M. Sophia lill, Wendy Longfield, Judi McDonough. Alexa Redman, Karen St+-lilaire, Caroline St-Jacques, Diane Thibeault, Yolande Vautour, Angela Wasylycia~Leis, Judy Sgro, Judy
Allard,
Carole~Marie

Nunavut, Northwest Territories Vancouver Kingsway, British Columbia Da'rtmouth, No~a Scotia Whitby-Ajax, Ontario Halifax, Nova Scotia Kitchener Centre, Ontario Longueuil, Quebec Shefford, Quebec Saint-Lambert, Quebec Beausejour-Petitcodiac, New Brunswick Winnipeg North Centre, Manitoba York West, Ontario Laval East, Quebec Terrebonne--8lainville, Quebec
Renfrew-Nipissing~~Pembroke,

1997:06.02 1997.06.02 1997.06.02 1997.06.02 1997.06.02 1997.06.02 1997.06.02 1997.06.02 1997.06.02 1997.06.02 1997.06.02 1997.06.02 1997.06.02 1997.06.02 1997.06.02 1997.06.02 1997.06.02 1997.06.02 1997.06.02 1997.06.02 1997.06.02 1997.06.02 1997.06.02 1997.06.02 1999.11.15
(By~E1ection)

Bourgeois, Diane Gallant, Cheryl Hinton, Betty Neville, Anita Scherrer, Heifme C. Skelton, Carol Yelich, Lynne Frulla, Liza Ambrose, Rona Boivin.., F~.~nYOise Bonsant, France Brunelle, Paule Crowder. Jean Demers, Nicole Deschamps, Johanne

Ontario

Kamloops, Thompson and Highland Valleys, British Columbia Winnipeg South Centre, Manitoba Louis~Hebert, Quebec Saskaloon-Rosetown*-Biggar, Saskatchewan Blackstrap, Saskatchewan
Verdun-Saint-Henri-Saint-Paul~~Pointe

Saint-Char1es, Quebec

2000,11.27 2000.11.27 2000.11.27 2000.11.27 2000.11.27 2000.11.27 2000.11.27 2000.11.27 2002.05.13

(By~E1ection)

Edmonton-Spruce Grove, Alberta Gatineau, Quebec Compton-Stanstead, Quebec Trois-Rivieres, Quebec Nanaimo-Cowichan, British Columbia Laval, Quebec Laurentides-Labelle, Quebec ,?ntario Quebec Haldimand-Norfolk, Ontario
V~.udreuil~~Soulanges, Brampton~-Springda!~,

Dhalla, Ruby Faille, Meili Finley, Diane

Grewal, Nina Guergis, Helena Kadis, Susan Lavallee, Carole Oda, Bev
Poirier~Rivard,

Fleetwood--Port Kells, British Columbia Simcoe-Grey, Ontario Thornhill. Ontario

Saint~Bruno~~Saint-Hubert.

Quebec Ontario Quebec

Clarington-Scugog~~Uxbri~ge, Chateauguay~~Saint-Constant,

Denise

Ratansi, Yasmin

Don Valley East, Ontario

2004.06.28 2004.06.28 2004.06.28 2004.06.28 2004.06.28 2004.06.28 2004.06.28 2004.06.28 2004.06.28 2004.06.28 2004.06.28 2004.06.28 2004.06.28 2004.06.28 2004.06.28 2004.06.28 2004.06.28

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165

Annex 2: Table of women and First Nation peoples in Senate and House of Commons
Members of The House Of Commons Page 4 of5

Smith, Joy Stronach, Belinda Thibault, Louise Barbot, Vivian Bell, Catherine Boucher. Sylvie Chariton, Chris

Conservative Conservative Bloc Quebecois Bloc Quebecois New Democratic Party Conservative New Democratic Party New Democratic Party Conservative Bloc Quebecois

Kildonan--St. Paul, Manitoba Newmarket--Aurora, Ontario

Rimouski--T emiscQuata, Quebec

Papineau, Quebec Vancouver Island North, British Columbia Beauport--Umoilou. Quebec Hamilton Mountain, Ontario Trinity--Spadina, Ontario

Chow, Olivia
Davidson. Patricia DeBeliefeuille, Claude Freeman, Carole Keeper, Tina Mathyssen, Irene Mourani, Maria Nash, Peggy Priddy, Penny Savoie, Denise Verner, Josee Thi Lac, Eve-Mary Thai Hall Findlay, Martha Murray, Joyce Aglukkaq, Leona Ashton, Niki Beaudin, Josee Bergen, Candice Block, Kelly Brown. Lois Cadman, Dona Coady, Siobhan Crombie, Bonnie Duncan, Kirsty Duncan, Linda Francis Foote, Judy Glover, Shelly Hughes, Carol Leslie, Megan McLeod, Cathy Mendes, Alexandra O'Neill Gordon, Tilly Raitt, Lisa Shea,Gaii Simson, Michelle Wong, Alice Zarac, Lise Adams, Eve Ambler, Stella Ayala, Paulina Bateman, Joyce Blanchette-Lamothe, Lysane Borg, Charmaine Boutin-Sweet, Marjolaine Brosseau, Ruth Ellen Day, Anne-Marie Dare Lefebvre, Rosane Findlay, Kerry-Lynne 0_ Freeman, Mylene Groguhe, Sadia Hassainia, Sana James, Roxanne Latendresse, Alexandrine Laverdiere, Helene LeBlanc, Helene Leitch, Kellie Liu. Laurin May, El1zabeth Michaud, Elaine Moore, Christine Morin, Isabelle Morin, Marie..claude Papillon, Annick

Samia-Lambton. Ontario Beauharnois--Salaberry. Quebec

Chateauguay--Saint-Constant, Quebec Churchill, Manitoba London--Fanshawe, Ontario Ahuntsic, Quebec Parkdale-High Park, Ontario Surrey North, British Columbia Victoria, British Columbia Louis-Saint-Laurent, Quebec Saint-Hyacinthe--Bagot, Quebec Willowdale, Ontario Vancouver Quadra, British Columbia Nunavut, Nunavut Churchill, Manitoba Saint-Lambert, Quebec Portage-Usgar, Manitoba SaskatoOn":R~setown-Biggar, Saskatchewan Newmarket-Aurora, Ontario Surrey North, British Columbia St. John's South--Mount Pearl, Newfoundland and Labrador Mississauga-Streetsville, Ontario Etobicoke North, Ontario Edmonton--Strathcona, Alberta Random-Burin-Sl George's, Newfoundland and Labrador Saint Boniface, Manitoba Algoma--Manitoulin-Kapuskasing, Ontario Halifax, Nova Scotia Kamloops-Thompson--Cariboo, British Columbia Brossard-La Prairie, Quebec Miramichi, New Brunswick Halton, Ontario Egmont, Prince Edward Island Scarborough Southwest, Ontario Richmond, British Columbia

Bloc Quebecois
liberal New Democratic Party Bloc Quebecois New Democratic Party New Democratic Party New Democratic Party Conservative Bloc Quebecois liberal Liberal ConselVative New Democratic Party Bloc Quebecois ConselVative Conservative ConselVative Conservative liberal Liberal Liberal New Democratic Party Liberal Conservative New Democratic Party New Democratic Party Conservative UberaJ Conservative Conservative Conservative Liberat Conservative Liberal Conservative Cons9IVative New Democratic Party Conservative New Democratic Party New Democratic Party New Democratic Party New Democratic Party New De!!locratic Party New Democratic Party ConselVative New D~mocratic Party New Democratic Party New Democratic Party ConselVative Ne.w Democrati? Party New Democratic Party New Democratic Party Conservative New Democratic Party Green Party New Democratic Party New Democratic Party New Democratic Party New Democratic Party New Democratic Party

2004.0628 2004.06.28 2004.0628 2006.01.23 2006.01.23 2006.01.23 2006.01.23 2006.01.23 2006.0123 2006.01.23 2006.01.23 2006.01.23 2006.01.23 2006.0123 2006.01.23 2006.01.23 2006.0123 2006.01.23 2007.09.17
(By-Election)

2008.03.17
(By-Election)

2008.03.17
(By-Election)

LaSalle-E~ard, Quebec
Mississauga-Brampton South, Ontario Mississauga South, Ontario Honore-Mercier, Quebec

Winni~eg South C~~t~e, Manitoba

Pierrefonds--Dollard, Quebec Terrebonne-Blainville, Quebec Hochelaga, Quebec Berthier--Maskinonge, Quebec Ch;l1~sbourg-Haute-Saint-Charles, Quebec Alfred:Penan, Quebec Delta-Richmond East, British Columbia Argenteuil-Papineau-Mirabel, Quebec Saint-Lambert, Quebec Vercheres-Les Patriotes, Quebec Scarborough Centre, Ontario Louis-Saint-Laurent, Quebec Laurier--Sainte-Marie, Quebec LaSalle--Emard, Quebec Simcoe--Grey,Ontano Riviere-des-Mille-iles, Quebec Saanich--Gulf Islands, British Columbia Portneuf--Jacques-Cartier, Quebec Abitibi--Temiscamingue, Quebec Notre-Dame-de-Grace-Lachine, Quebec Saint-Hyacinthe-Bagot, Quebec Quebec, Quebec

2008.10.14 2008.10.14 2008.10.14 2008.10.14 2008.10.14 2008.10.14 2008.10.14 2008.10.14 2008.10.14 2oo8.10~14 2008.10.14 2008.10.14 2008.10.14 2008.10.14 2008.10.14 2008.10.14 2008.10.14 2008.10.14 2008.10.14 2008.10.14 2008.10.14 2008.10.14 2008.10.14 2011.05.02 2011.05.02 2011.05.02 2011.05.02 2011.05.02 2011.05.02 2011.05.02 2011.05.02 2011.05.02 2011.05.02 2011.05.02 2011.05.02 2011.05.02 2011.05.02 2011.05.02 2011.05.02 2011.05.02 2011.05.02 2011.05.02 2011.05.02 2011.05.02 2011.05.02 2011.05.02 2011.05.02 2011.05.02 2011.05.02

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166

Annex 2: Table of women and First Nation peoples in Senate and House of Commons
Members of The House Of Commons Page 5 of 5

Peelet, Eve
Perreault, Manon Quach, Anne Minh-Thu Aayn;';ult, Francine Rempel. Michelle SeUah. Ojaouida Sims, Jinny Jogindera Sitsabaiesan, Rathika St-Denis. Lise Truppe, Susan T urmel. Nycole Young, Wai Crockatt, Joan

New Democratic Party New Democratic Party New Democratic Party New Democratic Party Conservative New Democratic Party New Democratic Party New Democratic Party New Democratic Party Conservative New Democratic Party Conservative Conservative

La Pointe-de-I'ile, Quebec
Montcalm, Quebec Beauharnois-Salaberry. Quebec Joliette, Quebec Calgary Centre-North, Alberta Saint-Bruno-Saint-Hubert, Quebec Newton--North Delta, British Columbia Scarborough-Rouge River. Ontario Saint-Maurice--Champlain, Quebec London North Centre, Ontario Hull-Aylmer, Quebec Vancouver South, British Columbia Calgary Centre, Alberta

2011.05.02 2011.05.02 2011.05.02 2011.05.02 2011.05.02 2011.05.02 2011.05.02 2011.05.02 2011.05.02 2011.05.02 2011.05.02 2011.05.02 2012.11.26
(BvElection)

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167
Annex 2: Table of women and First Nation peoples in Senate and House of Commons
Inuit, Metis or First Nation Origin Page 1 of 1

Parliament of Canada PARliAMENT of CANADA Site Map I A 10 Z Index I Contact Us I Franliais

Home Parliamentary Business Senators and Members About Parliament Visitor Information Employment

PARLINFO

INUIT, METIS OR FIRST NATION ORIGIN

SEARCH CRITERIA

Parliamentary Function: Current Parliamentarians Only Native Origin:

Members of the House of Commons

-- ALL--

Name
M~KaY;-Angus------

Political Affiliation
Conservative (1867~942) Conservative (1867-1942) Independent

Constituency Marquette, Manitoba Provencher, Manitoba Provencher, Manitoba

Date Elected
(vyyy.mm.ddl
_O~

Native Origin Metis Metis Metis Metis Metis Metis First Nations Metis Inuit Metis Metis Inuit Inuit First Nations First Nations Metis First Nations Metis Inuit Metis First Nations Metis Metis Metis First Nations First Nations First Nations Inuit Metis First Nations First Nations First Nations

__ _ _ __ __

Delorme, Pierre Riel, Louis Boucher, William Albert Teillet, Aoger-Joseph Rheaume, Eugene (Gene) Marchand, Len Firth, Walter (Wally) Ittinuar, Peter Keeper, Cyril

8t. Germain, Gerry

Suluk, Thomas
~n~~~k,. Jack Iyerak

Rosthern, Saskatchewan 8t. Boniface, Manitoba Liberal Party of Canada Progressive Conservative Party Northwest Territories, Northwest Territories Liberal Party of Canada Kamloops--Cariboo, British Columbia Northwest Territories, Northwest New Democratic Party Territories Nunatsiaq, Northwest Territories New Democratic Party Winnipeg-St. James, Manitoba New Democratic Party Progressive Conservative Party Mission-Port Moody, British Columbia Progressive Conservative Party Nunatsiaq, Northwest Territories Liberal Party of Canada Nunatsiaq, Northwest Territories Western Arctic, Northwest Territories Liberal Party of Canada Progressive Conservative Party Wetaskiwin, Alberta Simcoe North, Ontario Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada New Democratic Party Bloc Quebecois Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of ~~nada Conservative Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Conservative Party of Canada Conservative Party of Canada Churchill, Manitoba Labrador, Newfoundland and Labrador Nunavut, Northwest Territories Churchill River, Saskatchewan Louis-Saint-laurent, Quebec Pontiac, Quebec Labrador, Newfoundland and Labrador Winnipeg South. Manitoba Churchill, Manitoba Desnethe--Missinippi-Ghurchill River, Saskatchewan Desnethe-Missinippi-Ghurchill River, Saskatchewan Nunavut, Nunavut Saint Boniface, Manitoba Manicouagan, Quebec Labrador, Newfoundland and Labrador Abitibi-Baie-James--Nunavik--Eeyou, Quebec

Libe~al Party of Canada

1871.03,02 1871.03.03 1873,10,13 1948,10,25 1962,06.18 1963,04,08 1968.06.25 1972,10.30 1979,05,22 1980,02,18 1983,08.29 1984,09,04 1988,11,21 1988,11.21 1988,11.21 1993,10.25 1993,10,25 1996,03.25 1997,06,02 1997,06,02 2004,06,28 2004.06.28 2005.0524 2006.0123 2006.0123 2006.0123 2008.03.17 2008.10.14 2008.10.14 2011.05.02 2011.05.02 2011.05.02

Blondin-Andrew, Ethel Dorothy

Littlechild, Wilton (Willie)

DeViliers, Paul

Harper, Elijah O'Brien, Lawrence D. Karetak-Lindell, Nancy Laliberte, Rick Cleary, Bernard Smith, David Russell, Todd Norman Bruinooge, Rod Keeper, Tina Merasty, Gary Clarke, Rob Aglukkaq, Leona Glover, Shelly
,~~nest-Jourdajn.

Jonathan

Conservative Party of Canada New Democratic Party Conservative Party of Canada New Democratic Party

Penashue, Peter Sagan ash, Romeo

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168

Annex 2: Table of women and First Nation peoples in Senate and House of Commons
Inuit, Metis or First Nation Origin Page 1 of 1

Parliament of Canada
PARLIAMENT of CANADA Site Map I A to Z Index I Contact Us I Fran9ais Home Parliamentary Business Senators and Members About Parliament Visitor Information Employment

PARLINFO

INUIT, METIS OR FIRST NATION ORIGIN

SEARCH CRITERIA

Parliamentary Function:

Senators

Current Parliamentarians Only

Native Origin:

--ALL-

Name
Hardisty, Richard Charles Boucher. William Albert

Political Affiliation

Province I Territory
Northwest Territories Saskatchewan Alberta British Columbia Northwest Territories

Date Appointed
(yyyy.mm.dd)

Native Origin
Metis Metis First Nations First Nations

Consewative (1867-1942)
Liberal Party of Canada Independent Conservative Liberal Party of Canada

1-S88.02:23
1957.01.03 1958.01.31 i971.12.()9 1977.04.05 1984.01.16 1984.06.29 1990.09.27 1993.06.23 1997.1126 1998.09.17 1999.09.02 2005.03.24 2005.09.21 2009.01.08

Gladstone, James
Williams, Guy R. Adams, Willie

Watt, Charlie March~nd. Len

Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada

Inuit
Inuit
First Nations First Nations Metis

Quebec

Twinn, Walter
SI. Germain, Gerry Chalifoux, ~ Thelma

British Columbia Liberal Party of Canada Progressive Conservative Party Alberta Progressive Conservative Party British Columbia Alberta Liberal Party of Canada

Gill, Aurelian
Sibbeston, Nick G. Oyck, Lillian Eva Lovelace Nicholas, Sandra Brazeau, Patrick

liberal Party of Canada

Liberal Party of Canada New Democratic Party Li~eral Party of Canada Conservative Party of Canada

Quebec Northwest Territories

Metis First Nations First Nations

First Nations First Nations First Nations

Saskatchewan New Brunswick Quebec

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2013-05-11

169

Annex 3: Table of .current and recently retired senators and outside employment declared on Senate Ethics Officer website

ANNEXE3

Senator Andreychuk, Raynell

Outside Employment, Profession, or Business

Outside Positions (non voluntary)

Disposable Income

Assets

None

None

None

10 shared units in an apartment block from Hampton House Limited RRSPs with TD Asset Management Fund Pension from the Saskatchewan Provincial Judges Superannuation Shares of Sascom Computer System Inc.

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Ataullahjan, Salma

Baker, George

Business as part owner of Sascom Computer System Inc., a private corporation with activities in custom software, programming, maintenance of programs and computer systems; and Non practicing real estate agent Business in mineral prospecting under a corporate structure

Vice-President of Sascom Computer System Inc., a private corporation with activities in custom software, programming, maintenance of programs and computer systems.

Business income from Sascom Computer System Inc.

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Bellemare, Diane

None

Director of Baker Prospecting and Exploration Inc., a private corporation which prospects for minerals and holds mineral rights to lands for the purpose of prospecting, exploration and mining None

Pension from the Canada Pension Plan

Revenu suite aun contrat complete avec Ralimpex International Inc. Rente de retraite du Regime de retraite des employes du gouvernement et des organismes publics du Quebec

Wilderness vehicles, boats, trailers and engines used in mineral exploration; and Shares of Baker Prospecting and Exploration Inc. Regime enregistre d'epargne-retraite et divers placements aupres de RBC Dominion Securities et Ie Fonds de solidarite FTQ, composes de valeurs cotees en bourse de societes et d'autres valeurs mobilieres.

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Senator Boisvenu, PierreHugues

Outside Employment, Profession, or Business

Outside Positions (non voluntary)

Disposable Income

Assets

None

None

Braley, David

Business as owner of Orlick Industries Limited; Business as owner of Alexander Tools Limited; Business as owner of the BC Lions Football Club Inc.; Business as owner of the Toronto Argonauts Football Club Inc.; Business as owner of 1463851 Ontario Limited; and Business as Partner in Innisfil Land Holdings LP.

Brazeau, Patrick

None

President and Member of the Board of Directors of Orlick Industries Limited, an auto parts manufacturing company President and Member of the Board of Directors of Alexander Tools Limited, a distribution and holding company for ownership in various real estate investments in Southern Ontario; President and Chairman of the Board of Directors of the BC Lions Football Club Inc., a Canadian Professional Football Team; President and Chairman of the Board of Directors of the Toronto Argonauts Football Club Inc., a Canadian Professional Football Team; President and Member of the Board of Directors of 1463851 Ontario Limited, a real estate investment company in the Hamilton area; Partner in Innisfil Land Holdings LP, a real estate investment partnership in Ontario; and Member of the Board of Directors of Swisher Hygiene Inc., a public commercial hygiene services. None

Revenus de conferences publiques Pension du Fonds de pension du Gouvemement du Quebec Employment and shareholder loan interest from Orlick Industires Limited Canada Pension Plan Interest from Scotiabank Director's fees from Swisher Hygiene Inc.

None

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Shares of Bellatrix Exploration Ltd.; Shares of Swisher Hygiene Inc.; Shares of Terra Energy Corp.; Shares of Orlick Industries Limited; Shares of Alexander Tools Limited; Shares of the BC Lions Football Club Inc.; Shares of the Toronto Argonauts Football Club Inc.; Shares of 1463851 Ontario Limited; Interest in a partnership with Innisfil Land Holdings LP.

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Senator
Brown, Bert

Outside Employment, Profession, or Business

Outside Positions (non voluntary)

Disposable Income

Assets

(1) X
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Information missing

Buth, JoAnne

None

President of Bert Brown Land Consultants Ltd., a company that provides services to individuals and companies concerning re. zoning, subdivision and planning of developments in and around Calgary, Alberta. None

Canada Pension Plan

Investment portfolio with Wealth Strategists in Calgary, Alberta

(1)

None

A Registered Retirement Savings Plan with Wellington West Financial Services, composed of units of mutual funds A Locked-in Retirement Account with Wellington West Financial Services, composed of units of mutual funds. Investment portfolio of publicly traded securities of corporations and units of mutual funds Shares of Belmoral Investments Inc. and Lidstone Realties Ltd.

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Callbeck, Catherine

Business in real estate under a corporate structure.

Director and Officer of Lidstone Realties Ltd., a real estate holding company; Director and President of Belmoral Investments Inc., a private investment holding company.

---

-----

- - - _.. _-

Business income from Lidstone Realties Ltd. and Belmoral Investments Inc. Pension from the Canada Pension Plan Pension from the Pension Plan for Members of the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Prince Edward
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Senator Campbell, LarryW.

Outside Employment, Profession, or Business

Outside Positions (non voluntary)

Disposable Income

Assets

Business as owner of Mortis Consulting Ltd., a private company doing contract work in the area of forensic and investigation.

President of Mortis Consulting Ltd., a private company doing contract work in the area of forensic and investigation; Member of the Board of Directors of the Great Canadian Gaming Corporation, a multijurisdictional gaming and entertainment operator; Member of the Board of Directors of Asantae, a producer and marketer of innovative nutritional products through direct and network marketing channels. Administrateur et president de Me Claude Carignan Avocat Inc., une societe privee pour l'exercice de la profession d'avocat; Administrateur et dirigeant de la Fiducie Binette Carignan.

Business income as owner of Mortis Consulting Ltd. Pension from the British Columbia Pension Plan Directors' fees from the Great Canada Gaming Corporation and from Asantae

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Shares of Mortis Consulting Ltd.

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Carignan, Claude

Avocat exerant la pratique du droit.

Champagne, Andree
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None

None

Revenu de Binette Carignan Inc. Revenu de Me Claude Carignan Avocat Inc. Dividendes de placements prives aupres de CIBC Wood Gundy Revenu de la firme d'avocats Dufresne Hebert Comeau Inc. Pour services a titre d 'avocat-conseil Dividendes de la Fiducie Binette Carignan Revenue locatif pour la location d'immeubles Droits de suite de Radiocanada et prevoit recevoir des droits d'auteur des Editions La Semaine Regime des rentes du Quebec

Des actions de Me Claude Carignan Avocat Inc.; Des actions de Binette Carignan Inc.; Un interet dans des immeubles a revenu locatif; Placements prives et divers regimes enregistres detenus par CIBC Wood Gundy et par Fiducie Binette Carignan, composes de valeurs cotees en bourse de societes

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Senator Chaput, Maria CharrettePoulin, Marie-P

Outside Employment, Profession, or Business

Outside Positions (non voluntary)

Disposable Income

Assets

None Avocate-conseil chez Heenan Blailde LLP

None None

None Honoraires en tant qU'avocate-conseil chez Heenan Blaikie LLP Honoraires en tant qu'administrateur et mernre du conseil consultatif de Actra Fraternal Benefit Society Deux revenus de retraite de CBC/SRC Revenue de retraite de la fonction publique du Canada Regime de pension universitaire Directorship fees, Dakota Investments

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Regime enregistre d'epargne-retraite compose de fonds mutuel. Shares of Roann Rentals, an RRSP with RBC composed of mutual funds, and an RRSP with TD Canada Trust composed of mutual funds and publicly traded securities.

None

Cordy, Jane

None

Officer and member, Board of Directors, Roann Rentals, a private family owned company holding investments in mutual funds; and Officer and member, Board of Directors, Dakota Investments, a private family owned company holding investments. None

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Interest Free Savings Plan with RBC Investment savings account with RBC composed of publicly traded securities

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Senator
Cowan, James

Outside Employment, Profession, or Business

Outside Positions (non voluntary)

Disposable Income

Assets

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Partner of the Atlantic Canada law firm of Stewart McKelvey, Halifax, Nova Scotia Corporate Secretary to the Halifax International Airport Authority'S Board of Directors

Dagenais, Jean-Guy

None

None

Dallaire, Romeo

Exploitation d'une entreprise sous une stmcture corporative eeuvrant dans les domaines de la redaction de livres, de films et la presentation de conferences.

Administrateur et president de Romeo A. Dallaire LGen (Ret) Inc., une societe privee qui eeuvre dans les domaines de la redaction de livres, de films et la presentation de conferences.

A fixed annual stipend in equal monthly instalments with Stewart McKelvey An honorarium as Secretary to the Board of the Halifax International Airport Authority Tmstee's fees from the Estate of Margaret St. George Expected executor's fees from the Estate of Joan Power and fromt eh Estate ofHSD Bauld An investment income from a portfolio of publicly traded investments maintained by the royal Bank of Canada Rente du regime de retraite des membres de la Surete du Quebec; et, revenu de loyer d'un condominium aI'll e des Seeurs, Montreal, QC. Revenu du National Speakers Bureau pour des allocutions; Royautes de Westwood Creative Artists et de White Pines; Rente du regime de rentes du Quebec; Pension des forces canadiennes; Pension d'invalidite des anciens combattants

A Registered Retirement Savings Plan (RRSP) with Royal Bank

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Senator Dawson, Dennis

Outside Employment, Profession, or Business

Outside Positions (non voluntary)

Disposable Income

Assets

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Day, Joseph
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None

Un Regime enregistre d'epargne-retraite aupres de la Banque Nationale, compose d'unites de fonds communs de placement et de valeurs cotees en bourse de societes; Un Regime enregistre d'epargne-retraite aupres de la Banque Royale du Canada, compose d'unites de fonds communs de placement et de valeurs cotees en bourse de societes. Investment account, registered retirement savings plan and tax free savings account with CIBC Wood Gundy, composed of publicly traded securities of corporations; and Investment property. Regime enregistre d'epargne-retraite ainsi qu'un compte d'investissement aupres de TD Waterhouse, composes de valeurs cotees en bourse de societes. Un Regime enregistre d'epargne-retraite aupres de la Banque Royale du Canada, compose d'unites de fonds communs de placement.

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Pension from the Canada Pension Plan Rental income from an investment property

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Pension du Regime de pensions du Canada

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'Conferencier aupres du Bureau des conferenciers Orizon.

None

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Senator Downe, Percy E. Doyle, NormanE.

Outside Employment, Profession, or Business

Outside Positions (non voluntary)

Disposable Income

Assets

None None

None None

A government pension A pension from the Newfoundland and Labrador House of Assembly Pension Plan. A business income from Mike Duffy Media Services Inc.

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Media consulting and public speaking.

Director and President of Mike Duffy Media Services Inc., a corporation involved in media consulting and public appearances.

Dyck, Lillian E.

A Registered Retirement Savings Plan with TD Canada Trust, composed of publicly traded securities of corporations and term deposits; and Shares of Mike Duffy Media Services Inc. Registered Retirement Savings Plans, investment account and Tax Free Savings Account with Wood Gundy, composed of publicly traded securities of corporations, units of mutual funds and bonds; and Registered Pension Plan with the University of Saskatchewan. None None

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Dividends, interest and capital gains from an investment account with Wood Gundy

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Enverga Jr., Tobias C.

None

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Senator Finley, Doug FortinDuplessis, Suzanne Fraser, Joan

Outside Employment, Profession, or Business

Outside Positions (non voluntary)

Disposable Income

Assets

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None Administratrice et vice-presidente de Tourbiere Fortin Inc., une compagnie privee inactive. None

None Une prestation de retraite versee par la Commission administrative des regimes de retraite et d'assurance. Dividends from common shares of corporations and financial institutions; Interest from bonds of Manulife. Salary from Howard Holdings Corporation; and Expect receiving dividends from Linda Frum Holdings Ltd.

RRSP with BMO composed of a GIC Un interet conjoint dans Tourbiere Fortin Inc.

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Bonds and publicly traded securities of corporations and financial institutions; Units of mutual funds with RBC Mutual Funds. Shares of Linda Frum Holdings Ltd., its subsidiary corporations and assets; Shares ofFrumcor Investments Limited; Shares of Frumcor Holdings ULC; Shares of LFuture Investments Inc. and its limited partnership which has a loan receivable from Sunrise Entertainment LLLP, who are the owners of the Florida Panthers Hockey Team; Portfolio of publicly traded securities managed by Gluskin & Sheff & Assoc.; Advance receivable - Linda Frum Holdings Ltd.; Shares of 1513026 Ontario Ltd. who is a general partner of a real estate limited partnership called Trib-L limited partnership.

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Business as owner of Linda Frum Holdings Limited, its subsidiary corporations and a portfolio of publicly traded securities; and Employment from Howard Holdings Corporation.

Director and Officer of Linda Frum Holdings Ltd., a private holding company with the subsidiary corporations of: - Frumcor Investments Limited, a family investment corporation; Frumcor Holdings ULC, a family investment corporation; and - LFuture Investments Inc., a corporation with interests in various real estate limited partnerships and a loan receivable from: - Sunrise Entertainment LLLP, who owns the Florida Panthers Hockey Team. Director and Officer of 1513026 Ontario Ltd., a general partner of a real estate limited partnership called Trib-L limited Partnership; Director of the Frum Family Foundation; Trustee of the Estate of Barbara Frum;

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Outside Employment, Profession, or Business

Outside Positions (non voluntary)

Disposable Income

Assets

Furey, George J. Gerstein, Irving

None

None

Greene, Stephen

None

Trustee of the Murray FrurnlNancy Lockhart Trust; Trustee of the Murray Frum Trust; Trustee of the Murray Frum (2007) Trust; and Director and Officer of The Linda Frum and Howard Sokolowski Charitable Foundation. Director of Canada Fluorspar Inc., a public corporation with activities in the mining sector. Director of Medical Facilities Corporation, a Canadian public corporation which has an interest in several specialty hospitals and centres in the United States; Chairperson of the Board of Directors of Atlantic Power Corporation, a Canadian public corporation which holds interests in a portfolio of power generation and transmission projects in the United States and Canada; and Corporate and Lead Director of Student Transportation Incorporated, a Canadian public corporation which provides school bus transportation services in the United States and Canada. None

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Share options in Canada Fluorspar Inc. Registered Retirement Savings Plan with CIBC Wood Gundy, composed of puhlicly traded securities of corporations; A variety of corporate bonds; and A portfolio of publicly traded securities of corporations with C.A. Delaney Investment Advisor CIBC Wood Gundy.

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A pension from the Government of Nova Scotia Pension Plan

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Senator Harb, Mac

Outside Employment, Profession, or Business

Outside Positions (non voluntary)

Disposable Income

Assets

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Independent consultant advising in areas such as: business, capacity building and investment.

President, Telmount Ltd.

HervieuxPayette, CHine

None

None

Consultancy with United Nations Development Program (UNDP) and Transtec Project Management; Rental income from real estate properties; Dividends and profits from a stock portfolio. I will be receiving income and revenue from Telmount Ltd. effective Feb 1,2013: - Rental income - Consultant fee Revenu de location d'un condominium et d'un duplex; Rente du regime de rentes du Quebec.

1470267 Ontario Ltd., for real estate properties: 1264205 Ontario Ltd., for real estate properties; RRSPs with RBC composed of publicly traded securities; Investment account with TD Bank composed of publicly traded securities; RESP with RBC; Real estate and land holdings in various properties in Ontario. Un condominium et un duplex; Un portefeuille d'actions, d'obligations et autres valeurs mobilieres dont les gestionnaires sont CIBC Wood Gundy et la Financiere Desjardins. RRSP with P.W.L. Capital Inc. composed of publicly traded securities. Property used for a Dance studio and community library; and 20 acres of woodland.

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None

None

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Instructor and Artistic Director at the Stepping Out Studio; and Income property of the dance studio and community library.

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Senator Jafer, Mobina S.B.

Outside Employment, Profession, or Business

Outside Positions (non voluntary)

Disposable Income

Assets

Lawyer with Dohm Jaffer & Jeraj, a law firm in Vancouver, B.C.

Johnson, Janis G.

None

Member of the Board of Directors of 548406 B.C. Ltd., a rental property corporation; Member of the Board of Directors of 508721 RC. Ltd., a rental property corporation; Member of the Board of Directors of765922 B.C. Ltd., a real estate corporation; and Partner with Dohm Jaffer & Jeraj, a law firm in Vancouver, B.C. None

Law practice income from Dohm Jaffer & Jeraj; and Rental income from immovable properties.

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RRSP with Royal Dominion Securities composed of publicly traded securities. Des actions de la societe 3029026 Canada Inc.; Un immeuble a Montreal; Un inventaire d'a:uvres d'art canadien et international.

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Expert conseil aupres de Power Corporation du Canada, en vertu d'un contrat de service de gestion et de consultation pour sa collection d'a:uvres d'art. None

Administrateur et dirigeant de 3029026 Canada Inc., une societe de gestion et de vente de biens mobiliers et immobiliers.

Kenny, Colin

None

Kinsella, Noel

Un revenu de Power Corporation du Canada, en vertu d'un contrat de service de gestion et de consultation pour sa collection d'a:uvres d'art; Un revenu de location d'un immeuble situe a Montreal; Un revenu d'entreprise de 3029026 Canada Inc. Income from an investment portfolio with the Bank of Montreal; and A pension from the Government of Canada. Pension as a professor at St. Thomas University

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Senator Lang, Daniel

Outside Employment, Profession, or Business

Outside Positions (non voluntary)

Disposable Income

Assets

None

Director of Hector Lang Construction 2001 Ltd., a corporation which rents warehouses.

Lebreton, Marjory Lovelace Nicholas, SandraM. MacDonald, Michael

None

None

A business income from Hector Lang Construction 2001 Ltd.; and A pension from the Yukon Legislative Assembly Retirement Pension Plan. None

Shares of Hector Lang Construction 2001 Ltd.

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Business in accommodation under a corporate structure.

President and Chief Executive Officer of Fleur de Lis Motel Ltd., a corporation which operates a motel, a restaurant and a lounge complex in Louisbourg, Nova Scotia; Member of the Board of Directors of Eastern Antimony Ltd., a corporation involved in mining in Newfoundland; and Member of the Board of Directors of Canada Coal Ltd., a corporation engaged in the acquisition, exploration and development of coal properties in Nunavut.

None

Shares of Fleur de Lis Ltd.; Shares of Canada Coal Ltd.; and Publicly traded securities of corporations, bonds and units of mutual funds with Desjardins Financial Security and Independent Network Investments Inc.

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Senator Mahovlich, Frank W.

Outside Employment, Profession, or Business

Outside Positions (non voluntary)

Disposable Income

Assets

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President of Big "M" Promotions Ltd., involved in promotional work with regards to hockey career.

Maltais, Ghislain

None

Manning, Fabian Marshall, Elizabeth

None None

Administrateur et president de G. M. Consultants et Associes Inc., une societe dont les activites se rapportent it la prestation de services de conseils aux entreprises mais qui n' est pas operationnelle presentement. None None

Deferred income with the World Hockey Association, Pension from the National Hockey League, Investments with CLARICA (Sun Life Financial) and Manufacturers Life Insurance Co., composed ofpublic1y traded securities. Un revenu du Regime de pension des Membres de l' Assemblee nationale du Quebec; Un revenu du Regime des rentes du Quebec. None Pension from the Government of Newfoundland and Labrador; Dividends from Fortis Inc., Toromont Industries, Enerflex; and Pension from the Newfoundland and Labrador House Assembly. Income from an overseas contract as facilitator on leadership development; and Income from the sale of an investment property.
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Senator Massicotte, PauiJ.

Outside Employment, Profession, or Business

Outside Positions (non voluntary) 1) Les Equites Massicotte Inc. et ses filiales : President et Secretaire de Les Equites Massicotte Inc., une societe privee detenant des placements et des investissements.

Disposable Income

Assets

Gestion 1 Developpement immobilier (temps partiel).

2) Groupe Attractions Hippiques: Fiduciaire de la Fiducie Fer a Cheval d'Or (inactive); Fiduciaire de la Fiducie Fer a Cheval Argente (inactive); President, Secretaire et Tresorier d' A. H. Royale Inc., une societe privee avec interets dans les 4 hippodromes du Quebec (faillite 27/01/10); President, Secretaire et Tresorier d' Attractions Hippiques Quebec (Gestion) Inc., une societe prive avec interets dans l'achat et Ie developpement des hippodromes du Quebec (faillite 27/01110); President, Secretaire et Tresorier d' Attractions Hippiques (Mtl) Inc., commandite d' Attractions Hippiques (Montreal) S.E.C. (faillite 27/01110); President, Secretaire et Tresorier d' Attractions Hippiques (Que) Inc., commandite d' Attractions Hippiques (Quebec) S.E.C. (faillite 27/01110); President, Secretaire et Tresorier d' Attractions Hippiques (T.R.) Inc., commandite d' Attractions

profits sur placements et activites de la societe Les Equites Massicotte Inc. et ses filiales; placements et investissements dans des compagnies publiques, incluant principalement dans les indices boursiers detenus via CIBC Wood Gundy; investissements d'actifs passifs de 7211406 Canada Inc.; placements et investissements de Massicap Inc.; et developpement immobilier de Carre Notre-Dame Phase 1 Inc.

actifs et autres placements prives de Les Equites Massicotte Inc. (et filiales); investissements dans des compagnies publiques; incluant principalement dans les indices boursiers detenu personnellement (CIBC Wood Gundy), et via Mont-StHilaire Trust etlou Les Equites Massicotte Inc. (et ses filiales) etlou Massicap Inc.; investissement d'actifs passifs de 7211406 Canada Inc.; placements, investissements et developpement immobilier de Massicap Inc.; developpement immobilier de Carre Notre-Dame Phase 1 Inc.; investissements avec conjointe pour financer ses activites comme detaillant de vetements pour dames; et organisation pour investissement regional de FIERLaval.

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Senator

Outside Employment, Profession, or Business

Outside Positions (non voluntary)

Hippiques (Trois-Rivieres) S.E.C. (faillite 27/01110); President, Secretaire et Tresorier d' Attractions Hippiques (Ayl) Inc., commandite d' Attractions Hippiques (Aylmer) S.E.C (faillite 27/01110); President et Secretaire de 91662700 Quebec Inc., une compagnie utili see pour fin d'achat de terrain (inactive); President et Secretaire de 91662759 Quebec Inc., une compagnie utilisee pour fin d'achat de terrain (inactive); President et Secretaire de 91763755 Quebec Inc., une compagnie utilisee pour fin d'achat de terrain (inactive); President et secretaire de 91664084 Quebec Inc., une compagnie utili see pour fin d'achat de terrain (inactive); President et Secretaire de Les immeubles A. H. (Couronne Nord) Inc., une compagnie utilisee pour fin d'achat de terrain (inactive); President et Secretaire de Les immeubles A. H. (Trois-Rivieres) Inc., une compagnie utili see pour fin d'achat de terrain de TroisRivieres (faillite); President et Secretaire de Les immeubles A. H. (Aylmer) Inc., une compagnie utilisee pour fin d'achat de terrain d' Aylmer (faillite);

Disposable Income

Assets

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16

Senator

Outside Employment, Profession, or Business

Outside Positions (non voluntary)

Disposable Income

Assets

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Senator

Outside Employment, Profession, or Business

Outside Positions (non voluntary) l'investissement j President d' A. N. (J. Dubreuil) Inc., une societe privee de portefeuille President de 513524 N.B. Inc., une societe privee dans Ie domaine immobilier j President de Societe de Capital Alexis Nihon Inc., une societe privee de portefeuille j President et non membre du conseil d'administration de Place A. N. Inc., une societe privee d'In vestissements; President de 513273 N.B. Inc., une societe privee d'investissements j Membre du conseil d'administration de la Societe de Portefeuille Alexis Nihon Inc. j Membre du conseil d'administration d' Alexis Nihon Corporation, une societe privee dans Ie domaine immobilier Membre du conseil d'administration de Services Professionnels de Gestion Alexis Nihon Inc., une societe privee de services immobilier j Membre du conseil d'administration d' Alexis Nihon National Inc., une societe privee de portefeuille, une societe privee de portefeuille j Membre du conseil d'administration de Gestion Alexis Nihon Inc., une societe privee de portefeuille j

Disposable Income

Assets

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Senator

Outside Employment, Profession, or Business

Outside Positions (non voluntary)

Membre du conseil d'administration d' Alexis Nihon International Inc., une societe privee de portefeuille j Membre du conseil d'administration d' Alexis Nihon Inc., une societe privee de portefeuille j President de Services Financiers Alexis Nihon Inc., une societe privee d'Investissements; Membre du conseil d'administration de Construction Alexis Nihon Inc., societe privee dans Ie domaine de la construction immobiliere j et Membre du conseil d'administration de Les Developpements Alexis Nihon Limitee, societe privee dans la promotion immobiliere.

Disposable Income

Assets

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19

Senator

Outside Employment, Profession, or Business

Outside Positions (non voluntary)

Disposable Income

Assets
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President Secretaire de Fonds de Placement MC S.E.C., une societe de portefeuille et d'investissements, incluant 6675816 Canada Inc.

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Business as owner of Macleod Institute Inc., a private corporation with activities in program evaluations, environmental management and performance benchmarking.

12) 6860826 Canada (societe inactive) : - President et Secretaire de 6860826 Canada Inc., une societe pour achat de terrains. - Director and President of the Macleod Institute Inc., a private corporation with activities in program evaluations, environmental management and performance benchmarking.

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Pension from the Pension Plan of the Alberta Legislative Assembly; Director's fees from Climate Change Central; Salary from the Macleod Institute Inc.; and Pension from the Canada Pension Plan.

Registered Retirement Savings Plans with Scotia iTrade, composed of publicly traded securities of corporations; and Shares of Macleod Institute Inc.

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Senator Mclntrye, Paul E.

Outside Employment, Profession, or Business

Outside Positions (non voluntary)

Disposable Income

Assets

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Pension du Regime de pensions du Canada

- Regime enregistre d'epargne-retraite aupres de la Banque Royale du Canada, compose d'unites de fonds communs de placement. None Shares of 101129950 Saskatchewan Ltd., 606215 Saskatchewan Ltd., Merchant Law Professional Corporation, Canada Renta-Heater (Regina), 34 Kleisinger Cres. (Regina), Merchant W orId Services Inc., Heart Force Medical and various other shares on the stock market. A Registered Retirement Savings Plan with Investors Group composed of units of mutual funds; A Registered Retirement Savings Plan with TD Canada Trust composed of units of mutual funds; and Shares of Donscape , Landscape Services Inc RRSP and non RRSP investment accounts with CIBC Wood Gundy, composed of publicly traded securities, and a limited partnership fund.

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Mercer, Terry M. Merchant, Pana

None None

None Officer and Member of the Board of Directors of 101129950 Saskatchewan Ltd., a private company that owns a condominium proj ect.

None Various investments and loans, Canada Pension Plan and shares of 101129950 Saskatchewan Ltd.

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Landscaping services through Donscape Landscape Services Inc.

President of Donscape Landscape Services Inc., a corporation which provides landscaping services.

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Alberta Legislature pension; and Proceeds from the sale of investment business with CIBC Wood Gundy.

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21

Senator Mockler, Percy Moore, Wilfred P.

Outside Employment, Profession, or Business

Outside Positions (non voluntary)

Disposable Income

Assets

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None Director and Officer of Freebooter Trading Ltd., an investment corporation; Director and Officer of McLaughlin Holdings Ltd., an investment corporation; Director and Officer of Tiller Holdings Ltd., an investment corporation; Officer ofHe1m Holdings Ltd., an investment corporation; Officer of Adams and Knickle Ltd., a corporation with activities in the fishing sector; Director and Officer of Gusto Resources Ltd., an inactive corporation; Partner with Giant Meguma Holdings, an inactive partnership; Director and Officer of Seabed Resources Ltd., an inactive corporation; and Director and Officer of Emocean Spa Inc., a corporation that is a wellness living centre. None Director and President of 443472 Ontario Ltd., a personal holding corporation. None

None Pension from the Canada Pension Plan

None Shares of Freebooter Trading Ltd.; Shares of Gusto Resources Ltd., Interest in partnership with Giant Meguma Holdings; Shares of Seabed Resources Ltd.; and Registered Retirement Savings Plans with several financial institutions and an investment account with CIBC Wood Gundy, composed of units of various mutual funds and publicly traded securities of corporations.

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Neufeld, Richard

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Pension from the Canada Pension Plan An income from the HRJ Trust Fund number 3; and A pension from the Canada Pension Plan. Pension from the Government of British Columbia; and Pension from the Government of Canada.

None Shares of 443472 Ontario Ltd.

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22

Senator
Ngo, Thanh Hai Nolin, Pierre Claude Ogilvie, Kelvin, Kenneth

Outside Employment, Profession, or Business

Outside Positions (non voluntary)

Disposable Income

Assets

None

None

A pension from the Ontario Teacher's Federation Honoraires en tant qu'avocat-conseil it mon compte. Pension managed by larislowski Fraser and investments with the RBC; Pension from the Canada Pension Plan.

A Registered Retirement Savings Plan with the Bank of Nova Scotia None

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Oliver, Donald H.

Investment accounts with RBC composed of publicly traded securities. Shares ofTerragon Environmental Technologies Inc. Land, Scotts Bay Road, Kings County, Nova Scotia Shares of Dolin Fisheries Limited; Shares of Pleasant River Farms Limited; Shares of Mersey Point Fish Products Inc.; Shares of Premiere Shelf Storage; Shares of Crane Vista Investments; Shares ofVeridien Corporation Inc.; Shares of Silica Investments Inc.; Real estate holdings; An interest in Bridgewater Farmers Co-op; A portfolio of investments with BMO Nesbitt Burns, composed of publicly traded securities of corporations, bonds and debentures; A portfolio of investments

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Businesses under a corporate structure, involving exporting Christmas trees and sea products, as well as real estate developments and storage systems.

President and Board Member of Glen Moir Holdings Limited, a corporation with activities in real estate; President and Board Member of Dolin Fisheries Limited, a corporation with activities in fisheries; President and Board Member of Pleasant River Farms Limited, a corporation with activities in farming; Director of Mersey Point Fish Products Inc., a corporation with activities in fisheries; Director of Premiere Self Storage, a corporation with activities in storage systems; Member of the Advisory Board of Atlantic Signature and Loan Co., a corporation specializing in mortgages for residential and commercial real estate Chairman of the Board and a

Dividends and interest from a portfolio of investments with BMO Nesbitt Burns; Dividends and interest from a portfolio of investments with CIBC Wood Gundy; Dividends and interest from a portfolio of investments with TD Waterhouse; Dividends and interest from a portfolio of investments with the Bank of Nova Scotia Securities; Income from various real estate holdings; Dividends and interest from various whole life insurance policies with London Life and Sun Life; Business income/dividends from Pleasant River Farms

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23

Senator

Outside Employment, Profession, or Business

Outside Positions (non voluntary)

Director, Shareholder & Debenture Holder of Silica Investments Inc., Edmonton, Alberta

Disposable Income
Limited; Business income/dividends from Dolin Fisheries Limited; Director's fees from Atlantic Signature Mortgage and Loan Co.; Pension from the Canada Pension Plan.

Assets
with crnc Wood Gundy, composed of publicly traded securities of corporations, bonds and debentures; A portfolio of investments with TD Waterhouse, composed of publicly traded securities of corporations, bonds and debentures; A portfolio of investments with the Bank of Nova Scotia Securities, composed of publicly traded securities of corporations, bonds and debentures; and - Whole Life insurance policies with London Life and Sun Life;

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24

Senator
Patterson, Dennis Glen

Outside Employment, Profession, or Business

Outside Positions (non voluntary)

Disposable Income

Assets

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Member of the Board of Directors of Northern Property Real Estate Investment Trust, a publicly traded Canadian Income Trust; and Member of the Board of Directors ofNunatta Environmental Services Inc., a private environmental remediation company in Iqaluit, Nunavut.

Plett, Don

Business in real estate and land development under corporate structure.

Poirier, Rose-Marie

None

Director of Landmark Holdings Ltd., a land and building private holding corporation; and Director of Bald Enterprises Ltd., a land development private company which is presently inoperative. None
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Director's fees from Northern Property Real Estate Investment Trust; Director's fees from Nunatta Environmental Services Inc.; Dividends from publicly traded securities of corporations; Pension from the Northwest Territories Legislative Assembly; Pension from the Canada Pension Plan; A widower's superannuation; and Rental income from immovable properties. None

Two immovable properties; Publicly traded securities of corporations; Shares of Northern Property Real Estate Investment Trust; Shares ofNunatta Environmental Services Inc.

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Senator Raine, Nancy Greene

Outside Employment, Profession, or Business

Outside Positions (non voluntary)

Disposable Income

Assets

Endorsements and promotional contracts through NGRResort Consultants Ltd. and NGR Promotions Inc., including public speaking engagements

President and Member of the Board of Directors ofNGR Resort Consultants Inc. and NGR Promotions Inc., private corporations managing the interests of "Nancy Greene", including endorsements of Sun Peaks Mountain Resort, B.C.; and President and Member of the Board of Directors of Cahilty Food and Beverage Ltd., a company that rents space to the restaurant owner at Sun Peaks Resort, BC.

Old Age Security; Canadian Pension Plan; Interest and investment income from NGR Resort Consultants Inc.; Rental income from Cahilty Food & Beverage Company Ltd.; and Business income from NGR Promotions Inc.

RRSP composed of publicly traded securities with RBC Direct; Shares ofNGR Resort Consultants Inc.; Shares ofCahilty Food & Beverage Company Ltd.; Shares ofNGR Promotions Inc.

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Un revenu pour la location d'un appartement dans la residence familiale. Un revenu de retraite verse par la Commission administrative des regimes de retraite et d'assurances.

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Un compte de placement aupres de la Banque Royale du Canada, Eterna et Placements Toronto Dominion, composes de valeurs cotees en bourse de societes. Un Regime enregistre d'epargne-retraite.

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None

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Robichaud, Fernand

None

None

Un revenu provenant du Regime de pension des membres de l' Assemblee nationale du Quebec. Un revenu provenant du Regime de pension du Canada

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Senator
Runciman, Robert

Outside Employment, Profession, or Business

Outside Positions (non voluntary)

Disposable Income

Assets

None

None

A pension from the Canada Pension Plan

A self-directed Registered Retirement Savings Plan with RBC Dominion Securities, composed of publicly traded securities of corporations Publicly traded securities in Berkshire Hathaway B, Gluskin Sheff & Associates, Holcim LTD Reg SHS CHE Z, I SHRS EQ WGT Banc RTE, PotashCorp of Saskatchewan, SNC Lavalin Corp., Sunlife Financial, Top 20 Dividend TN, Top 20 US Dividend ATV, and MIT Invest TRSINH FRAC.

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Senior Advisor, Aird & Berlis L.L.P. (Law Firm in Toronto); Senior Fellow, Queen's School of Policy Studies; Adjunct Professor, Queen's School of Business

Member of the Board of Directors of Just Energy, a publicly traded Canadian Company, mid-market marketer of gas and electricity, based in Toronto, operating in 6 Canadian provinces and various US States, TSX and NYSE listed; Member of the Board of Directors of Hudson Energy U.K., a publicly traded Canadian Company, a specialized commercial supply division of Just Energy Group (NYSE:JE, TSX:JE), a leading energy retailer and supplier of green energy in North' America; Member of the Board of Directors of HOLCIM (Canada) Inc., a manufacturer of cement and related products based in Ontario; Member of the Board of Directors of Sunlife Financial, an insurance and investment management firm operating in Canada, US, Indonesia, UK, China, India and Japan; Chair and Member of the Board of Directors of 1766021 Ontario Ltd., a company operating as Limestone Human Capital which consolidates prior inactive family holding companies and receives

Contract fees from Queen's University; Directors' fees from Holcim Canada, Just Energy and Sunlife Financial. Income in excess of$2,000 from SNC Lavalin Group Inc. Contract fees from Aird & Berlis L.L.P.; Director's fees from Hudson Energy UK; and Dividends from Ontario l76602l.

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Senator

Outside Employment, Profession, or Business

Outside Positions (non voluntary) itinerant income from guest lectures and other income sources from above mentioned organizations; Advisory Board Member (probono) of Wellington Financial LP, a privately held bridge financing and venture debt fund, based in Toronto. President and Secretary of Consultants Miettinen and Seidman Inc., a consulting company in health applied research. None

Disposable Income

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None

Dividends and interest of an investment portfolio with Scotia MacLeod

Land located in SaintRaphael, QC Investment portfolio composed of publicly traded securities managed by Scotia MacLeod. Registered Retirement Income Fund with the Bank of Nova Scotia; Immovable properties; Bonds; and Publicly traded securities of corporations. Shares of Ehmbee Ltd.; Immovable properties in Fort Simpson and Yellow knife.

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Self-employed medical practitioner.

Director and Officer of Ehmbee Ltd., a private corporation with activities in real estate.

Income from the practice of medicine; Rental income; Dividends; Interest; and Pension from the Canada Pension Plan Business income from Ehmbee Ltd.; Pension from the Canada Pension Plan; and Pension from the Northwest Territories Legislative Assembly Retirement Pension Plan. Canada Pension Plan; Pension and consulting fees from Fraser Milner Cas grain LLP; and Income, dividends and interest of several publicly traded securities.

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Business in real estate under a corporate structure.

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Chairman Emeritus and Counsel to the firm of Fraser Milner Casgrain LLP, Toronto, ON.

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28

Senator Smith, Larry w.

Outside Employment, Profession, or Business

Outside Positions (non voluntary)

Disposable Income

Assets

Public speaking and consulting, P. M. P. Performance Consulting Group Inc.; and Co-owner, Westmount Moving & Warehousing Canada Inc.

Stewart Olsen, Carolyn

None

President and Member ofthe Board of Directors ofP.M.P. Performance Consulting Group Inc., a corporation with activities in public speaking and consulting; and Member of the Board of Directors ofWestmount Moving and Warehousing Canada Inc., a local, long distance, international and commercial mover. None

Public speaking and consulting activities, P.M.P. Performance Consulting Group Inc., and Dividends from Westmount Moving and Warehousing Canada Inc.

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Wallin, Pamela

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202

Curriculum Vitae of Christopher P. Manfredi

Curriculum Vitae

Christopher P. Manfredi Faculty of Arts McGill University 853 Sherbrooke St. W. Montreal, QC, H3A 2T6
Personal Information

Home Address: Telephone: E-Mail: Languages:

Education

52 Bruce Avenue Westmount, P.Q. H3Z2E2 514-398-4968 (Office) 514-398-8226 (Office Fax) Christopher.Manfredi@mcgill.ca English, French, Spanish

Ph.D. M.A. M.A. B.A.

1987, 1986, 1983, 1981,

Claremont Graduate University Claremont Graduate University University of Calgary University of Calgary

Certificate of Proficiency in Spanish, 1995, McGill University.

Areas of Academic Specialization

Comparative constitutionalism and judicial politics Canadian politics American public law
Current Position

Dean, Faculty of Arts, McGill University. Professor, Department of Political Science, McGill University.
Professional Experience

Chair, Department of Political Science, McGill University, 2000-2003, 2004-06. Co-Editor, Canadian Journal of Political Science, 1996-99. Associate Professor, Department of Political Science, McGill University, 1993-97 (Promoted to Full Professor, November, 1997). Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science, McGill University, 1991-93 (Promoted and granted tenure, June, 1993).

203

Curriculum Vitae of Christopher P. Manfredi

Canada Research Fellow/Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science, McGill University, 1988-91. Visiting Assistant Professor, Department of Government, Claremont McKenna College, 1987-88. Research Associate, Salvatori Center, Claremont McKenna College, 1987-88. Director of Research, Juvenile Justice Reform Project, Rose Institute of State and Local Government, Claremont McKenna College, 1985-87 (Project funded by Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, U.S. Department of Justice).
Publications

2009

(co-editor with James Kelly) Contested Constitutionalism: Reflections on the Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 318 pp .. (with Mark E. Rush) Judging Democracy. Peterborough: Broadview Press, 152 pp. Highly Recommended by Choice Magazine . Feminist Activism in the Supreme Court: Legal Mobilization and the Women's Legal Education and Action Fund. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 247 pp. Paperback edition issued January, 2005. Winner, Canadian Law and Society Association Book Prize. Shortlisted, Donner Book Prize (Best book on Canadian public policy). (co-editor with J. Magnet, G-A. Beaudoin, and G. Gall) The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms: Reflections on the Charter After Twenty Years. Toronto: Butterworths (LexisNexis), 483 pp. Also published as The Supreme Court Law Review, 2d Series, Vol. 19. Judicial Power and the Charter: Canada and the Paradox of Liberal Constitutionalism, 2d edition. Toronto: Oxford University Press, 276 pp.

2008

2004

2003

2001

1997 The Supreme Court and Juvenile Justice. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 256 pp. Designated an "Outstanding Academic Book" by Choice Magazine. Paperback edition issued February, 2000. 1993 Judicial Power and the Charter: Canada and the Paradox of Liberal Constitutionalism. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 292 pp. Simultaneous publication inthe United States by University of Oklahoma Press. Cited by the Supreme Court of Canada in Doucet-Boudreau v. Nova Scotia (Minister of Education), [2003] 3 S.C.R. 3.

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Curriculum Vitae of Christopher P. Manfredi

Refereed Articles and Chapters 2009 (with James Kelly) "Should We Cheer? Contested Constitutionalism and the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms," in James Kelly and Christopher Manfredi, eds. Contested Constitutionalism: Reflections on the Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press: 3-29. (with Antonia Maioni) "Judicializing Health Policy: Unexpected Lessons and an Inconvenient Truth," in James Kelly and Christopher Manfredi, eds. Contested Constitutionalism: Reflections on the Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press: 129-44. "In Defense of Prisoner Disenfranchisement," in Alec Ewald and Brandon Rottinghaus, eds. Democracy and Punishment: International Perspectives on Criminal Disenfranchisement Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 259-280. (with Antonia Maioni) "L'arret Chaoulli et la judiciarisation des politiques de sante," dans Franyois Beland, Le prive dans la sante: Les discours et lesfaits (Montreal: Les Presses de l'Universite de Montreal): 264-280. (with Mark Rush) "Electoral Jurisprudence in the Canadian and US Supreme Courts: Evolution and Convergence," McGill Law Journal 52 (3): 457-493. "The Day The Dialogue Died: A Comment on Sauve v. Canada," Osgoode Hall Law Journal 45 (1): 105-123. (with Antonia Maioni) "The Last Line of Defence for Citizens": Litigating Private Health Insurance III Chaoulli v. Quebec," Osgoode Hall Law Journal 44 (2): 249-271. "The Unfulfilled Promise of Dialogic Constitutionalism: JudicialLegislative Relationships Under the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms," in Tom Campbell, Jeffrey Goldsworthy, and Adrienne Stone, eds., Protecting Rights Without a Bill of Rights: Institutional Performance and Reform in Australia. Aldershot, UK/Burlington, VT : Ashgate: 23959. (with Antonia Maioni) "Les litiges fondes sur les droits et l'emergence du role des tribunaux dans l'elaboration des politiques en matiere de sante", Ruptures: Revue transdisciplinarie en sante 11(1) : 32-55. "Deja Vu All Over Again: Chaoulli and the Limits of Judicial Policymaking," in Colleen Flood, Lome Sossin, and Kent Roach, eds., Access to Care, Access to Justice: The Legal Debate Over Private Health Insurance in Canada. Toronto: University of Toronto Press: 139-57. "Judicial Power and the Charter: Reflections on the Activism Debate," UNB Law Journal 53: 185-97.

2009

2009

2008

2007

2007 2006

2006

2006

2005

2004

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Curriculum Vitae of Christopher P. Manfredi

2004

"Fear, Hope and Misunderstanding: Unintended Consequences and the Marshall Decision," in Kerry Wilkins, ed., Advancing Aboriginal Claims: Visions/Strategies/Directions. Saskatoon: Purich Publishing: 190-201. "Judges as Rational Actors: Strategic Behavior and the Emergence of Judicial Supremacy in Canada, in Axel van den Berg and Hudson Meadwell, eds. The Social Sciences and Rationality: Promise, Limits and Promise. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers: 169-188. (with James Kelly) "Misrepresenting the Supreme Court's Record? A Comment on Sujit Choudhry and Claire E. Hunter, 'Measuring Judicial Activism on the Supreme Court of Canada'," McGill Law Journal 49(3): 741-64. (with Antonia Maioni) "Rights and Public Health in the Balance: Tobacco Control in Canada," in Ronald Bayer and Eric Feldman, eds. Unfiltered: International Conflict over Tobacco Policy and Public Health. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press: 68-88. "Strategic Judicial Behaviour and The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms," in Patrick James, Donald Abelson and Michael Lusztig, eds. The Myth of the Sacred: The Charter, the Courts and the Politics of the Constitution in Canada. Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press: 147-67. "Courts, Culture and Community: Rescuing Constitutional Supremacy from Judicial Supremacy," in Bradley C.S. Watson, ed. Courts and the Culture Wars. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books: 153-65. "Expressive Freedom and Tobacco Advertising: A Canadian Perspective," American Journal of Public Health 92(3): 360-62. (with Antonia Maioni) "Courts and Health Policy: Judicial Policy Making and Publicly Funded Health Care in Canada" Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law 27(2): 211-38. (with James Kelly) "Dialogue, Deference and Restraint: Judicial Independence and Trial Procedures," Saskatchewan Law Review 64(2): 323-346. (with James Kelly) "Six Degrees of Dialogue: A Response to Hogg and Bushell," Os goode Hall Law Journal 37: 513-527. (with Scott Lemieux) "Judicial Discretion and Fundamental Justice: Sexual Assault in the Supreme Court of Canada," American Journal of Comparative Law 47: 489-514. (with Michael Lusztig) "Why Do Formal Amendments Fail?: An Institutional Design Analysis," World Politics 50: 377-400. "Judicial Review and Criminal Disenfranchisement in the United States and Canada," The Review of Politics 60: 277-305.

2004

2004

2004

2002

2002

2002 2002

2001

1999 1999

1998 1998

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Curriculum Vitae of Christopher P. Manfredi

1997

"Institutional Design and the Politics of Constitutional Modification: Understanding Formal Amendment Failure in the United States and Canada," Law & Society Review 31: 111-136. "The Judicialization of Politics: Rights and Public Policy in Canada and the United States," in Keith Banting, George Hoberg and Richard Simeon, eds. Degrees of Freedom: Canada and the United States in a Changing Global Context. Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press: 310-340. "On the Virtues of a Limited Constitution: Why Canadians Were Correct to Reject the Charlottetown Accord," in Anthony Peacock, ed. Rethinking the Constitution: Perspectives on Canadian Constitutional Reform, Interpretation and Theory. Toronto: Oxford University Press: 40-59. '''Appropriate and Just in the Circumstances': Public Policy and the Enforcement of Rights Under the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms," Canadian Journal of Political Science 27: 435-63. "Constitutional Rights and Interest Advocacy: Litigating Educational Reform in Canada and the United States," in F. Leslie Seidle ed. Equity and Community: The Charter, Interest Advocacy and Representation. Montreal: Institute For Research On Public Policy: 91-117. Reprinted in F.L. Morton, ed. Law Politics and the Judicial Process in Canada, 3d ed. (Calgary: University of Calgary Press, 2002), 329-43. "The Canadian Supreme Court and American Judicial Review: United States Constitutional Jurisprudence and the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms," American Journal of Comparative Law 40:401-23. "The Young Offenders Act and Juvenile Justice in the United States: Perspectives on Recent Reform Proposals," Canadian Journal of Law and Society 6:46-63. "Re Lavigne and Ontario Public Service Employees Union: Public Administration and Remedial Decree Litigation Under the Charter of Rights and Freedoms," Canadian Public Administration 34:395-416. "Fundamental Justice in the Supreme Court of Canada: Decisions Under S.7 of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms," American Journal of Comparative Law 38:653-682. "The Use of United States Decisions By The Supreme Court of Canada Under the Charter of Rights and Freedoms," Canadian Journal of Political Science 23:499-518. Reprinted in Ron Saunders, ed., Introduction to Legal Processes 2d ed. (North York, ON: Captus Press, 1995). "Adjudication, Policymaking and the Supreme Court of Canada: Lessons From The Experience of the United States," Canadian Journal of Political Science 22:313-335.

1997

1996

1994

1993

1992

1991

1991

1990

1990

1989

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Curriculum Vitae of Christopher P. Manfredi

1986

"Human Dignity and the Psychology of Interrogation in Miranda v. Arizona," Canadian Journal of Law and Society 1: 109-124.

Other Articles and Chapters 2010 (with James Kelly) "Courts," in John C. Courtney and David E. Smith, The Oxford Handbook of Canadian Politics. New York: Oxford University Press: 39-54. (with Mark Rush) "From Deference and Democracy to Dialogue and Distrust: The Evolution of the Court's View of the Franchise and Its Impact on the Judicial Activism Debate," Supreme Court Law Review (2d) 45: 19-36. Also published in Joseph Eliot Magnet and Bernard Adell, eds., The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms After Twenty-Five Years. Toronto: LexisNexis: 19-36. (with Mark Rush) "Unexpected Convergences: Judging Democracy in the Canadian and US Supreme Courts," in David Thomas and Barbara Boyle Torrey, eds. Canada and the United States: Differences that Count, 3d ed. Peterborough: Broadview Press: 237-252. (with Antonia Maioni) "Reversal of Fortune: Litigating Health Care Reform in Auton v. British Columbia," Supreme Court Law Review (2d) 29: 111-36. (with Antonia Maioni) "When the Charter Trumps Health Care-A Collision of Canadian Icons," Policy Options 26 (7): 52-56. "The Life of a Metaphor: Dialogue in the Supreme Court, 1998-2003," Supreme Court Law Review (2d) 23: 105-l31. "Same Sex Marriage and the Notwithstanding Clause," Policy Options 24 (9): 21-24. "Liberal Morality and the Myths of Drug Criminalization," Policy Options Politigues 22 (8): 14-17. "Judicial Power and the Charter: Three Myths and a Political Analysis," Supreme Court Law Review (2d) 14: 331-40. Judicial Power and the Modem Nation-State (Claremont, CA: Salvatori Center Monograph Series, No.2): 29 pp. "The Chretien Court," Policy Options Politigues 21(9): 23-24. "La Charte et Ie caractere distinctif du Quebec, Cite Libre 28(4) : 78-82. "Overstepping Its Bounds: The Supreme Court's Political Role," Canadian Issues/Themes Canadiens (Spring): 20-21.

2009

2008

2005

2005 2004 2003 2001 2001 2001 2000 2000 2000

208

Curriculum Vitae of Christopher P. Manfredi

2000

"Rights and the Judicialization of Politics in Canada and the United States," in David Thomas, ed. Canada and the United States: Differences That Count, 2d ed. Toronto: Broadview Press: 301-18. "The Charter and Federalism: A Response to Professor Balthazar," in Quebec and the Ideal of Federalism, McGill Institute for the Study of Canada, Working Papers, 25 September. "Inalienable Rights and Reasonable Limits: The US Bill of Rights and the Charter of Rights and Freedoms," in David Thomas, ed., Canada and the United States: Differences that Count. Toronto: Broadview Press: 234-5l. "Constitutional Adjudication and the Crisis of Modem Liberalism," in Y. Umar ed. George Grant and the Future of Canada. Calgary: University of Calgary Press, 1992: 103 -2l. "Commentary on Roach and Williams," in John Courtney et at, eds. Drawing Boundaries: Legislatures, Courts and Electoral Values. Saskatoon: Fifth House: 234-37. "The Emergence of Offense-Oriented Juvenile Courts," Beverly Hills Bar Association Journal 21:137-142.

1997

1993

1992

1992

1987

Reports 2000 The Canadian Feminist Movement, Constitutional Politics, and the Strategic Use of Legal Resources (Vancouver: SFU-UBC Centre for the Study of Govemment and Business), 61 pp. "Extrinsic Evidence, Social Science and Constitutional Adjudication in the United States: Implications for Litigation Under the Charter of Rights and Freedoms," (Department of Justice, Corporate Policy and Programs Sector, Research Section): 26 pp.

1992

1987 (with Ralph A. Rossum and Benedict J. Koller) Juvenile Justice Reform: A Model For The States, Claremont, CA: Rose Institute of State and Local Government and The American Legislative Exchange Council, pp. iii, 20l. Book Reviews 2010 "A Race for the Ages," review of D. Plouffe, The Audacity to Win (Viking 2009) and J. Heileman & M. Halperin, Game Change (HarperCollins 2010) in Policy Options 31(7): 79-8l. Review of Janet Hiebert, Charter Conflicts: What is Parliament's Role? (Montreal/Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2002) in Review of Constitutional Studies 8(1): 117-19. Review of Paul Howe and Peter H. Russell, eds. Judicial Power and Canadian Democracy (Montreal/Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2001) in Canadian Journal of Law and Society 17 (1): 179-81.

2003

2002

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Curriculum Vitae of Christopher P. Manfredi

2001

Review of Hugh Mellon and Martin Westmacott, eds. Political Dispute and Judicial Review (Scarborough: Nelson Thomson Learning, 2000) in Canadian Journal of Political Science 34(2): 406-407. Review of Alexandra Dobrowolsky, The Politics of Pragmatism: Women, Representation, and Constitutionalism in Canada (Toronto: Oxford University Press, 2000) in Political Studies 48(5): 1075-76. Review of Paul M. Sniderman, Joseph F. Fletcher, Peter H. Russell, and Philip E. Tetlock, The Clash of Rights: Liberty, Equality and Legitimacy in Pluralist Democracy (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1996), in Review of Constitutional Studies IV:2 (1998), 383-85. Review of Ian Bushnell, The Federal Court of Canada: A History, 18751992 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1997), in The Law and Politics Book Review 8: 216-17. Review of Allan C. Hutchinson, Waiting For Coraf: A Critique of Law and Rights (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1995), in Canadian Journal of Political Science 29: 164. Review of William Kaplan and Donald McRae, eds., Law, Policy, and International Justice: Essays in Honour of Maxwell Cohen (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1993), in Canadian Journal of Political Science 27: 629-30. Review of Andrew Heard, Canadian Constitutional Conventions: The Marriage of Law and Politics (Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1991), in Canadian Journal of Political Science 24:631-32. Review of William E. Conklin, Images of a Constitution (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1989) in Canadian Journal of Law and Society 5:142-44.

2000

1998

1998

1996

1994

1991

1990

Invited Lectures and Conference Papers

2012 "Conservatives in Court: Legal Countermobilization and the Charter," Annual Meeting, Canadian Political Science Association, Edmonton, AB, 14 June. "Citizenship and Patriation: Reflections on Quebec's Self-Exclusion," 30 Years After Patriation: Taking Stock, Colloquium organized by the Association international des etudes quebebcoises, Montreal, QC, Canada, April 12-14. (with E. Richez) "Citizenship and the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms," Migration-Regionalization-Citizenship: Canada and Europe in Comparative Perspective, Interdisciplinary Conference on the Occasion of the 25 th Anniversary of the Institute for Canadian Studies, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany, December 8-11.

2012

2010

2010

"Chaoulli, the Charter and the Canada Health Act," International Symposium on Health Care Renewal, Sponsored by the CIHR Institute of

210

Curriculum Vitae of Christopher P. Manfredi

Health Services and Policy Research and the Nova Scotia Health Research Foundation, Halifax, October 13. 2008 "Religion and Education in a Multicultural Society," Conference on Multiculturalism in Religion, Democracy, and Modernization, UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, 4 December. (with Mark Rush) "The Evolution of Canadian Electoral Jurisprudence and the Canadian Conception of Representative Democracy: A Look to the Future," Association for Canadian Studies: 25 th Anniversary of the Charter Conference, Ottawa, 17 April. "The Charter and Health Care Policy," Association for Canadian Studies: 25 th Anniversary of the Charter Conference, Ottawa, 16 April. Invited Participant, Panel on "Charter Dialogue Between the Courts and Parliament Revisited," Osgoode Hall Law School/Law Society of Upper CanadalThe Advocates' Society: 25 th Anniversary of the Charter, Toronto, 12 April. "Judicial Power and the Charter: Reflections on 25 Years of Rights-Based Judicial Review in Canada," Faculty Colloquium in Public Law, Princeton University, 1 March. Panelist, "Implementing Chaoulli v. Quebec: Opening the door to private health care?," Health Law Students' Association, McGill University, 22 March. "Litigating Innovation: A Rights-Based Approach to Policy Reform," Symposium on "Canada and the Culture of Innovation," University of Bonn, Germany, 9 December. (with Mark Rush) "Missing the Forest for the Trees? Campaign Spending Law and Incumbent protection in Canada and the United States," Biennial Meeting, Association of Canadian Studies in the United States, St. Louis, 18 November. Invited Participant, National Summit on Chaoulli, Osgoode Hall Law School, Toronto, 26 October. "Deja Vu All Over Again: Chaoulli and the Limits of Judicial Policymaking," Access to Care, Acess to Justice: The Legal Debate Over Private Health Insurance in Canada, Faculty of Law, University of Toronto, 16 September. (with Antonia Maioni) "Litigating Innovation: Health Care Policy and the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms," Annual Meeting, Canadian Political Science Association, 4 June. (with Mark Rush) "Missing the Forest for the Trees? Campaign Spending Law and Incumbent Protection in Canada and the United States," Annual Meeting, Canadian Political Science Association, 3 June.

2007

2007 2007

2007

2006

2005

2005

2005 2005

2005

2005

211

Curriculum Vitae of Christopher P. Manfredi

2005

"Reversal of Fortune: Litigating Health Care Reform in Auton v. British Columbia," 8th Annual Constitutional Cases Conference, Osgoode Hall Law School, Toronto, 15 April. "Legal Mobilization and Health Care Policy," Workshop on Appealing for More Care, University of Toronto, 8 March. "Dialogue and Disenfranchisement: Reflections on Sauve v. Canada," Washington and Lee University, Lexington, VA, 24 January. (with Antonia Maioni) "Health Care Reform and the Charter: Looking at Auton and Chaoulli," Health Canada, Ottawa, 19 January. (with Antonia Maioni) "Litigating Innovation: Health Care Policy and the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms," Annual Meeting, American Political Science Association, Chicago, 2-5 September. "Does Legal Mobilization Matter? Feminist Activism and the Charter," McGill Institute for the Study of Canada, Montreal, 28 January. "The Unfulfilled Promise of Dialogic Constitutionalism: JudicialLegislative Relationships under the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms," Workshop on Protecting Human Rights in Australia: Past, Present and Future, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia, 10-12 December. "Multicultural Citizenship and the Charter: National and Polyethnic Minority Claims Under Section 15," Biennial Meeting, Association of Canadian Studies in the United States, Portland, 19-23 November. "Tobacco Control and the Liberal State: The Case of Canada" (with Antonia Maioni), Regulation of Healthcare Industries and Patient Care, IPSA Research Committee on Comparative Health Policy, Paris, June 2022. "Citizenship and the Charter," Charter at Twenty Conference, York University and Osgoode Hall Law School, Toronto, 13 April. "Federalism and Fundamental Rights," VIII European Multidisciplinary Seminar on Canadian Studies, Milazzo (Italy), 19 October. "Courts, Culture and Community," Courts and the Culture Wars Conference, st. Vincent College, 21 April. "Judicial Power and the Charter: Three Myths and a Political Analysis," 2000 Constitutional Cases Conference, Professional Development Program, Osgoode Hall Law School, 6 April. "Sexual Assault and the Supreme Court: The Dialogue of Strategic Interaction," Department of Political Science, University of Calgary, 2 February. Faculty of Law, McGill University, 24 January.

2005 2005 2005 2004

2004 2003

2003

2002

2002 2001 2001 2001

2001

212

Curriculum Vitae of Christopher P. Manfredi

2000 2000

"Judicial Review and Federalism: A Research Agenda," IPSA World Congress, Quebec City, 5 August. (with James Kelly) "Dialogue, Deference and Restraint: Judicial Independence and Trial Procedures," Annual Meeting, Canadian Political Science Association, Quebec City, 31 July. "Judicial Power and the Charter," Eighth Annual Jerusalem Conference in Canadian Studies, The Hebrew University, 25-29 June. "Judicial Power and the Modem Nation-State," Salvatori Center Lecture Series, Claremont McKenna College, Claremont, CA. "Hubris, Humility and the Supreme Court of Canada: Judicial Power and the Charter," The Richard F. Salisbury Memorial Lecture, Faculty of Arts, McGill University. "Strategic Judicial Behaviour and the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms," Biannual Meeting, American Association of Canadian Studies in the United States, Pittsburgh PA. "Designed to Fail: The Institutional Politics of Constitutional Reform in Canada," Canada Seminar, Weatherhead Center for International Affairs, Harvard University. (with Antonia Maoini) "Courts and Health Policy: Judicial Decisionmaking and Publicly Funded Health Care," Paper presented to the Annual Meeting, American Political Science Association, Boston, MA. (with Antonia Maioni) "Cure or Complication: Judicial Management of Provincial Health Care Policy," Paper presented to the Annual Meeting, Canadian Political Science Association, Ottawa, ON. (with Scott Lemieux) "Judicial Discretion as a Principle of Fundamental Justice: Understanding the Supreme Court's Sexual Assault Jurisprudence," Paper presented to the Annual Meeting, Canadian Political Science Association, Ottawa, ON. Distinguished Lecturer on Canadian Constitutional Politics, Department of Political Science and Faculty of Law, West Virginia University, delivered two seminars and one public lecture. (with Richard Schultz) "Self-Regulation: Objectives, Design and Implementation," Paper prepared for Office of Consumer Affairs, Industry Canada. "Liberal Citizenship and Prisoners' Voting Rights: Reflections on the Canadian Case, " Paper presented to the Annual Meeting, American Political Science Association, San Francisco, CA. (with M. Lusztig) "Amendment Overload: The Politics of Constitutional Pluralism," Paper presented to the Annual Meeting, Canadian Political Science Association, St. Catharine's, ON.

2000 2000 1999

1999

1999

1998

1998

1998

1998

1996

1996

1996

213

Curriculum Vitae of Christopher P. Manfredi

1996

"Popular Sovereignty and Political Freedom: Reflections From Quebec," Paper, Salvatori Center 25th Anniversary Conference on Modem Freedom, Claremont McKenna College, Claremont, CA. "Citizenship, Participation and Punishment: Liberal Democracy and the Disenfranchisement of Convicted Criminals," Paper, Bi-Annual Meeting, Association for Canadian Studies in the United States, Seattle, WA. "Constitutional Modification, Institutional Design and the Politics of Gender Equality," Paper, Annual Meeting, Canadian Political Science Association, Montreal, QC. "Formal Amendment, Judicial Interpretation, and the Politics of Constitutional Interpretation: Lessons From the Canadian Case," Paper, Departmental Colloquium, Department of Political Science, Iowa State University. "Judicial Power in Canada," Lecture, Universidad Belgrano, Buenos Aires, Argentina. "Litigation and Institutional Design: The Charter of Rights and Freedoms and Micro-Constitutional Politics," Paper, Canadian Political Science Association, Annual Meeting, Ottawa. "Extrinsic Evidence, Social Science and the Enforcement of Minority Language Educational Rights," Paper, Department of Justice, Fourth Annual Conference on Human Rights and the Charter, Ottawa. "'Appropriate and Just in the Circumstances': Public Policy and the Enforcement of Rights Under the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms," American Political Science Association, Annual Meeting, Chicago, IL. "The Burden of Unity: Canada's Constitutional Crisis," Invited Lecture, Claremont McKenna College, Claremont, CA. "The Young Offenders Act and the Death of the Rehabilitative Ideal in Juvenile Justice," Joint Session of the Canadian Sociology and Anthropology Association and the Canadian Law and Society Association, Charlottetown, PEL "Constitutional Adjudication and the Crisis of Modem Liberalism, Conference on George Grant and the Future of Canada, Mount Royal College, Calgary, AB. "Fundamental Justice in the Supreme Court of Canada," Invited Lecture, Claremont McKenna College, Claremont, CA. "Individual Responsibility, System Accountability, and Juvenile Justice Policy," Paper, Annual Meeting, Law & Society Association, Washington, D.C .. "Approaches to Juvenile Justice Reform," Paper, Annual Meeting, American Probation and Parole Association, Baltimore, MD.

1995

1995

1995

1993 1993

1992

1992

1992 1992

1990

1989 1987

1986

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1986

"Professional Attitudes Towards Juvenile Justice Reform," Paper, Annual Juvenile Justice Conference of the National District Attorneys Association and the National Council of Juvenile and Family Court Judges, New Orleans, LA.

Other Scholarly Activities

2004

Discussant, Panel on Interpreting and Assessing the "Correct" Role for Canada's Judiciary, Annual Meeting, Canadian Political Science Association, Winnipeg, 4 June. Chair, Panel on Democracy and the Charter, Annual Meeting, Canadian Political Science Association, Toronto, 31 May. Discussant, Panel on Judicial Review, Annual Meeting, Canadian Political Science Association, Toronto, 31 May. Plenary Chair, Workshop Chair, and Panel Participant, Canadian Rights and Freedoms: 20 Years Under the Charter, Association for Canadian Studies, Ottawa, 17-20 April. Participant, Tobacco Control and the Liberal State: The Legal, Ethical and Policy Debates, Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Substance Abuse Policy Research Program, Paris, 2-4 November. Chair, Panel on "The American Judiciary versus the Rule of Law," Annual Meeting, American Political Science Association, San Francisco, 31 August. Discussant, Panel on "A Retrospective on Progressive Uses of the Charter," Annual Meeting, Canadian Political Science Association, 28 May. Participant, Roundtable on "The Supreme Court and Its Critics," Annual Meeting, Canadian Political Science Association, 27 May. Discussant, Panel on Minorities, Courts and Policy, Annual Meeting, Canadian Political Science Association, Quebec City, 1 August. Discussant and Chair, Panel on Constitutional Courts: A Comparative Perspective, IPSA World Congress, Quebec City, 1 August. Discussant, Panel on Political Philosophy and Punishment, Annual Meeting, American Political Science Association. Discussant, Panel on the Supreme Court and the Charter of Rights and Freedoms, Canadian Political Science Association, Annual Meeting, Calgary, AB. Participant, Roundtable on Reapportionment and Gerrymandering Under the Charter, Canadian Political Science Association, Annual Meeting, Calgary, AB.

2002 2002 2002

2001

2001

2001

2001 2000 2000 1997 1994

1994

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1993 1989

Discussant, Panel on the Impact of the Charter, Canadian Political Science Association, Annual Meeting, Ottawa. Discussant, Panel on the Supreme Court and its Critics, Canadian Political Science Association, Annual Meeting, Quebec City.

Teaching and Administrative Experience

McGill University Undergraduate Courses Honour's Seminar: Canadian Politics The Canadian Judicial Process The Canadian Constitution: Rights and Liberties Canadian Public Administration Crime and Politics in Comparative Perspective Law and Politics in Canada Government and Politics of the United States Seminar in Canadian Studies: Issues in Canadian Justice First Year Seminar: Inside Political Campaigns Graduate Courses Judicial Politics and the Constitution Comparative Federalism Graduate and Undergraduate Independent Reading Courses Constitutional Law and Canadian Federalism The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms American Theories of Judicial Review and Constitutional Interpretation Civil Rights and Liberties in the United States Congress, The President, and Foreign Policy Administration Trustee, McGill Institute for the Study of Canada. Chair, Department of Political Science. Member, Tenure Committee, Faculty of Law . Member, Academic Advisory Committee and Curriculum Committee, McGill Institute for the Study of Canada. Member, Directorship Search Committee, McGill Institute for the Study of Canada. Director of Graduate Studies, Department of Political Science. Chair, Constitutional Review Committee, Faculty of Arts. Speaker, Faculty of Arts, McGill University. Member, Faculty Review Board, Faculty of Arts. Co-Ordinator, Canadian Studies Programme, Faculty of Arts. Chair, Committee on Teaching, Faculty of Arts. Editor, Working Papers Series, Department of Political Science. Co-Director, Majors Programme, Department of Political Science.
Students Supervised

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Ph.D. Erin Crandall (In progress) Kate Puddister (In progress) Megan Cudmore (In progress) Emmanuel Richez (2012) Matthew Hennigar (2003) Troy Riddell (2002) James Kelly (1999, co-supervisor)

Natalie Amar Paul Armitage Frederic Berard Eric Block Diva Bortolussi Michael Colson Louise Edmonds Christopher Forrest Bruce Hicks Scott Lemieux Nancy MacDonald Gayle Noble David Outerbridge Christopher Rodgers Jody Shugar Cindy-Anne Turner Julien Paupert de Rohnay Research Grants Research Grant, "Conservatives in Court; Legal Countermobilization and the Charter," Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada, 2009-2012 ($67,426). Research Grant, "Innovation and Implementation in Public Policy," Max Bell Foundation, 2005-2008 (with A. Maioni, N. Cooke, R. Schultz, S. Soroka, w. Straw, $300,000). Research Grant, "Rights Litigation and Health Care Policy," Canadian Institutes for Health Research, 2003-2006 (with Antonia Maioni, $158,390). Research Grant, "Citizenship and the Charter," Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada, 2002-2005 ($75,000). Research Grant, "Federalism and Judicial Review," Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada (Strategic Programs and Joint Inititiatives), 2000-2002 ($31,970).

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Research Grant, "Feminism in Court: The Canadian Women's Movement and the Strategic Use of Legal Resources," Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada, 1997-2000 ($32,900). Research Grant, Donner Canadian Foundation, Project on Interest Group Behaviour in the Information Age, 1995 ($10,000). Research Grant, "Constitutional Litigation, Institutional Design, and the Politics of Rights," Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada, 1994-1997 ($28,000). Social Sciences Research Grant, Faculty of Graduate Studies, McGill University, 1992 ($2,500). Law and Social Issues in Canada, Pilot program jointly funded by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada, the Department of the Solicitor General and the Department of Justice, 1991 ($8,755 grant to study remedial decree litigation under the Charter of Rights and Freedoms). Canada Research Fellowship, Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada, 1988 (three year term [total value $57, 500], fourth year renewal declined in favour of tenure track position). Other Awards Doctoral Fellowship, Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada, 1985-1987 ($12,000 per year). Phi Beta Kappa Scholarship, 1985 ($1,500). Claremont Graduate School University Fellowship, 1983-1985 (Full tuition). Province of Alberta Graduate Scholarship, 1982-1983 ($7,200). Ralph Steinhauer Award of Distinction, Alberta Heritage Scholarships, 19811982 ($10,000). Honours David L. Johnston Award, McGill Alumni Association, for exemplary work on behalf of the McGill Annual Fund, 2010. Best Book Award, Canadian Law and Society Association, for Feminist Activism in the Supreme Court, 2005. Donner Book Prize, shortlisted for Feminist Activism in the Supreme Court, 2005. Professional Service Member, Governor General Expert Advisory Committee, (Special committee to advise the Prime Minister on the appointment of the Governor General), 2010.

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Member, Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada (Order-inCouncil appointment), 2008Guest Member, Editorial Committee, Annual Review of Law and Social Science, 2005. College of Reviewers, Canada Research Chairs Programme, 2005-. Board of Directors/Treasurer, Association for Canadian Studies, 2003-2007. Program Committee Chair, Charter at Twenty Conference, Association for Canadian Studies, 2002. Nominating Committee, APSA Organized Section on Law and Courts, American Political Science Association. Member, Standard Research Grants Selection Committee (Committee 11), Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada; Canadian Scholarship Selection Committee, International Council for Canadian Studies. Member, Advisory Committee, Innovations: A Journal of Politics; Editorial Advisory Board, Citizens and Statesmen: An Annual Review of Political Theory and Public Life Manuscript Reviewer, Oxford University Press; Nelson Canada; McClelland and Stewart; Broadview Press; Canadian Journal of Political Science; Canadian Journal of Law and Society; Windsor Yearbook of Access to Justice; American Review of Canadian Studies; Policy Studies Journal; Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis; Politique et Societes; Polity; Cambridge University Press; Canadian Public Administration; Social Science & Medicine; Review of Politics; McGill-Queen's University Press; UBC Press, Journal of Politics; Political Research Quarterly; Law & Society Review; American Journal of Political Science; McGill Journal of Law and Health. External Ph.D.Examiner, Department of Political Science, University of Toronto; Department of Politics, Queen's University. External Tenure and Promotion Reviewer, Simon Fraser University; University of Pittsburgh; University of the Pacific; University of Ottawa; Queen's University; University at Buffalo (State University of New York). Other, Reviewer, Connaught Research Fellowship, University of Toronto.

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Professional Affiliations American Political Science Association. Canadian Political Science Association. References A vailable on request.