Recent Development of Seismic Retrofit Methods in Japan

Japan Building Disaster Prevention Association January 2005

Preface
The Great Hanshin-Awaji Disaster (Kobe Earthquake) caused huge damages to building structures, especially to old or non-engineered buildings. It has strongly been recognized that the strengthening of these seismic vulnerable buildings is one of urgent issues for the reduction of earthquake disaster. Thus, in response to the precious lessons from the Kobe Earthquake, the Japanese government enacted "the Law for Promotion of Seismic Retrofit of Buildings," in December 1995. In accordance with the law, existing buildings of more than certain floor area for public use shall be retrofitted to satisfy the seismic performance level equivalent to the current code requirement at the time of renovation. Practical evaluation of seismic performance and retrofit design of existing buildings has been based on The Standard for Seismic Evaluation of Existing Buildings, and Guidelines for Seismic Retrofit Design, before and after the enacting of the law, which are published from the Japan Building Disaster Prevention Association. Conventional methods for seismic retrofit of building structures are provided by the guidelines in detail, the effectiveness of which has been verified through past experimental research. On the other hand, various efficient methods of seismic retrofit have been developed or invented especially after the Kobe Earthquake. Although the effectiveness of the new methods was verified through various performance tests by the researchers in the developers group, neutral and standardized evaluation of the methods was necessary information to users such as structural designers or clients. For this purpose, the Japan Building Disaster Prevention Association (President: Tsuneo Okada) has set up a technical committee for evaluation of methods for building disaster prevention. The committee (Chairman: Shunsuke Otani) officially started in 1996, and evaluated 28 methods in total until 2004. The members of the committee from 2004 are listed below. Most of the methods for evaluation are recently developed techniques for seismic retrofit or strengthening of old reinforced concrete buildings in Japan. Requirements and guidelines for design and construction by the new retrofit methods are prescribed as a manual in practice. The validity of the manual is evaluated, such as in the viewpoints of reliability of material properties, member performance, design equations, detailing and construction work. The scope of the method is also clearly restricted by reviewing background research. The details on the new methods could be available from the manuals in Japanese. However, the comprehensive information in English on the methods was not available. January 17, 2005, is the tenth anniversary of the Kobe Earthquake. Commemorating the anniversary, various international events are planned, such as the International Symposium on Earthquake(ISEE Kobe 2005) and at United Nations World Conference on Disaster Reduction in Awaji and Kobe, in order to reduce seismic disaster in the future. The promotion of seismic retrofit of structures worldwide is one of the major

topics to be discussed there. To contribute to the symposium of the conference above by introducing the seismic retrofit technologies recently developed in Japan, 22 methods out of 28, evaluated by the JBDPA committee, are outlined in English and compiled in this volume. This volume is prepared voluntarily by each developers group according to the given standard format for distribution at above meetings. Note that the views shown in this volume do not reflect those of the committee members but those of the developers. Also please note that some of these outlines in English introduce broader scope of application than approved by the JBDPA evaluation procedure. The contents is to be uploaded to the website of JBDPA (http://www.kenchiku-bosai.or.jp) soon and will be updated periodically in the future. The sincere cooperation and efforts of the developers for drafting the volume are gratefully acknowledged. Editor Toshimi Kabeyasawa

Technical Committee on Evaluation of Building Disaster Prevention Methods (from April 2004 to present) Shunsuke Otani (Chiba University, Chairman) Yoshihoro Abe (Tohoku Institute of Technology) Toshikatsu Ichinose (Nagoya Institute of Technology) Daisuke Kato (Niigata University) Toshimi Kabeyasawa (University of Tokyo) Takashi Kaminosono (MLIT) Kazuhiro Kitayama (Tokyo Metropolitan University) Hiroshi Kuramoto (Toyohashi University of Technology) Takeyoshi Korenaga (Taisei Corporation) Hiroyasu Sakata (Tokyo Institute of Technology) Osamu Joh (Hokkaido University) Shinichi Sugawara (Science University of Tokyo) Norio Suzuki (Kajima Corporation) Matsutaro Seki (Ohibayashi Corporation) Hideo Tsukagoshi (Shimizu Corporation) Shigemitsu Hatanaka (Mie University) Shizuo Hayashi (Tokyo Institute of Techonology) Masaki Maeda (Tohoku University) Fumio Watanabe (Kyoto University)

List of Seismic Retrofit Methods

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. CRS-CL Method (Carbon fiber Retrofit System for CoLumns) CRS Method (Carbon fiber Retrofit System for Chimney) MARS system (Mending Application of Reinforced Sheets) AF System (Aramid Fiber retrofitting system) -- Not translated -- Not translated Precast Retrofit Shear Wall System (PRSW) -- Not translated -- Not translated 23 27 31 35 39 43 47 51 57 61 65 69 73 75 79 83 19 1 5 9 13

10. CRS-BM Method (Carbon Fiber Retrofit System for BeaMs) 11. Acrypair System 12. SR-CF System (Seismic Retrofit by Carbon Fiber sheet) 13. -- Not translated 14. CFRP Sandwich Panel Roof 15. Pitacolumn Method 16. Aoki Seismic Retrofit Method by means of Energy Dissipation Braces 17. Seismic Retrofitting Technology of Existing RC Frame Structures by External Steel Brace Reinforcement 18. Tufnes method 19. -- Not translated 20. SRF (Super retrofit with flexibility) 21. -- Not translated 22. Seismic Retrofit for Existing R/C Buildings using SNE-Tru 23. TARS (Taisei Anchor-less Retrofit System) 24. OFB (Outer-frame brace) 25. Seismic retrofit technology for steel structures using (Tomoe Friction Damper) 26. PPMG-CR (Seismic Retrofit Technology of Columns with a Special Polymer-cement Mortar) 27. PCa Brace System 28. PCaPC External Frame Aseismic Strengthening System

1. Title CRS-CL Method (Carbon fiber Retrofit System for CoLumns) 2. Outline CRS-CL Method is a seismic retrofit technique for existing reinforced concrete columns and concrete-encased steel composite columns using carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) sheet or strand. Shear strength, lateral deformability and axial capacity of the column members can be improved by confining with CFRP sheet or strand. 3. Specifications for materials CRS-CL Method uses carbon fiber (CF) sheet or strand as the reinforcing material. Table 1 lists their design specification values. Table 1 Specifications of the reinforcing materials
(a) carbon fiber sheet

weight g/m2 200 300

thickness mm 0.111 0.167

Elastic modulus kN/mm2 230

Fracture stress N/mm2 3400

Stress for design N/mm2 1750

(b) carbon fiber shrand

number of filament 12000

area mm2 0.435

Elastic modulus kN/mm2 230

Fracure stress N/mm2 3400

Stress for design N/mm2 1750

4. Typical construction details The construction process of CRS-CL Method is as follows: removal of existing finishing, rounding of corners, wrapping CF sheet or winding CF strand with simultaneous impregnation of epoxy resin, and finishing of the retrofitted column. Figure 1 shows cross sections according to the construction process. Figure 2 illustrates wrapping CF sheet (Sheet Method) and winding CF strand (Strand Method).
exsiting finishing glinding CFRP finishing

existing column

mortar

mortar

Figure 1 Typical construction details

existing column

existing column

carbon fiber strand carbon fiber sheet

(a) wrapping CF sheet (Sheet Method) (b) winding CF strand (Strand Method) Figure 2 Two methods for providing CFRP

5. Research for verification The effectiveness of CRS-CL Method for strengthening reinforced concrete columns has been verified through a series of seismic tests. Static loading tests on columns or beams were conducted for the total of 78 specimens in the first to tenth phase, which represents reinforced concrete or concrete-encased steel composite columns in old buildings of Japan or bridge columns of highway and railway. Many of the columns were strengthened using carbon fiber sheet or strand. The columns strengthened by the new method could maintain lateral and axial load capacity until more than eight percent inter-story drift, while the bare specimens without strengthening failed in shear or bond at small drift and graduately lost axial load capacity. The typical hysteresis relations are compared for a bare reinforced concrete specimen and a CRS specimen as shown in Figure 2. The specimens after tests are shown in Photo 1. Concrete prisms and cylinders confined with the CFRP material were also tested to grasp the confinement by CFRP. Through these test series, the method is verified to be effective for prevention of the loss of lateral and axial load capacity under various structural conditio ns. And also, a structural design guideline for CRS-CL Method was established. A shaking table test was conducted for the verification of the new strengthening method under dynamic loading. Each specimen consists of four reinforced concrete columns and a loading steel slab and tested on the shaking table at the Institute of Obayashi. One was a bare reinforced concrete column specimen designed to fail in a brittle manner, while the other was strengthened by the CRS-CL Method. The bare columns without strengthening failed in shear resulting in collapse associated with loss of the axial load capacity. On the other hand, the columns strengthened by CRS Method survived against three times of the same input motion. The bare reinforced concrete columns and CRS-CL columns after the shaking table test are shown in Photo 2.

LM00 500 300 Load(kN) 100 -50 -25 -100 0 -300 -500 Displacement(mm) 25 50 75 100 Load(kN) 600 400 200 0 -50 -25 -200 -400 -600 0

LM18

25

50

75

100

Displacement(mm)

(a) RC (without CFRP) (b) CRS-CL (with CFRP) Figure 2 Typical hysteresis relations of RC and CRS columns

(a) RC column (b) CRS-CL columns Photo 1 Specimens after static a loading test

(a) RC column (b) CRS-CL columns Photo 2 RC column and CRS-CL column after a shaking table test

6. Examples in practice At least, more than 200 of structures (buildings and public works) in all over Japan have been retrofitted with CRS-CL Method, including highway piers, a water tank tower, old office buildings, school buildings, hospital buildings and museums, etc.

(a) column in an old office building (b) column in a museum (Sheet Method) (Strand Method) Photo 3 Examples of application 7. References 1) Hideo Katsumata, Yoshirou Kobatake, and Toshikazu Takeda: A study on strengthening with carbon fiber for earthquake-resistant capacity of existing reinforced concrete columns, proc. of 9WCEE, Vol. VII, pp.517-522, 1988 2) Hideo Katsumata and Yoshirou Kobatake: Seismic retrofit with carbon fibers for reinforced concrete columns, proc. of 11WCEE, paper No. 293, 1996. 3) Hideo Katsumata, Kohzo Kimura, and Hisahiro Murahashi: Experience of FRP Strengthening for Japanese historical structures, Elsevier Science, FRP composite in civil engineering, Vol. II, pp.1001-1008, 2001 4) Obayashi Corporation, et al.: The design and construction guideline for CRS-CL Method (revised 2003), Obayashi Corporation (in Japanese) 8. Ownership organization Obayashi Corporation (Head Office), 1088502, Minato-ku, Tokyo. Obayashi Corporation (Technical Research Institute), 2048558, Kiyose-shi, Tokyo. Tel: +81-424-95-1111 Fax: +81-424-95-0901 URL: www.obayashi.co.jp/virtual/index.html 9. Certification JBDPA Certification No.1675(current), No.1166(previous in 1998, 1995, 1991) BCJ Evaluation No.C-1985 and Fire Safety-1561, Approval of Minister Construction: 1999 Apr. 6 and 1997 Jun. 12 Patent No.: 1865468(Japan), 1880461(Japan), 1865467(Japan), 2078774(Japan), 3119129(Japan), 3185640(Japan), 3249736(Japan), 3246341(Japan)

of

1. Title CRS Method (Carbon fiber Retrofit System for Chimney) 2. Outline CRS Method for chimney is a seismic retrofit technique for existing reinforced concrete chimney using carbon fiber reinforced plastics (CFRP) sheet and strand. Flexural strength of the chimney is improved by gluing with CFRP sheet and safety margin for thermal stress is increased by winding with CFRP strand. 3. Specifications for materials CRS Method for chimney uses carbon fiber (CF) sheet and strand as the reinforcing material. The design specification values of carbon fiber and Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastics (CFRP) show below: Tensile strength: 2,650N/mm2 (270kgf/mm2 ) Tensile modulus: 216255kN/mm2 (2.22.6104 kgf/mm2 ) 4. Typical construction details The construction process of CRS Method for chimney is as follows: (1) removal of lightning conductor and ladder, (2) substrate treatment and/or arrangement of concrete surface, (3) gluing carbon fiber sheet in the longitudinal direction, (4) winding carbon fiber strand impregnated with epoxy resin along the hoop direction, (5) restoration of the lightning conductor and ladder, (6) painting according to provisions for safety of airplanes. Figure 1 illustrates the basic concept of CRS Method for chimney by gluing CF sheet and winding CF strand. Photos of Figure 2 show the general view by a scaffold lift and the retrofitting works on the scaffold lift.

Figure 1 Basic concept

(a) General view of execution by scaffold lift Figure 2 Typical construction details

(b) gluing CF sheet

(c) winding CF strand

Figure 2 Typical construction details (continued) 5. Research for verification The effectiveness of CRS Method for strengthening reinforced concrete chimney has been verified through a series of flexural tests. Six flexural loading tests on hollow reinforced concrete cylinder specimens modeled on an existing reinforced concrete chimney were conducted. The experimental setup is shown in Figure 3. Monotonous load was applied steadily at two points of the specimen until a load drop occurred due to fracture of CFRP. The load-displacement relationship is shown in Figure 4. This figure shows that the maximum strength is much improved and the displacement at maximum strength become large as the amount of longitudinal CF is increased. Following fundamental tests on adhesion properties between CFRP and concrete surface were also carried out: (1) adhesion length of CF sheet to concrete surface, (2) lap joint length of CF sheet, (3) durability of the adhesive strength by accelerated artificial exposure. The adhesion tests (1) and (2) suggest that the development length of CF sheet should be more than 20cm and the length of lap joint needs more than 10cm. The specimen of durability test, as shown in Figure 5, consists of two concrete blocks, 4040100mm, which were jointed with CF sheet. After exposure, the specimen was pulled at each end. Results of the tensile tests after exposure are shown in Figure 6 and indicate that the adhesive strength between concrete surface and CF sheet decreases with the time of accelerated artificial exposure, a decrease of about 10% at 2,000 hours and about 15% at 4,000 hours compared with the non-exposure specimen.

Figure 3 Specimen and experimental setup

Figure 4 Load-displacement relationship

Figure 5 Specimen of exposure test

Figure 6 Maximum load-accelerated exposure time relationship

6. Examples in practice In Japan, over 60 chimneys have been retrofitted by CRS Method, including high-rise chimney.

Figure 7 Example of application 7. References 1) Yoshiro Kobatake, Kohzo Kimura, and Hideo KatsumataA retrofitting method for reinforced concrete structures using carbon fiber Fiber-reinforced-Plastic(FRP) Reinforcement for Concrete Structures: Properties and Applications Elsevier Science Publishers, 1993. 2) Kohzo Kimura, Yoshiro Kobatake, Hideo Katsumata, Kensuke Yagi, Takeo Sawanobori, and Tsuneo TanakaA study on seismic retrofit of reinforced concrete members using carbon fiber (part.2), p.821-p.822, AIJ, 1988 (in Japanese) 3) Yoshiro Kobatake, Kohzo Kimura, and Hideo KatsumataA retrofitting method for reinforced concrete structures using carbon fiber AIJ J. Technol. Des.No.2, p.62-p.67, Mar., 1996 (in Japanese) 8. Ownership organization Obayashi Corporation (Head Office), 1088502, Minato-ku, Tokyo. Tel: +81-3-5769-1111 URL: www.obayashi.co.jp 9. Certification The Japan Building Disaster Prevention Association Certification No.1597 (current), 1997 Sep. 17, 1991 Sep. 17 (previous) Patent No.: 2130247(Japan), 02718459(Japan)

1. Title MARS system (Mend ing Application of Reinforced Sheets) 2. Outline MARS system is the method of reinforcing existing concrete structures with FRP (fiber-reinforced plastic) sheets that are strong, lightweight, and superior anti-corrosive. FRP sheets, by wrapping around surfaces of concrete structures, increase the durability and the ductility of structural members. 3. Specifications for materials MARS uses carbon fiber sheet which are arranged in regular order, and made to carbon fiber dry sheet.. Table 1 lists their design specification values. Table 1 Specifications of the reinforcing materials Maker Name Tensile strength Tensile modulus of elasticity 2 TOHO TENAX Besfight 3400N/mm over 2.27105 N/mm2 over HTA-12K 4. Typical construction details Figure 1 sho ws a cross section and view.

Concrete surface treatment(edge cutting more than r=20mm) Primer coating Matrix resin coating CFRP sheet gluing Matrix resin coating Figure 1 Typical construction details

5. Research for verification The effectiveness of MARS for strengthening reinforced concrete columns has been verified through a serious of seismic tests. Tests on columns were conducted for nineteen specimens, which represents reinforced concrete columns in old buildings of Japan or worldwide. Some of the columns were strengthened using carbon fiber sheet. The columns strengthened by the new method could maintain relatively high gravity load until more than ten percent inter-story drift, while the bare specimens without strengthening failed in shear at small drift simultaneously losing axial load capacity. The typical hysteresis relations are compared for bare reinforced concrete specimen and MARS specimen as shown in Figure 2 with after tests photograph. Various types of concrete prisms and cubes confined with the sheet were also tested, based on which the resistance mechanisms of the columns were interpreted. Through these test series, the method has been improved to be effective to prevent the loss of capacity not only against axial load but also against lateral load reversals.
No reinforcement
400 300 200 100
(rad) -1/50 -1/30 -1/100

Axial force rate=0.4

Qmax= 294.6kN, 8.55mm Qmin=-295.6kN,-6.02mm

Shear force(kN)

0 -100 -200 -300 -400 -40 -20 0 20 40 60

+1/100 +1/30 +1/50

P-
+1/10 (rad)

80

100

Displacement(mm)

(a) RC (without carbon fiber sheet)

2 sheets reinforcement
400 300 200 100 0 -100 -200 -300 -400 -40
(rad) -1/50 -1/30 -1/100

Axial force rate=0.4

Qmax= 275.5kN, 12.60mm Qmin=-285.5kN,- 9.02mm

Shear force(kN)

P-
+1/100 +1/30 +1/50 +1/10 (rad)

(b) SRF (with carbon fiberr sheet) Figure 2 The typical hysteresis relations and photograph of RC column and MARS column

-20 0 20 40 Displacement(mm)

60

80

100

10

6. Application Example Many of constructed facilities have been retrofitted with MARS system.

Columns in buildings Photo 1 Examples of application

7. References 4) Norimitsu Hayashida and Tomoaki Tsujimura: A strength method using carbon fiber sheets for improving the earthquake resistance of existing reinforced concrete columns Kumagaigumi Technical Research Report NO.551996. 8. Ownership organization Kumagai Gumi Co., Ltd., Shinjyukuku, Tokyo. Tel: +81-3-3235-8617 Fax: +81-3-3235-9215 E- mail: info@ku.kumagaigumi.co,jp URL: www.kumagaigumi.co.jp 9. Certification

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1. Title AF System (Aramid Fiber retrofitting system) 2. Outline AF System is a seismic retrofit technology for existing reinforced concrete columns using aramid fiber sheets against earthquake loading and was certified by JBDPA (The Japan Building Disaster Prevention Association). Deformability of the column members can be improved by confining with aramid fiber sheets. 3. Specifications for materials AF System uses woven aramid fiber sheets as the reinforcing material. Aramid fibers are arranged to the axial direction of the sheets. Figure 1 shows an aramid fiber sheet and Table 1 lists their design specification values. Aramid fiber sheets are characterized by light weight, high strength, no corrosion, and no n-conductivity.

Figure 1 Aramid fiber sheet

Aramid 1 Aramid 2

Table 1 Specifications of the reinforcing materials Type Weight Thickness Width Tensile (g/m2 ) (mm) (mm) strength (N/mm2 ) 40tf 280 0.193 100 2060 60tf 415 0.286 90tf 623 0.430 300 40tf 235 0.169 500 2350 60tf 350 0.252 90tf 525 0.378

Youngs modulus (103 N/mm2 ) 118 78

4. Typical construction details Figure 2 shows a typical construction procedure of AF System. Epoxy resin is used for matrix of the sheets.

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Surface treatment

Coating primer and epoxy resin

Wrapping sheet and Coating epoxy resin removing air with roller Finishing with mortal or painting Figure 2 Typical construction prcedure

Figure 3 Attaching aramid fiber sheet

5. Research for verification The effectiveness of AF System for strengthening reinforced concrete columns has been verified through a serious of seismic tests. Static tests on columns were conducted for many specimens varying amount of fibers to establish design methods. Figure 4 (a) shows a bare RC column without aramid fiber sheet which represents columns in old buildings. The columns strengthened by AF System (Figure 4 (b)) could carry higher lateral load and show ductility with flexural failure while the bare RC columns failed in shear with relatively low deformation. The typical hysteresis relations are compared for bare reinforced concrete specimen and AF specimen as shown in Figure 4.

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Load (tf)

Lateral deformation (cm)

(a) RC (without aramid fiber sheet)

Load (tf)

Lateral deformation (cm)

(b) AF (with aramid fiber sheet) Figure 4 The typical load-deformation relations of RC column and AF column

Further research have been continued to develop applications of aramid fiber retrofitting method after the certification of AF System by JBDPA. Research themes about aramid fiber sheet developed by many organizations are listed as follows: Shortened columns by spandrel wall Columns subjected to high axial force (N/bd=0.6) Columns with finishing mortal Columns with wing wall Columns with low strength concrete of fc=6N/mm2

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Axial behavior of axially loaded columns T-shaped girders with slab Anchorage for aramid fiber sheet with steel plate and bolt Application of super high quantity sheets up to 1500g/m2 Steel plate and aramid fiber sheet composite method For example, Figure 5 shows a shortened column by spandrel wall reinforced with aramid fiber sheets after lateral loading tests. The specimen under constant axial load maintains maximum lateral force up to deformation of 10% of column height.

Figure 5 Short column with aramid fiber sheet

6. Examples in practice AF system is certified by JBDPA for existing building columns that require strengthening for shear. But applications of aramid fiber sheets have been widely expanding not only for building columns but also for bridge piers, tunnels, and chimneys etc. More than 500 structures have been retrofitted with aramid fiber in Japan.

Figure 6 Shear strengthening of building columns

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Figure 7 Strengthening and repair for girders and slabs

Figure 8 Strengthening for bridge pires

Figure 9 Repair for chimney

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7. References 5) Minoru Oda, Tadashi Okamoto, Hisayuki Yamanaka and Akira Asakurua: Shear strengthening of existing RC columns wrapped witharamid fiber , Proceedings of Japan Concrete Institute vol.15 No.2, 1993 6) Kiyoshige Suzuki, Tomoya Nagasaka, Tadashi Okamoto and Masaharu Tanigaki: An experimental study on shear capacity of existing RC columns strengthened with continuous fiber tapes, Summaries of technical papers of annual meeting , Architectural Institute of Japan, vol.C-2 , Sept. 1996 7) Masaharu Tanigaki, Kazuhiko Ishibashi and Hideaki Ibuki: Shear strengthening shortened columns by spandrel using aramid fiber sheets, Proceedings of Japan Concrete Institute vol.22 No.3, 2000

8. Ownership organization AF System Association AIG Nihombashi Hommachi Bld. 1-1-1 Nihombashi Hommachi, Chuoku, Tokyo. DU PONT-TORAY Co.,Ltd. Tel: +81-3-3245-5082 Fax: +81-3-3242-3183 E- mail: koichi_tsukamoto@td-net.co.jp

9. Members of AF System Association Administration: DU PONT-TORAY Co.,Ltd. OBAYASHI Corporation, KAJIMA Corporation, SHINKO WIRE Co.,Ltd., SHO-BOND Corporation, TEIJIN TECHNO PRODUCTS Limited, TOKYU Construction, SUMITOMO MITSUI Construction Co.,Ltd.

10. Certification AF System was certified by JBDPA in 1997 ( No.1624) and revised in 2002

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1. Title Precast Retrofit Shear Wall System (PRSW) 2. Outline This system is a seismic retrofit technology, which installs a precast concrete wall in an existing reinforced concrete flame. The characteristic point of this system is the connection method between the precast wall and the reinforced concrete flame. The connection method is shown in Fig. 1.

Fig.1 Outline of precast retrofit shear wall system and a connection detail 3. Specifications for materials Specifications for materials are shown in Table. 1. Table. 1 Specifications for materials
Materials Concrete Reinforcement Prestressing steel bar Specifications 21Pa36Pa SR235,SD295A,SD345,SD390 SBPR 785/1030,SBPR 930/1080, SBPR 1080/1230

4. Construction details This system consists of three types of precast concrete walls as shown in Fig. 2.

Fig. 2 Three types of Precast concrete walls 19

5. Research for verification The seismic loading tests were done for explained the behavior of precast retrofit shear wall. Figure 4 shows main test specimens.

RCW-1(retrofit reinforced concrete wall) PCW-3(Retrofit precast concrete wall) Fig. 4 Test specimens Test specimens are on a scale of 1/3. RCW-1 is that the resisting wall is consisted of concrete placing in existing reinforced concrete frame, while PCW-3 is that the shear wall is consisted of setting precast retrofit wall in existing concrete frame. Loading method is shown in Fig. 4. Loading cycle is shown in Fig. 5. Figure 6 describes the behavior of test specimens.

Fig. 4 Seismic loading method

Fig. 5 Loading cycle

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Fig. 6 The behavior of test specimens 6. Examples in practice Precast Retrofit Shear Wall System haves 13 examples in practice. Fig. 7 Fig. 18 show the example of practice.

Fig. 7 Interior before retrofit

Fig. 8 Removal of existing RC wall

Fig. 9 in-situ of anchoring

Fig. 10 Carrying in of precast wall

Fig. 11 Move of precast wall inside

Fig. 12 Setting of precast walls

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Fig. 13 Setting of prestressing steel bars

Fig. 14 Prestressing by oil jack

Fig. 15 Connection reinforcement

Fig. 16 Finish of connection reinforcing

Fig. 17 Grouting

Fig. 18 nterior finishing

7. References 1) The Japan building disaster prevention association: Guidelines for Seismic Retrofit of Existing Reinforced Concrete Buildings, 2001 8. Ownership organization Pre-cast Retrofit Shear Wall Society Chuoku Tokyo. Tel : +81-3-5651-8232 Fax : +81-3-5651-8229

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1. Title CRS-BM Method (Carbon Fiber Retrofit System for BeaMs) 2. Outline CRS-BM is a seismic retrofit technique for existing reinforced concrete beams using carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) sheet. Shear strength and lateral deformability of the beam members can be improved by wrapping with CFRP sheet. 3. Specifications for materials CRS-BM Method uses carbon fiber (CF) sheet as the reinforcing material. Table 1 lists their design specification values. Table 1 Specifications of the reinforcing materials
weight g/m2 200 300 thickness mm 0.111 0.167 Elastic modulus kN/mm2 230 Fracture stress N/mm2 3400 Stress for design N/mm2 1750

4. Typical construction details The construction process of CRS-BM Method is as follow: removal of coating, preparation of surfaces with chamfering of corners, setting of bolts, application of primer, wrapping CFRP, setting plates, and finishing with coatings. Figure 1 illustrates wrapping CF sheets.
bolt flat bar chamfering Type 1 flat bar bolt

CF sheets Existing RC Beam

flat bar Type 2 bolt

Figure 1 Typical construction details

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5. Research for verification The effectiveness of CRS-BM Method for strengthening reinforced concrete beams has been verified through a series of seismic tests. Static loading tests on beams were conducted for eight specimens in the first phase, and eight and five in the second and the third, which represent reinforced concrete beams in old buildings of Japan. Many of the beams were strengthened using CF sheet. The beams strengthened by the new method could maintain lateral load capacity until more than 5% drift, while the bare specimens without strengthening failed in shear at small drift. The typical hysteresis relations are compared for a bare reinforced concrete specimen and a CRS-BM specimen as shown in Figure 2. The specimens after tests are shown in Photo 1.
600

RC (Unretrofit) 400

CF2-P (Two layers)

Shear force (kN)

CF1-A1 (One layer)

CF1-A1 (One layer)

200 RC (Unretrofit)

0 CF2-P (Two layers)

0.02

0.04

0.06

deflection angle (rad.)

(a) Anchoring methods of CF sheets

(b) Relationships between shear force and deflection angle Figure 2 The typical hysteresis relations of RC beam and CRS-BM beam

(a) unretrofit beam (b) retrofit beam Photo 1 Specimens during and after tests

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6. Examples in practice Some buildings that had weak beams were retrofitted with CRS-BM Method. An example for a school building in Kobe is shown in Photo 2.

Photo 2 Examples of application (beams in a school building)

7. References 1) Hagio Hiroya, Katsumata Hideo, and Kimura Kohzo: T he Beam Retrofitted by Carbon Fiber - Experiment and Designs12WCEEFeb. 2000. 2) Obayashi Corporation, et al. : The design and construction guideline for CRS-BM Method (revised 2004), Obayashi Corporation (in Japanese)

8. Ownership organization Obayashi Corporation (Head Office), 1088502, Minato-ku, Tokyo. Tel: +81-3-5769-1111 URL: www.obayashi.co.jp Obayashi Corporation (Technical Research Institute), 2048558, Kiyose-shi, Tokyo. Tel: +81-424-95-1111 Fax: +81-424-95-0901 URL: http://www.obayashi.co.jp/virtual/index.html 9. Certification (Current ) JPDPA Certification No.1776 (Previous) JPDPA Certification No.1280 Patent No. : 3301288(Japan)

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1. Title Acrypair System 2. Outline Acrypair System is an advanced technology for strengthening reinforced concrete structures using carbon fiber sheets and methyl methacrylate (MMA) resin. It is effective for concrete and RC materials and provide the ease and speed of applications construction. 3. Specifications for materials The specifications for the CF sheet used to make the specimens are shown in Table 1. The properties of the MMA resin and those of the reference epoxy resin are shown in Table 2.
1 Specifications for carbon fiber sheets Unit Weight Design Fiber Tensile of sheet thickness density strength (g/m2) (mm/sheet) (g/mm3) (N/mm2) 300 0.167 1800 3432 Tensile modulus (N/mm2) 2.36 105

Table 2 Properties of the resin used for impregnarion and bonding Resin Ambient temperature Viscosity Curing time Flexural strength Flexural modulus () (Pas) (min) (N/mm2) 103(N/mm2) MMA 30 0.2 43 63 2.77 20 0.26 50 64 2.76 10 0.52 41 60 2.4 0 0.72 42 64 2.64 20 10 or more 600 98 3.33 Epoxy1) 1) Room-temperature-curing epoxy resin commonly used in the CF sheet strengthening method

4. Research for verification Rehabilitation and maintenance of existing RC structures recently become the subject of wide interest. The use of composite wraps on concrete materials presents an economical and efficient means of strengthening the structures. Means using continuous fiber materials, particularly carbon fiber sheets, are one of the effective approaches. The CF sheet method involves attaching the sheets to RC and epoxy resins typically use as matrix and adhesives. However the method using epoxy resins have restriction on field application because of slow curing reaction, especially at low temperatures such as below 5. To eliminate such restriction, alternative resin systems, which are acrylic resins, have been developed. The new resin systems have excellent curing properties such as rapid reaction and low-temperature curing ability. The acrylic resins are specially designed to cure within an hour at required temperatures. These short curing times cause limitation of attaching operation area at a time. To secure a sufficient amount of time for the operation, ABA Two-Component method (ABA-TCM) was developed. The concept of ABA-TCM is represented in Fig 1. Two types of resin fluids, one containing only a hardener and the other containing only an accelerator, are prepared. These fluids are brought into contact and mixed together at applied surface during impregnation to CF sheets. ABA-TCM has been already confirmed on mechanical

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properties of the composites.

Apply primer

Cure primer

Apply A resin fluid

Apply B resin fluid

Apply A resin fluid

Impregnate by roller

Finish

Figure 1 Concept of ABA-TCM

RC pillars wrapped with CF sheets were tested for shear. The test variables consisted of the number of CF sheet piles and two load conditions as summarized in Table 3. The test series specimens were applied a static axial load and a cyclic lateral load and symbolized. The details of the tests are illustrated in figure 2. CF sheets were wrapped around RC pillars in the hoop direction and the lap joint lengths were 200 mm.
Table 3 Details of shear test specimens Specimen Load Hoop steel CF sheet C-08-0 Cyclic lateral load pw=0.08% None C-08-3 & 1 ply (pf=0.0835%) C-08-6 Axial load : 530kN ( D6-@200) 2 plies (pf=0.111%) pf : CF volume percentage of specimen pw : hoop steel volume percentage of specimen
Axial load Lateral load

400 400

C series specimen Figure 2 Schematics of RC strengthening test and specimens geometry (mm)

The load-deformation curves of the test series specimens are shown in Fig 3. The maximum forces and the ultimate deformations on specimens wrapped with CF sheets 28

1200

600 Shear force (kN) 300 0 -300

C-08-0

600 300 0 -300

600 C-08-3 300 0 -300 0 Deformation d (mm) 50 -600 -50 0 50 Deformation d (mm) 100 C-08-6

-600 -600 -20 0 20 -50 Deformation d (mm)

Figure 3 Relationship of deformation and shear force at shear test

4 Results of RC pillar shear test Specimen Maximum shearShear strength force (kN) (MPa) C-08-0 303 1.89 C-08-3 434 2.72 C-08-6 513 3.21

were extremely improved as shown in Table 4. The acceptability of CF sheets/MMA resin system for strengthening concrete was confirmed. This system exhibited superior strengthening effect for concrete subjects on compression and shear. The acrylic resins for matrix and primer in this system had rapid curing and low-temperature curing ability without reduction of mechanical properties of the composites. Thus the availability and the versatility of CF sheets strengthening method for construction applications could increase by using this system. Evaluation of durability of this system on mechanical properties has progressed. 5. Examples in practice The concrete pillar exceeding 10 affairs was reinforced with A crypair system. Moreover, 30 or more reinforcement was performed in structures other than a pillar.

1) Reinforced pillar of the station building.

2) Reinforced pillar of factory.

29

Photo 1 Examples of application 6. References 1) Y.Sakai, S.Ushijima, S.Hayashi and T.sano, Mechanical characteristics of carbon fiber sheet with methyl methacrylate resin, Proceedings of the third International Symposium on Non-metallic(FRP) Reinforcement for Concrete Structures. Vol.2, 1997, pp.243-250. 2) T.Sano, S.Hayashi and T.Furukawa, Studies on applicability of CF sheets/MMA resin system for strengthening concrete structures, 43rd International SAMPE Symposium, 1998. 7. Ownership organization Ryoko Co., Ltd. Construct Chemicals Division 14-1 Koami-cho, Nihonbashi Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 103-0016 JAPAN PHONE:03-5651-0656 FAX :03-5651-0055 URL: http://www.kkryoko.co.jp/ 8. Certification Patent No. 10-110536(Japan)

30

1. Title SR-CF System (Seismic Retrofit by Carbon Fiber sheet) 2. Outline The SR-CF system 1) is a seismic retrofitting technology for existing reinforced concrete buildings by adhering carbon fiber sheets with epoxy resin on the concrete surfaces. This system can improve the structural properties of independent columns, columns with wing-walls 2), beams 3), and walls 4) by using special devices called CF-anchors, while conventional seismic strengthening by carbon fiber sheets has been considered to be effective only to independent columns. The use of the CF-anchor is the most characteristic in this system. 3. Specifications for materials PAN type unidirectional carbon fiber sheets and carbon fiber strands are used in the SR-CF system. Carbon fiber strands are used as materials of the CF anchors. Sizing level of the carbon fiber strand is regulated smaller in order that the epoxy resin can be easily impregnate into the strand. Table 1 lists their design specification values. Table 1 Specifications of the carbon fiber sheets Fiber areal weight (g/m2 ) 200 300 Thickness (mm) 0.111 0.167 Tensile strength (MPa) 3400 3400 Young's modulus (GPa) 230 230 Table 2 Specifications of the carbon fiber strands Type 12K 24K Cross section (mm2 ) 0.435 0.870 Tensile strength (MPa) 4500 for strands 4500 for strands 3400 for CF-anchor 3400 for CF-anchor Young's modulus (GPa) 230 230 4. Typical construction details Figure 1 shows a schematic diagram of the SR-CF system. The innovative technique called CF-anchor is used in this system. The CF-anchor is a bundle of carbon fiber strands which are strings of 2 to 3 mm in diameter consisting of 24,000 or 12,000 filaments. There are two types of CF-anchors. One is penetrating type, and another the fixing type. The penetrating anchors are used for the shear strengthening of columns with wing walls. A bundle of carbon fiber strands is penetrated through a hole drilled at the wing wall. The ends of the bundle are spread like a fan and adhered to the carbon fiber sheet which is previously applied on the column. The bundle joins the both ends of the carbon fiber sheet, which was separated by the side wall. Consequently, it is made possible to envelop the column by the carbon fiber without demolishing a part of wing walls. Beams with slabs can be strengthened by the same method. The fixing- type CF-anchors are used for the shear strengthening of walls. The carbon

31

fiber sheet is adhered on the wall surface diagonally. An end of the CF-anchor is spread like a fan and adhered to the carbon fiber sheet. The other end is inserted into a hole drilled on the peripheral reinforced concrete frame and is fixed with injected epoxy resin. The CF-anchors fix the edges of the carbon fiber sheets on the wall to the peripheral columns and beams.

Figure 1 Schematic diagram of the SR-CF System 5. Research for verification A number of specimens were tested to evaluate the effect of strengthening for each type of structural members, such as independent columns, columns with side-walls, beams with slabs, and walls. Photo 1 shows specimens of columns with side-walls after the tests. (a) is a specimen without strengthening and (b) is a specimen strengthened by the SR-CF system. The specimen without strengthening failed in sheer at small drift angle. On the other hand, the column of the strengthened specimen was not so much damaged even at 3.0% of drift angle while the wing walls were considerably damaged. Figure 2 shows the test results of the wall specimens. It shows that the shear strength of the strengthe ned walls increase in proportion to the amount of the carbon fiber sheets on the wall surfaces. 6. Examples of Application Photo 3 show the execution of CF-anchors to the column with spandrel walls and windows. The CF-anchors are penetrated through the walls at the narrow space between the column and the window frame (a). As a result, the strengthening was completed without temporally removing the windows (b). Photo 4 shows a strengthening of a beam
and Photo 5 shows a strengthening of a wall.

32

(a) Specimen not strengthened (b) Specimen strengthened by SR-CF system Photo 1 Failures of column with wing-walls specimens after tests

Photo 2 Beam specimens after tests

Figure 2 Test results of wall specimens

(a) The CF-anchor under installation (b) Strengthening completed Photo 3 Application to the column with wing walls

33

Photo 4 Application to the beam with slabs

Photo 5 Application to the wall

7. References 3) SR-CF System Research Association Design Guidelines for SR-CF System, Feb. 2002 (in Japanese) 4) K.Masuo, S.Morita, Y.Jinno, H.Watanabe Advanced Wrapping System with CF-anchor -Seismic Strengthening of RC Columns with Wing Walls-, FRPRCS-5, Vol.1, pp.299-308May 2001 5) Y.Jinno, H.Ts ukagoshiSeismic Strengthening of Reinforced Concrete Beams with Slabs by Carbon Fiber Sheet and CF-anchor, Proceedings of Structural Engineers World Congress 2002, Session T8-3-a-1, pp.1-8, Oct.2002 6) Y.Jinno, H.TsukagoshiSeismic Strengthening of Reinforced Concrete Walls by SR-CF System, Proceedings of the first fib congress 2002, Session 6, pp.109-118, Oct.2002 8. Ownership organization SR-CF System Research Association, Tokyo, Japan Tel: +81-3-5623-5558 Fax: +81-3-5623-5551 E- mail: inq@sr-cf.com

9. Certification JPDPA Certification No.1399 Patent No.: US 6330776 B1(USA), 10-2000-7002781(Korea) , 121278(Taiwan) Patent Application No.(Published): 10-206983(Japan) etc.

34

1. Title CFRP Sandwich Panel Roof 2. Outline The CFRP sandwich panel roof is the lightweight monocoque roof which is made by CFRP (Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer) sandwich panel. Its weight is about one-forth as heavy as existent prestressed precast concrete shell. Due to the lightness, it is possible to improve the earthquake resistance of many steel reinforced concrete gymnasiums in Japan by replacing precast concrete shell with the CFRP sandwich panel roof while it is possible to reduce reinforcing sub-structures. 3. Specifications for materials 3.1 Components and Materials CFRP sandwich panel is composed of skins, core and ribs (see Fig.1). Skin is made of CFRP. The cubic ratio of CF is 5%, GF(Glass Fiber) 45% and phenol polymer 50%. The thickness of the skin is 4mm. Core is made of phenol foam. The thickness of the core is 75mm. Rib is made of GFRP. The thickness of the rib is 2.2mm. These components are formed into one piece with VARTM (Vacuum Assisted Resin Transfer Molding). 3.2 Material Properties The material properties of the components are showed in Table 1.
unit mm 4 CFRP skin phenol foam core Skin GFRP rib CFRP skin Rib 19600 20.6 12700 8160 7.80 0.42 0.01 Core

Table 1 Material Properties

Young's modulus N/mm2
EL ET

83 75

Shear modulus N/mm2

GLT

Poisson's ratio

30300

30300

5390

0.13

Figure 1 Section of CFRP sandwich panel

3.3 Allowable Unit Stress The sandwich structure can exhibit local buckling of the skin under bending or compression. In case of an one-way hyperbolic paraboloidal shell, the design criterion is usually due to compressive stress of the skin. Table 2 shows material strengths, standard strengths and allowable unit stresses. Material strengths are decided by coupon tests. Standard strengths (F) are decided by the product of the average of coupon tests and the statistical coefficient of 0.72. This coefficient is more wide range than three-sigma. The design of CFRP sandwich panel roof is based on allowable stress design. Because of the brittleness of CFRP materials, the safety factors are decided as 4 for sustained loads and 2 for temporary loads.

35

Table 2 Standard Strength and Allowable Unit Stress

Stress Compression Local B uckling Stress (rib space: 450 400) Local Buckling Stress (rib space: 450 200) Tension In-plane Shear Bearing Rib In-plane Shear Strength Standard strength (F) Allowable unit stress for sustained for temporary loads loads

230 78 105 300 45 320 170

165 56 75 215 32 230 122

F/4 F/4 F/4 F/4 F/4 F/4 F/4

F/2 F/2 F/2 F/2 F/2 F/2 F/2

Skin

4. Typical construction details The specifications of CFRP sandwich panel roof is showed in Table 3. Figure 2 shows the shape of the shell. The original shape is out of a hyperbolic paraboloidal surface. Figure 3 and 4 show the connections of shell- tie beam and shell- shell respectably. Figure 5 shows a roof plan and a section. Table 3 Specifications of CFRP sandwich panel roof
Shape Radius of Curvature Maximum Span Width Height Structural Weight
Fireproofing etc. Weight

Figure 2 180 m 24.5 m 2.5 m 0.9 m 500 N/m2 100 N/m2 Bolt (Fig.3) Bolt (Fig.4) Figure 5

Unit: mm

Shell-Tie Beam Connection Shell-Shell Connection Roof Plan

Figure 2 Shape of CFRP sandwich panel shell

CFRP Sandwich Panel

CFRP Sandwich Panel

Bolt

Filler PL Bolt

Fastener PL Tie Beam Fastener PL Bolt

Tie Beam Grouting

CFRP Sandwich Panel

Figure 3 Shell-Tie Beam Connections

Figure 4 Shell-Shell Connections

36

Figure 5 Roof Plan and Section 5. Research for verification The coupon material tests and the structural experiments were conducted. The structural experiments were compression tests and bending tests about the elements of the flat panels. It was found on these experiments that local buckling (wrinkling) of skin was critical. The various strengths (Table 2) were decided upon these experiments. On the other hand, the sandwich shells which had a real section were tested under bending force. About the real size shell, local buckling of the skin occurred at the stress concentrated point. Reference 1 and 3 show the details about the structural experiments. Reference 2 and 4 show the comparisons between the theory and the experiments about local buckling.
concavity

convexity

(a) Compression Tests on Panel Element (b) Bending Tests on Real Size Shell Photo 1 Structural Experiments 6. Examples in practice The CFRP sandwich panel roofs have been applied to ten schools gymnasiums in Japan. In the case of the 24m35m plan which had fourteen shell roofs, the roof replacing work including scaffold cost only three weeks. It is enough less time than a summer vacation term.

37

(a) Under construction (b) After replacing Photo2 Examples of application 7. References 1) Tateishi Y., Sugizaki K., Fujisaki T., Kanemitsu T., and Yonemaru K., Experiment and Application of CFRP Sandwich Panel, CD-ROM Proc. IASS symp., NAGOYA, 2001, TP037. 2) Tateishi Y. and Yamada S., Theory and Experiment of Local Buckling in CFRP Sandwich Panel, CD-ROM Proc. IABSE symp., Shanghai, 2004, (IABSE reports vol.88, pp376-377 (short version)) 3) Tateishi Y., Sugizaki K., Fujisaki T., Kanemitsu T., and Yonemaru K., and Kondo T., Development of CFRP Sandwich Panel (in Japanese), AIJ Journal of Technology and Design, No.14, pp133-138, Dec., 2001 4) Tateishi Y. and Yamada S., Local Buckling of CFRP Sandwich Panels with Latticed Ribs (in Japanese), Journal of Structural and Construction Engineering, AIJ, No.573, pp119-127, Nov., 2003 8. Ownership organization Toray Industries, Inc. 2-2-1, Muromachi, Nihonbashi, Chuo-ku, Tokyo Tel: +81-3-3245-5736 Fax: +81-3-3245-5726 E- mail:Kenjiro_Ota@nts.toray.co.jp URL: http://ns.toray.co.jp/composites/application/app_g002.html Shimizu Co. 1-2-3, Shibaura, Minato-ku, Tokyo. Tel: +81-3-3820-6644 Fax: +81-3-3820-5955 E- mail: tateishi_yasutoshi@shimz.co.jp 9. Certification Patent Application No. (Published): 2000-322829(Japan), 2000-197036(Japan), 2000-120227(Japan), 2000-336854(Japan), 2001-207597(Japan), 2001-058319(Japan), 2001-254456(Japan)

38

39

1. Title PITACOLUMN Method 2. Summary of the Method

The PITACOLUMN method is a completely external type earthquake-proof reinforcing method targeted at low- to mid-rise reinforced concrete buildings. This method is a low cost, short construction period, a nd environmentally friendly method. Since it is not required to works inside a building for reinforcement physically at each phase, no transportation of interior equipment and removal and/or installment of existing fixtures are needed. Therefore it allows continuous use of the building. Reinforcing structure is a reinforced concrete member containing a steel plate, and the method is surpassing in maintenance and does not require any special finish comparable to that of the existing structure. The reinforcement working procedure is as follows; drive post-installed anchors into the external surface of the existing structure, attach a steel plate by using these anchors and arrange reinforcing bars around the plate, and then cast concrete to complete. One of two types of reinforcing pattern can be selected according to performance based reinforcement volume or reinforcement target. That is a frame reinforcement is targeted at ductility reinforcement and a frame reinforcement with braces is targeted at strength reinforcement. ( Fig. 1)

Steel Plate Post-installed Anchor Cleavage Preventing Bar Existing (RC) Column Reinforcing Member

Steel Plate Post-installed Anchor Cleavage Preventing Bar Existing (RC) Column Reinforcing Member

Brace

frame Reinforcement
Approx. 200 mm Post-installed Anchor

frame Reinforcement with Braces

Cleavage Preventing Bar Steel Plate

Existing (RC) Column

Reinforcing Member

c) Detail of the Section of Member

Figure. 1 - Summary of the Method 39

3. Specifications of Materials The standards for the specifications of materials for the PITACOLUMN method are shown in Table 1. Table 1 Standards for Specifications of Materials
Post-installed Anchor Steel Plate
JIS G 3136 Rolled Steel for Building Structure - SN400B, SN400C JIS G 3101 Rolled Steel for General Structure - SS400 JIS G 3106 Rolled Steel for Welded Structure - SM400B, SM400C

Use adhesive type anchor

Reinforcing Bar

Anchor Bar Assembly Bar Cleavage Preventing Bar

D16,D19,D22 D13,D16,D19 D6, 6

SD345 SD345 SD295A,B SD295A, B, SMW -P, R, I

Concrete

Normal concrete or super -plasticized concrete Specified-design strength is more than or equal to 24N/mm2 and less than or equal to 36N/mm2.

4. Detail of Standard Structure for the PITACOLUMN method The PITACOLUMN method means a method in which post- installed anchors are driven into an existing structure at uniform space, a steel plate is attached using these anchors, cleavage preventing bars are arranged around the plate, and concrete is cast. The construction process is described below and the details of section of this method are shown in Fig. 2.
Existing Existing

(1) Drive post- installed anchors Structure Structure into existing structure (2) Removal of existing finishing material Finishing (3) Installment of reinforcing steel plate (4) Arrangement of cleavage preventing bars ()Drive anchor ()Installment (5) Assembly of mold form steel plate (6) Casting of concrete Existing Existing (7) Disassembly of mold form Structure Structure (8) Finishing

of

()Arrangement of cleavage preventing bars

()Casting of concrete

Figure. 2 Section of the Method 40

5. Experimental Verification The test specimens of 1/3 size model of 2 layers and 1 span were made and were tested with static loading to confirm the effectiveness of this method. The test results of the brace type reinforcement are shown here as the representative example. The view of testing are shown in Photo 1 and the final state of cracking is shown in Fig. 3. The cracks in the existing parts were due to shear failure (accompanying bond splitting failure) of columns as with a test specimen without reinforcement, and it was observed that there is no change in the failure modes. And all cracks on the reinforced side are bending cracks only. The relationship between load and displacement is shown in Fig. 4. The vertical axis is load and the horizontal axis is displacements of 2 layers. A dashed line in the figure indicates the test specimen without reinforcement. The test specimen with reinforcement was improved in both strength and ductility significantly compared to the test specimen without reinforcement and it was confirmed that it showed stable hysteresis up to drift angle of R = 1/60. Maximum strength (Max load) was 500 kN at drift angle R = 1/60. Though the brace of 2nd floor was buckled at R = -1/460 with Q =-183 kN during loading of R =-1/60, it sustained the increase of load and showed Q =-340 kN at R =-1/60. After that the brace of 1st floor was buckled at R = 1/44 with Q = 477 kN during loading of R = 1/30, and then its deformation progressed rapidly and led to a failure. It was also confirmed that the yielding process of members was preceded by the yielding at reinforced part and then the existing part was yielded.
Left Side Right Side West to East East to WestLeft Side Right Side East to West West to East

Buckled

Buckled
West to East East to West West to East East to West

WEST

Reinforced Side

EAST

EAST

Existing Side
600

WEST

Figure.3 Final State of Cracking

LOAD(kN)
400 Non-Reinfoced Specimen Brace buckled

200 0 -100 -80 -60 -40 -20 -200 -400 0 20

DISP(mm)
40 60 80
/ Drift Angle R

100

/ / /

Brace buckled

-600

Photo 1 Loading Situation

Figure. 4 Load - Displacement Relationship 41

6. Construction Examples There are 120 construction examples reinforced by this method, mainly applied for school buildings, to date.

a)Junior High School Building (School Colored)

b) Junior High School Building (Designed by Students)

c)University Building (with Exterior Panels) d)Elementary School Building (with Balconies)

Photo 2 Examples of Reinforcement 7. Reference Y. Ban, T. Yamamoto, M. Kato and Y. Ueda: New Outside Retrofitting Method Contained Steel Plate in Concrete Member (Test Results of One-bay and Two- Layers frame). The 10th Japan Earthquake Engineering Symposium, K-15, 1998.11 8. Company Yahagi Construction Co., Ltd. 3-19-7, Aoi, Higashi-ku, Nagoya-shi, Aichi, Japan TEL: +81-(0)52-935-2351 9. Patent Patent No. 3022335(Japan) Patent No. 3051071(Japan) Patent No. 3290635(Japan)

42

43

1. Title Aoki Seismic Retrofit Method by means of Energy Dissipation Braces 2. Outline In this seismic retrofit method, external energy dissipation braces (braces consisting of steel pipes and friction dampers embedded in the pipes) are installed on the external walls of an existing building to be retrofitted so as to absorb earthquake energy input to the building and thereby enhance its seismic performance (Photo 1). One advantage of this method is that by using friction dampers as response control devices, earthquake energy can be absorbed efficiently even under small amplitudes of the story drift angle (around 1/2000 to 1/1500 rad). This makes it possible to reduce the maximum response story drift angle of existing buildings to about 1/200 rad. Since friction dampers absorb earthquake energy efficiently, damper strength; frictional force of the damper, can be specified to 200 to 400 kN per unit so that the expected effect of strengthening can be attained simply by installing external damping braces to the external walls of the building. Although the conventional strengthening methods require removing sashes and interior and exterior finishes and reinstalling them, the newly developed method makes it possible to use the building without interruption while retrofit work is in progress. Thus, manpower requirements can be reduced significantly, and both cost and construction period can be also reduced. In addition, this retrofit method is environmentally considerate because the volume of waste materials to be disposed at which the interior and exterior parts are removed is small and noise level is low.

Photo 1 Example of application of Aoki seismic retrofit method 3. Performance of friction dampers Fig. 1 shows the configuration, mechanism and the hysteretic properties of the friction damper. The friction damper consists of a die, a rod, an outer cylinder and an inner cylinder. The diameter of the close- fitting rod in the die is slightly larger than the inside diameter of the die so that the rod is able to move in the axial direction while maintaining a constant frictional force. Earthquake energy causing dynamic motions of the building is transformed into frictional heat and is thus absorbed while the friction damper built into the damping brace is moving forth and back in the axial direction. As shown Fig. 1(b), the damper shows hysteresis loops of the perfectly elasto-plastic type. Frictional forces show a slight variation as damper strokes are repeated, and energy-absorbing performance of the damper is clearly observed.

43

500

Inner cylinder Outer cylinder

Force acting on circumference (tightening force from die)

load[kN]

400 300 200 100 -100 -200 -300 -400 -500 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 stroke[mm]

Damper axial force 0 Friction force Rod

Rod Die

Die

(a) Configuration and mechanism

(b) Hysteresis loops of damper Fig. 1 Friction damper

4. Typical construction details Photo 2 shows an example of the external damping brace installation. External damping braces are installed on the existing structural frame (main structure) through anchorage bases. The space between the anchoring base and the side of the existing structural frame is filled with grout and the anchorage base is fastened to the main structure by using prestressing steel bars.
Steel pipe brace : 190.7 t 19

Friction damper 400kN

Connection: secured in place with four prestressing bars ( 23 mm dia.)

Connection with foundation: connected indirectly by post-construction anchors

Photo 2 Installation method of external energy dissipation braces 5. Research for verification The effect of the damping retrofit method has been confirmed through the full-scale seismic tests using a three-story R /C school building planned to be demolished. The central part of the building in the longitudinal direction (three stories, 1 x 2 span) was used as a specimen, and concentrated loads were applied to the rooftop by the pseudo dynamic testing method. The effect of the damping retrofit on the building was confirmed by comparing the test results obtained without retrofit and the pseudo dynamic test results obtained by using the external damping braces with friction

44

80 60 40 Disp [mm] 20 0 -20 -40 -60 -80 0

Input ground motions; El Centro 1940 N-S record 65cm/sec

FL.

3 2 1 0 0 0.2 0.4
Retrofit Non-retrofi t

Retrofit Non-retrofit 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Time [sec]

0.6

0.8 1 R [%]

(a) Time history of response displacement Fig. 2

3000 [kN]

(b) Maximum story deformation angle

Comparison of the re trofit and non-retrofit test results

3000 [kN]

Disp [mm] -80 80 -80

Disp [mm] 80

-3000

-3000

(a) Retrofit Fig. 3

(b) Non-retrofit Photo 3 Full view of the test

Load-disp. relationship at the top

dampers. Photo 3 shows the test setting. Fig. 2 compares the results of the retrofit and non-retrofit tests regarding the time history of response displacement and the maximum response. Fig. 3 shows the load-displacement relationships at the top of the building in the retrofit and non-retrofit tests. 6. Examples in practice This retrofit method has been used in a total of 20 projects consisting of sixteen school buildings, one hospital, one city office, and two apartment buildings. Photo 4 shows an example of the installation on a school building with balconies. Photo 5 shows an example of the application to an apartment building. 7. References 1) Keiji Kitajima, Hideaki Ageta, Mitsukazu Nakanishi and Hiromi Adachi: Research and Development of Response-Control Retrofitting Techniques by means of Friction Damper, 12th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Paper No.0868, Jan. 2000 2) Hajime Yokouchi, Keiji Kitajima, Hideaki Ageta, Hideaki Chikui, Mitsukazu Nakanishi and Hiromi Adachi: Pseudo-Dynamic Test on An Existing R/C School Building Retrofitted with Friction Dampers, 13th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Paper No.2111, Aug. 2004

45

Steel Pipe Brace

Connection

Friction damper

Photo. 4 Application to an balconied school building

Photo. 5

Application to an apartment building

3) Keiji Kitajima, Hideaki Chikui, Hideaki Ageta and Hajime Yokouchi: Application to Response Control Retrofit Method by means of External Damping Braces using Friction Dampers, 13th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Paper No.2112, Aug. 2004 8. Ownership organization Asunaro Aoki Construction Co. Ltd, 1050014, Minatoku, Tokyo. Tel: +81-3-5439-8513 Fax: +81-3-5439-8531 E- mail: Brace@aaconst.co.jp URL: www.aaconst.co.jp 9. Certification JDPBA Certification No.1498 Patent No.: 3341822(Japan)

46

47

1.Title Seismic Retrofitting Technology of Existing RC Frame Structures by External Steel Brace Reinforcement 2.Outline For seismic retrofit of existing reinforced concrete structure in Japan, steel braces are usually inserted into the existing reinforced concrete frame and joined to it using mortar filling of high compressive strength. This is called the conventional retrofit method. According to this construction method the outer finishing materials such as existing windows and sashes must be removed, after the reinforcing work is finished. This is disadvantageous in that it lengthens the construction period, and that construction cost also becomes expensive. A new method, which installs the steel braces to the outside of the existing reinforced concrete frame, was considered in order to improve these defects in the conventional method. This new method is known as the Yokosuka Type seismic retrofit method. Comparing the new seismic retrofit method with the conventional, the primary merits are as follows; (1) The time necessary for construction is shorter because the steel braces are directly installed in the existing reinforced concrete frame structure. (2) The retrofitting can be carried out while the building is in use. (3) The cost for retrofitting is reduced by approximately thirty percent compared to conventional retrofitting.
Stud bolt Steel brace Hanging wall Skirting wall Steel brace Hanging wall Skirting wall

Existing RC frame structure Steel frame for retrofitting

Existing RC frame structure

Steel frame for retrofitting

grout mortar Resin bolt

Resin bolt

Resin anchor installed to RC frame

Installation of

Resin anchor installed to RC frame

Installation of

(a)Conventional retrofit method

(b)Yokosuka Type seismic retrofit method.

Fig 1. Seismic retrofit methods for existing RC frame structure 3. Specifications for materials The present seismic retrofitting is consists of a steel frame structure with studs in which steel braces are connected, resin bolts inserted into the existing RC frame structure, and grout mortar which is filled between the steel frame and the existing RC frame. H-shaped steel members are ordinarily used for the vertical members of the frame structure and the braces. Channel and angle shaped steels are used for the lateral members on the outer side of the floor and roof beams, respectively. Also, the studs are connected along the inside of the web portion of the steel frame structure for the purpose of enhancing the bond with the steel frame by means of grout mortar. Resin bolts are driven into the existing RC frame structure to which the steel frame structure

47

with braces is connected so that they may lap with the studs connected along the web in steel frame. The grout mortar, which is filled between the existing RC frame and steel frame structures, possesses the property of non-shrinkage and high compressive strength above 30N/mm2 . Table 1.Main materials used for seismic retrofitting Materials and its specification Vertical member, H-shaped steel; Lateral member, channel and angle shaped steel H-shaped steel with larger size than 175175 Two kinds of 16and19 studs Three kinds of deformed bar with diameter of 16,19 and22mm Mortar is constructed by mixing Portland cement and fine aggregate as well as add- mixtures. It has compressive strength over 30N/mm2 and is reinforced by spiral and mesh hoops.

Item Steel frame Steel Braces Stud bolt Resin bolt Grout mortar

4. Typical construction details The main construction for the seismic retrofitting begins with driving resin bolts into the existing RC frame structure. They are driven into the outer side of the column and beam of the story in which seismic Roof retrofitting is necessary. Next the steel frame structure with braces and stud bolts is installed to the outer side of the existing RC frame structure for Site welding each individual story. As the 3rd floor channel-shaped lateral steel in the frame is divided into two parts in the horizontal direction, both steel parts are welded at the site along the central 2nd floor Site welding portion. After installation of, the steel frame structure to the existing RC frame, form work is fixed to both structures so that the grout mortar does 1st floor not flow out. Spiral and mesh GL reinforcement are placed Top of beam into ground simultaneously into the grout mortar for the purpose of crack control which may be caused by the bolts. An A-A section applicable example of seismic retrofitting for one existing RC frame B-B section structure with three stories is shown in fig .2. Fig. 2 Typical details 5. Research for verification 5.1 Outline of test One-span and mono- layer frame models for the first floor and ridge direction of a reinforced concrete school building as well as one-span and two-layer frames for the 48
H20 0 20 0 8 1 +2 2 PL -9 H15 0 15 0 7 10 H15 0 15 0 7 10

upper most and next lower floors were considered, and test specimens at 1/3 scale were manufactured. 250 The beam in the reinforced concrete frame is joined 140 together in the plane which is identical with the centroid of the column. Consequently, the BC-3001205 55 Stiffner 4,5 PL-4 5 Resin anchor column-beam connection Stud bolt becomes eccentric. The Filler morutar connection system that BH-7575107 integrates the reinforced concrete frame with the steel frame built up from V type CL 625 625 575 300 250 1250 250 300 steel braces is constituted from 2350 anchor bolts (D13) behind Fig.3 Details of Specimen(1FB -2) resin systems and stud bolts (9 ) welded to the steel brace and filling mortar. Specimen (1FB-2), which installed the steel brace system using this joining method from the outside of the reinforced concrete frame and, a specimen of shear wall (1FB-2W) were produced. Specimen (1FO), a bare frame without the steel brace, was also produced. A total of 3-test specimens were produced. The detail drawing of specimen (1FB-2) is shown in Fig.3. 5.2 The test method. In order to apply a horizontal force to the reinforced concrete frame reinforced by steel braces, a PC steel bar fixed in the beam is joined to an oil jack (1000kN and 500kN). For push and pull loadings these they were amounted at right and left sides, and the loading is given for the test specimen by a half push and half pull. A level steel member for the mono-layer specimen was joined together in the capital portion of the column in order to load the column with axial force, in which the two- layer specimen was given a fixed axial force 0.15FcbD by a 1000kN oil jack. The horizontal loading schedule was carried out by each cycle alternating repetition for 1/1000, 1/400, 1/200, 1/100, 1/50, 1/25 radian as joint translation angle. The horizontal loading was applied only to the top of the second layer. The axial force of the column of 0.12Fcb D was applied by a PC steel bar installed in a sheath tube in the column and 300kN center hole jacks. 5.3 Test result The envelope curves for the hysteresis loop of load-horizontal displacement of the mono- layer specimen are shown in Fig.4. The following are also shown in the figure: cracking load, load at the yield of main longitudinal steel bar in column, maximum load and curves for steel brace yield as well as load of plastic buckling. It was found that, the maximum load for specimens 1F0, 1FB-2, 1FB-2W occurs at 1/100rad joint translation angle. These specimens with out-of-plane deformation due to torsion were remarkable. The column also produced shear failure in each specimen. Therefore, the load also decreases after the maximum load. Still, it is based on the out-of-plane deformation by the torsion increasing on specimen 1F0 and 1FB-2W where the ultimate state occurred on 1/50rad or less, after which loading became impossible. The load at which the reinfo rcement brace reaches the yield strength has appeared in the maximum load vicinity. Joint translation angle is also arising on the plastic buckling at 1/50rad. The envelope for the hysteresis loop of load-first layer horizontal displacement was obtained
125 200 190 375
BH -75 7 5 4.5 8

1775 1075

250

49

375

form the horizontal loading test a two- layer specimen in Fig.6. From this, joint translation angle shows the maximum load at 1/100rad. Since the second layer column shows a resistance mechanism by the flexural failure, the deterioration of the strength after maximum load is not observed. 6. Examples in practice The present seismic retrofitting method Fig.4 Envelope Curves for Mono -layer Specimen has been applied mainly to existing RC school and office buildings since 2001. Two examples of a four-story school and a three-story office buildings which were constructed in 1970 and 1967 respectively, are indicated by photographs 1 and 2. Damper devices are installed into the steel braces for seismic retrofitting in the latter building. The cost necessary for retrofitting by the present method is decreased about thirty percent in comparison with that of the conventional seismic method.

Photo1. Retrofitted school building

Photo2. Retrofitted office building

7. References (1) Structured design manual for retrofit by steel braces: development and test report, by the Architectural Division, Yokosuka City Hall, 2001. (2) E. Makitani, H. Arima and S. Marumo, Aseismic structural performance of existing RC frame structures by external steel brace reinforcement, Proceedings of 6th ASCCS Conference, Los Angeles, USA, 2000. 8. Owner ship organization Architectural Division of Yokosuka City Hall, Ogawa-cho, Yokosuka TEL: +81-46-822-8412 FAX: +81-46-822-8537 E- mail:tsutomu- marumo@city.yokosuka.kanagawa.jp 9. Certification JBDPA Certification NO. 1499 Patent NO: In application

50

1. Title Tufnes method 2. Outline The Tufnes method uses U-shaped Tufnes forms lined with carbon fiber sheets. The form is installed around the column, and grout is injected into the interstice between the form and column, to make an integrated structural member. This improves the shear strength and toughness of the column. 3. Specifications for materials Table 1 lists the specimens. Fifteen specimens in total were used. Series I includes specimens reinforced with Tufnes forms made of 20 mm thick preformed mortar board (GFRC board), a non-reinforced specimen, and specimens lined directly with carbon fiber sheet layers. The test parameters are joint position and number of carbon fiber sheets. Series II includes specimens reinforced with Tufnes forms made of 13- mm thick lightweight calcium boards (PB form). The joints of carbon fiber sheets are provided in both directions, that is, parallel and normal to the loading direction. The carbon fiber sheet joint lap is 100 mm long for both series. Table 1 Specimen List
Series No No.1 No.2 No.3 Series No.4 No.5 Specimen RC-14 CRC-20 CRC-26 GRC-20 GRC-26 Tufnes (GFRC form) 12-D22 (1.86) 4-D22 (0.62) Reinforcing method None Direct lining Section All main Tensile main reinforcement reinforcement CFRP pg() pt() layers None 1 2 1 2 3 2 3 4 1 12-D22 (1.86) Tufnes (PB form) 4-D22 (0.62) 2 Hoop pw(CF) () None 0.07 0.13 0.06 0.12 0.18 0.12 0.18 0.24 0.06 0.12 pw () 0.14 0.21 0.27 0.2 0.26 0.32 0.26 0.32 0.38 0.2 0.26 B (MPa) 25.5 27.0 27.9 33.8 36.8 27.8 29.6 29.9 29.3 36.0 36.0 25.7 12-D29 4-D29 (1.03) (3.08) 12-22 (1.82) 4-22 (0.61) 12-D22 (1.86) 4-D22 (0.62) 1 0.06 0.2 35.8 35.8 2 0.12 0.26 36.0 0.4 Both directions 0.2 Parallel to the loading direction Normal to the loading direction 0.2 Join position None Axial force ratio

No.6 GRC-32R No.7 GRC-26P No.8 GRC-32P No.9 GRC-38P No.10 PB-20 PB-26

Series Notes:

No.11

No.12 PB-20-FC No.13 PB-20-S No.14 PB-20-RB No.15 PB-26-N

-(Common for both series) :Column section bxD=50x50 (cm), Internal height ho=150 (cm), M/QD=1.5, Amount of ties D10 at 200 mm intervals -No.6 (GRC-32R) is a specimen made by repairing and reinforcing No.1.

51

4. Typical construction details Fig. 1 shows the reinforcement details of the specimens of both series.
grout CFRP 250 C FRP 20 13 grout 586 30 r=30 r=30 joint lap L=100 L=100 CFRP grout 150 150

30

20 250

joint lap L=100 30 L=100

600

joint lap L=100 L=100 600

r=30

600

600

586

Fig. 1 Reinforcement details 5. Research for verification The test results of a non-reinforced specimen and specimens lined directly with carbon fiber sheets, were compared with those of the specimens using the Tufnes forms. The comparison verified that the reinforcement effect of the Tufnes method was equivalent to that of the direct lining method. The specimens compared were No. 10 and No. 11 of series II (Tufnes method with lightweight-calcium-board form) and No.2 and No.3 of series I (directly lined with carbon fiber sheets). The load-deformation relationships of these specimens are shown in Fig. 2. The test parameters are the same for both types of specimens, except the reinforcement methods. Since the concrete strengths of these specimens are significantly different, the loads in the test were divided by the shear force calculated from bending strength for comparison. However, since No.2 and No. 12 have almost the same concrete strength, their test results were compared directly. As shown in Fig. 2, the strength of the Tufnes specimens declined when deformation was high (R=1/33 to 1/25) because the carbon fiber sheet broke. But, the behavior up to failure was almost the same for both types of specimens. From the fact that No.2 and No.12, which have almost the same concrete strength, showed a similar behavior, we can conclude that the Tufnes method provided a reinforcement effect equivalent to the direct lining method.

52

1.5 1
-40 -30 -20 -10

e c c u m

0.5 0 -0.5 -1 -1.5

10 20 30 40 67 Rx10-3rad.

No.2( 1 direct ) No. 2 (1-layer lining) No.10 Tufnes 1 ) No.10 (1-layer

(a) Reinforced with 1-layer carbon fiber sheet

1.5 1
-40 -30 -20 -10

e c c u m

0.5 0 -0.5 -1 -1.5 -90

10 20 30 40 67 Rx10-3rad.

No.3( 2 No.3 (2-layer lining) )

No.11( 2 Tufnes No.11(2-layer )

-60

-30

0 30 60 c m m

90

120

(b) Reinforced with 2-layer carbon fiber sheet

900 600
-40 -30 -20 -10

e c k N

300 0 -300 -600 -900 -90

10 20 30 40 67 Rx10-3rad.

No.2 (1-layer lining No.2 direct 1B= 2 B=27.0) No.12 No.12 (1 layer 1 Tufnes B = 2 5B=25.7) 120

-60

-30

30

60

90

c m m

(c) Reinforced with 1-layer carbon fiber sheet Fig. 2 Q- relationships (with different reinforcement methods)

53

1-layer reinforcement

2-layer reinforcement

(a) Direct lining method

1-layer reinforcement

2-layer reinforcement

(b) Tufnes method (Primer mold)

Photo 1 Views of final failure

54

6. Examples in practice 2 Used for reinforcing independent columns (about 580 m in total) of eight buildings including multifamily residential buildings, department stores and office buildings.

(a) Erection of Tufnes form (b) Seismic retrofit completed Photo 2 Example of application 7. References 1) Y.Ishiwata, M.Ichikawa, et al., Experimental study on deformation performance of columns shear-reinforced with premolded mortar boards lined with continuous carbon fiber sheet, Summaries of the convention of the Architectural Institute of Japan, Structure IV, pp697-698,1997.9 2) Y.Ishiwata, M.Ichikawa, et al., Experimental study on deformation performance of columns shear-reinforced with GFRC and carbon fiber sheet, Summaries of the convention of the Architectural Institute of Japan, Structure IV, pp229-230,1998.9 3) Y.Ishiwata, M.Ichikawa, et al., Experimental study on seismic retrofit of columns with GFRC and carbon fiber sheet, Annual Study Report of Concrete Engineering, Vol.21, No.3, pp1405-1410, 1999 4) M.Ichikawa, Y.Ishiwata, et al., Experimental study on seismic retrofit of columns with stay-in-place form and carbon fiber sheet, Summaries of the convention of the Architectural Institute of Japan, Structure pp827-828,2002.8

55

8. Ownership organization Tufnes method workshop Represented by Tekken Corporation, 2-5-3 Misaki-cho Chiyoda-ku Tokyo Tel: 03-3221-2184 Fax: 03-3239-1685 URL:www.tekken.co.jp Bureau: Nippon Steel Composite Co.,Ltd., 3-8 Kofune-cho Chuo-ku Tokyo Tel:03-5623-5550 Fax:03-5623-5551 URL:www.nick.co.jp/ 9. Certification Certified by the technological evaluation by the Japan Building Disaster Prevention Association, No.1528 dated 7 December, 2001.

56

1. Title SRF (Super retrofit with flexibility) 2. Outline SRF is a seismic retrofit technology for existing reinforced concrete columns using high-ductility material such as polyester sheet. Shear strength, lateral deformability and axial capacity of the column members can be improved by confining with polyester sheet. 3. Specifications for materials SRF uses woven polyester sheet as the reinforcing material. Table 1 lists their design specification values. Table 1 Specifications of the reinforcing materials SRF450 SRF465 polyester 4.0 45.0
2

mane

material thickness(mm) width(mm) Effective Yongs ModulusN/mm Ultimate strengthN/mm2

64.5 4,500 400

Ultimate elomgation% 10.0 Where effective Youngs modulus is measured at secant modulus at 1% elo ngation. 4. Typical construction details SRF does not require the rounding of corners nor impregnation with resin. Figure 1 shows a cross section and view.

Cross section View Figure 1 Typical details of SRF for stre ngthening column

57

5. Research for verification The effectiveness of SRF for strengthening reinforced concrete columns has been verified through a serious of seismic tests. Static tests on columns were conducted for eight specimens in the first phase, and fourteen and ten in the second and the third, which represents reinforced concrete columns in old buildings of Japan or worldwide. Some of the columns were strengthened using polyester sheet. The columns strengthened by the new method could maintain relatively high gravity load until more than ten percent inter-story drift, while the bare specimens without strengthening failed in shear at small drift simultaneously losing axial load capacity. The typical hysteresis relations are compared for bare reinforced concrete specimen and SRF specimen as shown in Figure 2. The specimens after tests are shown in Photo 1. Various types of concrete prisms and cubes confined with the sheet were also tested, based on which the resistance mechanisms of the columns were interpreted. Through these test series, the method has been improved to be effective to prevent the loss of capacity not only against axial load but also against lateral load reversals. Dynamic tests were planned and conducted for the verification of the new strengthening method. The specimens are two one-third scaled reinforced concrete wall- frame structures with considerable stiffness and strength eccentricity in the first story. The two specimens with the same sectional dimensions and reinforcement details were constructed and tested simultaneously on the large shaking table at NIED. One was a bare reinforced concrete structure designed following old reinforcement detail practice in Japan, while the other was strengthened by the SRF method. The two columns without strengthening failed in shear resulting in collapse associated with loss of the axial load carrying capacity, whose collapse process was traced on the basis of test results. On the other hand, the frame strengthened by SRF not only responded stably to the same input motion with minor damage but also survived still higher levels of succeeding input motions. The frames with reinforced concrete columns and SRF columns after the shaking table test are shown in Photo 2. The cost of retrofit by SRF would remarkably be reduced from that by existing technology.
300 Qmax(+)=219.49kN (R=3.0/400rad.) Qmax(-)=-217.29kN (R=-3.0/400rad.) -64 -48 Q(kN) RC(without SRF) Qmu=189.2kN kN 0.8Qmax

300 Q(kN) Qmax(+)=224.09kN (R=4.0/400rad.) Qmax(-)=-222.65kN (R=-4.0/400rad.) -64 -48 -32 200

With SRF Qmu=189.2kN kN 0.8Qmax

200

100 -32 - 1 68 -6 0 0 -100 8 16 50 100 32 48 H(mm) 150 200

100 -16 -8 -6 0 0 -100 50 8 16 100 32 48 H(mm) 150 200

-200

-150

-100

-50

-200

-150

-100

-50

64 1/400rad.

0.8Qmax Qmu=-189.2kN -200

-300

0.8Qmax 0.8Qmax(+)=175.59kN (R=6.4/400rad.) 0.8Qmax(-)=-173.83kN (R=-6.3/400rad.)

64 1/400rad.

0.8Qmax Qmu=-189.2kN -200

-300

0.8Qmax 0.8Qmax(+)=179.27kN (R=24.2/400rad.) 0.8Qmax(-)=-178.12kN (R=-20.1/400rad.)

(a) RC (without polyester sheet) (b) SRF (with polyester sheet) Figure 2 The typical hysteresis relations of RC column and SRF column

58

RC SRF (a) Ultimate state (80% of maximum load)

RC (loss of longitudinal stiffness) (b) After test Photo 1 Specimens during and after tests

SRF

(a) reinforced concrete column (b) SRF columns Photo 2 reinforced concrete column and SRF column after the shaking table test

59

6. Examples in practice 40 constructed facilities have been retrofitted with SRF, including bullet train piers (Shinkansen), old buildings in Tokyo, School in Sendai, Hospital in Gunnma and Ward Office in Aichi.

(a) columns in old school buildings Photo 3 Examples of application

(b) Bullet train piers

7. References 1) Toshimi Kabeyasawa, Akira Tasai and Shunichi Igarashi A New Method of Strengthening Reinforced Concrete Columns against Axial Load Collapse during Major Earthquake EASEC-8Dec.2001. 2) Shunichi IgarashiSRF (in Japanese) Jan. 2003 Structural Quality Assurance, Inc ISBN4-902105-00-4.

8. Ownership organization Structural Quality Assurance, Inc. 1028220, Chiyodaku, Tokyo. Tel:+81-3-5214-3431 Fax: :+81-3-5214-3432 E- mail:square@sqa.co,jp URL:www.sqa.co.jp

9. Certification JBDPA Certification No.1624 Patent No.: 3484156(Japan), 173122(Taiwan), 146149(Taiwan) Patent Application No. (Published): 10/089,108(US), EP1 258 579 A1 (EU), CN 1529783A(China) etc.

60

1. Title Seismic Retrofit for Existing R/C Buildings using SNE-Truss 2. Outline SNE-Truss is a seismic retrofit technology, which reinforce existing R/C buildings from the outside of the building using aluminum alloy space grids latticed wall. The purpose of the reinforcement by SNE- Truss is to improve the seismic capacity of existing R/C buildings by the in-plane strength and stiffness of this aluminum latticed wall. Fig.1 shows a computer graphic drawing of existing R/C buildings reinforced by SNE-Truss. As for the main characteristics of SNE- Truss can be stated as follows: (1) Because of outer reinforcement for existing R/C buildings, the work of retrofit can be carried out in residence in the existing R/C buildings. (2) The low specific gravity and a high strength to weight ratio of aluminum can be held low the dead load added by the reinforced member of SNE- Truss to the existing R/C buildings and its foundations. (3) The high performance of corrosion resistance of aluminum can be maintained the facade of the existing R/C buildings being fine sight.

SNE-Truss

Existing R/C -Buildings Steel framework

Fig.1 SNE-Truss composed of aluminum alloy 3. Specifications for materials and reinforced member Fig.2 shows the shape and materials of the connection that is adopted in SNE- Truss and mainly composed of aluminum alloy. All the applied struts, hubs, collar, and end plugs are extruded aluminum (6061-T6). Bolts are high-tension bolts made of Cr-Mo steel quenched and annealed at about 425C. The 6061 alloy is an Al-Zn-Si heat-treated alloy, subjected to solid solution treatment at about 500 C followed by age hardening at 170 - 180C for about 8 hrs. Fig.3 shows the relationship between the strength and the deflection of SNE-Truss in horizontal direction. The ultimate shear strength of SNE-Truss is determined by the strength of the squeezed part of bolts which reaches the tensile yield force leads in other components materials The standard design of truss member is shown in Table 1. The relation of the strut section, bolt diameter and maximum length of struts are based on the theory of Fig.3.

61

Hub (6061-T6)

End-plug (6061-T6) Friction welding Bolt (Steel)

Squeezed part Collar (6061-T6)

Strut (6061-T6)

Fig.2 Shape and materials of SNE-Truss connection

Q
Shear strength

Buckling load of Struts s Qcr or Tensile strength of friction welding section s Qy

sQ y bQ u

sQ cr ,sQ y bQ u bQ y

sQ crbQ u

Yielding of squeezed section of bolts

Ultimate strength of squeezed section of bolts

Story Deformation
by bu

Fig.3 Relationship of shear strength and deflection Table 1 Specifications of the reinforcing materials Struts Bolts bN y bN u sN y sN cr Type (mm) (mm) (kN) (kN) (kN) (kN) SNE533 125t12.5 33 380.1 594.0 662.7 621.4 SNE636 150t12.5 SNE639 150t15.0 SNE842 200t12.5 SNE845 200t15.0 SNE848 200t17.5 SNE852 200t20.0 36 39 42 45 48 52 452.4 530.9 615.8 725.8 824.5 973.1 706.9 829.6 962.1 1134.1 1288.2 1420.5 809.9 954.3 1104.5 1307.7 1505.0 1696.5 727.0 846.8 1022.0 1200.4 1370.4 1532.1

Lmax. (m) 2.3 3.0 3.0 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.9

Where, bNy and bNu are yield force and ultimate strength of bolts, and sNy and sNcr are yield force of friction welding section and buckling force of struts, respectively. 62

4. Example of structural design Example of structural design using SNE- Truss is shown in the following. Fig.4 is a typical existing R/C building for Japanese public school. Table 2 shows the results of structural design for reinforcement. SNE-Truss model applied for reinforcement is shown in fig.4. Where, numbers of truss unit are one for vertical and two for horizontal direction around one plane of structure (each story and span) of the objective existing R/C building, respectively. In table 2, Qu is the yielding shear load of the SNE-Truss wall and 1/y the yielding story drift for one plane of structure. I S is seismic index of structure, which is prescribed in Japanese building code and regulations, and usually required more than 0.7 for the public school. I S is defined by the following Equations in Japanese building regulations. R I S > I SO IS R IS = IS + I S = E0 S D T E0 = ( n + 1) /( n + i ) C F C = i Qu / iW where, RI S is the IS after reinforcement, is the safety factor required more than 1.2 and ISO is the required I S in objective reinforce design. SD is the reduction factor corresponding to the eccentricity between the center of gravity and stiffness of the objective existing building. F is the extra coefficient corresponding to the plastic deformation capacity. (n+1)/(n+i) is the reciprocal number of the distribution coefficient of the seismic load for the height direction. IS is easily the ratio of the horizontal load carrying capacity to the weight of each story of the objective existing buildings. IS is the increased I S by the reinforcement using SNE-Truss. Table 2 shows that I S after the reinforcement can exceed the value of 0.7 when the I S of the result of the seismic capacity evaluation for the existing building is supposed 0.4 to 0.5.
36m

9.2m (3story, story height=3.75m) Truss unit=21 4.5m 4.54=18m SNE-Truss wall installed for each 1st and 2nd floor

Fig.4 Example of structural design using SNE-Truss Table 2 Results of structural design for reinforcement Qu Is Struts Bolts 1/y st (kN) 1 Fl. 2nd Fl. 33 706 1/304 0.23 0.26 125t12.5 985 1/313 0.32 0.32 150t15.0 39 200t15.0 200t20.0 45 52 1347 1806 1/314 1/304 0.44 0.59 0.44 0.59

Type SNE533 SNE639 SNE845 SNE852

63

5. Loading tests and investigations Standard design of SNE- Truss was established based on the following loading tests and investigations. Full scale loading tests of the simple beam of the space grid used in SNE- Truss was executed and a proportional and cyclic loading was applied to the unit space grids in order to investigate the buckling characteristics of the truss members with different member slenderness ratios. The loading test confirmed that the effective member slenderness ratio is predicted to correspond to 0.7 times the calculated ratio assuming the unsupported length LK to be the distance between the grids. (Fig.5) Regarding the double layer space grids latticed wall, to investigate the load carrying capacity, plastic deformation capacity and collapse mode, loading tests subjected to the in-plane direction were carried out. (Fig.6)

Fig.5 Simple beam loading test

Fig.6 In-plane loading test

6. References 1) Ishikawa, K., Hiyama, Y., Kato, S., Okubo, S.: Dynamic Buckling Behavior of an Aluminum Double Layer Latticed Wall and its Possibility of Earthquake Resistant Element, IASS International Symposium, pp. E2.21-E2.30, Sep.1999, Madrid. 2) Hiyama, Y., Ishikawa, K., Kato, S., and Okubo, S.: Experiments and Analysis of the Post-Buckling Behaviors of Aluminum Alloy Double Layer Space Grids applying Ball Joints, Structural Engineering and Mechanics, Vol. 9, No. 3, pp. 289-304, 2000 3) Okubo, S., Hiyama, Y., Ishikawa, K., Wendel, W., Fischer, L.: Load Capacity and Plastic Deformable Ability of Aluminum Alloy Double Layer Latticed Wall Subjected to Plane Load, IASS International Symposium, TP101, Oct. 2001, Nagoya. 7. Ownership organization Sumikei-Nikkei Engineering Co. Ltd., 2-35-13, Kameido, Koto-ku, Tokyo 136-0071 Sales Department for Aluminum Structures Tel: +81-3-5628-8519 Fax: +81-3-5628-8518 E- mail: shizuo- morimoto@sne.co.jp URL: http://www.sne.co.jp Dec.24, 2004 Yujiro Hiyama, Dr. Eng. yujiro- hiyama@sne.co.jp 64

1. Title TARS (Taisei Anchor- less Retrofit System) 2. Outline TARS is a seismic retrofit system for existing R/C buildings to improve a horizontal retained capacity and a stiffness with a moderate ductility, by settling a stiff infill to a bare frame without dowel anchors cohered by epoxy resin at connections. 3. Specifications for the retrofitted frames Two types of the infill are used, one is a steel framework with H section interconnecting braces and the other is a concrete shear wall. These infill are firmly connected to the inside of a bare frame by grouting with high strength mortar. Shear transfer at the horizontal connections simply depends on a resistance caused friction in compression area, because the basic measure of the TARS involves nothing but the grouting mortar to settle the infill. Some variations of constraints at the horizontal connections are described below if more enhancement of the shear capacity is required. 1. Constraining forces which are given with PC bars directly connecting the steel frameworks of upper and lower story. 2. Semi-cylindrical cotters which are carved top and bottom surface of a beam. 3. Embedded bolts which are fixed with the grouted mortar into the carved holes of a beam in the vertical direction. Shear tests on the connection for a R/C beam and a steel of the framework were carried out to investigate its abilities of shear transfer with these constraints. 4. Typical construction details The strong axis of the steel framework being arranged the in-plane direction of the beam, the stiffness of the framework is higher and the space grouted with mortar became narrower than those of a conventional measure. The semi-cylindrical cotters, of which height is a ha lf of the radius, and the embedded bolts, of which embedded length into the beam is four times of the diameter, are placed at the horizontal connections to constrain a slip displacement. Grouting is executed with premixed high strength mortar without shrinkage, which was designed to have a 7-day strength of 50 MPa. The concrete shear wall is cast at sites but have no dowel bars at the wall- frame connections. The wall involves shear reinforcement of which ratio is around 0.3%, and the concrete which is specified to a strength of 30 MPa is used. TARS facilitates to improve seismic performances in a shorter period, and easy construction procedure makes a reduction in a budget. 5. Research for verification The seismic performance of the strengthened frames applying TARS has been verified through a serious of structural experiments. Reversed cyclic loading tests on the infilled frames with a steel framework were conducted for ten specimens, and another four specimens retrofitted with a shear wall were tested in the same way. The geometry and the reinforcing details for a specimen with a shear wall are shown in Fig.1 and the loading apparatus for the specimen is shown in Photo.1.

65

10 10

D13

8-M20

N= 50

300kN

200

200

200

200

D25

4-D19

380*600380*230

S30

D6@140(pw=0.2%)

100

D6

50

4D13, L=1600

50

40 D6@120,pw=0.44% 1410 100

230 40 125 130 125

40 35 35

S30 S31
D6@120 pw=0.15%

t=120, Fc30 390

26 0

600 S30 100 8-M20 L=240

M20
D13 D13

600

mm 60 D6@200,pw=0.27% 4D19+ 4D16 D6@80,pw=0.44% 40 135 135 40 H-300*70*9*19 D13,L=50 500

3000
30

4-D13@140 230

40 135 135 40

90

50

[-100*50*5*7.5

350 150

:500*1080

S32

Fig.1 Details of a specimen retrofitted with a shear wall

Photo 1 Loading Apparatus

66

40

1325

S33

350

40

40

40

1600

40

All specimen similarly behaved infilled frame walls with a stiff shear panel. The hysteretic response was gradually pinched in larger drifts, because the slip displacement at the horizontal connections became larger in proportion to the drift. But load carrying capacities generally increased 300% or more than the calculated values of the bare frames with moderate ductilities. The similar punching shear failure at the top part of the column was observed around the 0.8% drift angle. A shear failure occurred thereafter on the other column, the development of these failures was mostly in common. Situations after loading for specimens with a framework and a shear wall are shown in Photo.2 and 3 respectively. The specimen with constraining force dissipated considerable energy, other constraints resulted in being effective to enhance a stiffness as well as a shear capacity.

Photo 2

Overall view of a specimen after loading

Photo 3

Overall view of a specimen after loading

67

Based on the test results, mechanism of shear resistance would be postulated as a frame action of an existing bare frame combined with the shear strength of the infill, which provided a diagonal compression strut. Both of the framework and the shear wall having much higher strength and stiffness compared to the column, the reaction force from the framework balanced with horizo ntal load caused the punching shear failure. The design procedures described that the horizontal retained force of the retrofitted frame was given by the summation of the strengths of the columns and the shear force transferred by friction and the constraints at the horizontal connection below the beam. 6. Examples in practice Approximately ten existing facilities have been retrofitted with TARS, including department stores, office buildings and school buildings in Japan. 7. References 3) Kazuhiro Kanata et al, Strengthening methods for R/C frames with infilled panel by using friction at the panel- frame joint, Part1~Part10, Summaries of technical papers of annual meeting, AIJ, 2000~2004 (in Japanese). 4) Kazuhiro Kanata and Ken- ich Kikuchi, Retrofitting methods for existing frames to enhance strength by using friction at Steel-Concrete joint, Proceedings of JCI symposium on evaluation of the effect of seismic retrofit of existing concrete structures, June 2000 (in Japanese). 5) Kazuhiro Kanata et al,Evaluation for strengthened frames with an infilled panel by using friction, Proceedings of the JCI,Vol.25,No.2, July 2003 (in Japanese). 8. Ownership organization Taisei Corporation. 163-0622 Nishi Shinjuku 1-25-1, Shinjuku, Tokyo Tel: +81-3-5381-5070 Fax: +81-3-3344-1094 E- mail: kanada@kiku.taisei.co.jp URL: http://www.taisin-net.com/ 9. Certification JBDPA Certification No.1658 Patent No.: 3525418(JP) Patent Application No. (JP): 1999-61013,1999-113312, 2001-196309,2001-271360, 2002-2391,2003-219101, etc.

68

1. Title OFB (Outer- frame brace) 2. Outline OFB is a new seismic strengthening method using Outer- frame brace. Seismic strengthening of the building can be carried out easily without decreasing the serviceability and quality of living condition. We can occupy the building during retrofit construction works. 3. Typical construction details The braces are attached outside the structural frames of existing buildings. The connecting beam was cast on the existing frame, and the anchorage device was jointed to the connecting beam. The braces were tied to the anchorage device with pin joints at both ends. The existing building, connecting beam and anchorage device were joined under normal stress conditions by pulling the prestressing bars.
Column Connecting beam

Veranda

Brace

Joint pin High-strength rods Anchorage device

Figure 1 Outline of strengthening method 4. Research for verification The performance of the strengthened reinforced concrete frame has been investigated through same serious of tests. L oading tests for the connecting beams and reinforced concrete frames were conducted to develop design procedure for strengthening reinforced concrete frames by attaching outer-frame braces. The experiment confirmed the load-deflection curves of the connecting reinforced concrete beam, and the performance and lateral load-carrying capacity of the strengthened reinforced concrete frames.

69

A 1/3-scale test was arranged in order to study the behavior of the strengthened reinforced concrete frames using attached braces. The specimens are shown in Table 1, and details of the original and connecting beams are shown in Fig. 2. Table 1. Details of specimens No.1 No.2 No.3 Shear failure without 24.6 Shear failure With 25.5 40.3 Flexural failure without 25.6 -

Specimen Failure Mode Attached Brace Concrete Column, Beam Strengt h Connecting (MPa) beam

No.4 Flexural failure with 29.5 37.8

Shear failure type

Flexural failure type

Brace for strengthened specimen

Anchorage device

(a) Original frame

Brace (25)

High-strength non-shrinkage mortar Brace (25)

(b) Connecting beam Figure 2 Details of experimental specimen (Unit : mm)

70

Figure 3 illustrates the lateral load-displacement behavior of each specimen. The horizontal displacement of the beam was divided by the height between the upper and lower beam centers to obtain the drift angle. The lateral load-displacement peak envelopes of each specimen are provided in Fig. 4. Herein, strengthened specimens No. 2 and No. 4 use the lateral load, subtracting the horizontal component of the axial load, which had been acting on the brace from the jack load measured with the load cells. The brace axial load was obtained by multiplying the section area, using Youngs module, by the average strain of the brace. Original and strengthened specimens exhibited responses up to the lateral load-carrying capacity with very similar lateral load-displacement curves. This is seen in both shear and flexural failure type specimens. Lateral load-carrying capacity of the strengthened specimens can be estimated by adding the strength of the original frame to the brace strength.
Story Shear Force ( k N )
400 300 200 100 0 0 0.25 0 . 5 0.75 1 1.25 1 . 5 1.75 2

Story Shear Force ( k N )

No.2 No.1

400 300 200 100 0 0 0.5 1

No.4 No.3

Drift Angle ( % )

1.5 2 2.5 3 Drift Angle ( % )

3.5

4.5

(a) Shear failure type (b) Flexural failure type Figure 3 Lateral load-displacement response
350 350

250 200 150 100

No.1 Original Frame

Lateral Load (kN)

300

N o . 2 Original Frame

N o . 4 Original Frame

300 250 200 150 100 50 0

N o . 4 Brace N o . 3 Original Frame

Lteral Load (kN)

50 0 0 0.5

N o . 2 Brace

1 Drift Angle ( % )

1.5

0.5

1.5

2.5

3.5

4.5

Drift angle ( % )

(a) Shear failure type (b) Flexural failure type Figure 4 Lateral load-displacement response( peak envelopes) Shear force during an earthquake is transferred from the existing structure to the braces through connecting beams. Therefore, accurate evaluation of connecting beam performance is essential. Based on the biaxial loading tests for the connecting beam, a multi- linear skeleton curve can be identified and it is possible to evaluate the capacity of the beam and the drift angle at yielding of the brace.

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5. Examples in practice

Photo 1 Examples of application 6. References 1) Japan Building Disaster Prevention Association:Seismic Evaluation Standard for Existing Reinforced Concrete Buildings(in Japanese), Japan Building Disaster Prevention Association, 2001 2) Tsunehisa Matsuura, Kazuyuki Sumi, and Toshirou Makita:Development of strengthening method using attached brace in outer- frame, 13th World Conference on Eathquake Engineering, Conference Proceedings Paper No.2105 3) Tsunehisa Matsuura and Kazuyuki Sumi:Experimental study on seismic strengthening method using brace of outer-frame(in Japanese), Proceedings of the Japan Concrete Institute, Vol. 23, No. 1, 2001 4) Tsunehisa Matsuura, Kazuyuki Sumi, Toshirou Makita, Minoru Suzuki and Yasuyuki Hinohara:A Study on Seismic Strengthening Method Using Braces of Outer-Frame(in Japanese), Summaries of Technical Papers of Annual Meeting Architectural Institute of Japan, 2003, C-2, pp. 721-722 (in Japanese) 7. Ownership organization HAZAMA Corp., 2-5-8 Kitaaoyama Minatoku, Tokyo. Tel: +81-3-3405-1157 Fax: +81-3-3470-4760 E- mail: taishin@hazama.co,jp URL: www.hazama.co.jp SEIBU Construction Co.,Ltd. 1-11-2 Kusunokidai Tokorozawashi, Saitama Tel: +81-4-2926-3360 Fax: +81-4-2926-3383 E- mail: narihito-sekiya@seibu-const.co,jp URL: www.seibu-group.co.jp/kensetsu 8. Certification JBDPA Certification No.1746

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1. Title Seismic retrofit technology for steel structures using Tomoe Friction Damper (TFD see Figure 1) Figure 1 TFD 2. Outline The aim of this retrofitting technology is to improve seis mic resistant performance of existing steel structures by giving damping. Once a great earthquake occurs, TFD installed in a structure controls the structural deformation by absorbing dynamic energy. The performance of TFD and how to install TFD into a structure is validated by DPBA. This retrofitting method is not applicable for high-rise buildings due to the capacity of TFD.

3. Basic principle and features of TFD TFD changes the dynamic energy into heat by the friction between the two metal parts, the dice and rod inserted into the dice. Figure 2 illustrates the principle. Figure 3 illustrates the force-displacement relation. It can be regarded as rigid-plastic bilinear where the elastic modulus is very high. This leads superb efficiency in energy absorption because the energy absorption occurs for very small displacement. The friction load of TFD is 100 and 200KN and axial extension range is within 100mm. The influences of velocity, amplitude and initial temperature on the friction load are not large and negligible for ordinary use.

Rod

Dice

Friction

Figure 2 Principle of energy absorption

120 100 80 60 40 20

kN

0 -100 -80 -60 -40 -20 -20 -40 -60 -80 -100 -120 0 20 40 60 80 100 120

-120

mm

Figure 3 Force-displacement relation

73

4. Typical construction details TFD is installed into a structure by two forms, shear- link and brace forms (see Figure 4). Ordinary details, not specially developed, used for steel structures are applied. However, when designing and constructing the details, it must be reminded that the advantage of TFD is shown only when the rigidity and strength of the connections between TFD and the existing structure are sufficiently secured.

Figure 4 Typical construction details

5. Research for verification Full-scale tests are carried out to verify the dynamic performances of TFD. The deviation of friction load, influences of velocity, amplitude and temperature on friction load and limit accumulated displacement were tested. The dependency of the above factors is generally small and the load-displacement relation is stable until the accumulated displacement reaches 8000mm. However, it is found that too large velocity (20cm/s at average) leads some decline of friction load for the 200KN-damper, so the average of velocity during an earthquake shall be limited within or equal to 15cm/s.

6. Ownership organization Tomoe corporation, 1040054, Chuo-ku, Tokyo. Tel: +81-3-3533-7931 Fax: +81-3-3533-7951 E- mail: bosai@tomoe-corporation.co.jp URL: www.tomoe-corporation.co.jp 7. Certification JBDPA Certification No.1756 Patent No.: 3290912(Japan)

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1. Title PPMG-CR (Seismic Retrofit Technology of Columns with a Special Polymer-cement Mortar) 2. Outline PPMG-CR is a seismic retrofit technology for existing columns using a special polymer-cement mortar and shear reinforcements. Targeted columns are of reinforced concrete buildings and steel encased reinforced concrete buildings with grid and lattice frames. Shear strength and ductility of columns are greatly improved by jacketing retrofit using shear reinforcements and the special polymer-cement mortar (MagnelineType II) or using steel plate and the special polymer-cement mortar (Magneline-Type I). Jacketing by steel plate can particularly contributes to mitigation of the axial force limit. 3. Specifications for materials PPMG-CR technology uses Magneline polymer-cement mortar comprising a powdered component of white cement, silica sand and a special admixture and a water soluble emulsion of polyacrylic ester copolymer admixed on site. Magneline-Type I and Type II are distinguished by the mix proportion of the powder component and the emulsion. Magneline- Type I is used as a grouting material for a gap between steel plate and existing concrete and as a primer for the concrete surfaces. Specification of MagnelineType I is shown in Table 1. Magnline-Type II is used as a plastering material for thickening existing structures in jacketing by the shear reinforcement. Specification of Magneline- Type II is shown in Table 2. Table 1 Specifications of the Magneline -Type I Properties 28-day compressive strength Consistency Bond strength to concrete Specified value Greater than 21.0 N/mm2 10 to 40 seconds Greater than 1.5 N/mm2 Test method JIS A 1108 J 10 Funnel test BRI method

Table 2 Specifications of the Magneline -Type II Properties 28-day compressive strength Consistency Specified value greater than 30.0 N/mm 130 to 200 mm
2

Test method JIS A 1108 Flow test

4. Typical construction details PPMG-CR is a seismic retrofit technology using welded wire fabric as shear reinforcement or steel plate jacketing on existing columns. Figure 1 shows two types of construction: the welded wire fabric jacketing with subsequent plastering of MagnelineType II and steel plate jacketing with grouting of Magneline-Type I.

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We l d e d wi r e f a b r i c Ex i st i ng c o l u mn Sl i t ( a p p r o x . 3 0 mm) She a r r e i n f o r c e me n t

Ma g n e l i n e - T y pe ( Pl as t e r i ng)

< We l d e d wi r e f a b r i c j a c k e t i n g > S t e e l p l at e

Sl i t ( a p p r o x . 3 0 mm)

Ex i st i ng c o l u mn Ma g ne l i n e - T y p e ( Gr ou t i n g )

< S t e e l p l a t e j ac k e t i n g >

Figure 1 Column retrofitting with PPMG-CR method 5. Research for verification PPMG-CR has been approved by a test for the half- scale model columns representing a 4 to 5 storied building in Japan. Of the eleven specimens prepared, seven specimens with a shear span ratio of 1.0 were subjected to Phase 1 test and the other four with a shear span ratio of 1.5 to Phase 2 test. In Phase 1 test, three specimens were retrofitted with a steel jacket (1.6 and 3.2 mm thick) and another three specimens with a welded wire fabric jacket (4 mm in diameter with a pitch of 50 or 25 mm) leaving the other one as a original specimen. In Phase 2 test, three specimens were retrofitted with a welded wire fabric jacket (6 mm in diameter with a pitch of 50 or 25 mm) leaving the other one as a original specimen. Typical load-displacement curves and ultimate state of a retrofitted and original specimen are shown in Figure 2. Maximum load of the steel jacketed specimen was 1.66 to 2.05 times greater than that of original specimen and the displacement was as large as the rotation angle of 1/50 radian. Maximum load of the welded wire mesh jacketed specimen was 1.36 to 1.72 times greater than that of original specimen and the displacement was as large as the rotation angle of 1/50 to 1/100 radian. Both retrofitting methods were found to increase strength and ductility compared to the specimen without retrofitting. A welded wire mesh jacketed specimen with a shear span ratio of 1.5 showed a transition of failure mode from shear to bending with a remarkable increase in ductility and a slight increase in strength. These experiments proved that PPMG-CR technology was sufficiently effective in seismic retrofitting of columns.

76

+Qmax=186.8kN - Qmax=204.1kN

load Q(KN)

No.1

original specimen

Fc18

400 300

No1
200 100 0

-30

-20

-10 -100 -200 -300

10

20

30

displacement (

loading side
-400

cross side

(a) Original Specimen

load Q(KN)
-10 -100 -200 -300 -400

No.8 Fc18 mesh bar4@25 +Qmax=309.8kN - Qmax=306.0kN

400 300 200 100 0

-30

-20

10

20

30

displacement No8 (4@25

loading side

cross side

(b) Wire-mesh Jacketed Specimen

load Q(KN)
-10 -100 -200 -300 -400

No.2 Fc18 Steal Plate (1.6mm) +Qmax=345.7kN - Qmax=302.4kN

400 300 200 100 0

-30

-20

10

20

30

displacement No2 (1.6mm

loading side

cross side

(c) Steel Plate Jacketed Specimen Figure 2 Typical load-displacement curves and fracture mode 77

6. Examples in practice PPMG-CR has not yet been applied to full-scale structures. 7. References 1) T. Kubota, M. Fukuda, T. Mitani, T. Kaminosono, T. Akiyama, S. Tsukazaki and H. Kato: Shear Strength of RC Columns Strengthened by Steel Plate and Wire Mesh with Polymer-cement Mortar (Part 1, 2 and 3), Prep. Annual Meeting of AIJ, Sep. 2003. 2) K. Ariki, T. Yamamoto, T. Kaminosono, S. Tsukazaki, T. Akiyama and Y. Kado: Shear Test of Polymer-cement Mortar to Concrete and Steel Surface, Prep. Annual Meeting of AIJ, Sep. 2003. 8. Ownership organization Magune Chemical Co., Ltd. 2-4-25,Takeshita,Hakataku,Fukuoka Tel :+81-92-477-3533 , Fax:+81-92-477-3532 E- mail:tsuka@magnekagaku.co.jp TOKYO SOIL RESEARCH CO., LTD. Department of Building Research & Engineering Tel :+81-3-3463-4825 , Fax:+81-3-3463-4876 E- mail:akiyama-t@tokyosoil.co.jp URL: http://www. tokyosoil.co.jp 9. Certification The Japan Building Disaster Prevention Association Certification No. 1761 Two patents are being applied (2001-224349 and 2002-219797)

78

1. Title PCa Brace System

2. Features PCa brace system has some features as follows. 1) This bracing system consists of two precast concrete diagonal elements in order to construct easily during a short period. 2) These diagonal elements are attached to the outside of the existing building by binding joint in order to lessen the work performed inside it. 3) This system has the friction control joints. The role of friction joints is to dissipate seismic energy by flectional sliding and to control the axial PC bar forces to diagonal elements in Existing beam order to reduce the shear force in Existing column the existing beams and to avoid the brittle collapse of diagonal Auxiliary elements. 4) These diagonal elements are Precast brace prestressed by post tensioning in Friction joint order to raise the tension cracking Existing beam strength. 5) The damage to peripheral beams, PC bar columns and reinforcing bars is Fix minimized only making a hole for inserting pc bars used for binding Fig.1 Model of seismic upgrading by PCa brace joints. 3. Specifications for materials Materials is shown in Table 1. Table 1. materials materials Specifications concrete Fc=60N/mm2 cement mortar Fc=50N/mm2 pc bar SBPR1080/1230 friction plate granite 4. Details of method Detail of the friction control joint is indicated in Fig. 2. The top of brace system is connected to the centre of an upper (or lower) beam through a friction control joints. The friction control joint consists of two friction plates and a prestressing bar for binding. The material of friction plate is granite. Lateral resistance of brace system depends on resistance of the friction control joints, and the product of friction coefficient of materials and prestressing force gives the maximum friction resistance. Therefore the expected resistance of a friction joint (the maximum input force to the brace) is easily realizable by choosing an appropriate binding force. The friction coefficient between two granite plates is given based on the test results. 79

The purpose of this joint is to control the lateral force induced to this brace system. When the lateral force induced to a brace exceeds the friction resistance of the top connection, slip deformation occurs, with retaining the lateral resistance of a brace is kept constant. The restoring force characteristics of the joint show bi- linear behavior with high stiffness in the first branch and small positive stiffness in the second branch. Therefore the hysteretic loop has almost rectangular shape. Bottoms of two legs of a brace are fixed to the both ends of lower (or upper) beam through cement mortar by post tensioning as indicated in Fig. 3. Friction coefficient of fix joint is 1.0, and sufficient prestressing force is given to it to avoid slipping, this value is over 1.3 times of the required prestressing force.
PCa brace

mortal granite plate anchor plate anchor plate

anchor plate anchor plate

anchor nut unbonded PC bar PCa brace

anchor nut
anchor nut

anchor nut

existing beam

PC bar mortal existing beam

Fig.2 Friction joint connected to beam

Fig.3 Fixed joint connected to beam

5. Research for verification 5.1 Static loading test on a reinforced concrete frame with the brace system Static loading test was performed using the testing frame of 1/2 scale of the assumed structure. The amount of binding force in a friction joint is 148(KN). Therefore calculated shear strength of a friction joint is 96.21480.65(KN). Section of concrete brace was 13.0x13.0cm square and prestressed at 60KN. Calculated tension cracking strength of concrete brace is 129 KN. Load - deflection relation obtained by test and calculated load - deflection relation calculated by non- linear two-dimensional analysis are indicated in Fig.4. In the test results, flexural cracking at column bottom section and the slip at friction joint were observed at the lateral load of 90KN, and lateral stiffness was reduced. The experimental value of first slip is correspondent to the calculated value. Then, flexural yielding of column bottom section occurred at the load of 330KN and the considerable reduction of stiffness was observed. However the load carrying capacity kept on increasing 1% drift and no reduction was observed up to 2 % drift. The load increase from 1 % to 2 % drifts in test results is due to the increase of binding force at the friction joint.Many of the calculated values were correspondent to the values obtained by the experiment, and the effect of seismic upgrading by brace system has been confirmed.

80

400

200

-200

-400 -40 -20 0

test result predicted result predicted result (without brace)

20

40

Drift of portal frame(mm)

Photo.1 Static test of brace

Fig.4

Load deflection curve

5.2 Shaking test of brace system Shaking tests were performed using the 2 specimens for the purpose of investigating the dynamic behavior of the brace system. Tested original frames consist of reinforced concrete top and foundation beams and steel columns, and pin joints were used to connect steel columns to beams. Moreover, The top of the brace was binding to upper beam by prestressed bar through friction joint formed on two granite plates, and the bottom was fixed to foundation beam by prestressed bar through cement mortar.Therefore, during the shaking tests, only concrete brace resisted the inertia force through friction joint. Section of concrete brace was 13.0x13.0cm square and prestressed at 60KN. Calc ulated tension cracking strength of a diagonal element is 129 KN. The only difference between these 2 specimens was the binding force at friction joint. Specimen-1 with ordinary binding force at friction joint of 148(KN) is expected to show the predicted slip behavior and energy dissipation without any damage to concrete diagonal elements. Predicted maximum shear strength of friction joint was 96.2148 0.73(KN). For specimen-2, the larger binding force of 373(KN) was applied, where the damage to concrete diagonal element was expected to unexpected huge input acceleration. Predicted maximum shear resistance of friction joint was 272KN (0.73x373KN). Each specimen was tested under several levels of sinusoidal waves and recorded earthquake waves. The maximum input acceleration was 1300 gal. In Specimen-1, The friction coefficient of the first slip was larger than 0.40 and gradually increased as the increase of deflection response. Beyond the deflection of 10 mm, the friction coefficient exceeded the design value of 0.65. Observed maximum value of friction coefficient was 0.73 and did not exceed 0.85. Friction coefficient of Specimen-2 also showed the similar values of specimen-1. Therefore, the established friction coefficient in order to calculate the shear strength is appropriate also in shaking tests. Further, in specimen-2, when the response acceleration showed 1600 gal., the tension force of concrete brace reached at 113 KN. It didn't exceed the cracking strength of 136KN, and the tension crack was not observed. At the acceleration response of 2460 gal., the tension force of concrete brace exceeded the cracking strength and reached 174.1 KN. Then, little tension cracks were observed. However the damage to the concrete brace was very slight.

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6. Example in practice An example is introduced where PCa brace system was adopted for seismic upgrading work of a certain junior high school building. Photographs before and after upgrading are shown in Photo 2. This building was built in 1961, and concrete strength used for this building was 15.0 (N/mm2 ). The total of Increased capacity was 27500 (KN), and the capacity per one brace system was 150-200KN. Construction work could be completed during short period and without interrupting the use of buildings because this brace system consisted of two precast concrete diagonal elements and were installed in the perimeters of building.

before

after

Photo.2

Example of Upgraded Building

7. References 1) Kisihiko Moriyama, Yutaka Osanai, Miyuki Ooshima, Yosio Kimura: Experimental Reports on Seismic Strengthening with the Precast Prestressed Concrete Braces.(in Japanese)Journal of Prestressed Concrete, Japan, Vol.40, No.4, Jul.1998 2) Yutaka Osanai, hirokazu Asakawa, Kouichi Yamamoto, Masataka Tanimoto: Design & Construction in the Seismic Strengthening with the PCa Braces.(in Japanese) Journal of Prestressed Concret, Japan, Vol.41, No.4, Jul.1999 8. Ownership organization Oriental Construction Co.,Ltd. 2-1-1 Hirakawa-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo.102-0093 Japan Tel: +81-3-3261-1176 Fax: +81-3-3261-1139 E- mail: hidetoshi.taga@oriken.co.jp URL: //www.oriken.co.jp/ 9. Certification JBDPA Certification No.1762 Patent No.: 3096664(Japan)

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1. Title PCaPC External Frame Aseismic Strengthening System 2. Outline A precast prestressed concrete (hereafter referred to as PCaPC) external frame aseismic strengthening system is an aseismic strengthening method of building which heightens the shear strength of the building and raises earthquake resisting capacity by attaching the PCaPC frame to the existing reinforced concrete building (RC) or the existing steel reinforced concrete building (SRC). An outline of this method is presented in Fig.1. The PCaPC frame is built up with the factory product precast concrete column and beam by the post-tensioning system. Connection between the existing building and the PCaPC frame is carried out by floor slab or shear transfer block. The horizontal force and the axial force of the PCaPC frame are transmitted to the ground by the foundation of the PCaPC frame, or by joining PCaPC foundation and the existing building one. This method is able to reduce the repair or restoration work inside the building on account of connect the asismic strengthening member to the existing building from an outside, and also produce well lighting and good facade of the building after reinforcement. Furthermore, using the precast concrete member lead to shorten the construction term and improve in quality.

Fig. 1 Outline of PCaPC External Frame Aseismic Strengthening System 3. Scope This method is applicable to the low or middle rise RC or SRC structures whose concrete strength is more than 18MPa. The strength of the precast concrete used for the PCaPC frame is more than 30MPa, and the strength of the cast in place concrete is more than 18MPa.

83

4. Connecting method the PCaPC frame to the existing building The PCaPC frame and the existing building is connected by chemical anchors in case of using floor slab and by the shear transfer block using post-tensioning system.
Earthquake load

Existing Building

Earthquake load Shear resistance of existing building

Shear resistance of existing building Bending moment Floor slab Shear force Tension Shear transfer block Shear force Shear resistance of PCaPC frame Axial force

Compression

Bending moment

Shear resistance of PCaPC frame

PCaPC Frame

Fig.2 Shear Transfer Mechanisms (plane view) 5. Evaluation method of strength contribution of the PCaPC frame The earthquake resiting capacity of the building reinforced with this method is evaluated with Seismic Index of Structure calculated by formula (1) based on a seismic diagnosis standard (Ref. 1).
F

I S =F E0 F S D T

(1)

FIS FE0 FSD

: Seismic Index of Structure of the building reinforced with this method : Basic seismic capacity index of the building reinforced with this method : Shape index of the building reinforced with this method : Time index of the building

Basic seismic capacity index of the building reinforced with this method is calculated by formula (2).
F

E0 =

Q1 + ( j RC Q )+ ( F j F Q) n +1 F1 n+i W a

(2)

n Q1 j RCQ Fj FQ Wa F1

: The number of building stories : Shear strength of the 1st group of the existing building : Strength contribution coefficient of the j-th group of the existing building : Shear strength of the j-th group of the existing building : Strength contribution coefficient of the PCaPC frame : Shear strength of the PCaPC frame : Total weight of the existing building and the PCaPC frame : Ductiluty Index of the 1st group (0.8 , 1.0 or 1.27)

The strength contribution coefficient of the PCaPC frame is calculated in consideration of the rigidity of the connectiong component (floor slab or shear transfer block).

84

6. Performance of the joint of post-tensioning system The shearing slip test was conducted in order to check the performance of the post-tensioning joint between high strength concrete for the precast concrete and low strength concrete of the existing building. The test apparatus and the relationship between shear force and slippage are shown in Fig.3 and Fig.4, respectively.

Vertical Force Reaction Frame

Oil Jack

Shear Force

Oil Jack

High Strength Concrete (Precast Concrete)

Low Strength Concrete (Existing Building)

Fig. 3 Test Apparatus

12
2

-10

-5

120 100 80 60 40 20 0 -20 0 5 -40 -60 -80 Specimen A -100 -120 Slip (mm)

Maximum Shear Stress (N/mm

10 8 6 4 2 0 0

previous test test result

Shear Force (kN)

10

coefficient of friction=0.5 coefficient of friction=0.5

2 4 6 8 Post-tensioning Stress (N/mm2)

10

Fig. 4 Test Results

85

7. Typical detail An example of the joint using the shear transfer block is shown in Fig.5.
Protect motar Anchorage plate Existing building Shear transfer 700 Joint mortar

PCaPC Frame PCaPC Beam Shear

transfer Beam of existing building Floor Level

350

900 B

A-A Section

950

A 600 Anchorage device Post-tensioning bar 26 PCaPC column B PCaPC beam

PC cable 7-15.2 B-B Section

PCaPC Frame

Fig.5 Typical Detail of the joint using the shear transfer block 8. Reference 1) The Japan Building Disaster Prevention Association : Standard for Seismic Diagnosis of Existing Reinforced Concrete Structures 2001 2) Yasuhiro Shioda, Masaaki Ohnuma, Hiromitsu Chiba and Kazuhiro Watanabe: Shear transfer strength of post-tensioned RC-PC frame connection in outside strengthening method, Summaries of Technical Paper of Annual Meeting 2004, Architectural Institute of Japan. 9. Ownership organization P.S. Mitsubishi Construction Co., Ltd. (Architectural Division) G-7 Bldg., 7-16-12 Ginza, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-8215, Japan TEL +81-3-4562-3057 FAX +81-3-4562-3065 E-mail webmaster@psmic.co.jp URL www.psmic.co.jp

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