Digital Re-print July | August 2013

Pig feed pelletizing technology

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FEATURE

Pig feed pelletizing technology

by Joyce Li, service centre manager, Amisy Machinery, China
he advantages of feed pellets in pig farming are well documented so pig breeders are inclined to adopt pellets into feed and are interested in improving feed pellet quality. Research shows that there is a proportional relationship between factors which determine pig feed pellet quality. Feed formulation accounts for 40 percent, raw material granularity 20 percent, modulating 20 percent, ring die specification 15 percent, cooling 5 percent and other factors 5 percent. So in the case of determined feed formulation, feed pelleting technology is crucial to pig feed quality. Feed pellets are produced through a serious of processes such as crushing feed ingredients, mixing raw materials, pelleting, cooling, spraying and packing. Each procedure is obligatory.

Modulation can gelatinize starch, sterilize and increase pellet quality (particle hardness and durability), which is related to feed intake. The moisture and temperature factors mainly affect modulation. Supplying moisture by steam can lubricate materials and reduce energy consumption. However, the amount of steam added should be restricted. Higher or lower modulating temperature makes pellet structure loose, increases pellet breakage ratio and pulverulent ratio and loses nutritional content. So discharge temperature of pig feed pellet should be controlled between 76 and 92 degrees Celsius.

Feed pellet cooling

The pelleting follow-up processes such as cooling and spraying should also be valued. Pelleted feed has a high moisture content and temperature. In this case, feed pellets have a soft texture and are prone to mildew during storage so the cooling process is necessary. The cooling airflow and cooling time should be controlled strictly. During the pelleting process some nutritional ingredients are damaged or lost by the high temperature and friction force, in order to ensure pig feed pellet quality, some liquid nutrition should be reintroduced to increase the energy level and help prevent diseases.

Crushing and mixing

The sequence of crushing and mixing feed ingredients affects pellet quality. Mixing feed ingredients after crushing has been universally adopted in America, China and other countries. Raw materials which have different shapes and thicknesses should be ground before mixing otherwise it will not be possible achieve the optimal mixing effect. Different sized ingredients are difficult to mix evenly and the nutritional content of the feed will be inconsistent. The mixing uniformity is also affected by the grinding fineness of feed ingredients. The closer the physical properties of each component of feed pellet (including particle size), the more even the mixing.

Feed formulation for pigs at different stages

Pigs at different growth stages have different physiological characteristics which should be considered when choosing feed ingredients and designing feed formulas. If pigs are well fed they can generate immune tolerance to the anti-pathogenic substances of feeds and protect the digestive tract. The feed pellet ingredients should fit their digestive ability and make preparation for weaned pigs feeding. The feed ingredients

should have substances like milk residue powder, added sugar, grease and also a certain of vegetable protein. Piglet feed pellets should mainly consider the energy and protein level. The level is between 20 - 25 percent and the coarse fibre content is under 4 percent. The feed pellets for piglets should contain balanced nutrition, with a soft texture and good palatability. The amount of digestive enzymes and their activity are radically reduced so the weaned piglets cannot entirely digest the vegetable protein which causes diarrhea. The increased PH value, which inhibits lactobacillus growth and stimulates the colon bacillus production also causes diarrhea. So feed pellets for weaned pigs should reduce diarrhea and increase survival rate and daily weight gain. Feeds should incorporate high-energy ingredients such as grains, fat and lactose. The grains must be ripened because they can improve digestion and absorption rate and reduce diarrhea. The easily digestible proteins such as bean pulp, whey powder and soybean concentrate protein are ideal protein sauces. Some antigen substances within soybean concentrate protein like glycinin and polymerization globulin cause brief allergic reaction in the early growth stage of weaned piglets. Even so, the feed ingredients must contain soybean protein to make piglets produce antiallergic ability.

Pig fattening stage

Increasing feed intake is the main factor to improve growth rate during the fattening stage. Feed pellet ingredients are mainly made up of corn and bean cake. The feed ingredients for fattening pigs should be reasonably collocated so as to ensure the weight
Grain

Pig feed pelleting

Pelleting is the most crucial procedure in the feed pellet process. Modulation is the critical factor, which affects the end result.
16 | July - august 2013

&feed millinG technoloGy

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FEATURE

Figure 1: Energy needs distribution for pregnant sows gain rate and meat quality. The proteins and amino acids of feed ingredients are used to stimulate the production of lean body mass. Research shows that greater energy intakes directly improve pigs protein and lean meat accumulation, the daily weight gain, feed utilization rate and the fat content. However, when the daily weight gain hits a certain degree, greater energy intake does not ensure an increase in lean meat. Greater or fewer trace elements may lead to metabolic disorders, slow weight gain speed, more feeds consumption and diseases or death. So the amount and proportion of amino acids, energy level, protein level and mineral elements should be considered.

Figure 2: Daily feed intake for pregnant sows From the table we know that the daily feed intake for pregnant sows should be reduced to 2.5 kg during the first 30 days so as to maintain the energy levels and reduce feed waste. Then feed intake is adopted according to the body conditions. In the later gestation stage, feed intake is increased to expand stomach capacity and meet piglet nutrition needs. In the last stages of pregnancy, feed intake reduced to 1.5 kg so as to prevent constipation before parturition. During the lactation period, sows may eat less which causes weight loss and influences lactation. So lysine should be added to the feed pellets so as to reduce weight loss of lactating sows, improve piglet weight gain rate, provide sufficient milk for piglets and

Sow feeding
Figure 1 shows the energy needs distribution for pregnant sows. From the table we know most of the feed is used as energy. During this period, it is important that the feed ingredients are not mouldy or degenerative as poor quality feed can cause miscarriage. Dried fat and soybean oil should be added to the feed to improve the birth weight and survival rate of piglets. Sows at different pregnancy stages need different nutrition and feed intakes. Research shows that in the early pregnancy sows need about 6 g lysine while in the later stages the lysine intake is 15 g. Figure 2 shows the is the daily feed intakes of pregnant sows.

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So as to compliment the exposition rather than compete with it, we intend to break this conference into three separate blocks so that delegates can maximise their time in the exhibition halls while See all of our still managing tomagazines glean developmental information from conference online. You will also nd a speakers, says Roger Gilbert of Perendale Publishers Limited, full archive ofof back issues, publishers Grain and Feed Milling Technology magazine. as well as downloadable This is an honour for us to be invited to join with the Cereals-Mixed features Feed-Veterinary Exposition to organise this innovative program for Russian feed millers and nutritionists. We are calling on exhibitors to consider proposing topics that they are specialists in and which they would like to share with the audience.

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The conference itself with be in both English and Russian and will have a period of questions and answers at the end of each session, he adds. Delegates will be asked to register prior to the event in order to ensure sufcient facilities are made available.

Each of the three sessions will comprise three speakers each and will be organised into themes by species and processing by feed type. Companies interested Global in proposing speakers for the program Miller should contact Roger Gilbert directly (rogerg@perendale.co.uk) or Elena Belserova (elenaida-57@mail.ru)
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FEATURE Most breeders use antibiotics to increase the animals immune system and prevent disease but the continuous usage causes resistance to drugs, destroys the intestinal flora balance and affects human health. The oligosaccharide additive has the antibiotics function but it has no pollution and residue. It is considered as the ideal replacement of antibiotics and can be added to the feeds pellet.

Feed and the environment

Now consumers not only require nutritious, safe and healthy pork but also want pig feed pellets that are ecological and the whole rearing process is environmentally sound. However, foul gases such as ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, skatole, trimethyl ammonia and the nitrogen, phosphorus, heavy metal in pig excrement result in environment pollution. The root of this pollution is in the feed. Nitrogen and phosphorus content which can not be well utilized by pigs are the main pollution sources. Feed ingredients with higher digestion rates and less nutritional variation can reduce the nitrogen emissions by 5 percent. So feed ingredients should be reasonably selected. Pigs at different stages have different nutrition needs. Research shows that adapting the amino acids levels according to pigs growth stages and physiological state can effectively reduce the nitrogen and phosphorus emissions. Studies indicate that pig emissions are related to the composition of pigs feed pellet. Every 1 percent reduction in protein content will reduce the nitrogen excretion by 8.4 percent. And when the coarse protein content is reduced from 18 - 15 percent the nitrogen emission is decreased by 25 percent. So reducing the protein content and improving the protein digestion rate are important measures to reduce the nitrogen pollution of pigs manure. Pig feed pellets are produced based on the nutritional needs of pigs, the nutritional value of feed composition and by adopting a scientific formula so pigs can fully exploit the nutritional benefits and reduce nitrogen emissions. Considering the side effects of antibiotics and drugs, breeders are more inclined to add safe and ecological feed additives to treat disease, improve feed utilization rate and pigs production property, reduce pollution to environment. For example, adding a certain amount of vegetable acid, protease and probiotics can maintain the balance of pigs intestinal flora, improve feed pellets utilization rate, significantly reduce the discharge of nitrogen and phosphorus and protect the environment. More InforMatIon:
Email: service@feed-pellet-mill.com Website: www.feed-pellet-mill.com

shorten the weaning-estrous interval. When the piglets are weaned, the nutrition level of feed pellets for sows should be sufficient so as to improve pregnancy rate.

Pellet size and pig health

Pig gastric ulcers are a recurrent problem which often occurs on intensive pig farms. The gastric ulcer refers to the erosion or necrosis of gastric mucosa tissues caused by acute indigestion and stomach bleeding thus forming the round ulcer surface and even gastric perforation. It causes anorexia, abdominal discomfort, constipation, diarrhea and gastrorrhagia. The feed is a main pathogenic factor in pig gastric ulcers. Feed factors relate to feed formulation, feed ingredient quality, feed pellet process technology and feed pellet utilization technology. Feeds containing too much corn will cause fibre shortage and induce gastric ulcers. Adding coarse-fibre raw materials such as grass meal or bran will ensure a healthy fibre content. A shortage of vitamin A, B1, E and selenium can also cause the disease. The solution is to ensure the vitamin content is sufficient. In order to reduce costs, some breeders use poor-quality feeds. Low-quality fishmeals which contain a lot of coarse impurities can cause gastric trauma and even produce histamine which induces the gastric ulcers. Breeders should use top-quality feed ingredients which free from moisture and mildew so as to prevent the increase of unsaturated fatty acid content and the occurrence of gastric ulcers. Tests carried out by Kansas State University, USA show that the particle size of corns is reduced with 100 m each time the pigs weight gain can increase by 1.3 percent. This is because when the comminuting fineness is reduced, the anti-nutritional factor
18 | July - august 2013

can be destroyed and feed nutrients can fully contact with digestive enzyme so as to increase the feed utilization rate. However, when the comminuting fineness is reduced, the gastric ulcer rate and keratinization degree is increased. Fine feed pellets increase the feed and water intake which strengthen the materials flow-ability in pigs stomach. Therefore, pepsin and gastric acid are constantly in contact with the mucous membrane of the cardia which is easy to produce stomach ulcer. As gastric ulcers in pigs are generally related to fine feeds, the size of feed pellets is a question worth considering. In production, the comminuting fineness should make appropriate adjustments according to pigs productivity at different growth ages. Research shows that comminuting fineness of feed ingredients for piglets is optimal between 300 m and 500 m. Appropriate granularity can increase feed intake and digestive rate so particle size for sow feeds is best between 400 m and 500 m. It is optimal between 500 m and 600 m for fattening pigs. Other factors such as irregular feeding time, frequent feeds change or feeding interruption can also lead to stomach ulcers. So pigs should be scientifically fed.

Bacterial infection
During the pelleting process, feeds are modulated by high temperature which can kill the harmful substance of feed ingredients such as Salmonella, corona virus and colibacillus. Bacterial infection can cause damage to pigs. Helicobacter pylori can cause ulcers and cystic gastritis. The corona virus causes vomiting and can damage stomach ganglion which results in the lost control of stomach muscle contraction and the gastric distension.

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Pig feed pelletizing technology Feed focus
Cattle

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Aflatoxins in Europe:
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