(PETE 663 Formation Evaluation and the Analysis of Reservoir Performance (Fall 2003))

Module for:

Resistivity Tools
(adapted/modified from lectures in PETE 321 (Jensen/Ayers))

J. L. Jensen W.B. Ayers T.A. Blasingame Department of Petroleum Engineering Texas A&M University College Station, TX 77843-3116

Drilling Disturbs Formation

Washouts and Filtrate Invasion zDrilling and rock crushing Damage Zone zMud systems and invasion Oil-based Mud
Small conductivity mud. Shallow invasion. Thin cake.
Mudcake Damaged zone

Water-based Mud
Moderate to very conductive mud. Shallow to deep invasion. Thin to thick cake.
Invading filtrate

Effects of Drilling Mud and Mud Filtrate Invasion

Mud Filtrate Invasion

Uninvaded Zone (Rt)
Invaded Zone (Rxo)

Wellbore Mud (Rm)

Uninvaded Zone (Rt)

n o i t si n a Tr ne o Z

Mud Cake (Rmc)

Modified from J. Jensen, PETE 321 Lecture Notes

Symbols used in Log Interpretation

Resistivity of zone Resistivity of the water in the zone Water saturation in the zone Mud Rm Adjacent bed Rs Uninvaded zone R1 Rw Sw

hmc Rmc (Bed thickness) h dh Mudcake

Flushed zone Zone of transition or annulus Rxd Rm1 Sxo

di dj (Invasion diameters) rj dh Hole diameter

Rs Adjacent bed

From NExT, 1999, after Schlumberger

Common Terminology
Borehole Rm = Borehole mud resistivity Rmc = Mud cake resistivity Invaded zone Rmf = Mud filtrate resistivity Rxo = Invaded zone resistivity Sxo = Invaded zone water saturation Uninvaded zone Rw = Interstitial water resistivity Rt = Uninvaded zone resistivity Sw = Uninvaded zone water saturation

Factors which Affect Resistivity Measurements

(Filtrate Invasion Drilling Mud Shoulder Beds Mud Cake)

Resistivity tools are affected by:

z Invasion of mud filtrate. z Mud in the borehole. z Resistivity of the shoulder beds. z Mud cake. All resistivity readings must be compensated for these effects.

(From Halliburton, p. 11-9)

Applications of Resistivity Well Log Data

Uses: z Establish permeable zones. z Discriminate hydrocarbon versus water saturated zones. z Estimate water/moveable hydrocarbon saturations. z Estimate porosity (based on resistivity). z Correlate strata areally.

Families of Resistivity Tools

z Electrode tools: electrical current sent by electrodes into formation

Requires water-base muds

z Induction tools: generate a magnetic field that induces a current in the formation
Oil-base, air, or fresh-water muds

Electrode Tools
(require water-based muds)

z Wireline (conveyed on line)

Dual Laterolog (LLD and LLS) Azimuthal tool (deep and shallow) Spherically-focused Micro-resistivity

z LWD (Logging-While-Drilling)
Resistivity at bit (or at least close) Side-scanning electrodes

Schlumberger

Principles of Electrode Tools

(Common Elements/Features)
Elements/Features:
z Electrode emits current, I: Electrode A. Green lines give current flow. z Electrodes sense voltage, V: Electrodes M and N. Red lines show equipotentials. z Formation resistivity, R: R = kV/I. k is tool constant. z Simple electrode model ignores: Current does flow up borehole. Radial changes in R (invasion).

(Electrode Resistivity Tools)

Dual Laterolog Tool Deep and Shallow Current Patterns

Characteristics: z Multiple currents:
Measure. Bucking (or guard).

z Objectives:
Rt: Laterolog Deep (LLD). Rxo and Rt: Laterolog Shallow (LLS). Eliminate borehole effect. Eliminate shoulder effect.

(Electrode Resistivity Tools)

Selection Chart for Laterolog Tool

(Compares Laterolog and Induction Tools)
Selection Chart: z Correlation based on porosity, Rmf/Rw, and Rw. z Gives indication of optimal application ranges.

(Electrode Resistivity Tools)

(From Halliburton, p. 12-2)

Recent Tool: Azimuthal Resistivity

Features
z Thin bed analysis:
Vertical Resolution < 1 ft.

z Variable depths of investigation. z Azimuthal resistivity.

z Applications:
Fracture detection. Rt in dipping beds.

(Electrode Resistivity Tools)

Example Well Log: Azimuthal Resistivity

Comments
z Azimuthal resistivity profile in light blue note the greater level of detail in the signal.

z Computed image is potentially useful for identifying fractures.

(Electrode Resistivity Tools)

Spherically Focused Resistivity Tool

Tool Characteristics:
z SFL tool gives shallow resistivity. z Usually run in combination with induction logs. z Good tool for thin-bed detection/analysis. z Has a different order of electrodes than the laterolog tool.

(Electrode Resistivity Tools)

Flushed Zone Measurements

Tool Characteristics:
z Pad-type tools: Pads reduce borehole effects. Mud cake may still be an issue. z Very shallow resistivity: 2 to 5 cm profile is typical. z Several types of tools.

(1/4)

(Electrode Resistivity Tools)

Flushed Zone Measurements

"Microlog" Tool:
z Measures R1x1 and R2. z No current focusing. z Does not yield Rxo. z High resolution. z Mudcake detector: R1x1 < R2. Gives an indication of permeable zones.

(2/4)

(Electrode Resistivity Tools)

Flushed Zone Measurements

MicroSFL (Spherical Focus) Tool: z Measures only RMSFL . z Current focusing tool. z Provides Rxo estimate. z Good resolution. z Small mud cake effect.

(3/4)

(Electrode Resistivity Tools)

Flushed Zone Measurements

Other Flushed Zone Tools:
zOther types of focused Rxo Microlaterolog. Microguard. Proximity. zElectromagnetic propagation Uses electromagnetic (EM) waves. Measures conductivity and propagation. Ultra-high frequencies. zBorehole scanners Multi-pad. Image of borehole wall.
(Electrode Resistivity Tools)

(4/4)

Microresistivity Tools
(Properties)
Characteristics of Microresistivity Tools: z Very high vertical resolution ( 2 in/5 cm). z Very small depth of investigation (a few inches). z Most tools are pad mounted. z Measurements are only in the invaded zone. z Affected by mudcake on the borehole wall.

(Electrode Resistivity Tools)

Microresistivity Tools
(Well Log Example 1)
Example 1: Microresistivity Log z The microresistivity tool response is given by the "Short Guard" profile on this log. z Most microresistivity logs are "spiky" due to a very high vertical resolution ( 2 in/5 cm). z Good tool for thin-bed identification.

(Electrode Resistivity Tools)

(From Halliburton, p. 12-3)

Microresistivity Tools
(Well Log Example 2)
Example 2: Microresistivity Log z Microresistivity log response is given by the "Micro SFL" (MSFL) profile on this log. z With a depth of investigation of only a few inches, microresistivity tools reflect the character of the flushed/invaded zones. z Note how the MSFL log reading is nearly constant in zones where the LLD and LLS logs show a profile inversion. z This due to the fact that the MSFL reads only mud filtrate saturated formation.
(Electrode Resistivity Tools) (From Halliburton, p. 13-18)

Introduction to Induction Resistivity Tools

Introduction:
z Induction log was originally developed to measure formation resistivity in boreholes containing oilbased and fresh water-based drilling muds. z Electrode devices (conventional electric logs) do not function in non-conductive mud systems. z Induction logging devices are focused to minimize influence of borehole and surrounding formations. z Designed for deep investigation to determine Rt. z New induction log devices are being developed using improved electronics, telemetry, and computer processing.

(Induction Resistivity Tools)

Introduction to Induction Resistivity Tools

(Tool Characteristics)
Induction Resistivity Tools: zSeveral types: Dual Induction:
Deep (ILD) Medium (ILM)

High Resolution Induction

HRD, HRM (Halliburton) IDPH, IMPH (Schlumberger)

Dielectric induction Array Induction EWR/CDR zAll induction tools have similar physical principles...
(Induction Resistivity Tools)

Induction Resistivity Principles

Fundamentals:
z Transmitter coils: z Formation currents, It: z Receiver coils:
Current (IT ). Creates magnetic field (HT ). Caused by magnetic field (HT ). Create magnetic field (HL ). Senses magnetic field (HL ). Records output voltage (eR).
IT
TRANSMITTER COIL

(1/2)

3
HL

eR

RECEIVER COIL

2
It
UNIT GROUND LOOP

HT

(Induction Resistivity Tools)

Induction Resistivity Principles

Estimation of Resistivity Response:
z Voltage (eR) proportional to conductivity (C). z Resistivity computed as:

(2/2)

1000 R(ohm m ) = C (mmho m )

zSimilar to laterolog tools, induction tools are focused. zDepth of measurement depends on:
Frequency: Older tools, single frequency (approximately 20 kHz). Newer tools, multiple frequencies. Number and position of coils.
(Induction Resistivity Tools)

Induction-Electrical Log Presentation (Old Format)

Old Format: zLinear scales. zConductivity on track 3. zResistivity on track 2. zShort normal: Unfocused shallow. Bed definition. zInduction Rt.
(Induction Resistivity Tools)

Dual Induction Presentation (Newer Format)

Newer Format:
z Logarithmic scale for resistivity well log profiles. z Resistivity tracks occupy 2/3 of the well log plot. z Deep Induction (Rt). z Medium induction (Rxo) and (Rt).

(Induction Resistivity Tools)

Dual Induction Presentation (Newest Format)

Newest Format:
z Logarithmic scale for resistivity well log profiles. z Five (5) different induction log measurements. z Resistivity traces allow for transition zone.

(Induction Resistivity Tools)

Wireline Versus LWD Tools

z LWD (Logging While Drilling) zWireline (Open Hole)
Borehole and formation
Little invasion. Small borehole effect.

Borehole and formation

Moderate to deep invasion. Moderate to significant borehole effects.

Equipment:
Steel collars, bit. Few/no electrodes.

Equipment
Fiberglass/plastic tools. Many electrodes. Variable diameter of investigation (DOI) (10-90 in.). Variable induction frequency. Pad or mandrel. Early LWD copied wireline tools/technologies.

Shallow DOI (20-60 in.), high-frequencies.

Steel Resistivity vs Freq.
2.00E-03 Resistivity, ohm-m 1.50E-03 1.00E-03 5.00E-04 0.00E+00 0 2 4 6 8 10 Freq, MHz

Resistivity Profiles Rules

Rules: z Separation of deep and shallow resistivity curves suggests presence of a permeable formation. z If the formation pore fluid is more resistive than the mud filtrate, then Rdeep > Rshallow irrespective of the type of tool (e.g., the profile in hydrocarbon bearing layers with a saline water-based mud in the borehole). z If the mud filtrate is more resistive, then Rshallow is greater than Rdeep (e.g., a fresh water bearing formation with an oil-based mud in the wellbore). z Across shale zones there is no separation because there is no permeability and hence, no invasion. All resistivity readings should overlay in shales.

Dual Induction Profile Common Features

Features: z Deep resistivity trend reads less than the shallow trend (i.e., the "short guard"), indicating a lower pore fluid resistivity: i.e., Rw<Rmf z Also, note a slight separation between the deep and shallow profiles indicates invasion.

(From Halliburton, p. 12-3)

Dual Laterolog Profile Hydrocarbon Shows

Deep Laterolog Rt reading is higher than the Shallow Laterolog Rt reading. Suggests the presence of hydrocarbons (i.e., a more resistive pore fluid as compared to the mud filtrate).

Probable OWC

Here, deep Laterolog Rt reading is lower than shallow Laterolog or Micro SFL. This situation results when the mud filtrate is more resistive than the formation pore fluid.
(From Halliburton, EL 1007)

Mud Filtrate Invasion Invaded/Transition Zones

Typical resistivity profile: resistivity of pore fluid > resistivity of mud filtrate
From Halliburton, EL 1007)

Effect of Mud Filtrate Invasion on Fluid Saturation

BOREHOLE

(1/2)

SHALE
100

Saturation (%)

Sxo
Filtrate (Rmf)

Oil

Sw
SHALE

Formation Water (Rw)

0 Borehole Wall

Distance

Difference between Sxo and Sw indicates movable hydrocarbons

From Halliburton, EL 1007)

Effect of Mud Filtrate Invasion on Fluid Saturation

Original Conditions
1.00

(2/2)

After Invasion

Residual Oil
0.70

Sxo = 70%

Residual Oil

Moveable Oil
0.30

(Sxo Sw)= 40%

Mud Filtrate Mud Filtrate

Filtrate Invasion Effects: z Invasion of mud filtrate causes a change in pore fluid saturations. z A difference in Sxo and Sw indicates movable hydrocarbon saturation.

Connate Water
0.0

Sw = 30%

From Halliburton, EL 1007)

Summary Application of Resistivity Tools z Two families of resistivity devices:

Electrode tools: Current sent into formation, requires water-based drilling muds. Induction tools: Generate a magnetic field that induces a current in the formation, use in oil, air, or fresh-water based drilling muds.

(1/2)

z Resistivity devices:
Latero/Guard tools. Spherically focused tools. Microresistivity tools. Resistivity at (or at least close to) bit (LWD).

z Induction:
Older dual induction. Newer multi-frequency, signal enhanced devices.

Summary Application of Resistivity Tools z Resistivity well logging tools used to:

(2/2)

Establish permeable zones. Discriminate hydrocarbon versus water saturated zones. Estimate water/moveable hydrocarbon saturations. Estimate porosity (based on resistivity). Correlate strata areally.

z Induction logs:
Run in non-salt saturated mud (Rmf > 3 Rw). Run where resistivity < 200 ohm-m. Run with oil-based drilling mud.

z Laterolog or dual laterologs:

Run in salt-saturated drilling mud (Rmf 3 Rw). Run where resistivity > 200 ohm-m. Run where thin beds are present.

Points To Commit to Memory:

zResistivity tool types:
Electrode tools: Current sent into formation, requires waterbased drilling muds. Induction tools: Generate a magnetic field that induces a current in the formation, use in oil, air, or fresh-water based drilling muds.

zFactors which affect resistivity well logs:

Invasion of mud filtrate. Mud in the borehole. Resistivity of the shoulder beds. Mud cake.

zApplications of resistivity well log data:

Establish permeable zones. Discriminate hydrocarbon versus water saturated zones. Estimate water/moveable hydrocarbon saturations. Estimate porosity (based on resistivity). Correlate strata areally.

(PETE 663 Formation Evaluation and the Analysis of Reservoir Performance (Fall 2003))

Module for:

Resistivity Tools
(adapted/modified from lectures in PETE 321 (Jensen/Ayers))

End of Presentation
J. L. Jensen W.B. Ayers T.A. Blasingame Department of Petroleum Engineering Texas A&M University College Station, TX 77843-3116

E.T. ODaniel 28 (1U interval Horizontal log section)

E.T. ODaniel 28 (1U interval Horizontal core section 1)

7390 ft

E.T. ODaniel 28 (1U interval Horizontal core section 2)

7407 ft

E.T. ODaniel 28 (1U interval Horizontal core section 3)

7417 ft