BEAM 161 (Explicit 3-D Beam)

BEAM161
Explicit 3-D Beam

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Product Restrictions
BEAM161 Element Description
BEAM161 has several characteristics:
It is incrementally objective (rigid body rotations do not generate strains), allowing for the treatment
of finite strains that occur in many practical applications.
It is simple for computational efficiency and robustness.
It is compatible with the brick elements.
It includes finite transverse shear strains. However, the added computations needed to retain this strain
component, compared to those for the assumption of no transverse shear strain, are significant.
The Belytschko beam element formulation (KEYOPT(1) = 2, 4, 5) is part of a family of structural finite elements
that use a "co-rotational technique" for treating large rotation.
This element is used in explicit dynamic analyses only. Refer to the LS-DYNA Theoretical Manual for more
information.
Figure 1: BEAM161 Geometry
3
J
K
I
s
r
t
2
1
973
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc.All rights reserved.- Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
BEAM161 Input Data
The geometry, node locations, and the coordinate system for this element are shown in Figure 1: BEAM161
Geometry (p. 973). Node K determines the initial orientation of the cross section.
The element is defined by nodes I and J in the global coordinate system. Node K defines a plane (with I and
J) containing the element s-axis. The element r-axis runs parallel to the centroidal line of the element and
through nodes I and J. Node K is always required to define the element axis system and it must not be co-
linear with nodes I and J. The location of node K is used only to initially orient the element. (For information
about orientation nodes and beam meshing, see Meshing Your Solid Model in the Modeling and Meshing
Guide.)
Use the EDLOAD command to apply nodal loads and other load types described below. For detailed inform-
ation on how to apply loads in an explicit dynamic analysis, see the ANSYS LS-DYNA User's Guide.
Pressures can be input as surface loads on the element faces as shown by the circled numbers in Fig-
ure 1: BEAM161 Geometry (p. 973). Note, however, that pressure is actually a traction load applied to the center
line of the element. Use the EDLOAD command to apply the pressure load, and input the pressure as a force
per unit length value. Positive normal pressures act into the element.
Base accelerations and angular velocities in the x, y, and z directions can be applied at the nodes using the
EDLOAD command. To apply these loads, you need to first select the nodes and create a component. The
load is then applied to that component.
You can also use the EDLOAD command to apply loads (displacements, forces, etc.) on rigid bodies.
You can choose from the following materials when working with BEAM161, with the restrictions as noted:
Isotropic Elastic
Bilinear Kinematic (Except KEYOPT(1) = 2)
Plastic Kinematic (Except KEYOPT(1) = 2)
Viscoelastic (KEYOPT(1) = 1 only)
Power Law Plasticity (KEYOPT(1) = 1 only)
Piecewise Linear Plasticity (KEYOPT(1) = 1 only)
KEYOPT(1) allows you to specify one of four element formulations for BEAM161 (see "BEAM161 Input Sum-
mary" (p. 977)). For details of real constants to be specified for each element formulation, see Table 1: BEAM161
Real Constants (p. 978).
KEYOPT(2) is valid only with rectangular element formulations (KEYOPT(1) = 0, 1, 4).
The following illustrations show the valid standard beam cross sections when KEYOPT(4)>0, and KEYOPT(5)
= 2 (standard beam cross section).
974
BEAM161
Figure 2: Standard Beam Cross Sections
t
w
s
t
t
w
w
s
t
w
3 4 5
1
2
2 3 4
9
6
7
8
1 5
w = flange width
t
f
= flange thickness
d = depth
t
w
= web thickness
s
ref
= location of reference surface normal to s, Hughes-Liu beam only
t
ref
= location of reference surface normal to t, Hughes-Liu beam only
Type 1: W-section Type 2: C-section
1 2 3
4
5
6
7 8 9
s
1 2 3
4
5
6
7 8 9
Type 4: T-section Type 3: Angle section
t
t
f
d d
w
t
f
t
t
f
s
t
w
d
w
d
t
w
t
f
975
BEAM161
Figure 3: Standard Beam Cross Sections (continued)
t
Type 5: Rectangular tubing
1 2 3
4 5
6 7 8
Type 6: Z-section
Type 7: Trapezoidal section
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9
t
w
t
f
s
w
d
t
d
w
t
f
t
w
1 2 3
4
5
6
7 8 9
d
w
t
w
KEYOPT(5) is not valid when KEYOPT(1) = 2.
A summary of the element input is given in "BEAM161 Input Summary" (p. 977). Additional information about
real constants for this element is provided in Table 1: BEAM161 Real Constants (p. 978). For more information
about this element, see the ANSYS LS-DYNA User's Guide.
976
BEAM161
BEAM161 Input Summary
Nodes
I, J, K (K is the orientation node)
Degrees of Freedom
UX, UY, UZ, VX, VY, VZ, AX, AY, AZ, ROTX, ROTY, ROTZ
Note
For explicit dynamics analyses, V(X, Y, Z) refers to nodal velocity, and A(X, Y, Z) refers to
nodal acceleration. Although V(X, Y, Z) and A(X, Y, Z) appear as DOFs, they are not actually
physical DOFs. However, these quantities are computed as DOF solutions and stored for post-
processing.
Real Constants
See Table 1: BEAM161 Real Constants (p. 978) for a description of the real constants.
Material Properties
EX, NUXY, DENS, DAMP (MP command)
RIGID (KEYOPT(1) = 1,2) (EDMP command)
BKIN, EVISC, PLAW (TB command; see Material Models in the ANSYS LS-DYNA User's Guide)
Surface Loads
Pressure --
face 1 (I-J) (+r tangential direction), face 2 (I-J) (-s normal direction), face 3 (I) (-t normal direction)
Body Loads
None
Special Features
This element supports all nonlinear features allowed for an explicit dynamic analysis.
KEYOPT(1)
Element formulation:
0, 1 --
Hughes-Liu with cross section integration (default)
2 --
Belytschko-Schwer resultant beam (resultant)
4 --
Belytschko-Schwer full cross section integration
5 --
Belytschko-Schwer circular beam with cross section integration
KEYOPT(2)
Quadrature rule:
1 --
One integration point
0, 2 --
2 x 2 Gauss quadrature (default)
977
BEAM161
3 --
3 x 3 Gauss quadrature
4 --
3 x 3 Lobatto quadrature
5 --
4 x 4 Gauss quadrature
Note
KEYOPT(2) is valid only with rectangular element formulations (KEYOPT(1) = 0, 1, 4).
KEYOPT(4)
Integration rule for section:
0 --
Standard integration option
n --
User-defined integration rule ID (valid range: 1 to 9999)
KEYOPT(5)
Cross section type:
0 --
Rectangular cross section
1 --
Circular cross section
2 --
Arbitrary cross section (user defined integration rule) or standard beam cross section, if KEYOPT (4)
> 0.
Table 1 BEAM161 Real Constants
Use if... Description Name No.
KEYOPT (1) = 0,1, 4, or 5 Shear factor. SHRF 1
Default = 1.0
Recommended for rectangular sections
= 5/6.
KEYOPT (1) = 0, 1, or 4
KEYOPT (5) = 0 or 2
Beam thickness in s direction at node
1;
if KEYOPT (5) = 2, then use for arbitrary
cross section only.
TS1 2
KEYOPT (1) = 0, 1, or 4
KEYOPT (5) = 0 or 2
Beam thickness in s direction at node
2;
cross section only.
TS2 3
978
BEAM161
KEYOPT (1) = 0, 1, or 4 Beam thickness in t direction at node 1; TT1 4
KEYOPT (5) = 0 or 2 if KEYOPT (5) = 2, then use for arbitrary
cross section only.
KEYOPT (1) = 0, 1, or 4
KEYOPT (5) = 0 or 2
Beam thickness in t direction at node 2;
cross section only.
TT2 5
KEYOPT (1) = 0, 1, or 5
KEYOPT (4) = 0
Beam outer diameter at node
1[1 (p. 981)]
DS1 2
KEYOPT (5) = 1
KEYOPT (1) = 0, 1, or 5
KEYOPT (4) = 0
Beam outer diameter at node
2[1 (p. 981)]
DS2 3
KEYOPT (5) = 1
KEYOPT (1) = 0, 1, or 5
KEYOPT (4) = 0
Beam inner diameter at node
1[1 (p. 981)]
DT1 4
KEYOPT (5) = 1
KEYOPT (1) = 0, 1, or 5
KEYOPT (4) = 0
Beam inner diameter at node
2[1 (p. 981)]
DT2 5
KEYOPT (5) = 1
KEYOPT (1) = 0, 1, 4, or 5
KEYOPT (4) = 0
Location of reference surface normal to
s-axis
= 1 side at s = 1
NSLOC 6
= 0 center
= -1 side at s = -1
KEYOPT (1) = 0, 1, 4, or 5
KEYOPT (4) = 0
Location of reference surface normal to
t-axis
= 1 side at t = 1
NTLOC 7
= 0 center
= -1 side at t = -1
KEYOPT (4) = 0
KEYOPT (1) = 2
Cross sectional area
See Figure 4: Properties of Beam Cross
Sections for Several Common Cross Sec-
tions (p. 982)
A 8
979
BEAM161
KEYOPT (4) = 0 Moment of inertia about s-axis ISS 9
KEYOPT (1) = 2 See Figure 4: Properties of Beam Cross
tions (p. 982)
KEYOPT (4) = 0
KEYOPT (1) = 2
Moment of inertia about t-axis
tions (p. 982)
ITT 10
KEYOPT (4) = 0
KEYOPT (1) = 2
Polar moment of inertia
tions (p. 982)
IRR 11
KEYOPT (4) = 0
KEYOPT (1) = 2
Shear area
tions (p. 982)
SA 12
KEYOPT (4) > 0 and KEYOPT
(5) = 2
Number of integration points
See Figure 6: Definition of Integration
Points for User Defined Integration
Rule (p. 984)
NIP 13
KEYOPT (4) > 0 and KEYOPT
(5) = 2
Relative area of cross section; that is,
the actual cross-sectional area divided
RA 14
by the area defined by the product of
the specified thickness in the s direction
and the thickness in the t direction.
See Figure 5: Definition of Relative Area
for User Defined Integration Rule (p. 984).
KEYOPT (4) > 0[2 (p. 982)]
and KEYOPT (5) = 2 (stand-
ard cross section only)
Standard cross section type.
Note
If this type is nonzero, then
NIP and RA should be zero.
ICST 15
Cross section types are:
1 - W-section
2 - C-section
3 - Angle section
4 - T-section
5 - Rectangular tubing
6 - Z-section
980
BEAM161
7 - Trapezoidal section
See Figure 2: Standard Beam Cross Sec-
tions (p. 975), Figure 3: Standard Beam
Cross Sections (continued) (p. 976).
ICST > 0, and NIP = RA = 0 Flange width W 16
ICST > 0, and NIP = RA = 0 Flange thickness TF 17
ICST > 0, and NIP = RA = 0 Depth D 18
ICST > 0, and NIP = RA = 0 Web thickness TW 19
ICST > 0, and NIP = RA = 0 Location of reference surface normal to
s
SREF 20
Note
If KEYOPT (1) = 1 only
ICST > 0, and NIP = RA = 0 Location of reference surface normal to
t
TREF 21
Note
If KEYOPT (1) = 1 only
KEYOPT (4) > 0
KEYOPT (5) = 2, arbitrary
cross section only
s coordinate of integration point
i = 1, NIP (NIP = 20 max)[3 (p. 982)]
S(i) 22, 25,
28, ...79
NIP > 0, RA > 0, ICST = 0
KEYOPT (4) > 0
cross section only
t coordinate of integration point
i = 1, NIP (NIP = 20 max)[3 (p. 982)]
T(i) 23, 26,
29, ...80
NIP > 0, RA > 0, ICST = 0
KEYOPT (4) > 0
cross section only
Weighting factor; that is, the area asso-
ciated with the integration point divided
by the actual cross-section area.
i = 1, NIP (NIP = 20 max)[3 (p. 982)]
WF(i) 24, 27,
30, ...81
NIP > 0, RA > 0, ICST = 0
tions (p. 982)
1. DS1, DS2, DT1, and DT2 are used only if KEYOPT (5) = 1. If KEYOPT (5) = 0 or 2, then use TS1, TS2, TT1,
and TT2.
981
BEAM161
2. For KEYOPT (5) = 2, standard cross-section type, the integration point ID (KEYOPT (4) > 0) is not used
since NIP = RA = 0. However, you must provide this input in any case.
3. Specify S(i), T(i), and WF(i) for each integration point. For example, for 20 integration points, specify
S(1), T(1), WF(1), S(2), T(2), WF(2), ... S(20), T(20), WF(20).
Figure 4: Properties of Beam Cross Sections for Several Common Cross Sections
s
t
b
t
w
h
t
f
s
t
r
I I
r
J
r
f f
A r
tt ss
tt ss

4
4
2
2
2
10
9
s
t
r
h
I I r h
J r h
f f
A rh
tt ss
tt ss

3
3
2
2
2
I
h
ht bt
I
b
bt ht
J
b h
tt w f
ss f w
_
,
_
,
2
2
2 2
6
3
6
3
2
( )
( )
(tt t
bt ht
f
A
b t t
f
A
h t t
A bt ht
w f
w f
tt
w f
ss
f w
f w
)
( )
[ ( ) ]
[ ( ) ]
(
+
+
+
2
2
2 ))
982
BEAM161
s
t
h
b
I
bh
I
b h
J
b
h
b
h
tt
ss
_
,
_
,
1
]
1
3
3
4
4
12
12
1
3
0 21 1
12
.
11

hb
f f
A bh
tt ss
3
6
5
Shear area
A
f
A
983
BEAM161
Figure 5: Definition of Relative Area for User Defined Integration Rule
t
s

S
t
t
t
Relative area =
A
S
t
t
t
t
t
= input as TT1 or TT2 on R command
S
t
= input as TS1 or TS2 on R command
Figure 6: Definition of Integration Points for User Defined Integration Rule
A
1
A
2
A
3
A
4
A
5
A
6
A
7
A
8
A
9
A
10
A
11
A
12
s
t
BEAM161 Output Data
To store output data for this element, you first need to specify the number of integration points for which
you want output data. Use the EDINT,,BEAMIP command during the solution phase of your analysis to
984
BEAM161
specify the number of integration points. By default, output is written for 4 integration points. For the res-
ultant beam formulation (KEYOPT(1) = 2), there is no stress output (regardless of the BEAMIP setting). If
you set BEAMIP = 0, no stress output is written for any of the beam elements. In this case, the beams will
not appear in any POST1 plots because the program assumes they are failed elements.
To display the data for BEAM161, you must use the ETABLE command. Then, you can use the PRETAB
command to print the output data. The RSYS command has no effect when postprocessing output for this
element.
The following items are available on the results file.
Table 2 BEAM161 Element Output Definitions
Definition Name
Stresses S (r, rs, rt)
Equivalent plastic strain EPEQ
Axial strain EPTO
Member force in the element coordinate system, r direction MFORr
Out-of-plane (s, t) shear N (s, t )
Element (s, t) moments M (s, t )
Torsional resultant TORQ
For each of these output data, one set of values, given at the centroid, is output for the entire beam.
Table 3: BEAM161 Item and Sequence Numbers (p. 985) lists output available through the ETABLE and ESOL
commands using the Sequence Number method. See The General Postprocessor (POST1) in the Basic Ana-
lysis Guide and The Item and Sequence Number Table (p. 9) in this manual for more information. The following
notation is used in Table 3: BEAM161 Item and Sequence Numbers (p. 985):
Name
output quantity as defined in the Table 2: BEAM161 Element Output Definitions (p. 985)
Item
predetermined Item label for ETABLE or ESOL command
E
sequence number for single-valued or constant element data
1st IP
sequence number for the first integration point
nth IP
sequence number for the nth integration point as defined by the EDINT command.
Table 3 BEAM161 Item and Sequence Numbers
ETABLE and ESOL Command Input
Output Quant-
ity Name
nth IP 1st IP E Item
- - 1 SMISC MFORr
- - 2 SMISC Ns
- - 3 SMISC Nt
985
BEAM161
ETABLE and ESOL Command Input
Output Quant-
ity Name
nth IP 1st IP E Item
- - 4 SMISC Ms
- - 5 SMISC Mt
- - 6 SMISC TORQ
5 x (n-1) +1 1 - LS Sr
5 x (n-1) +2 2 - LS Srs
5 x (n-1) +3 3 - LS Srt
5 x (n-1) +4 4 - LS EPEQ
5 x (n-1) +5 5 - LS EPTO
1. In this table, n refers to the current integration point for which you want output data.
BEAM161 Assumptions and Restrictions
The beam must not have a zero length.
The beam can have any open or single-cell closed cross-sectional shape for which the area and moments
of inertia are nonzero.
Warping torsion is assumed negligible and the warping moment of inertia is not used in the stiffness
computation.
Warping of the cross section is unconstrained and is the same for all cross-sections; therefore, the tor-
sional rotation of the cross-section is assumed to vary linearly along the length. However, warping is
not applicable to the resultant beam formulation (KEYOPT(1) = 2).
BEAM161 Product Restrictions
There are no product-specific restrictions for this element.
986
BEAM161

BEAM 161 (Explicit 3-D Beam)

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Explicit 3-D Beam

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