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bccausc il Iakcs On alI lhc dancrs !hal philOsOphy musl cOnlrOnl, alI
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(L.clcuzc and .Luallari, whut isF|ilosujh,? 1991)
his is an ancicnl and c!crnal slOry: vha! lOrmcrly happcncd vilh lhc
OIO1C5 5I11 H0[[CH5 IOGuj, 05 5OOD 05 0Hj [HO5O[Hj OC_1D5 IO DCCVC
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W1l IO pOvCr, !O IHC C!C0I1OH O IHC WOIG, !O IHC CduS0 ]llmd.
(ltczschc. BcyunJ CoodunJvil, l hh)
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COlJElJS
Dc mcm0tcS 0 8 ctgS0u8u: I0m tc8lVc cV0Ul0u l0
Ic8lVc clD00gy
1Y
ItJuciicn 1JV
CcnIeiiy ntJihe ornnian 14J
7hebcJ, iihcui crnn: nnJihe crnni:n 1J2
Whnii:n nuIiiIiciiy Eer:cni:n nnJnec-Dnrwini:n 1JJ
Nniuren: nInne c}cn:i:ienc, 1JV
Creniive invcIuiict 11
Aiccie:i: ntJnnchinic heieoene:i: 1
n n:terhcIc, c}behnvicu rcnnerhcIcy
c}n::enbIne: 1/
Eeccnin:-:tinnIc}ihe hunnn 1/V
Onihe nJvnnine: nnJJi:nJvnnine: c}DeIee`:
enJin c} ekiII d2
Eeccnin: be,c:tJ nencr, 1dV
CcncIu:icn. hiIc:ch, n: nb:cIuie JeierriicrinIiniicn 1VV
L0uuS0n: 0d 8uU SuQcI0U VY
DeIeue: reiu icihe}cIJ ZV
Ee,cnJ ihe hunnn 214
Ncie: 25
EiIIicrnhy 74
IJer 76I
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/L`Y1L11``
or hcIpiny Ihis book Io movc alony and ycrmnaIc, am indcbIcd Io Ihc
!oIIoviny pcolc: rcyory damson, usIinc UaiIIic. ichard UcardsvorIh,
LuIhcriHc luIc, RubyH lcrrcII, EIisubcIh !rusz, Uin Nm, hn
NuIIarkcy, ohn rocvi. obcrI 5pavcn, amcs ViIIiams. and Jony Urucc aI
outIcdyc. or Ihcr ycncraI supporI and cncouraycmcnI ovcr Ihc pasI !cv
ycars, as vcII as Ihc inspiraIion providcd by Ihcir ovn vork, 1 cxIcnd my
Ihanks Io colIcayucs and yraduaIcs a Varvick and o Ihc !oIIovny: ric
IIicz, ary Uanham, 5cbasIian Uarkcr, onstanIin Uoundas, ovard
ayyiII, OancI V.onvay, Oavid oopcr, 5imon rIchIcy, NchacI
OiIIon Oianc Noryan, Oavid NussclvhIc, Oavid vcn, iam ' 5ullvan,
ocI L5uIIivan, and OavidVood.
71
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/ 1 V/`/1`
cadcrs shouId noIc IhaI in many instanccs IranslaIons !rom thc rcnch and
crman havc bccn modi!icd (on mosI occasions onIy sIiyhIly and Ihs s
ndcIcd n Ihc IcxI uHIy HuW nd n. II dcI Is u! my rc!crcHccs Hd
sourccs can bc !ound in Ihc cxIcnsivc biblioyraphy provdcd at Ihc cnd o!Ihc
book. I am yraIc!ul Io NcIssa NcNahon !or aIIoviny mc to !rccIy usc hcr
unpubIishcd IransIaIion o!OcIcuzcs I956cssay on Ucryson and di!!crcncc, a
ncv vcrson o! vhch s Io bc pubIshcd n ohn NuIIarkcy`s coIlccIon o!
cssays 7he NewEer:cn (Nanchcstcr nivcrsiIy rcss, !orIhcominy.
711
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1^V\L1
HCQCIIH_ IC GIClCHCC Ol LCCU7C
ln n aII ar, \C inIIIaI Iina i IraihI !r
YiSnn I0 oday.
(u!!a l274)
I IunIIy cIod yI ar ound Io !inihd
(Adrno l9. I9

Jhc am ol Ihs ook is Io iIIuminatc Ihc charactcr ol OcIcuzc's phiIosohy
by siIuatiny iI in Ih contxI o!a Dcy!cCIcd modcrn tradition, Ihat o!modcrn
biophioophy, vhich runs !rom Oarvin and Vcismann Ihrouyh Io cryson
and rcud, and vhch aIso cncompasscs Ihc vork o! a divcrsc and IiIIIc
knovn yrou o! Ihinkcrs such as aymoDd uycr, iIbcrt 5imondon, and
acobvon cxkll hc !acI IhaI Ihis Iracctory o! IhouyhI yoiny back Io Ihc
DcoOarvinism ol 015DRHH, DU cXcrIiny a dccisivc in!Iucncc on Ihc
IhouyhI o! OcIcuc has bccn so ncyIccIcd miyhI cxpIain vhy Io daIc Ihcrc
has bccn so IiIlc in Ihc vay o! an incisivc phiIoophicaI cDCOuDlcI viIh
OcIcuc`s vork OcIcuc isdi!!icuIIIo pIacc in Ihc phiIosophicaI discoursc o!
modcrnIy IarycIy, I suspccI, ccausc ol Ihc pccuIiar characIcr ol his
phIosophicaI IhouyhI viIh iIs invcsImcnIs in bioloyy andcthoIoyy.
OcIcuzc`sIurn \O COnCc[IOn of diffcrcncc in Ihc l950 cnIaiIcd a hi_I y
disIincIvc aDd novcI Bcrysonism sincc Io vriIc bouI BcryoD aIIhis IiDC,
3DG IIOW !C QCISQCC!IVC OI 3 COHCCD WIl `G1IICICHCC, W3S HO! 3 !3SX !3l
WOUU DuVC DCCD C:\CI uSD1OFDC OI ICU1C\uDC. CI_5OD u5 DCCD uF
UHUuj DC_CC!CU J1_UIC WI!IH ICCCH! CODlIHCDl3! QI!OSOQj. II i Q3Il o! Ih
briIIiancc o! OcIcuzc`s rcadnys Io shov Ihc viIaI imporIncc and ConInuiny
rcIcvancc o!his yrcaI IcxI OD Iimc crcativc cvoIuIion, and mcmory, !or Ihc
IayI ny o! phiIoophiCaI probIms. I bcIicvc thI Ihc charaCIcr o! OcIcuzc`s
`crysoHism has ccn IiIIIc undcrsIood, andycI I vaHI IoshovIha iI pIays
Ih cruCia roIc in Ihc un!oldiny o! is phiI Osophy as a phiIoophy o!
`ycrmiHaI Ii!c`. 1H Ihis sIudy thc !ocus soncrysoH` sconccpIioH ol `crcaIivc
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!JKOO\CJ!Ol
cvoluIion and on Ihc vay in vhich an cncounIcr viIh iIcan bc shovn to bc
o!cruciaI imporIancc !cr any attcmpt Ic comprchcnd and vork Ihrouyh somc
o! Ihc ccnIraI probIcms o! phiIosophic modcrnIy. I is Ihrouyh Bcrysonism
IhaI OcIcuc sccs Io rc-invcnI ths mcdcrn|ty and tc art|cu!atc a radca!
projccI !or phiIosophy. hiIosophy is a hiyhIy auIonomous practicc !or
OcIcuzc and thc dsIncIivc task hc prcscrbcs !cr t, !rcm hs car!y vcrk cn
Bcryson Io his lasI major vork, coauIhorcd viIh uaIIari, Whut i:
Fhilcxchy( I 99I ), amcunts Io Ihc ccmg!cx and paradcxca! cnc o!Ihnk|ny
`bcyond` Ihchuman condiIion nIhccoursco!Ihis inquiry vcshallhavcIhc
chancc Io Irac Ihc di!!crny sIrcsscs OcIcuzc yivcs Io Ihc mcaniny o! Ihs
`bcyond' as hs vork un!olds and dcvcIops. Thc criIicaI qucsIion Io ask, and
vhich 1 simpIy posc hcrc, is Ihis: docs Ihinkiny bcyond Ihc human condiIion
scrvc Io cxpand Ihc horizons by vhich vc hink thaIcondiIon and so dccpcn
iIs possibIc cxpcricncc, or is Ihc 'chanyc o! conccpI ` , in rcyard Io Ihc
uVcrhumuH, su drumuIc IhuI I rcqurcs Ihc dissuIuIuH u! Ihc humun !urm
and Ihc cnd o! 'Ihc human condiIion' 5uch a ucsIion Iakcs us, 1 bcIicvc, Io
Ihc hcart o! OcIcuzc's projcct and brinys us inIo a con!ronIaIion viIh iIs
pccuIiarchaIIcnyc, as vcII as iIs mosI innovaIvc and dcmandny aspccIs.
ach onc o! Ihc Ihrcc chapIcrs n Ihis book o!!crs a IrcatmcnI o! vhaI iI
mcans Io Ihnk bcyond Ihc human condiIion. Jhcy arc uniIcd by Ihc aIIcmpI
Io cxaminc, and to subjccI Io criIicaI but in!ormcd scrutiny, thc charactcr o!
OcIcuzc's `Bcrysonsm'. I n Ihc !irsI chapIcr cxamnc OcIcuzc`s carIy
cnyaycmcnI viIh Bcryson in Ihc maor sIudy hc vrotc in I96. I aIso uIiIizc
Ihc ncyIccIcd and IarycIy I 956cssay cn Bcr_scn. hc !ccus s cn
Bcryson's noIion o!duraIion and hov Ihis noIion in!orms his conccpIon o!
a crcat|vc cvoIuIion cspcca!!y hcv ph|!cscphy s ablc, in spiIc o!Ihc natura!
bcnI o! Ihc human inIcIIccI, vhich produccs a mcchanistic and spaIiaI
acccunt o! Ihc rca!, Io Ihink Ihc charactcr c! ths cvoluIion in boIh
spccuIativc and vitaI Icrms. n scckiny Io Ihnk `bcyond' Ihc human
condiIon Ihc task c! th|s ph|lcscphy c! crcat|vc cvc!ut|cn can bc shcvn tc
bc an `cIhicaI` onc, conccrncd viIh opcniny up Ihc human cxpcricncc Io a
!icId o! aIcriy. In Ihc sccond chapIcr my aIIcnton shi!Is Io OcIcuzc` s irsI
major aIIcmpt aI `indcpcndcnI` phIosophy in Di]]erence unJ Keetiticn
( I 968. in vhich hc no Ionycr rcIicd on Ihc hisIory ol phiIosophy buI souyhI
Io arIicuIatc, sIiII uIiIiziny Ihc rcsourccs o! Ihc Iradition !rom Ouns cot us
Ihrouyh Io cidcyycr and icIzschc, a spcc!icay modcrn procct o!
Ihnkiny di!crcncc 'and' rcpcIiIon. c produccd n Ihc proccss a uniquc
'schzo-schoasIici sm . y aIIcnton is ocscd oncc ayain on thc
biophIosophicaI aspccIs o! Ihc vork, vhich obviousIy mcans IhaI cy
aspccIs ol Ihis immcnscIy lcrIiIc and compIcx IcxI arc ncyIccIcd.
cvcrIhcIcss, n adopIiny such a conccntraIcd !ocus I hopc Io yicId novcI
and ncisvc insyhIs into OcIcuzc's Ihinny o! dil!crcncc and rcpcIiIion,
cspccaIIy in rc!at|on Io a numbcr o! Ihc kcy IhcorcIicaI !iyurcs o! Ihc
modcrnpcrod such as Oarvin, rcud, and icIzschc. Jhcrcasons in!orminy
2
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!JKOO\CJ!Ol
Ihis parIicuIarscIccion o! Ihinkcrs v I I bccomc clcarcr IaIcr in Ihc
ntrcductcn. Jhc rcadn_ c! D erence oitJ Keeririct: s supplcmcntcd, n
Icrms o!thc tasko!brinyinyouIthccIhicso!IhcprojccI, by a rcadinyo!Ihc
nctcn ofthc 'cvcnt' that s mcrc cxp!ctly artcu!atcd n ts sstcr vcrk The
Icic c]Sen:e (199).
n Lhaptcr J mcvc !crvard scmc ccnsdcrab!c dstancc n thc trajcctcry
o!clcuzc'svorIo aIrcaImcnIo!Ihc csscnIaI biophiIosophicaI dimcnsions
o! thc tcxt hc cc-prcduccd vth (uattar n 1980, ut:J Floreoux.
cxaminc kcy aspccts o! Ihis vork in Icrms o! its cnyaycmcnI vIh modcrn
cvoluIionary Ihcory and modc cthoIoyy, amny Io dcmonsIraIc Ihc
innovaIions madc in Ihc IcxI viIh rcyard Io a 'machinic` approach Io
qucsIions o! 'cvoIuIion' and Io an cIhoIoyy vhich !ocuscs noI on bchaviour
buI on asscmblaycs. aIso pay spcciaI aIIcnIion Io Ihc con!iyuraton o!
'crysonsm` in Ihis vork, in parIicuIar Ihc 'mcaniny' o! iIs 'cmorcs o! a
BcrsuHin. LcIcuzc HuW uppruuchcs 'crcIiVc cvuIuIiuH' iH Icrms u!
'bccominys IhaI arc hcId Io bc pccuIiar Io modcs o! crcaIivc iivcluricii (a
movc anIicipaIcd, n parI, in Di] erence unJ Keeriricn: 'onIy Ihc nvoIuIcd
cvolvcs). I s n Ihc conIcxt o! Ihcsc anomaIous bccominys IhaI onc can,
bcIcvc, bcsI dcmonsIratc Ihc cxpcrmcn!a! characIcr, and iIIuminaIc Ihc
Icnsions, o! an cIhoIoyicaI cthcs inrcspccI o! 'nonhuman bccominys o! Ihc
human. his chapIcr concIudcs vith somc spcculaIions on OcIcuzc`s IasI
vork, co-auIhorcd vth (uBOar, Whor i: Fhilcxch, (1991), cspccially n
rcyard Io iIs consIrucIion o! phiIosophy as a !orm o! absoIutc
dctcrrtcra!zatcn' and ts nvccatcn c! a ncv carth and a ncv pccp!c.
n Ihc concIusion I Iakc a Iook aI OcIcuzc`s rcIurn to Ihc qucsIion o!Ihc
!c!d as t s artcu!atcd n tvc tcxts c! thc scccnd ha!! c! thc 1980s, thc
sIudics o!cibniz (1988) and oucauII (198), and rcIaIc Ihc movcmcnIs o!
thcu_ht takn_ p!acc n thcm tc thc !undamcntal a m c! 1c!cuzc's
phIosophicaI projccI Io Ihink, viIh thc aid o! a pinozism and acrysonism,
bcycnd thc human ccndtcn.
ach chapIcr concIudcs vith an appraisaI o!Ihc movcs madc by OcIcuzc
viIh rcyard Io Ihinkiny 'bcyond` Ihc human condition. n ordcr Io opcn ouI
OcIcuzc's Icxts Io a phlosophicaI cncounIcr 1 havc !ound iI hcIp!uI Io briny
his Ihininy inIo con!rontaIion viIh oIhcr major conIcmporary !iyurcs,
noIabIy crIcau-onIy in haptcr I and Adorno n Ihc dcnoucmcnI Io
haptcrJ. VhaIsaIsIakcinIhisdcmandnyand di!culI aIIcmpI Io dcvclop
an erhic: o! ycrminaI Ii!c and Io producc a ph!cscphy othc vcnIvhcIhcr
I rcsIs, as somc havc conIcndcd, on a dsavova o Ihc human condiIion, or
vhcthcr it succccds in shoviny IhaI a radicaI phiIosophy musI ncccssariIy
Ihin trans- or ovcrhumanIyviII, hopc, un!old dramaIicaIIy in aII iIs
implicaIon and compIication in Ihc atIcnIivc cxpIicaIion IhaI !oIIovs.
AIIhouyh Ihc rcadiny o!OcIcuzc thaI scuIIivaIcd hcrc iseculiurIo myscl!,
and docs noI prcIcnd Io ciIhcr dcinc or cxhausI Ihc mcanny of hix cVcnt
oncc and !or aI I , iI is a rcadny I hopc IhaI vilI scrvc Io provokc
J
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andchaIIcnyc, in aII sors olunprcdcIabIc and incaIcuIablc vays, Ihosc vho
havc a conccrn viIh his vork and iIs Icyacy. hs book amounIs Io an
a!!irmaIion o!OcIcuzc's cvcnI, buI iI is noI thc a!!rmation o! a brayiny-ass.

cI mc nov say somcIhinyaI oncc morcycncraI and morc spcci!ic abouI ths
book. Thcrc s a rcaI danycr in thc rcccnI upsuryc ofintcrcsI in his Icxts IhaI
sIudics vill proIi!craIc vhich addrcss and consIruc OcIcuzc as a phiIosophcr
o! Ii!cas a vIaIisI Ihinkcrin an aIl Ioo casuaI and cavaIcr manncr
viIhout any scrious comprchcnsion o!, or probny nsiyhI nIo, Ihc
biophIosophicaI dimcnsions o! his procct. II is Ihc am o! Ihis sIudy Io
counIcr Ihis Icndcncy. hc biophiIosophcal aspccIs o! OcIcuzc's IhouyhI
havc to bc Iakcn scriously, contcxIuaIizcd, and Ihc sIakcs o! his vorkiny ouI
u! u phIusuphy ul crmiHuI Iilc Hccd Iu bc curcluIIy un!uIdcd. lI WuuId bc
inadcquaIc, hovcvcr, Io rcsIricI OcIcuzc's proccI to Ihc mcrcIy boIoyicaI
and Io cIaim I soIcIy or cxclusvcIy !or a novc `phiIosophcaI boIoyy' . o
undcrstand vhy Ihis is so viII rcquirc naviyaIny inIricaIc and inIcrvcaviny
Iincs o! IhouyI.
OcIcuzc conccvcd a Ihinkiny o! di!!crcncc and rcpctition as hisIoricaIIy
spcci!c Io capitaIisI modcrniIy. hc philosophy o!di!lcrcncccmcrycs aI Ihat
`momcnI' in hisIory vhcn Ihc mosI stcrcoIypicaI and mchanaI rcpcIiIions
appcarIo havc takcn ovcrthc lorccs o!Ii!c compIctcIy and subccIcd it Io a
Iav of cnIropy. II is Ihis, vhich moIvaIcs his cnyaycmcnI vIh bioIoyy, vith
cIhoIoyy, viIh cIhics, and viIh IiIcraIurc, as hc sccks Io arIicuIaIc a criIicaI
modcIy IhaIcposcs a scrics ofIhc IransccndcnIaI iIIusons cncompassiny
boIh scicnIiic and phiIosophicaI IhouyhI. hcsc iIIusons conccrn Ihc naIurc
ofIimc, consciousncss, dcaIh, subccIviIy, and so on, and arc manifcsI in our
modcIso!capitaI ando!cnIropy, to yivcIvoo!IhcmosImporIanIcxampIcs.
hc criIcaI qucsIions posc o! OcIcucs philosophy concc his aIIcmpI Io
Ihink o! Bciny as immancncc and n Icrms o! Ihc cvcnI' . Vc nccd Io
dcIcrminc hov OcIcuzc cnvisaycs thc 'ovcrcominy' o! nihIsm Ihrouyh Ihc
praxis o! a criIicaI modcrniIy. Bc!orc rcIurniny Io Ihis qucstion vanI Io
providc somc insiyhI nIo Ihc IhcorcIical conIcxI vhich vII, cIicvc cnabIc
us to sIayc an instructivc and novcl cncounIcr viIh OcIcuzc.
hcrc s, 1 ccvc a quiIc spccic inIcccIua contcxI vithn vhich Io
iIIuminaIc Occuzc's vork and iIscnyaycmcnIviIh biophlosophy, and Ihis i s
Ihc IradiIion o! nco-arvinism Ihat sIcms !rom Ihc rcvoutionary vork o!
AuyusI Vcismann carricd out aI Ihc cnd ol Ihc ninctccnIh ccnIury hc idca
o! 'ycrminal l!c' pursucd in Ihis book rcsonaIcs viIh a numbcr o! sourccs
and thnkcrs. n addiIion Io OcIcuzc Ihcsc incIudc Ihinkcrs such as Bcryson
and rcud, and novcIists such as O..avrcncc, Jhomas ardy, and miIc
Ia. hc kcy !iyurc in Ihis Iincayc is Vcismann ( I 8JI 9I ), Ihc loundiny
!iyurc i n Ihc cmcrycncc o! modcrn nco-Oarvinism. An cnyaycmcnI
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viIhVcismann runs IhrouyhouI OcIcuzc's vrInys, an apprcciation o! vhich
prcvdcs, vant tc dcmcnstratc, va!uab!c ns_hts ntc thc charactcr c! hs
phIosophy o!ycrminaI Ii!c.
Vcsmann s an mmcnsc!y ccmg!catcd !_urc vhcsc vcrk ccmbncs
cIcmcnIs ol nincIccnIh-ccntury bioIoyy IhaI vcrc Io bc discrcditcd in Ihc
tvcntcth ccntury, such as thc rccaptu!atcn thcss (tc bc cnccuntcrcd n
haptcr 2, as vcII as aspccIs o! Ihc ncv scicncc o! ycncIcs IhaI vcrc Io
prcvc sc scmna! n tcrms c! thc ccnsc!datcn c! ncc-1arvnsm vth thc
modcrn synIhcss o! Ihc I9Js and Ihc discovcrics ol moIccuIar bioloyy in
Ihc I 950s. c vantcd a scicnti!icalIy accuratc accounI o!hcrcdity and bcyan
by qucsIioniny Oarvin's con!uscd Ihcory o! panycncsis (Ihc idca thaI cvcry
ccII o! thc bcdy contrbuIcs mnuIc particlcs thc 'ycmmuIcs`. Io Ihc ycrm
ccIIs and so participaIcs in Ihc Iransmission o! acquircd charactcrsIcs). Mc
Ihcn madc an assauII on amarck`saccount o! cvoIuIion, vhich rcIicd on Ihc
ducIri nc u! Ihc i nhcriIuHcc u! ucquircd churucIcr:sIics uHd spccuIuIiun
rc_ardn_ thc usc and disusc o!oryans. Jhc c!!ccI o!his rcvoluIionary vork
in boIoyy vas Io scvcr Oarvnism !rom Is cntanyIcmcnI in amarckan
doyma, so makiny vay lor thc csIabIishmcnI o! a sIricIIy mcchan8tIc and
ncnv!a!st thcory o! cvoIuIon by pIaciny aII Ihc cmphass on naIuraI
scIccIion as thc blnd machinc IhaI yuaranIccs Ihc rcproducIion ol Ii!c !rom
ycncration to ycncraIion in Icrms ol an unbrokcn dcsccnI. or Vcismann Ii!c
is ablc to rcp!catc and rcproducc tsc!! ovn_ to thc povcrs c! a spcca!
hcrcdiIary subsIancc, Ihc ycrm plasm (vhaI today s caIlcd OA), vhich
ccntrcls and prc_rammcs n advancc, and vthcut thc ntcrvcntcn c! cxtcHa!
!acIors, Ihc dcvcIopmcnI o! thc parIs o! an oryanism and vhch ycIs
transmttcd !rcm cnc _cncratcn tc thc ncxt n a ccntnucus passa_c c!
dcsccnIThcycrmccIIsdcr inIhcirluncIionandstructurc!rom thc somatic
cc!!s, and makn_ ths dstnct cn bctvccn thc tvc !cd Vcsmann tc
introduciny his!amous `barricr' byvhich chanycs inIhc phcnoIypc canhavc
nc c!!cct cn thc _cnctygc. Vcsmann s ns stcnt that thc hcrcdtary substancc
`can ncvcrbc!ormcd ancv', buI `can onIy yrov, muIIipIy, and bc IransmiIIcd
!rom onc ycncraIion Io anoIhcr' (Vcismann I89J: xiii). is Ihcss vas
updaIcd n thc I950s by vork i n moIccuIar bioIoyy IhaI souyhI Io
dcmonsraIc IhaI no inlormaIion in thc prcpcrtIc8 cl somaIic proIcins can bc
Irans!crrcd Io Ihc nuclcc acids o!OA.
Vcismanns vcrk _rcv ouI o! dcvcopmcnIs n cyIooyy In Ihc mId-
nnctccnth ccntury. hc dca thaI oryanisms arc madc occIIs daIcs !rom thc
s vhic in Ihc 7s Ihc cc nuccus vas rcvcacd Icr thc !1r8t tImc Dy
cnhanccd microscopic povcr and, a shorI vh!c a!cr, Ihc chromosomcs in
that nucIcus vcrc dcmonsIratcd Iobc Ihc birIhpIacc o! ncv ccIIs. 1n Ihc carIy
I 8s thc cruciaI discovcry vas madc IhaI Ihc scx cc!!s dvdc dicrcnIly
!rom Ihc ccIIs IhaI makc up Ihc rcsI o! thc body. Vcismann inIcrprctcd ths
'd!!crcncc' n Icrms o! a dvson o! !abcur bctvccn _crm and scma pIasms.
Jhc ycrm-ccIIs arc rcstrcIcd IousI IhconcIaskand!unction, IhaI ol makiny
5
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!JKOO\CJ!Ol
ncv oryanisms Ihrouyh Ihc intcrminyIiny o! nhcriIcd n!ormaIion lrom Ihc
parcnI ccIIs. Vcismann obviousIy did noI knov IhaI ull ccIIs, incIudny
somaIc oncs, conIan Ihc IotaI compIcmcnI o! inhcriIcd in!ormaIion.
ovcvcr, as Ocpcv and Vcbcr poinI ouI, iynorancc of Ihis facI vas not
cruciaI sincc Vcismann vas abIc Io aryuc IhaI Ihc scqucsIcriny o! Ihc ycrm
Iinc of cyy and spcr occurs so carIy in onIoycny (Ihc scqucncc of ccIIuIar
divisions) IhaI any dcvcIopmcnts n Ihc somatic ccIIs can havc no c!!cct on
Ihc proccss (raIs dcprivcd of Iails do noI yo on IobrccdtaiIIcss raIs (Ocpcv
and Vcbcr 199. 19).
Vcismann did noI brcak cnIircIy viIh Ihc dcvcIopmcnIaIisI IradiIon and
sIII subscribcd Io iIs ccnIraI Ihcsis on rccapiIuIaIion rcyardiny Ihc rcIaIion
bcIvccn onIoycny and phyIoycnyVhcrc Ihc brcak bcyins Io cmcryc is in Ihc
sIrcss placcd on Ihc `immoraIiIy' o!Ihc ycrm linc Vcismann 19J: 1J-92),
vhich scrvcs Io scvcr IhcOarvinan IinkviIh IhcIradiIion o!cpycncsis IhaI
sIncc ArisIuIIc hd IrcIcd rcpruducIiuH Hd ruWIh s phscs ul unc sHIc
proccss o! dcvcIopmcnI. Ocpcv and Vcbcr scc Vcismann's ycrm Iinc, in
!act, as prcsayiny Ihc rcvivaI ol thc oId idca ol prc!ormationism IhaI takcs
placc viIh NcndcI ' s ycncIics, and, ndccd, in Ihc prc!acc Io thc nylish
IransIaIon o! his vork, Vcismann admiIs Ihat havny souyhI an cpiycncIic,
and noI an cvoIuIionary, approach, hc cvcnIually bccamc convinccd ol Ihc
impossibiIiIy o! an cpycncIc accounI o! Ihc oryanism (xiii-xiv). Vcismann
anIicipaIcs IvcnIicIh-ccnIury Oarvinism in concciviny adapIcdncss on Ihc
IcvcI o! chanyiny proporIions ol thc ccIIs IhaI in!orm a popuIaIion, vhiIc
cvoIuIionary novcIIy is Ihc rcsuII of ntcrnal chanyc in Ihc ycrm ccIIs. I n
Ioday`s Ianyuayc aII muIaIions arc sccn Io arisc !rom chanycs i n thc
scucnccs ol OA (Ocpcv and Vcbcr 199. 1899U). ln addIion, his IaIcr
vorkon `ycrmnaI scIccIion`, vhichaimcd Io shov IhcpossibIIy o!con!IicI
bctvccn level: of scIccIion, anIici paIcs conIcmporary accounIs of ycnic
scIccIionism, such as thc docIrnc ol thc scl!sh ycnc. Thc !icId o!
compcIiIion is sccn o Iac placc on Ihc cclIuIar lcvcI viIh ycrinaI cclIs
baIIIiny iIouIviIhcachoIhcr lor nourishmcnIinan intraccIIuIaraIthusian
vorId` , so Iha vhaI isyood lor thccyy and spcrmmiyhI noI bc yood!or Ihc
oryanism (191).
Vcismann's boIoyy o!Ihc ycrm-pIasm is a biophilosophy o!Ihc spcccs
noI ol individuaIs hc ycrm Iinc rcprcscnIs Ihc skcIcIon o! Ihc spccics on
vhich ndividuas ycI aIIachcd as cxcrcsccnccs. ny chanycs IhaI arc Ihc
rcsult o! ouIsidc in!lucnccs arc mcrcIy Icmporary and disappcar !rom
cvoluIion vhcn Ihc ndividua rcachcs iIs cnd. xIcrna cvcnIs arc no morc
Ihan IransicnI cpisodcs IhaI a!!ccI particuIar Ii!c-!orms buI not Ihc spccics,
vhich yocs on rcyardIcss o!chanycs Io indivduaIs. Jhc ycrm Iinc is Ihus, iI
is aIlcycd n Vcsmann`s accounI, yuarantccd Ihc rcproduction o! idcnIicaI
ccIIs. IIhouyh ycrm ccIIs vary !rom spccics to spccics, ncv sIrucIurcs
rcquircd by cvoIuIion arc produccd noI by individuaIs, buI by Ihc hcrcdiIary
arranycmcnIs conIaincd in Ihc ycrm ccIIs. 5o vhiIc naIuraI scIccIion

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!JKOO\CJ!Ol
GcG1\I0 bc opcraIiny on Ihc aspccIs o! an aduII oryanism, in acIuaIity iI s
vorkiny onIy on Ihc prcdisposiIions Iyiny conccaIcd in Ihc ycrm ccII. hc
ycrm lnc, Ihcrc!orc, s ouIsdc Ihc rcach o! any varaIion IhaI Iakcs pIacc in
indivduaIs o! Ihc spccics (lor !urIhcr insyhI sccVcismann I 882, oI umc U,
64!!. acob I94.2I6I scc aIso uycr I946.8!!.).
Vcsmann's inIcnIion vasIoaccounI !or Ihc Irans!ormaIion o! lorms o!Ii!c
vith Ihc soIc aid o! Oarvinian pncipIcs` , dcnyiny boIh Ihc cxisIcncc ol an
' inIcrnaI dcvcIopmcnIaI povcr' and Ihc assumpIion o! a 'phyIcIic viIaI !orcc'
Vcismann l 882, oIumc , 646). BuI Ihis adhcrcncc Io mcchanisIic
cxpIanaIon docs noI ruIc ouI !or Vcismann Ihc admission o! IcIcoIoyy
`Ncchanism and IcIcoIoyy do noI cxcludc onc anoIhcr.. . . ViIhouI IcIcoIoyy
Ihcrc vouId bc no mcchanism. buI onIy a conlusion o! crudc !orccs and
viIhouI mcchanism Ihcrc vouId bc no IcIcoIoyy, !or hov couId Ihc laIIcr
othcrvisc c!!cct Is purposc` (7I6). ovcvcr, Vcismann insisIs IhaI onIy
nuIuruI scIccIiun is ubIc Iu uccuunI !ur Ihc pruducIiuH u! Ihc purpusivc:
hc prncipIc o! sclccIon soIvcd Ihc riddIc as Io hov vhaI vas
purposvc couIdconccivabIy bc brouyhI abouI viIhouI Ihc inIcrvcnIion
o! a dirccIiny povcr, thc riddIc vhich animaIc naturc prcscnIs Io our
inIcIliycncc aI cvcry Iu, and in Ihc !acc ol vhch Ihc mind o! a ant
couId !ind no vay u. . . Jhc sclcction Ihcory. . . cnabIcs us Io
undcrstand IhaI Ihcrc is a conIinuaI production o!vhaI is non-purposivc
as vcII as olvhaI ispurposivc, but Ihc purposivc aIonc survivcs, vhiIc
Ihc non-purposivc pcrishcs in Ihc vcry acI olarisiny.
(Vcismann I9U9 2I )
n oIhcr vords, Ihc survivaI o! Ihc purposivc i sIo bc cxpIaincd Ihrouyh Ihc
cxisIcncc o! an 'inIrinsc connccIion' bcIvccn Ihc condiIons o! Ii!c and Ihc
sIrucIuraI adapIaIions o!an oryansm, vith Ihc adapIaIons noI dcIcrmincd by
Ihc oryanism itscI! buI raIhcr 'caIIcd !orIh by Ihc condiIons' Vcismann` s
rcvorkiny o! mcchanism and IcIcoIoyy s nIcrcsIiny sincc i I shovs Ihat
Oarvinism docs noI so much cIIison a noIion ol IcIcoIoyy, as commonIy
supposcd, buI raIhcr sccuIarizcs iI.
corycs anyuiIhcm aryucd IhaI Ihc cxclusion o!IclcoIoyy, as cIassicaIIy
conccivcd !rom Oarvnian Ihcory docs noI mcan IhaI iIs conccpIion o! Ii!c
cxcudcs a valuc-adcn Icrms. 'ucccss in i!c s con!iyurcd in Icrms o!
`survival` (cspcciaIIy o!Ihc IIcsI). onccivcd n Ihis conIcxI, hc noIcs, iI is
diculI noI Io Ihink IaI somc 'vIa mcanny sbcny aIIachcd Iothc sIrcss
viIhin Oarvinism on adapIaIion, `a mcaniny dcIcrmincd by comparison o!
Ihc Iiviny viIh Ihc dcad' (anyuiIhcm I9942I l ). Jhc crucial poinI o! Ihc
Ihcory is Io shov IhaI variaIions in naIurc!or Oarvin Ihcsc arc dcvaIions
in sIrucIurc or insIinctrcmain viIhouI siyni!icancc or c!!ccI viIhouI Ihc
mcchanism o! scIcction. hs inIroduccs inIo bioIoyy anyuiIhcm conIcnds,
a ncv criIcrion o! 'normaIiIy' bascd on Ihc Iiviny crcaturc' s rcIaIion Io
7
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!JKOO\CJ!Ol
Ii!cand dcaIh. t is, Ihcrc!orc, noI surprisiny IhaI !rom Ihc sIarI Oarvinism
vas takcn up ncrmatvc!y as both !cndn_ suppcrt tc a mcra! thccry and tc a
sociaI Ihcory (yviny risc Io boIh an cIhicaI Oarvnism and a sociaI
Iarvnsm). 1cvcvcr, aIthcuyh Iarvn dd scvcr thc nctcn c! adaptatcn
!rom any idcao!prcordaincd purposc, hc did noI compIcIcly dvorcc iI!rom
a nctcn cl ncrma!ty. athcr, Ihc ncrm s nc !cn_cr tcd tc a !xcd ru!c but
onIy Io a IransIvc capaciIy, namcIy survivaI and Ihc passiny o! succcssluI
dcsccndants thrcuyh thc stru__!c !cr cxstcncc. Icrma!ty, thcrc!crc, s nct a
propcrIy o! thc Iiviny Ihiny in Icrms o! somc yivcn or !ixcd csscncc, buI `an
aspcct o! Ihc aII-cncompassiny rcIaIion bcIvccn Ii!c and dcaIh as iI al!ccIs
Ihc individuaI li!c !orm aI a yivcn poinI ntimc` (2I2).
am surc thaI thc vork o! his lormcr Icaccr on Ihc normaI and Ihc
paIhoIoyical cxcrIcd a povcr!uI and IasIny in!Iucncc on OcIcuzc's Ihnkiny.
anyuiIhcm's rcvaluation o!our caIcyorics o!Ihc normaI and Ihc paIhoIoyicaI
ur dcViuHI, u! Ihc hcuIIhy und Ihc discuscd. !Hds uII surIs u! cchucs i n
OcIcuzc's vork, !rom Ihc cmphasis in7he Icicc}Sen:eonIhc 'crack', vhich
pIays a crucial roIc n OcIcuzc`s rcvorkiny ol cIzschc' noIion o! yrcaI
hcaIIh Ihc hcaIIh IaI has ncorporaIcd sickncss), to Ihc cmphasis in A
7hcu:onJ Iloreou: on symbioIc compIcxcs, incIudiny monstrous coupIinys
and unnaIuraI participaIions, as Ihc sourcc o!rcaI innovaIion incvoIuIon. I is
Ihcsc kinds ol cmphascs, vhich mcdiaIc Oclcuzc's rcccpIon o! Vcismann.
Vcismann`s nco-Oarvinism is aIvays n danycr, vhcthcr n ts nta!
!ormuIaIionasIhc ycrm-pIasm or Ihc morc rcccnI account o!OA, o!IrcaIiny
thc mattcr c! cvc!utcn as a closcd ycnctc systcm. AIthcuyh thc varcus
biopiIosophica cnyaycmcnIs vhich characIcrizc OcIcuzc's vork, suchas Ihc
ccnccm vth crcatvc cvclutcn, thc thnkn_ c! d!lcrcncc and rcpcttcn, and
Ihc movc Iovards crcaIivc cIholoyy, arc hiyhIy di!!crcnI in Ihcr scopc and
!ccus, vhat mctvatcs a!! thcsc thcu_ht-cxpcrmcnts s a ccnccrn vth Ihc
characIcr o! opcn sysIcms. ndccd, Ic pIanc ol immancncc, vhich is uscd to
cxplan thc transvcrsal mcvcmcnts c! matcra! !crccs and a!!ccts, s prcscntcd
by Oclcuzc as Ihc opcn sysIcmorcellence.
I is inIcrcsIiny Io noIc IhaI in cach casc vhcrc vc can idcnIi!y an
cncounIcr vIh Vcismann in OcIcuzc vc lind a !avourabIc rcccpIion and a
producIivc rcvorkiny. Js rcvorkiny Iakcs pIacc in Ihrcc noIablc placcs
Dierence onJ Keeriricn, vhcrc hc rcads hm i n Icrms o! Oarvi n` s
rcvouIon and consIrucs his addiIion Io Oarvns docIrnc as a !urIhcr
conIribuIion Io a biophiIosophy o! di!!crcncc on Ihc IcvcI ol scxcd
rcproducIon n onco!Ic appcndiccs to hecic c]en:e vhcrc ccuc
providcs an `cpic` rcadiny o! a's novcI Io Be unoi in Icrms o! a
rcvorkiny olrcud's dcaIh-drivc vhich, n Iurn and in parI, is a rcvorkiny
ol Vcsmann); and, pcrhaps mosI crucial ol aII, in A 7hcu:onJ Iloreou:,
vhcrc Vcsmann' s ycrm-pIasm i s Irans!ormcd inIo thc 'body viIhouI
oryans` vhich bccomcs Ihc sitc o! 'i nIcnsc ycrmcn'. n !acI, Ihis laIIcr
rcadiny ol I98Uis sIrikinyIy similarIo Ihc onc vc lnd in Ic cncounIcr vIh
8
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!JKOO\CJ!Ol
oIa andrcud in 7he Icic c}Sen:e o! I 969 n both cascs OcIcuzc's aim
s tc shcv that thc gucstcn c! hcrcdty s nct smply cnc that s iven, cthcr
by Ihc spccics or by Ihc conIinuiIy o! Ihc ycrmplasm. aIhcr, hcrcdiIy
bcccmcs trans!_urcd, and s madc vta!, thrcuyh thc bcccmn_ c! thc ncv
individuaI and Ihrouyh a `Iav o! Ii!c' (cIzschc l 994. ssay 11, 5ccIion
77) that _ccs bcycnd !avs c! _cnca!c_y and !!atcn. Jhc cyy, Ic!cuzc viII
aryuc nA 7hci:onJFluieo: is an cy o!ycrminaI intcnsity thaI docs noI
smpIy dcnctc a !xcd mcmcnt c! brth cr a dctcrmnatc p!acc c! cryn&
aIaIIy is alvays nscparabIc !rom proccsscs o! dccodiny and
dcIcrritoraIizaIion (Ihis is Ihc vcry 'mcaniny` olycrmnaI Ii!c, vhcIhcr IhaI
Ii!c bc `di!!crcncc and rcpctiIion', thc `cvcnt` o! thc crack, or anomaIous
'animaI-bccominys`. ncc Ihis has bccn apprcciaIcd Ihc vay isnov opcncd
!or aconccpIon o! 'crcativc cvolution' IhaI has to do viIh `nvoIuIions' and
viIh communicaIions IhaI cuI across disIincI Iincaycs. and so aIlovs !or Ihc
pbI !n 'hII` h
Jhcrc arc crucial movcs madc in OcIcuzc's biophilosophicaI Ihinkiny,
Ihcrc!orc, Ihat arc nciIhcr consisIcnI nor consonant viIh Ihc Vcismannian
IradiIion. OcIcuzc is kccn Io avod, !or cxampIc, a purcIy ycncIicisI accounI
o! cvoluIion as vcII as a IIA myIhoIoy. AII o! Ihis scrvcs Io makc Ihc
characIcr ol hs bophIosophy vcry dillcrcnI. OcIcuzc, o! coursc, ncvcr
sysIcmaIicaIIy vorks Ihrouyh Ihc characIcr o!his biophilosophy inany olhis
Icxts. cncvcr addrcsscs, !or cxampIc, Ihc tcnsons IhaI miht ycncraIc !rom
so !rccIy dravny on di!!crcn sIrands o! biophiIosophicaI IhouyhI. or ths
rcascn ths study c! 1c!cuzc s ncccssar!y an invenricn o!hs bcphIcscphy,
Iayiny ouI Ihc ccnIraIiIy o! Ihc momcnI o!Vcismann, but cqualIy scckiny Io
shcv that a!l thc d!!crcnt rcscurccs prcvdcd by modc bioIoyy arc ut!zcd
by OcIcuzc n tcrms o! hs prncipaI phiIosophicaI rc!crcnccs, noIabIy
Bcr_scn, Ictzschc, and 5pncza& As vc sha!! scc, 1c!cuzc's ccnccptcn o!
biophiIosophy is, uIIimaIcIy, and lrsI and !orcmosI, `cthical' n Ihc quitc
spcc!c scnsc that hc rcads thc !kcs c! Spncza and Bcr_scn. Jhc cruca!
rcvorkinyo!Vcsmann vhich OcIcuzc anduaIIari carry ouI in 7hcu:onJ
Fluteuu: n Icrms ol scckiny Io addrcss Ihc qucsIion ol hov Ihc oryanism
can makc iIscI!into abody viIhouI oryans, viIImakc vcry liIIIc scnsc unIcss
IhispoinI s apprcciaIcd.
Thc !acI tha Ihc ndcx o! Ihc nyIish IransIaion o! Mille Floieou
conIans no rc!crcncc Io Vcismann, n spIc o! Ihc !acI IhaI I is Ihc doctrnc
o! Ihc ycrm-pIasm vhich providcs Ihc inspiraIion !or Ihc noIion o! Ihc body
vIhouI oryans Vcsmann s cxpcitIy namcd n Ihc IcxI), ndcaIcs, Ihnk,
Ihc cxIcnI Io vhich this cruciaI Ihinkcr has bccn ncyIccIcd and ovcrIookcd
boIh in Icrms o! hs imporIancc !or undcrsIandiny OcIcuzc's vork and !or
undcrsIandiny Iarc chunks o! inIcIIcctual modcrniIy. Vcismann' s nco
Oarvinian rcvoIuIion vas noI viIhouI cuIIuraI impacI aI Ihc Imc o!his ovn
vrt n4 In post n Ihc crm-pIasm thcory o! hcrcdty in tcrms ol an
unbrokcn dcsccnt and a ixcd channcI o!communicaIion Vcismann Iaiddovn
9
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!JKOO\CJ!Ol
a chaIlcnyc Io a vholc ycncraIion olvriIcrs and Ihnkcrs, ncIudiny Ihc Iikcs
o! ardy, avrcncc, Bcryson, and rcud. his chaIlcnyc amounIcd Io
noIhinyIcss IhanIhcchaIIcnyco!a bioIoyicaI nihiIism.Thc ycncaIoyy o!Ii!c
as sct up by Vcismann mcans IhaI thc subsIancc o! Ii!c is immorIaI, noI
subjccI Io Ihc n!Iucnccs or c!lccIs o! indvidual Iivcs and bodics, and so iI
assumcs Ihc appcarancc o!a Ircmcndous inhuman !orcc. 5uch a vicv is stiII
cxprcsscd Ioday in boIoyy, viIh iIs mosI arIicuIaIc cxponcnt bciny ichard
Oavkns and his vcII-knovn Ihcory o! Ihc scI!sh ycnc. Thc nihiIism o! Ihc
mcssayc ol this thcory i s uiIc cxpIciI. `Thc univcrsc vc obscrvc has
prcciscly IhcpropcrIics vc should cxpcct i!Ihcrc isat boIIom no dcsiyn. no
purposc, no cviI and no yood, nothiny buI blnd, piIiIcss indi!!crcncc. . . OA
nciIhcr knovs nor carcs. O jusI s. nd vc dancc Io Is music` (Oavkins
I995: I).
OcIcuzc vorks and rcvorks a conccpIion o! 'cvoIuIion' inimporIanI vays.
lH Ihc muIcriuI uH Bcrsun u! uHd 9 IIcHIuH is !ucuscd uH Ihc
'crcaIivc' and 'vrIuaI' dimcnsions o! cvoIuIon. lH Ihc vork o! thc IaIc
I96Us, noIabIy, Dierence nJ Keetiticn his aIIcnIon shi!Is Io 'compIcx
sysIcms' IhaI 'cvoIvc' n Icrms o! an intcrorzaIion ol Ihcir componcnIs and
consIiIuIivc dicrcnccs (aI Ihis poinI in hs vrIinys OcIcuzc pIaccs Ihc vord
cvoIuIion in scarc quoIcs). In his maIurc vork viI uaIari, noIably A
7hcu:unJ FIuteuu: ( I 98U), a rhizomaIics' comcs Io thc !orc thaI
!undamcnIaIIy brcaks viIh ycncaIoyicaI and liIaIvc modcIs o! cvoIuIion Io
Ihc cxIcnt thaI OcIcuzc is no Ionycr dcaliny vith `cvoIuIion' as a probIcm o!
hcrcdity. This movc is, in !acI, aIrcady prc!yurcd in Ihc carIcr vork vith
uatar, AiOeJiu: ( I 972). rom Ihc poinI o! vicv o! `communIy' (u
cnnnitiictire), Ihcy aryuc n Ihis vork, cvoIuIon isaIvays dsunctivc simpIy
bccausc Ihc cycIc is markcd by disjuncIions. This mcans IhaI ycncraIion is
sccondary in rcIaIion IoIhccycIc andaIsoIhaI Ihc 'Iransmission`o!ycncs,
!or cxampIcis sccondary in rclaIion Io inlormaIion and communicaIion.
OcIcuzc and uaItar aryuc thaI Ihc 'ycncIic rcvoIuIion' of modc boIoyy
consisIs inIhcdiscovcry IhaI, sIricIIy spcakiny, Ihcrc s noI a Iransmission o!
!Iovs buI raIhcr Ihc 'communicIion o! a codc or an axiomaIic` vhich
in!orms Ihc !Iovs. To yivcprimacy Io Ihc phcnomcnon o!communicaIon in
Ihis vayis, uIIimaIcIyIopush inIo Ihc backyround Ihc probIcm olhcrcdiIary
Iransmission. Thc boldncss o! OcIcuzc`s movc consisIs in cxIcndiny Ihis
nsyhI nto Ihc phcnomcnon o communication o Ihc socia cd o dcsirc
(scc OcIcuzc and uaIIari 92:28; I984:2).
clcuzcs siyn!cancc as a thinkcro!crcativc cvouIionicsn Ihc acI thaI
hc rcsponds Io Ihc chaIlcnyc prcscnIcdby Vcismann (and byothcrIhinkcrs o!
Ii!c and dcath, such as cIzschc, rcud, and Bcryson) by aiminy Io
dcmonsIraIc Ihc immancnI movcmcnI bcyond nhiIism. Oclcuzc is a
phiIosophcro!thccroc, olIhc crackso!I!c ando!modcso!communicaIion
IhaIaIlov !or novcI bccominys and Irans!ormaIons, so cscapiny Ihcyrim Iav
o!Ii!cmpIcI inVcismann's Ihcory o! thc ycrm-pIasm Ihat vould condcmn
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!JKOO\CJ!Ol
`ndvidual' Ii!c Io Ihc cIcrnaI rcIurn ol a nhIstc !atc and thaI vould
dissipaIc thc !orccs o!Ihc ouIsidc and minimic Ihcr n!Icncc. c aim in
Ihis sIudy o! Ihc ycrminaI llc isIovork Ihrouyh and navyaIc a vay bcyond
Ivo nihiIisms of modcrnity, Ihc poIcnIiaI nihiIism o! Vcismann's ycrm
pIasmc inaIiIy and thc pcrccivcd nihIsm ol rcud's dcath-drivc.

1 nov vanI Io say somcthiny in advancc abouI Ihc ethic: o! Ihis
biophilosophicaI proccI, vhich is a conccrn in cach o! Ihc chaptcrs vhich
makc up Ihc prcscnI study. A noIion o! cIhics has Io bc sccn noI as an
incidcnIal clcmcnt o!OcIcuzc's procct buI as onc o! Is mosI !undamcntaI
and csscnIaI cIcmcnIs Oclcuzc is, in !acI, compcIIcd by thc vcry advcnIurc
o! thouyht Io Ihink cIhicaIIy and cvcn to think an cthcs o! maIIcr iIscIl. In
his Wurk Wc !ind u numbcr u! cuHccpIuHs ul Ihs cIhcs. incIudu n cIhics
ol Ihc cIcrnaI rcturn (hs book o! I92 on ctzschc and Dierence nnJ
Keetiticn, I98), an cIhics ol Ihc cvcnI (7he Icic c{ Sen:e, Whnt i:
Ihilc:chy), ancIhcso!a!!cctivc bodics and an cIhoIoyical cIhics(Ihc Ivo
books on 5pinoza o! 98 and I98I (!irsI pubIishcd n I970 in a shorIcr
vcrsion), andA 7hcti:nnJIlntenu: 980), and so on. Jhcsc can alI bc shovn
Io bc di!lcriny arIicuIaIions, hovcvcr, o! onc and Ihc samc cIhics o! Bciny as
OcIcuzc conccivcs iI univocaI, Ihc pIanc o! immancncc, ycrminaI l!c, cIc).
n ths parI o!Ihc nIroduction I vish Io spcak in ycncral Icrms about Ihc
!yuraIion o! cIhics in OcIcuc by discussny iIs IrcaImcnI in his biy boo on
5pinoza and cxprcssionism o! I98 sincc, aIIhouyh Ihis IcxI, viIh its novcI
rcadiny of 5pinoza, docs noI !iyurc in any subsIanIiaI vay in Ihis sIudy, iI
dcmonsIratcs in cIcar and povcr!uI vays hov !or Oclcuzc vc shouId
approach Ihc ucstion o!cIhics'. VhaI OcIcc has Io say n Ihis vork on
Ihc qucsIion o! cIhics docs rcsonatc in cruciaI vays viIh his Bcrysonism. Vc
shouId pcrhaps noIc Ihat OcIcuc's rcadiny o! 5pinoa s o!Icn inspircd by
his Bcrysonism, so IhaI, !or cxampIc, vcind in Ihc I 98 IcxIIhaIthc Iask o!
Ii!c s dc!incd as onc o! Icarniny Io cxisI 'in duraIion' (OcIcuzc I98.289
I992.IU). And indccd, !or Bcryson, such a Iask vas suprcmcIy cIhicaI in
puIIiny usbackin conIacI viIhIhc 'cIcrniIy o!Ii!c' IhaIis nciIhcrIhccIcrniIy
o! immuIabiIiIy nor Ihc cIcrniIy o! immorIaIiIy Bcryson I95. 5
comparc Occuzc I98.9 I99 4). n addIon, and as crcau-onIy
asIuIcIy noIcd, Bcryson's phiIosophy is a phiIosophy o! purc 'cxprcssion'
crlcau-onIy I98 ).
his is Io say IhaI 5pinoza and Bcryson' sIhinkiny on duration arc onc
and Ihc samc sincc cIcarIy thcy arc noI. OuraIion (Jurntic noI tenu:)
bcIonys !or 5pinoza Io a quiIc spcci!ic rcaIm o! cxisIcncc, namcIy, Ihc
domain o! iniIc modcs vhcrc I rc!crs Io Ihc indivdualIy ol disIincI thinys
OcIcuzc Iakcs Ihc IincIhatIhcrc s no 'i nsIanIancity o! csscncc' in 5pinoza
and thaI thc 'conIinuaI variaIions o! cxisIcncc' IhaI characIcrizc a modc's
I I
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povcro!acIny and iIs consIantpassaycs Io yrcaIcr and IcsscrpcrlccIions arc
cn!y ccmprchcnsb!c n tcrms cl duratcn, scc 1c!cuzc l 98I . 57, I 988. 389).
Dutio s Io bc undcrsIood modaIIy rathcr Ihan IcmporaIIy unIikc in!initc
substancc, a thiny's cxstcncc dccs nct lc!!cv !rcm ts csscncc but s
dcpcndcnI on cxIcrnaI causaIiIics lor iIs cndurancc (scc ovcl I992:I I 0).
Bcr_scn` s ccnccptcn c! duratcn s radca!!y d!lcrcnt n that t rc!crs nct tc
Ihc rcalm ol dsInct cnIiIcs and Ihnys but raIhcr Io Ihc virIuaI rcaIm o!
crcatvc prcccsscs and bcccmn_s. Scmc ccmmcntatcrs, ncludn_ 1c1cuzc at
onc ponI in his `Bcrysonism' o! I966, viII o!Icn casuaIly rcad Bcryson's
duration as yiviny cxprcssion Io a kind o! noturo noiurona. Bcryson,
hovcvcr scparaIcs his Ihinkiny !rom pnoza`s conccpIion o!subsIancc on
Ihis vcry issuc, aryuiny IhaI pinoza's causaIism and dcIcrminism arc unabIc
Io aIIov a ycnuincIy invcnIivc characIcr Io bc yivcn Io duraIion. 1 sha!! havc
somcthnymorc Io say on Ihis inhapIcr I .
lH hs rcudiHs u! buIh BcrsuH und Npnu2u, LcIcu2c !ucuscs Ihc cIhcuI
qucsIion on bodics conccivcd as cxisIiny immancnIly on a pIanc o! naturc
and constiIutcd by an oriyinary Icchnics and arIicc. This mcans !or him
IhaI vhat a body can do is ncvcr somcIhiny xcd and dctcrmincd buI is
aIvays impIcaIcd in a 'crcativc cvoIuIon'. is Bcrysonism` foIIovs
Bcryson's conccpIion o! cvoIuIion in concciviny Ii!c in Icrms ol thc pIay
bcIvccn Ivo crcaIivc dimcnsions, thaI o! nonoryanic I!c and Ihat ol Ihc
oryansm. nc ofIhc major insiyhIs of Bcryson`s Creotive FvcIuticn is IhaI
Ihc uniIy o! naIurc consisIs o! a complicaIcd un!oIdiny o! an oriyinary
mpulscn n vhch thc crcatvc cncr_cs cl !!c arc cana!zcd n spcc!c
bodics (oryanisms and spccics). ovcvcr, spccics arc ncvcr Ihc telo: o!
cvclutcn n Hcr_scn` s vcv, sncc thc prcccss c! a crcatvc cvc!utcn s
`viIhout cnd' andiIs crcaIiviIy impIics ccascIcss invcnIion and rc-invcnIion.
hc cthca! gucstcn addrcsscd tc bcdcs s cnc c! _ann_ sc!!-kncv!cd_c
conccrnnyIhcirdynamic and `cvoIuIionary' conditions olcxsIcncc in ordcr
tc cu!tvatc bcth ]cy!u! passcns and cnhanccd rc!atcns vth cthcr bcdcs.
his cIhoIoyicaI dimcnsion o!cIhics, vhch conccrns Ihc rcIaIions bcIvccn
a!!ccIivc bodics opcraIcs boIh viIhin thc ordcr ol naIurc and aIso in!orms
Ihc cIhicaI bccominy o! human bodics, Io Ihc cxtcnI IhaI Ihc IaIcr OcIcuzc
cxpIorcs Ihc possibilIy o! a bccomny-animaI and bccominy-moIccular o!
Ihc human. As vc shaII scc, Ihis movc is noI unprobIcmaIic and viIhouI
Ircmcndous di!!icuIics. n Ihis nIroducIion, hovcvcr vanI Io rcsIricI my
aItcnIion Io Ihc carIicr IcxI on pinozao! I9 sincc n Ihis vork iI is ccar
!or ccuzc IhaI Ihc Iask o! phiosophy is noI onc o! consIrucIny a
phiIosophy o! naIurc, buI raIhcr onc o! shoviny hov Ihc acusiIion o! a
'supcrior' human naIurc is possibIc !rom a comprchcnson o! Ihc naIurc o!
bodics.
n Fre::icni:n itt Fhilc:chy OcIcuzc loIIovs pinoza in concciviny
bodics as 'fniIcmodcs' IhaIarccxprcssions of an nfiniIc subsIancc (in IaIcr
vork OcIcuzc vll insisI IhaI both substancc and modcs prcsupposc a pIanc
I 2
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o! immancncc). hc yrcaI cIhicaI qucsIion' conccrns vhcIhcr iI is-possibIc
!or thcsc bodcs to attan 'actvc a!!cctons` , and, ! so, hov (1c!cuzc
I968: I99 I992 2I9) aIcr in thc Icxt anoIhcr dimcnsion ycts addcd Io Ihc
cthcal gucston vhch conccrns hov a maxmum o! joy!u! passons s to bc
achicvcd (ibid.: 225246). nc o!Ihc mosI imporIanI movcs OcIcucIocaIcs
n Spnoza's Fihicx s that o! rcconc!n_ a physca! vcv o! bodcs vth an
cIhical onc. ovcvcr, Ihis rcquircs a phiIosophy IhaI is abIc Io dcmonsIraIc
that bodcs arc not Ixcd (thcy havc no 'csscncc` othcr than that ol a
bccominy) nIcrms o! Ihcir cxcrcisc o! acIivc and passvc a!!ccIions his s
noI to cIaim Ihat Ihcrc arc no IimiIs n naIurc to vhaI bodics can achcvc;
rathcr, Ihc cIaim is IhaI Ihcsc ImiIs arc ycncraI oncs alvays subjccI Io a
crcaIivc cvoluIion and invoIution. cncc Ihc 'cIhicaI` characIcr o! 5pinoa`s
Ihinkiny dcrivcs !rom hs cmphasis on Ihc lacI IhaI vc do noI knov vhaI a
body is capabIc o! and vhaI allcctions I can aIIain (vhaI bodics can do
IWys HcccssriIy cxcccds uur knuWIcdc I Hy iVcH Iimc. usI s Ihc
capaciIics o! IhouyhI aIvays cxcccd Ihc naIurc o! consciousncss). Jhc
impIcaIions o! this insiyhI !or thinkiny arc Ivo!oId Ihat o! acquiriny a
hiyhcr human naIurchrouyh an adcquaIc comprchcnsion o! naIurc, and IhaI
o! rasiny a physics o! naIurc Io a hiyhcr planc antcphyscs) by shoviny
IhaI bodics arc capabIc o! a poIcnIaIIy inliniIc bccominy and moduIaIion
viIhin !niIc Iimits. or 5pinoa no onc can IcII vhaI thc body s capabIc o!
!rom simplyobscrvny Ihc Iavs o!naIurc (Spnoza l 955: arI IlI, lroposiIion
I, Io!c). ! thc qucstion o! vhaI bodics can bccomc s an opcn qucstion,
thcrc can on!y bc cmprca! _rounds, not !o_ca! oncs, !or c!os n_ t
ampshirc l 98 l : IJ3). OcIcuc`srcadiny o!5pinoaon ths issuc is novcI in
that hc docs not smp!y rcstrct t to a mattcr o! our ynorancc, a dc!ccncy n
our knovlcdyc, but aIso vicvs iI in Icrms o!Ihc cxpcrimcnIaI and opcn-cndcd
charactcr o! a !uturc a!!cctvc 'cvo!uton'.
n alI Ihc major modcrn Ihinkcrs vho mosI inspirc him, such as 5pinoa,
Ictzschc, and Bcr_son, 1c!cuzc Inds a sm!ar strcss and va!uc pIaccd on
eerinentuticn. onIra cibni' s criIcism, hc sccks Io shov in thc casc o!
5pinoa IhaI an cthics docs noI rcsuII in Ihc impoIcncc o! Ihc crcaIurcs vho
!ound IhcmscIvcs in naIurc conccvcd as an immancnI and ininIc subsIancc.
OcIcuc is insisIcnI IhaI Ihrouyh Ihc modcs 5pinoa shovs hov indivduaIs
parIicipatc in 'ods povcr as sinyular parIs (inIcnsivc quanIiIics and
irrcducibc dcyrccs) o! a dvinc povcr. n !acI hc shovs hov boIh cibni
and 5pinoa producc a ncv naIuraIism IhaI rcsisIs Ihc mcchanisIic vicv o!
Ihc univcrsc promuyaIcd by Ihc yrcaI modcrn cscarIcs vhich ony
succccds n dcvaluiny Ihc auIonomy o! naIurc by dcpriviny it o! any
virIualiIy or poIcnIiaIiIy as an immancnI povcr. BoIh cibni and 5pinoa
manayc Io do Ihis, OcIcuc conIcnds, vIhouI laIliny back into a payan
visiono!Ihc vorId vhich vould smpIy producc a ncv and bIind idoIaIry o!
naIurc ( l 96:208 I992 228). II is mportanI Io apprcciaIc OcIcuc
noIcs, IhaI naIurc is noI consIrucIcd !or our convcnicncc, iI is !uII o!crucIIy
I 3
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and Iack o! sympaIhy !or our pccuIiar bciny and cvoIvcs viIhouI rcyard !or
cur gartcu!ar habtat n t. hcrc arc !cv dcaths n naturc that arc nct bruta!,
vocnI, and !orIuIous. Thc Iask, hovcvcr, is Io comprchcnd Ihis and Io
bcstcv upcn such dcaths a ncv mcann_, vhch s thc 'mcann_` c! a graxs
IhaIcan onIy arisc ouIo!crcaIiny, and cxpcrimcnIiny viIh, ncv possbiIiIcs
cl cxstcncc. I n addtcn, Ic!cuzc v!! c!am, n h s rcadn_s c! Spncza,
cIzschc, and Bcryson, IhaI Ihcrc is ncvcr any !inaIiIy in naIurc or
cvclutcn, but cnIy a muscal cxprcsscn cl naturc nvc!vn_ cxg!catcn,
impIicaIion, and compIcation. voIuIion is Ihus Io bc thouyht as a yrcat
loId' and vc arc Io bccomc Ihosc IhaI vc arc muscians o! naIurc and
arIisIs o! our ovn cuIIivaIion.
undamcnIaI paradoxcs ncccssariIy inlorm OcIcuc's aItcmpI to dcrivc an
cthics' !rom cvoIuIion and cIhoIoyy VhcIhcr Ihcsc paradoxcs arc such IhaI
Ihcy impcriI Ihc cohcrcncc and susIainabiIiIy o! his projccI, vc shaII havc
chuHcc Iu cxumiHc und is pcrhups. uIImuIcIy, u udcmcHI Iu bc dc!crrcd Iu
Ihc pracIiccs, vsc or unvisc, o! Ihc rcadcr. irsI I is ncccssary Io discovcr
and invcnt vhat vork can bc donc vIh iI, and aIIcmpI Io dcIcrminc vhaI
insiyhIs inIo a phiIosophy o!Ii!c can bc yicIdcd lromit nIcrms o! iIs cIhicaI
and poIicaI dimcnsions. lI is ncvcr for OcIcuzc a qucsIion of SuSIanny a
parochiaI pcrspccIivc on !c, or o! imIiny Ihc !orccs o!crcaIivc cvoIuIon Io
Ihc conccrns ol Ihc human, narrovy dc!ncd and undcrsIood II is ncccssary
Io combaI Ivo Ihn_S: Ihc bIindncss of SC)CnCC vhich vouId _vc US maIIcr
viIhout cIhics, and Ihc bIindncss o! !aIh vhch vouId yivc us an cIhics
vthcut mattcr. 1clcuzc finds Ihc mcraI vcv c! thc vcr!d cspcca!!y
pcrnicious sincc iIis a vicv IhaI cnchains Ihc body Ioanunknovn souI and
prchbts thc bcccmn_ c! thc body (t s ant-pcda_c_c n ths rcspcct ! vc
Iakc cuIturc and discipIinc Io invoIvc a Iruc uiJeiu. hc mora vicv o! Ihc
vcr!d ccndcmns us tc n!ntc sadncss n ths ! lc. Ic!cuzc strcsscs that
nobody is born cIhicaI, just as nobody s born a ciIizcn, rcIiyious, sinluI, or
!rcc and rcascnablc. Vc arc ncthcr cmancgatcd ncr ccndcmncd !rcm thc
sIarI. I I s!or IhisrcasonIhaIthc obIiyaIion o!phiIosophy consisIs, abovc aII
pcrhaps, inun!oIdiny ancxpcrimcnIaIandcIhicaIpcdayoyy,oncIhaI rcquircs
a `sIov, cmpiricaI cducaIon` I968:244 I992:265). urIhcrmorc, hc statc
o! rcson is onc vIh Ihc !ormaIion o! a hiyhcr kind ol body and a hiyhcr
kind o! sou. . . A rcasonabc bciny may. . . in its vay, rcproducc and cxprcss
Ihc c!ort o! aIurc as a vhoc (bid. 24J. 2645). hc pracIica Iask o!
phiIosophy is a quitc smpc onc: namcIy, IhaI o !rcciny individuaIs and
!rcciny knovcdyc !rom Ihc caims o! supcrstiIion. I is supcrsIitious bcic!s,
vhich arc by no mcans pccuIiar Io rcIiyion buI aIso characIcrizc scicncc and
phiIosophy iIscIl, vhich prcvcnI our yainny acccss to a vhoIIy 'positivc'
naIurc and vhich IhrcaIcn aI human bccominy.
'Ihics', Ihcrc!orc, is an intrinsic part o!OcIcuzc's phiIosophicaI proccI
and t paysa roIc in cach onc ofhs aIIcmpIs to arIicuIaIc a phIosophy of
naIurc and to Ihink 'bcyond' Ihc human condiIion. IhcaI Ii!c ariscs !or
I 4
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OcIcuzc ouI o! thc conIcxI o! a naIuraIism, a parIicuIar phIosophicaI
ccnccgtcn c! thc vcrld that rcgurcs thc cu!tvatcn, as vc sha!! scc, c! a
`supcror cmpricism`. Ths conccpIion has rccoursc Io IransccndcnIal and
crtca! ph!cscphy tc thc cxtcnt that t s ablc mcrc ma_natvc!y and
subIimcIy Io opcn up Ihc tcrriIory o! this naIuraIism and cmpiricism.
Iclcuzc hmsc!! strcsscs that thc IicIcicol s _n !cancc cl th s ncv
conccpIion is noI unimporIanI. ovcvcr, vhcn `Iakcn as a modcI` iIs chic!
s_n!cancc s dcclarcd tc bc uriJicoI onJ eihicoI' (bd.. 736 75T) (my
cmphasis). Thc diflicuII chalIcnyc Ihat Ihis cIhics providcs, vhich vII bc
un!oIdcd n Ihis sIudy yraduaIIy and carc!ulIy, is Io Ihink 'cIhics` boIh
IranshumanIy and ycrmnaIIy, IhaI is, n Icrms o! Ihc 'Iiviny bcyond' and
Ihc 'Iiviny on` .
N
Jhc ucsIion ol Bcny as univocaI cannoI bc avoidcd in any apprcciaIion ol,
or cncounIcr viIh, OcIcuzc, and I shaII drav Ihis lnIroducIion Io a cIosc by
makiny somc prc-cmpIivc rcmarks abouI it. Jhc noIion o! univocal Bciny
informs Ihc finaI climax of Dierence ot:J Keetiiict: and t conIinucs Io
in!orm Ihc cruciaI maIIcrs at sIakc in his oinIvork viIh uaIIari, notabIyA
7hct:ottJ Iloteo: (Ihc consIruaI o! naIurc as a pIanc o! consisIcncy
prcsupposcs Bciny as univocaI) Thc roIc pIaycd by univocal Bciny has nov
assumcd a cruciaI imporIancc i n Ihc nIcrprctaIion o! his vork Alain
Badcu` s Io cIoneurJel Ftrethc tt!c c! vhch s takcn !rcm a scctcn n
Dierence onJKeetitic:t IhaI spcaks o!Ihc `sinyIc voicc' onBcinyrunniny
!rcm larmcndcs tc 1cdc__cr and s alsc thc nctc cn vhch Ihc bcck cnds
viIh OcIcuzc vriIiny ola `sinyIc clamouro!Bciny !or aII bciny'providcs
a _rcat dca! c! ns_ht ntc Ic!cuzc n rc!atcn tc Hcdc__cr cn thc gucstcn
ol Bcny, and in rclaIion to Ihc ssuc o!lIatonism, Ihouyh his book suf!crs
!rcm nc_!cctn_ a cruca! vcrk lkc hou:onJ Floieou: (Badcu I99T 3I
49 cspcciaIly 348 427). Badiou docs shov, hovcvcr, IhaI Ihc IhouyhI o!
univocity in OcIcuzc is noI a IauIoIoyicaI onc thc nc is onc) and IhaI i is
cnIircly compaIibIc viIh muIIipIc and infniIc !orms o!Bciny (39). But i!Ihc
univocity o!Bciny docs nct rc!cr to a nc. tc a bcn_ as such, vhut docs iI
spcak o!
ccuzc scnyaycmcnI viIh Ihc hisIory o! phiosophy rcvovcs around hs
adhcrcncc to Ihis conccpIion o!unvocaI Bciny(Bcinycan bc said in a sinyIc
scnsc o! a Is individuatiny di!!crcnccs and inIrinsc modaitics). VhaI s
iIs prccisc characIcr This canbcsIbc approachcd in Icrms o!his rcadnys o!
pinoza and icIzschc, boIh o! vhom arc dravn upon in Dierence ottJ
Keetiiictt Io supplcmcnI Ihc doctrinc o! Ouns coIus ( I 97:4). n
OcIcuzc' srcadiny pinoza's substancc cannoI bc IhouyhI indcpcndcnI o!Is
cxprcssion n arbuIcs vhch arcaIvays dynamc Thc immancnI cxprcssion
o! subsIancc s ncItLcr an cmanaIion nor a crcaIion. n Ihc cntry on
I 5
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`AIIribuIc' So,u: Iructicul Ihlc:ch, ( I97U, rcviscd I 98I Irans.
I988), Iclcuzc vrtcs: 'And nnonence s_n!cs !rst c! aII thc nvccit, c{
the utriIute:. Ihc samc aIIribuIcs arc a!!irmcd olthc subsIancc Ihcy composc
and c! thc mcdcs thcy ccntan'. 1n thc cntry cn 'Ncdc' ths s c!ar!cd as
!oIIovs: `Ihcrc is a univocIy olBciny (aIIribuIcs), aIIhouyh thaI vhich is (o!
vhch Bcn_ s al!rmcd) s nct at a!! thc samc (substancc cr mcdcs)'. 1n thc
cnIry on subsIancc OcIcuzc makcs iI cIcar IhaI Ihc qucstion o! Ihc onc'
substancc s, ! prcpcr!y thcu_ht thrcu_h, nadcguatc lcr ccmprchcndn_
vhat is npIay in pinoza. Thc probIcm vith Ihc `nc' sIhaI iIrc!crs to a
numcricaI disIincIion IhaI is ncvcr 'rcal', vhlc a 'rcaI` disIinction is ncvcr
numcricaI. OcIcuzc prc!crs Io spcak, Ihcrc!orc, o! lormaIIy disIincI aIIribuIcs
IhaI arc armcd o! a 'snyuIar subsIancc` as NchacI ardI noIcs: bccausc
numbcr invoIvcs IimiIaIion and rcquircs an cxIcrnaI causc iI can ncvcr havc
Ihc characIcr o! subsIancc. I99J:60) In 5pinoza`s thinkiny subsIancc is
prcscHIcd us Ihuuh iI Wcrc ndcpcndcnI u! Ihc mudcs nd Ihc mudcs s !uIIy
dcpcndcnI on substancc. In ordcr Io ovcrcomc any possibIc dichotomy hcrc,
OcIcuzc suyycsIs IhaI susbIancc musI bc said onIy o! Ihc modcs. ln shorI,
OcIcuzc's radicaI and complcx movc is Io aryuc thaI bcny can onIy bc
aIIribuIcd Io bccominy, dcnIIy can cn!y bc sad ol dcrcncc, and Ihc onc
can onIy spcak olIhc muIIipIc. Jhis is vhaI hc mcans vhcn hc dccIarcs IhaI
Bciny can bc cxprcsscd in a sin_Ic and samc scnsc vhcn iI said `o!` aII Is
ndvduaI ny d!fcrcnccs a coIour, for cxamplcq cnjcys various inIcnsiIics
but iI rcmains Ihc samccoIour).
Jhc ndvduatn_ !actcrs at p!ay n thc bcccmn_ c! Bcn_ arc nct !cr
OcIcuzc simpIy individuaIs consIiIuIcd in cxpcricncc, buI arc IhaI vhich acIs
n thcm as a transccndcnta! grncp!c, such as ntrnsc mcdaltcs c! bcn_
IhaI pass !rom onc individual Io anoIhcr and vhch circuIaIc and
ccmmuncatc bcncath mattcrs and !crms. Jhc !ac!crs c! nd v duatcn,
conccivcd in antian and IransccndcnIaI Icrms, arc vhaI consIitutc
ndvdua!s as bcn_s c! tmc and a!sc vhat dssc!vc and dcstrcy thcm in
Iimc. Individuation noI onIy d!lcrs nkind !rom Ihc indviduaIs IconsIiIuIcs
and dissoIvcs, iI is aIso re:ucaeJ by maItcrs !orms, and cxIcnsions, und
receJe: di!!crcnccs IhaI arc ycncric, spcci!ic, and individuaI I is Ihis
'opcrnican cvoIuIion` consisIiny o! _vin_ di!!crcncc iIs ovn conccpI,
IhaI OcIcuzc idcnIi!ics viIh icIzschc's docIrinco!cIcrnal rcturn.
A cassca sourcc !or Ihc trcaImcnI othc procm o!tbc copy s aIo' s
noeu:, vhcrc thc conccrn is viIh hov 'Ihc bcynniny o! cvcryIhiny' i niIs
copcd or mimcIc !orm has Io bc yraspcd as bcin_ in accordancc vIhnaIurc
yraspcd as IhaI vhich is IasIiny and unaIIcrabIc (lIaIo I96I : I I62!!.). IaIo's
discussion olIhc cIcrnaI, andhov iIcan bc !aiIhluIIy copicd, Iakcs pIacc, o!
coursc, in Ihc contcxt o! his IrcaImcnt o! Iimc as Ihc `moviny imayc o!
cIcrniIy' . Both D]erence ottJKeetiticn und 7he Icc c]Sen:e arc dcvoIcd,
n gart, Io cffccIn_ an 'ovcrIuiny' or rcvcrsaI of IaIonism on Ihcsc points,
shovnyhov Ihcrc is a !oundny 'phiIosophcaI dccision' nlaIo ayainst Ihc
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pIay o! primary di!!crcncc and in lavour ol Ihc povcrs o! Ihc 5amc and Ihc
miIar. ln Ihc cruciaI disIincIons IhaI lIaIo makcs bcIvccn Ihc oriyinaI and
Ihc mayc, and Ihc modcI and Ihc copy, thc !rsI Icrm rc!crs Io Ihc supcrior,
foundiny idcnIity in vhich thc Idca is noIhiny oIhcr than vhaI iI is (courayc
is couraycous, picty is pious, cIc.), and Ihc copy s Io bc judycd` n Icrms o!
a dcrivcd inIcrnal rcscmbIancc. Oilfcrcncc is only conccivabIc in rcIaIion Io
Ihcsc prior loundiny Icrms. or OcIcuzc hovcvcr, thc `truc' lIaIonc
disIncIon is of anoIcr naIurc and Iics noI bcIvccn Ihc oriyinaI and Ihc
imayc but bcIvccn tvo knds ol imaycs or idoIs, namcIy copics and
simuIacra. n oIhcr vords, Oclcuzc cIaims IhaI IhcdisIincIion bcIvccn modcI
and copy cxsIs onIy in ordcr Io lound and appIy IhaI bcIvccn copy and
simuIacra. Jhis iscruciaI sincc Ihc luncIion o!thc modcI snoI Io opposc Ihc
vorId olimaycs buIIo providccritcrialorscIccIiny Ihc 'yood imaycs` (Ihosc
IhaI rcscmbIc) and cIiminaIiny Ihc 'bad' oncs (Ihc simuIacra).
is. Ihcrc!urc, cuHIcHds lcIcuzc. u nrol VicW u! Ihc WurId
Ihat in!orms Ihc Ioyic o! rcprcscnIaIion viIhin IaIo's IhouyhI: simuIacra arc
dcmonic maycs` IhaI havc bccomc strippcd o! rcscmbIancc and musI bc
cxorczcd. OcIcuzc's invcrsion consisIs in yranIiny Io thc simulacra iIs ovn
modcI, Ihc modcI of dilfcrcncc in Isclf. hc yamc` of dlfcrcncc and
rcpcIiIion is dcsiyncd, Ihcrc!orc, Io rcpIacc Ihat ol Ihc 5amc and
rcprcscnIaIion. Jhis is a vorId viIhouI prior idcntiIy and viIhouI inIcrnaI
rcscmbIancc a vorId fuII of monstcrs of cncryy, dcmonic visiIaIions and
dark prccursors (OcIcuzc: I is Ihc monsIcr vhich combincs aII Ihc dcmons'
and scc AnscII lcarson I 999, lorIhcominy for furthcr insiyhI). I I i s
cIzschc's vorId o! viII Io povcr and cIcaI rcIurn (icIzschc I968. Iu67).
OcIcuzc aIso aryucs hovcvcr IhaI a rcvcrsaI of lIaIonism nvoIvny Ihc
Iriumph o! Ihc simuIacra, is aIrcady prc!iyurcd in lIaIo` s diaIoyucs
IhcmscIvcs, noIabIy aI Ihc cnd of Ihc Schi:t (OcIcuzc I 968. I 658,
I99.I268 and sccthc !irsI appcndx Io 7he Icicc{Sen:e, I969I99u hc
muIacrum and AncicnI lhiIosophy'. lauI laIIon has madc Ihc imporIanI
pont IhaI thc conIrasI dravn by laIo in Ihc Schi:t bcIvccn Iikcncsscs'
(copics) and 'scmbIanccs` (simuIacra, in vhich onIy thc !ormcr is hcId Io
rcscmbIc Ihc oriyinaI is !orOcIcuzc a di!!crcncc in kind. I noIhcr vords Ihcy
arc not Ivo spcccs o! Ihc samc ycnus 'buI Ivo compIcIcIy di!!crcnt kinds o!
bciny' (aIIon I994:I49 on OcIcuzc and IaIonsm scc aIso oucauII
I977. 6596. and Ihc criIcal trcaImcnI in adiou I997.46, 68!!, 85!
Iu5 I , 485U, vho makcs thc poinI: le tcni:ne e:t ne
ccnatructicn}ollocieu:eJe Io ncJeit ccnte Je Io c:tnJeitc', I9).
ln Ihc rcpcIIion IhaIbcIonys Io ictzschc` s cIcrnaI rcIurn OcIcuzc IocaIcs
Ihc a!!irmaIion ol oriyinary di!crcncc and Ihc pIay o! simuIacra. 'Jhc
simuIacrum' , OcIcuzc vriIcs 'is noI a dcyradcd copy lt harbors a posiIivc
povcr(ui::oncec:itive) vhich dcnics Ihc criinolottJthe ccy, the ncJel
onJ the rercJucticn' I 969:3u7 I 99u:767). urIhcrmorc, iI i s noI cvcn
cnouyh Io invokc a modcI o! Ihc Ihcr, !or no modcI can rcsisI Ihc vcrtiyo o!
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Ihc simulacrum' ( I 969:3UJ, I 99U:262). I is Ihc simuIacra vhich cnabIcs
boIh Ihc noIion o!Ihc copy and Ihc modcI Io bc chaIlcnycd. lt is Ihc cIcaI
rcurn vhch bcsI arIicuIaIcs lor OcIcuzc Ihc naturc ol univocaI Bciny. Thc
a!!i rmaIion o! Ihc cIcrnaI rcIurn is Ihc af!irmaIon o! aII chancc in a sinyIc
momcnI and o!Bciny as primary cxccss or di!!crcncc, `onc Bciny and onIy
!or aIl !orms and aIl Iimcs' buI aIvays as etroBein' (Oclcuzc I 969.2 I I ,
I99U:I 8U). n OcIcuzcs modcI Ihc ctcrnaI rcIurn provdcs nothny Icss Ihan
a 'ncv imayc o! IhouyhI, o! Ihc birIh o! IhouyhI and Ihc IhouyhI ofbirIh. lI
is Ihc `phantasm' IhaI consIituIcs Ihc sitc o! Ihc cIcrnaI rcturn, cndlcssIy
mimicknyIhcbirIh o! a IhouyhI andIhcIhouyhI o!a birth, bcyinniny 'ancv
dcscxuaIzaIon, subIimaIion, and symboIizaIon, cauyhI n Ihc acIolbrnyiny
abouI Ihis birIh (26. 22U). Jhc cIcrnaI rcIurn is Ihc '!orcc o! a!irmaIon,
Ihc !orcc vhich Iakcs cvcryIhiny Io iIs hyhcst IcvcI o! inIcnsity, a!!irminy
'cvcryIhiny o! thc muIIipIc, cvcryIhiny o! Ihc dl!crcnI, cvcryIhiny o!
chuncc', scIccIiH uHIy uunsI IhuI Which WuuId suburdinuIc Ihcm Iu u
principIc o! idcnIiIy (Ihc amc, thc nc and ncccssary) ( I 96K. I2;
I 994: I I 5). Thc ctcrnaI rcIurn i sIhc hiddcn `oIhcr lacc o! Ihc dcath nsIincI
mani!csIcd in Ihc compuIsion Io rcpcaI, a!lccIiny a vorId IhaI has 'rid iIscI!
o!Ihc dc!auIIo! Ihc condIion and Ihc cquaIiIy o!Ihc aycnI inordcrIo airm
onIy Ihc cxccssivc and thc uncquaI, Ihc inIcrminabIc and thc inccssanI, Ihc
!ormIcss as Ihc producI o! Ihc mosI cxtrcmc !ormaIiIy' (ibid.).
Vhat Oclcuzc vroIco!cibniz in his book on Ihc !oId o! I 988 couId bc
cqually appIicd Io his ovn projcct as its !undamcnIaI IciImoIil: `o
philosophy hascvcr pshcdIosuchan cxIrcmc Ihc aflirmaIion o!a onc and
Ihc samc vorId, and o!an in!iniIc di!!crcncc orvaricIy in Ihis vorId'. I is
ncccssary to ask a numbcr o! criIicaI qucsIons conccrniny Ihs onIoIoyy
and onIo-cIhoIoyy o!univocaI Bciny, and Ihcsc qucsIons shouId bc kcpI in
mind as Ihc sIudy procccds and un!oIds Vc noIc IhaI !or OcIcuzc thcrc is
no conIradicIion bcIvccn dcclariny Ihat `aII is onc and sayiny IhaI `aII is
muI Ii pI c` . his onIoIoyy is uni vocaI bccausc iI namcs, abovc aI I , a
philosophy o! ere::icn, in vhich alI Ihat bccomcs is an cxprcssion o!
Bciny (as bccomny, as d!!crcncc. n his sIudy ol cibni OcIcuc
idcnIilics Ihc IvopoIcs aIpIay inIhccrcaIion o!philosophicaI principIcs as
(a cvcryIhny is aIvays Ihc samc bccausc Ihcrc is onIy onc and Ihc samc
`Bass (Ict:J), and (b) cvcryIhiny is disIinyuishcd by dcyrcc and di!!crs i n
manncr. ovcvcr vccan ask !a is d!!crcncc, cvcn i nrcscmbancc and
i dcnIiIy, vhaI is iI IhaI noke. athc dicrcncc ov do vc idcnIi!y a
d!!crcncc and, morcovcr, a di!crcncc IhaI makcs a di!crcncc Io Ihc ordcr
ol Ihinys I n Di]erence ot:J Keetitict: OcIcuzc apprcciaIcs Ihs ponI and
appcaIs Io various proccsscs o!dil!crcnIiaIion Io accounI!or thc producIion
ol di!!crcncc. But Ihc ucsIion pcrsisIs rcyardiny boIh Ihc `vaIuc Iha is
bciny placcd on di!!crcncc and Ihc roIc iI s pIayiny in a 'criticaI
modcrniIy ls rcpctiIion Ihc !orc o! a (supcrior) Iav thaI is in thraII Io
novcIIy, chanyc, dcsIrucIion, producny a criIicaI and cIinicaI modcrniIy !or
I 8
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Ihc sakc o! Ihcm s Ihis Io yo bcyond modcrnity and its cuII o! Ihc ncv or
simpIy Io pcrpcIualIy ouIdo I
Thc qucsIion o! philosophy and thc ncv, o! boIh phIosophy` s rcIaIion Io
Ihc ncv and Is ovn producIion of Ihc ncv, is intimaIcIy connccIcd Io Ihc
macro!capiIaIism Thc abovc qucsIions rcmain absIracI so Iony as Ihcy arc
poscd outsidc o! thc conIcxt o! Ihis rcIation. ThrouyhouI OcIcuzc's vork vc
!ind an aIIcmpI to Ihink Ihs rcIaIion bcIvccn philosophy and capIal, i n
vhich Ihc qucsIion o! Ihc 'and' i spcrhaps Ihc mosI cruciaI di!!crcncc 'and`
rcpcIiIion, capiIalsm and` schizophrcnia, absoIuIc dcIcrriIoraIizaIion `and'
rcIativc dcIcrritoriaIizaIon. n his book on cbnz `onJ Ihc baroquc`
OcIcuzc aryucs IhaI i!thc Baroquc isIo bc associatcd viIh capiIalsm iI is in
Icrms o!an cmcrycnI crisis o! rceriy, in vhich qucsIions o!Ihc propcr, o!
ovncrship and posscssion, undcryo Ihc Iransmutaion o! a ccrtain nihiIism,
sincc thc crisis s conncccd viIh Ihc cmcrycncc o! ncv machncs n Ihc
suciI !icId Hd Ihc discuvcry ul HcW nd myrd IViH bcins iH Ihc
oryanism. Jhc qucsIion o! phIosophy n Ihis contcxI conccrns thc criticol
and clitticnI rcIaIon o! philosophy to thc nihIisIic movcmcnIs o! capiIaI,
movcmcnIs arIicuIaIcd by boIh Narx ('aII thaI is soldmclIs inIo air, aII IhaI
i s hoIy s pro!ancd` ) and icIschc ( noIhiny i s Iruc, cvcryIhiny i s
pcrmiIIcd'). or OcIcuzc i Iis aIvays a qucsIion o! twcnihilsms, namcIy, Ihc
onc kind vhich dcsIroys oId vaIucs in ordcrto conscrvc hc csIabIshcdordcr
and vhich ncvcr producs anyIhin ncv and thc othcr kind vhih cxtraIs
!rom nihiIism somcIhny thaI `bcIonys' to thc unIimcIy, Io Ihc monsIrous
!uIurc, rcmaininy faiIhfuI Io Ihc promisc o! a 'Imc Io comc`. ln oIhcrvords,
i Ii s a qucstion ol bciny modcrn, but noI aI any cosI, aryucs OcIcuzc. Vhcn
Ihc vorId Ioscs Is cstabIshcd principlcs Ihc onIy radicaI (' i m-propcr')
rcsponsc is to invcnIand proIi!craIc ncv oncs.
Vc shaII havc Ihc chancc Io criIicaIIy cxaminc Ihc naIurc and !orcc o! ths
disIincIon bctvccn Ihc Ivo nihilsms aI kcy momcnIs in Ihc drama o! ths
sIudy. cI mc drav Ihis I nIroducIion Io a cIosc by cxprcssiny Ihc principaI
conccrn 1 havc ovcr Oclcuzc' s projccI. A phiIosophy o! mmancncc aIvays
cncounIcrs Ihc yrcatcs danycrs noI onIy bccausc iI !rccIy Iakcs on and
undcryocs Ihcsc danycrs, as OcIcuzc rcadiIy apprcciaIcs, buI aIso bccausc iI
runs Ihc risko!producny a purcIy narcisssIic mcIhod and modc o!criIiquc
hc conccpIion o! Bciny as univocaI and Ihc cxpcrmcnI o! Ihc pIanc o!
immancncc arc ccary thc sourcc o! thc mosI imporanI innovaIions o!
OcIcuzianism, but thcy arc aIso Ihc siIc o! iIs principaI prcdicamcnIs. BoIh
nccd Io bc aIIcndcd Io and Ihc kind o! aIIcnIon vc yivc Ihcm is, ulImaIcy,
an cIhicaI maIIcr. II is aIso Ihc occasion !or a spccuIaIivc a!rmaIon o! Ihc
cvcnI o! IhouyhI.
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1 1V1`L1
1VL``
LUlIIOH HG CICIIVC CVOuIIOH
C!CuZC IS u uu_ICu! CuUC O C_SOn, VDO In u O[InIOu IS DIS Cu!
DG|I1C CVCn uOC !Dun bpInO7a@ uuU CDu[S CVCn uOC Ihan
Metzsche.
(HadOu |99!.2)
1I!DC !DOuD! Cu!! IC!UCU Io!DC OD]CC!, I I!S u!!Cn!IOn VCC On lDC
ODCC!, nO! OL I!S Cu!C_O, !DC OD]CC!S VOu!U S!u! !u!KIn_ unUC lDC
!In_CIn_ CC.
(UOnO l l 77
nlIudu0luu
1I is Bcryson vho dc!incs Ihc Iask ohiIosohy as onc oIcarniny Io think
bcyond Ihc human condiIion. VhaI cxacIIy is Ihc mcanny o Ihis 'bcyond'
OcIcuc confi_ucs Ihc task as loIIovs
o ocnusup Io Ihc inhuman and Ihcsupchuman (Jurtic: vhicD arc
inlcrior or supcrior Io our ovn), Io yo bcyond Ihc human condiIion:
his is Ihcmcanny of phiIosophy, in so far as ou ondition ondcmns
us Io Iivc amony badIy analyzcd comosiIcs, and Io bc badIy analyzcd
omposiIcs ouscIvcs.
Vhy arvauyht u in Ih invIiaIion obadIy anaIysd omosiI and
VDj uC Vc IhOsc OurscIVcs` Du! UOC3 I DCun !O bc Opcn IO OIhcr
duraIions Addrssin Ihs usIions Ihrouh a aruI radin o
OcIcuzc's I956 cssay on Bcryson and his l966 IcxI, Eer:cni:n, vII Iakc
usIo Ihc hcarI o thc projccI ophiIosophy as OcIcuzc conccics iI, and aIso
shov thaI yoiny bcyond' Ihc human condIion docs noI cnIaiI Icaviny Ihc
'human` bchind buI raIhcr aims Io broadcn Ihc horizon ol Is cxpcricncc
houyhout Ihc conIous and dcIours o hs inIcIIccIuaI Iic OcIcuzc ncvcr
ccascd toyranI aundamcnIaI and vIaI autonomy Io phiIosophy. t vas rom
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JHE O!!EKECE O! BEKSOl
an csscnIiaIIy Bcrysonan inlIucncc IhaI OcIcuzc cuItvaIcd Ihc idca IhaI
phiIosophy couId yo bcyond human cxpcrcncc n a vay thaI vouId dccpcn
and cnhancc iI. his rcquircs a major rcorcnIation o! phiIosophy, a ncv
conccpton of critiquc, and a ncv Ioyc vhch procccds noI v a
conIradicIions but Ihrouyh nuanccs.
OcIcuzc's firsI susIaincd and pubIishcd cncountcr viIh Bcryson has
scvcral noIabIc !caIurcs. irsI, Ihcrc isIhc!acI Ihat IIookpIaccinIhc l 950s,
Icss than a dccadc aftcr Ihc cnd of Ihc var, vhcn Ihc climaIc vouId havc
bccn un!avourabIc Io a novcI rcvorkny o! Bcryson` s philosophy viIh iIs
undcrlyiny opIimism (aIIhouyh Ihc cssay on di!!crcncc vaspubIishcd in I956
it had bccn composcd a !cv ycars carIcr). itaIism vas IarycIy a dcad
IradiIion in I950s and cryson' s siyni!icancc rcduccd Io IhaI o! bciny a
phIosophcr o! insccIs. ccond, andpcrhaps most siyni!icanI, is thaI OcIcuzc
shuuId havc rcIurncd to Bcryson H ordcr Io articuIaIc on thc basis o! hs
phIusuphy IhHkiH u! di!!crcHcc s IhiHkiH u! intcrul di!lcrcHcc. Jhs
conccption o!dil!crcncc is cxIcndcdIo Ihc notionIhaImany havc IakcnIo bc
Ihc mosI probIcmaIic aspccI o! Bcryson` s so-caIIcd viIalism, IhaI o! lon
viioI, vhich is conccivcd by OcIcuzc as an inIcrnaI cxpIosivc !orcc IhaI can
accounI fo Ihc 'Iimc` of cvoIuIon as a virIuaI and scIf-dilfcrcnIiaIcd
movcmcnIo!invcnIion.
Jhc I956 cssay bcyins vcry prcciscIy, and sccminyIy unconIcnIousIy, by
opcniny ouI a probIcmaIic IhatIhc rcst olIhc cssay viII Ihcn pursuc in aII Is
rami!icaIions: `hc noIion o! di!lcrcncc musI throv a ccrIain IiyhI on
Bcryson` s phiI osophy, buI nvcrscly Bcrysonsm musI brny Ihc yrcaIcsI
conIribuIion Io a phIosophy o! di!!crcncc` I95679 l997: I) I is a quasi
phcnomcnoloyical vcnIurc sincc Ihc aim, OcIcuzc dccIarcs, is Io rcIu' Io
Ihinys IhcmscIvcs hc promisc, i!Ihis syotriyhI, snothny lcss Ihan onc o!
diffcrcncc dcIivcriny Bciny Io . A carcfuI considcraIion of Ihc diffcrcnccs
ol naIurc viII Icad us Io Ihc naIurc o! di!!crcncc. iIhcrto, thinkny has
confuscd Ivo kinds of diffcrcnccs and covcrcd onc ovcr vIh Ihc othcr
di!!crcnccs o!dcyrcc ovcrdi!!crcnccs o!kindor naIurc.AIoIhcrIimcs, Ihas
c!!cccd Ihcrcvcrsc and !ocuscd onIy ond!lcrcnccso!kind (such as bcIvccn
Ihc pcrccpIion o!maIIcr and mattcr itscI!. hc Iask o! philosophy is to yrasp
Ihc Ihiny iIscll in iIs positiviIy and Ihis rcquircs a noion o! inIcrnaI
di!!crcncc. OcIcuzc !uIIy apprcciaIcs IhaI a ccrIain sIrand o! modcrn
phosophy !nds such a noIion o! di!!crcncc Io bc absurd. n thc cycian
schcma o! dicrcncc a Ihiny d!!crs !rom iIscI! onIy bccausc it dicrs in Ihc
!rsI pacc lrom al tha iI is not. !!crcncc is Ihcrclorc, said to bc
consIiIuIcd aIIhc poinIo!conIradicIon and ncyaIion. hc novcI modcrniIy o!
Bcrysonism Iics, lor OcIcuzc, H iIs criIiquc o! mcIaphysics and ol a scicncc
IhaI has oryoIIcn Ihc duraIional characIcr o! I!c and imposcd on iI an
absIracI mcchanics. I rcsIs on a schcma IhaI homoycnzcs di!!crcncc by
scIccIiny onIy d!lcrcnccs of dcyrcc throuyh a SpatiaIizcd rcprcscnIaIion of
Ihc rcaI. cncraI dcas simply prcscnI !or our rc!Icction compIcIcIy dil!crcnI
2 I
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JHE O!!EKECE O! BEKSOl
yivcns IhaI ycIcolIccIcd in uIiIiIarian yroupnys. hc Iask!or OcIcuzc is onc
of brcakiny ouI OI a mcrcIy 'cxtcrnaI statc of rcfIccIon` , so thaI phiIosophy
no lonycr has a mcrcIy ncyaIivc and ycncric rcIaIion vIh Ihinys in vhich iI
rcmains cnIircIy n thc cIcmcnI of ycncraliIy ( l 95680).
OcIcuzc`s Ihinkiny o! di!!crcncc and' rcpcIiIon is aIrcady !airIy vcII
vorkcd ouI n Ihc I 956 cssay n tcrms of iIs csscnta! ccmpcncnts. In thc
!oIIoviny rcadiny 1 shaII commcncc vith Ihc I 966 cssay sincc iI bcyins in
insIrucIivc !asncn by scckn_ \O cposc Ihc parIicuIar charactcr c! thc
Bcrysonian mcIhod (inIuiIon). 1 viII Ihcn shov hov this Iinks up Io Ihc
qucsIion o! duraIion and Io Ihc cIon viioI JhrouyhouI I viII suppIcmcnI Ihc
anaIyss of Ihc I966 IcxI by draviny on matcriaI outIincd in Ihc I956 cssay.
Jhcrc is a rcmarkablc conIinuiIy bcIvccn Ihc Ivo picccs o! vriIiny in spIc o!
Ihc Icn-ycar yap in OcIcuzc' s pubIic cnyaycmcnt viIh Bcryson. Vc shouId
noIc, hovcvcr, IhaI somc o! Ihc carIicrmaIcral ycIs droppcd or rccon!iyurcd,
such us. lur cxumpIc. un cxumiHuIiuH u! Ihc churucIcr u! hisIuricuI
consciousncss ('!di!!crcncc itscI! is bioIoyicaI consciousncss o! di!!crcncc
i shsIoricaI ` , I 96:94). Ny aim s noI Io asscss Ihc corrccIncss o! OcIcuzc` s
rcadiny o! Bcryson (by dcscrbny iI as 'Bcrysonism' OcIcuzc is surcIy
draviny our acnIion Io Ihc invcnIivc charactcr o! his rcadiny), vhich is
o!Icn accuscd o!makny hm sound Ioo much Iikc icIzschc. aIhcr, havc
scI myscI! Ihc task o! providiny insIrucIivc insiyhI inIo iIs mosI saIcnI
!caIurcs BS iI pcrtans Io thc maIIcr o! crcaIivc cvoIuIion' n Icrms of a
Ihinkiny o! di!!crcncc.
Hc mclD0U 0 ulul0u
Jhc Abso!utc s d!!ccncc, but d!!ccncc has tvo !accts, d!!ccnccs
n dcrcc and diI1ccnCcS in kind
cIcuc I I5)
Jhc ambIion o!phiIosophy, OcIcuzc vrIcs in Ihc l956 cssay, is Io arIiculaIc
!or IhcobjccI a conccpIappropriaIc Io iI cvcn Ihouyh iI may no Ionycr rcmain
!rom IhaI poinI on aconccpI as such yivcn Is snyuIariIy In ordcr Io arIicuIatc
Ihis phiIosophy iI viII bc ncccssary Io havc rccoursc noI SimpIy Io a mcIhod
buIIo amcIhod capabIc o!dscIosiny `Ihcui::unceo!di!!crcncc' (I956. 8I).
LcIcuZc sIrcsscs iH h| ! 6 IcxI IhaI inIuiIiuH is Ihc mcIhud pccuIiar Iu
'Her_sOnIsm` and denOIes netther a va_ue !ee! :n_ Or ncOmmun:cate
cxpcrcncc ncr a disordcrcd sympathy. aIhcr iI s a fully dcvcIopcd mcIhod
IhaI aims aI prccsion n phiIosophy (scc Bcryson I965.I I ). Vhcrc duraIion
and mcmory dcnoIc Iivcd rca!tcs and ccncrctc cxpcrcnccs, inIuiIon is Ihc
onIy mcans vc havc aI our disposal !or cra!Iiny a knovIcdyc o! cxpcricncc
and rcaIity 'Vc may say, stran_cly cncu_h', OcIcuzc nctcs, IhaI duraIion
vouIdrcmain purcIy inIuiIivc, in thc ordinary scnsco!Ihcvord,i!inIuIion
in Ihc propcrIy Bcr_scnan scnscvcrc noI Ihcrc as mcthod` (OcIcuzc
22
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JHE O!!EKECE O! BEKSOl
I966.2 l988.l4) ovcvcr, inIuiIon is a compIcx mcIhod Ihat cannot bc
ccntancd in a sn_!c act. Instcad, t has tc bc sccn as nvc!vn_ a p!ura!ty c!
dcIcrminaIions anda varicIy o!mcdiaIions.Thc!irsI Iaskis Io sIayc andcrcaIc
prcb!cms, thc scccnd s tc !ccatc dl!crcnccs n kind and thc thrd s tc
comprchcnd rcaI Iimc' IhaI s, duraIion as a hcIcroycncous and conInuous
muItipI cty. Indccd, Hcr_scn hmsc!! ackncv!cd_cs that cthcr ph!cscphcrs
bc!orc him, noIabIy 5chcIIiny and 5chopcnhaucr, had dravn hcaviIy on
intuiticn as a mcthcd. hcr task, hcvcvcr, hc says, vas nct tc dsccvcr
duraIon buIIo scarch !or Ihc cIcrnal Bcryson l965.U).
onccrniny Ihc !rsI probIcm, OcIcuzc aryucs IhaI vc _O vrOn_ vhcn vc
hoId IhaInoIionso!Iruc andlalsc canonIybcbrouyhI IobcaronprobIcms i n
Icrms o! rcadymadc soIuIions. Jhis s a !ar Ioo prc-cmptivc sIratcyy IhaI
docs noI Iakc us bcyond cxpcrcncc buI Iocks us i n I. his ncyaIivc !rccdom
i s Ihc rcsulI o! manu!acIurcd social prcjudiccs vhcrc, Ihrouyh sociaI
insIiIuIuHs such s cducIiuH nd Inuuc, Wc bccumc cHsIuVcd b 'urdcr
vords' thaI idcnI!y !or us rcadymadc probIcms vhich vc arc !orccd Io
solvc. his s noI Ii!c', and i t i s noI Ihc vay I!c iIscI! has 'crcaIivcIy'
cvolvcd. Jhcrc!orc, truc lrccdom, vhich can onIy bc a posiIivc !rccdom, Iics
in Ihcpovcr Io dccidc throuyh hcsiIaIon and indctcrminacy andIoconsIiIuIc
probIcms IhcmscIvcs. Jhs miyhI invoIvc Ihc !rccdom Io uncovcr ccrIain
IruIhs !or oncscI!, but Ihccxccssivc!rccdom is noI so much onco!dscovcry
as morconco! invcnIion. Oiscovcry is Ioo much nvoIvcd in uncovcriny vhat
aIrcady cxists, an acI o! discovcry IhaI vas bound Io happcn sooncr or IaIcr
and ccntn_cnt upcn crcumstanccs. nvcntcn, hcvcvcr, _vcs Hcn_ tc vhat
did noI cxisI and miyhI ncvcr havc happcncd sincc iI vas noI dcsIincd Io
happcn, thcrc vas nc prc-cxstn_ prc_rammc by vh ch t ccu!d bc
acIualzcd. n maIhcmaIics andin mcIaphysics thc c!!orIo! invcnIionconsisIs
in rasn_ thc prcb!cm and in crcatn_ thc tcrms thrcu_h vhch it miyhI bc
solvcd buI ncvcr as somcthiny rcady-madc As NcrIcau-lonIy noIcs in a
rcadn_ cl Hcr_scn that s ccnscnant vth Iclcuzc's cn scmc cl thcsc pcnts,
vhcn iIis sadIhaIvcII-poscd probIcms arc cIosc to bciny soIvcd, Ihis docs
noI mcan IhaI vc huvc aIrcady]cunJ vhaI vc arc Iookiny lor, buI IhaI vc
havc aIrcady invcntcd iI' NcrIcaulonIy l988.I).
OcIcuzc o!!crs a crysonan rcadiny o! Narx on Ihs poinI. Vhcn Narx
says IhaI humaniIy only scIs iIscI! problcms iI is capabIc o! soIviny his is
noI Ihc cmprcsI, or raIhcr, posiIvisI, Irap vc miyhI think. sncc Ihc
probIcms Iac us bcyond vha vc Ihink vcarc and arc capabIc o!. Narx' s
IhouyhI, Ihcrc!orc, i s a viIa cmpiricism. or ccuzc, Ihc hisIory o!
humaniIy, considcrcd !rom boIh IhcorcIicaI andpracIicaI poinIs o!vicv, is a
hisIory o! Ihc consIrucIon o! probIcms (I is a hsIory o!ovcrhumaniIy, onc
miyhI say). II isi nIhis cxccssivc scnsc IhaI vc can say humankind makcs iIs
ovn history, and bccomny conscious ol this praxis amounIs Io a drama o!
!rccdom as thc mcaniny' o! human Ii!c and o! iIs ycrminaI cxisIcncc (thc
!act thaI iI Iivcs on and survivcs onIy by Iiviny bcyond iIscI!). n a dccpcr
23
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JHE O!!EKECE O! BEKSOl
scnsc, hovcvcr, Ihc hsIoricaI characIcro!human cxisIcncc s an cxprcssion
o! thc lon virol vhch marks ! !c as crcatvc: '1!c tsc!! s csscnta!ly
dcIcrmncd in Ihc act o!avodiny obsIacIcs, sIaIiny and solviny a problcm.
Jhc constructon o! thc or_ansm s both thc statn_ ol a probIcm and a
soIuIion'OcIcuzc I966:5; I988:I6)
Vc v!! short!y cxamnc n _rcatcr dcta! ths pont on thc or_ansm as an
invcnIion o! Ii!c and as Ihc sIayiny o! a probIcm. Oocs iI suyycsI IhaI thc
or_ansm s constructcd !or a purposc or an cnd? s t an cnd-n-tsc!! or
mcrcly a vchcIc Ihrouyh vhich Ii!c IimiIs iIscI!onIy inordcr to cnhancc and
rcvitalzc its povcrs o! invcnIion an onc spcak o! an cnd o! cvoIuIion,
yranIiny iIa !inaI purposc, or is consIanI invcnIion and rc-invcntion Ihc onIy
cnd cI us noIc aI Ihis sIayc IhaI OcIcuzc IocaIcs Ihc novclIy ol Ucryson`s
approach n Is aIIcmpI Io think crcaIivc' cvoIuIon bcyond boIh mcchanism
and !inaIism and, n Ihis vay, Io yranI an importanI roIc Io invcnIion n
cVuIuIiuH, H nVcHIun IhuI is unIy pussibIc Iu Ihc cxIcnI IhI cVuIuIiun
invoIvcs duraIion. I s viIh Ucryson' sapproach inmnd IhaI OcIcuzc aryucs
IhaI n Ihc cascs o! boIh Iiviny maIIcr and oryanzcd maIIcr, such as
oryanismic Ii!c, vhaI onc !inds in cvoIuIion is Ihc sIaIiny o! probIcms in
vhich Ihc ncyaIivc` arIiculaIions ol opposiIion and conIradiction, dcrivcd
!rom noIions ol obsIacIc and nccd, arc sccondary phcnomcna and o!
sccondary importancc (!or a cIcar sIatcmcnI ol Ihis vicv scc OcIcuzc
I 968: 272 I 99 2l I ) Vc may noIc hov rcmarkably closc th s s to
cIzschc's `conIra Oarvin` posiIion arIicuIaIcd n his eneolc, c]
Mcrolity, n vhch thc crtguc takcs thc !orm o! cha!!cn_n_ thc cmphass
pIaccd in Oarvinian Ihcory on `adapIaIion'. o consIruc cvoIuIion in Icrms o!
adaptaton s to ovcr!ook thc prmc mportancc o! thc !orm-shapn_ !orccs or
povcrs thaI providc Ii!c viIh ncv dirccIions and !rom vhch adapIaIion
dcrvcs on!y oncc thcsc povcrs havc had thcr c!!cct. Spcakn_ o! Hcrbcrt
5pcnccr, icIzschc aryucs IhaI Ihc domnanI roIc Ihcsc povcrs pIay i n `Ihc
or_ansm tsc!l', n vhch thc !lc-v!! s actvc and rcvca!s tsc!l, s dcncd
icIzschc I99456 !or morc dctaIcd insyhI inIo ictzschc's rcIaIion Io
Oarvinism scc my rcJ e, l 997, ssay 4). Jhis suyycsIs IhaI thcrc may
bc amorc objccIivc basis Io OcIcuzc's iczschcan' rcadny o!Bcrysonhan
commonIy supposcd ndccd, iI is asIonishiny hov cIosc Io icIschc
Bcryson is n Ihc vay hc approachcs qucsIions ol phiIosophy. quaIIy
surprisiny is Ihc !acI IhaI icIschc novhcrc !iyurcs n thc IcxI reotve
cuticn, sncc s cIzschc vho had aIrcady cndcavourcd Io Ihin
cvoluIion bcyond Ihc Icrms o boIh mcchansm and naism.
cImc rcIurn, hovcvcr, Io OcIcuzc's rcadny o!Bcryson.hc sccond ruIc
o! inIuiIion is Io do avay viIh !aIsc probIcms, vhich arc said Io bc o!tvo
inds: !irsI, Ihosc vhich arc cauyhI up in Icrms Iha conIain a con!usion o!
Ihc 'morc' andIhc 'Icss';and, sccond, qucsIions vhich arc sIaIcdbadIy inIhc
spcci!ic scnsc thaI Ihcir Icrms rcprcscnt onIy badIy anaIyscd composiIcs I n
Ihc !rsI casc thc crror consisIs i n posiIiny anoriyn o! bcny and o! ordcr
24
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JHE O!!EKECE O! BEKSOl
!rom vhichnonbcinyanddisordcrarc Ihcn madcIoappcaras primordiaI. n
Ihis schcma ordcr can only appcar as Ihc ncyaIion ofdsordcr and bciny as
Ihc ncyaIion o!nonbciny (scc cryson l962.22 l98.222). 5uch a vay o!
Ihinkiny inIroduccs Iack nIo Ihc hcart ol ciny. I morc or Icss crrs in noI
scciny IhaI Ihcrc arc i:tJ: olordcr and !orycIIiny Ihc !acI IhaI Bciny is noI
homoycncous buI fundamcnIaIIy hcIcroycncous adIy analyscd composiIcs
rcsuII !rom an arbiIrary yroupiny ol Ihinys IhaI arc consIiIuIcd as dil!crcnccs
in kind or cxampIc, in Creotive vcluticn Bcryson contcnds thaI Ihc
cardinaI crror IhaI has viIiaIcd Ihc phiIosophy o! naIurc !rom ArisIotIc
onvards isdcnI!yiny in !orms olIi!c, suchas Ihc vcyctaIivc nsIincIivc and
rationaI, three :ucce::ive Jeree: c} the JeveIcne:tt c} o:te o:tJ the :one
tenJecy, whereoa they ore Jiverent Jirectica c] o: otivity thot ho: alit
o: itrew'. c insisIs IhaI Ihc di!!crcncc bctvccn Ihcm is nciIhcr onc o!
intcnsIy nor ol dcyrcc buI o! kind ( l 962. I36 I983: I35). Bcryson vanIs Io
kHuW huW iI s IhI Wc dccm ccrIin Ii!c-!urms Iu bc 'supcriur' Iu uIhcrs,
cvcn Ihouyh Ihcy arc noI o! Ihc samc ordcr and ncithcr can Ihcy bc posiIcd
in Icrms ol a simpIc unlncar cvoluIionism viIh onc Ilc-!orm succccdiny
anoIhcr in tcrms o!a proyrcss tovards pcr!ccIon in scI!-consciousncss I75;
I ) ifc procccds nciIhcr via Iack nor Ihc povcr of Ihc ncyaIivc buI
Ihrouyh inIcrnaI scI!-di!!crcntiaIion aIony Iincs ol dvcrycncc. Indccd,
Bcryson yocs so !ar as Io cIaim IhaI Ihc rooI causc o! Ihc d!licuIIics and
crrors vc arc confronIcd viIh in Ihinkiny crcaIivc cvoIuIion rcsidcs in Ihc
povcr vc ascrbc Io ncyation, to Ihc poinI vhcrc vc rcprcscnI iI as
symmcIricaI vi Ih alfirmaIion (286 28. Vhcn OcIcuzc says thaI
rcscmbIancc or idcnIiIy bcars on di!!crcncc quo dil!crcncc, hc i s bcny
faiIhluI Io Bcryson` s criIical insiyhI inIo Ihc characIcr of ncyation chiclIy,
IhaI iI is impIicaIcd in a morc ylobaI povcrola!!rmation.
t is Ihrouyh afocus on badIy anaIyscd compositcs IhaI vc arc Icd, in facI,
Io posiIiny Ihinys in Icrms o! Ihc morc and Ihc Icss, so IhaI thc dca o!
disordcr onIy ariscs from a ycncraI idca of ordcr as a badIy anaIyscd
composiIc. hs amounIs Io cIaiminy, as OcIcuzc coynizcs, IhaI vc arc Ihc
vicIims ol IIusions vhich havc thcir sourcc in aspccts o! our inIcIIiycncc.
ovcvcr, alIhouyh Ihcsc iIIusions rc!cr to anI's anaIysis n Ihc Critique c]
Iure eo:cn, vhcrc cason is shovn Io ycncratc lor iIscIl in cxcccdiny Ihc
boundarics o!Ihc ndcrsIandiny incviIabIc illusonsand noI simpIc misIacs
Ihcy arc not o! Ihc samc ordcr. hcrc s a naIura Icndcncy oIhc nIcccI Io
scc only dicrcnccs in dcyrcc and to ncyIccI dcrcnccs in kind. This is
bccausc thc !uHdamcnIa moIvaIion o! Ihc intcccI is Io impcmcnI and
oricntaIc acIion in Ihc vorId. or Ihc purposcs ol sociaI praxis and
communicaIon thc inIcIIccI nccdsIoordcr rcaIiIy in a ccrIan vay, makiny iI
somcthiny caIcuIabIc, rcyular, and ncccssary. cIzschc appIics Ihis insiyhI
noI onIy Io our acIion on Ihc vorId buI also to thc consIiIuIion o!our 'inncr
vorId` (Ihc 'souI'). uman consciousncss and mcmory havc bccn cuIIivaIcd
by makiny Ihc individuaI scI!iIscI!somcIhiny rcyular and caIcuIabIc and ths
25
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JHE O!!EKECE O! BEKSOl
has bccn donc by consIIutiny Ihc scI! as a siIc ol dscipIinc and cuIIurc.
Bcr_scn s ncrcdibIy cIosc to Ictzschc cn scmc c! thcsc pcnts. In tcrms
rcminisccnI ol cIzschc hc aIIacks Ihc noIion o! a timcIcss subsIraIum Iyiny
bchind a!! rca!ty, addny that an c_c vhch dccs nct chan_c dccs nct cndurc
ciIhcr. `! our cxisIcncc vcrc composcd o! scparaIc sIaIcs vIh an impassivc
c_c tc untc thcm, !cr us thcrc vcuId bc no duraIon` (Bcryscn I 962
I 98.). VhaI is obIaincd by construiny Ihc lIov ol Iilc in Ihis vay s an
'art!ca! ! mtatcn` c! Ihc ntcrna! !ic, a stass vhch Icnds tsc!! tc thc
rcquircmcnIs o! Ioyic and lanyuayc. or Bcryson t is possbIcindccd
ncccssaryIo think o! movcmcnI viIhouI Ihc support o! an invariablc
substancc IhaI is posiIcd as undcrIyiny alI bccominy, vhIc icIzschc is
insisIcnI IhaI IoycaI-mcIaphyscaI postuIaIcs, such as thc bcIiclin subsIancc,
arc thc rcsuII o!our habit o! IrcaIiny aII our dccds as conscqucnccs o! our
viII in vhich thc cyo is proIccIcd !rom vanishiny n Ihc 'muIIipIiciIy o!
chnc' (cumprc hcIzschc 6 NccIiun scc Isu NccIiuHs ,
5 I 5I 6; and I 97: 5ccIion 35.Jhc nIcIIcct schcmaIizcs in ordcr Io imposc
upon Ihc chaos iI cncounIcrs thc dcyrcc o! rcyuIariIy and uni!ormiIy thaI Is
pracIicaI nccds rcquirc. Jhcrc!orc, Ihc 'mcaniny' o! our knovIcdyc,
icIzschc insisIs, s Io bcapproachcd n ' a sIricI and narrov anIhropOccnIrc
and bioIoycaI scnsc'. In ordcr !or a ccrIain spccics Io mainIan iIscI! and
incrcasc iIs !ccIiny ol povcr ovcr Ihc vorld iI is ncccssary IhaI I dcvclop a
conccption o! caIculabIc and consIanI rcaI ty in ordcr Io cstabIish a schcma
o! bchaviour on I (icIzschc I 968. 5ccIon 80) In!ormny Ihc dcvcIopmcnI
c! cur 'cr_ans c! knovlcdyc`, thcrc!crccr_ans that havc cvoIvcd n tcrms
o! thcir !ormation Ihrouyh a cuIIurc o! cxtcrnaI Icchnicsis Ihc `uIiIIy o!
prcscrvatcn' (ibid..
o briny inIo pIay a di!lcrcnI knd o! inIcIIiycncc is !or Oclcuzc Io
inIroducc Ihc 'criIicaI' cIcmcnI ntc ph!cscphy IhaI viII cnablc us to yo
bcyond Ihc human condiIon and Io vidcn Ihc canvas ol iIs cxpcrcncc. I is
ntutcn vhch al!cvs ths crtca! tcndcncy tc cxprcss tsc!! thrcu_h Ivo
proccdurcs. thc dscovcry o! di!!crcnccs in knd and Ihc !ormuIaIion o!
criIcria !or di!!crcnIiaIiny bcIvccn Iruc and !aIscprobIcms. Uut aI Is poinI
Ihinys ycI cvcn morc compIcx. This is !or scvcraI rcasons. ThouyhI can onIy
movc bcyond duaIisms in thc acIiviIy ol Ihcir consIruction cxIcnsiIy and
i nIcnsiIy, spacc and Iimc, maIIcr and mcmory, nsIincI and inIcIIiycncc, cIc.).
5ccond, i! inIuiIion is Io bc conccivcd as a mcthod vhich procccds via
divisionIhc division o a composiIc nto dicrcnccs o!kinds Ihis noIIo
dcny thaI rcaiIy is, n acI madc up o! composIcs and mixturcs o! a
inds or Bcryson, OcIcuzc aryucs, Ihc cruciaI lacIor is Io rccoynizc IhaI iI
is noI thinys IhaI di!cr in kndbuIrathcrIcndcncics a Ihiny in iIscI!andi n
iIs Iruc naIurc is thc cxprcssion o! a Icndcncy bc!orc bciny Ihc c!ccI o! a
causc' (Oclcuzc I 956:83; l997.). In oIhcr vords, vhaI di!lcrs in naIurc arc
noI thinys thcir sIaIcs cr Irats) buI Ihc Icndcncy Ihnys posscss !or chanyc
and dcvcIopmcnI. A smpIc di!!crcncc ol dcyrcc vouId dcnoIc Ihc corrccI
26
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JHE O!!EKECE O! BEKSOl
sIaIuso!Ihinys thcy couldbcscparaIcd !rom Ihcirtcndcncics or cryson
Ihc tcndcncy is primary noI simpIy n rcIaIion Io iIs product buI rathcr in
rclaIion Io Ihc causcs o! productions i n Iimc, `causcs aIvays bciny
rcIroacIivcIy obIaincd sIartny from Ihc producI iIscIf' (bd. . Any
composiIc, Ihcrc!orc, nccds Iobcdividcdaccordiny IoquaIiIaIivc Icndcncics.
Ayain, this brinys Bcrysonism cIosc Io anI's IransccndcnIaI anaIysis, yoiny
bcyond cxpcricncc as yivcn and constiIuIiny iIs condiIions o! possibiIiIy.
ovcvcr, Ihcsc arc noI condiIions of aIl possbIc cpcricncc buI of 'rcaI`
cxpcricncc (thc cxpcricncc o! i n!crior and supcrior duraIons). houyhI
movcs bcyond cxpcricncc, incIudny thc cxpcricncc o! consciousncss, but
onIy cvcr n a dirccIion that is dravn !rom cxpcricncc iIscI! Vc musI
apprcciaIc Ihc ndissoIubIc characIcr o! OcIcuzc` s 'IransccndcnIaI
cmpircism' vhich aims Io arIicuIaIc Ihis doubIc movcmcnt, proyrcssiny
IhouyhI Io Ihc poinI vhcrc iI is, uncannIy, abIc Io Ihink a 'prc pcrccption
idcnIicI Iu Ihc WhuIc u! mIIcr' nd `purc mcmury idcHIicI Iu Ihc IuIIiIy
o! thc pasI' (Oclcuzc 966. 78; 988.27.
OcIcuzc spcaks o! Bcrysonsm as a mcIhod IhaI sccs Io rcvcaI Ihc
'pccuIiariIics' ol rcaI cxpcricncc thc cxpcricncc o! duraIion). n ordcr Io
broadcn Ihc ficld of Ihis cxpcicncc, indccd Io opcn up Ihis cxpcricncc, vc
cannoI rcsIricI phIosophy Io Ihc un!oIdiny ol conccpIs sincc conccpts,
OcIcuzc aryucs n hi s 966 vork, onIy dc!nc Ihc condIion o! possibIc
cxpcicncc in ycncraI I is Ihus ncccssary Io yo bcyond conccpIs and Io
dcIcrminc thc condiIions o! cxpcricncc i n `purc pcrccpIs'. l coursc, such
pcrccpts must bc uniIcd in a conccpI buI such a conccpI viII bc modcIIcd on
Ihc Ihny itscI!. IIimaIcIy, Ihc Iask,pcrhaps Ihc mosI di!!cuII olalI OcIcuzc
as rcadiIy acknovIcdycs s Io idcnIify Ihc sufficicnIrcasonofIhccomposiIc.
his poinI can onIy bc undcrsIood by apprcciaIiny Ihc cxIcnt to vhich oncc
Ihc 'Iurn' has bccn madcIhc Iu in cpcricncc'Ihc lincs Ihat divcryc
and Ihc Icndcncics vhich di!!cr i n kind Ii nk IoycIhcr ayain and yivc rsc Io
Ihc Ihny as vc comc Io knov iI. Bcyond Ihc Iurn, thcrcforc, Ihc Iincs
intcrsccI oncc ayain but noIaIIhc `ponI' !rom vhich Ihcy sIartcd buI raIhcr
aI a 'virIuaI poinI' 'Jurn and rcIurn. OuaIism i s Ihcrc!orc onIy a momcnI,
vhich musI Icad Io Ihc rc-!ormaIion o! a monism' (ibid.. 20, 29). hs, i n
shorI, i sonc o! Ihc principaI clcmcnts o! Ucryson` s 'supcrior cmpiricism' (a
Icrm OcIcuzc borrovs !rom 5chclIny and appIics Io Bcryson; on Ihc rcIaIion
bcIvccn Ucryson and chciny scc crcau-onIy 988.l46 l99.88
ovcoy l I ). I !Ihc conditions o! cxpcricncc can, n ct, bc yraspcd i n
Icrms o! an nIuiIon I i sbccausc Ihcy arc no broadcr Ihan Ihc condiIons o!
rcaI' cxpcricncc.
cntraI Io Ihis vIaI cmpiricism is an atIack on mcchansm, !or iI i s
mcchanism thaI rcpcaIcdly invokcs a spaIaIizcd modcI o! Imc vhich
prohibiIs i I!rom yaininyinsiyhIinIorcaIiIyo!duraIion andinvcnIion. n Ihc
mcchanisIic modcI bcinys arc rcprcscnIcd soIcly in Icrms of dicrcnccs of
dcyrcc (posiIion, dimcnsion, and proportion). I is mcchanism thaI n!orms,
27
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JHE O!!EKECE O! BEKSOl
conIcnds OcIcuzc, modcrn cvoIuIonism IhaI posits a uniIincar modcI IhaI
movcs from onc I i vi ny sysIcm Io anoIhcr via simpIc nIcrmcdiarics,
IransIons, and variaIionso!dcyrcc. !cvcryIhiny simplcaIcd in Icndcncics
Ihcn movcmcnI can bc said to bcprimary ovcvcr, rcaIiIy is aIvays doubIc,
invoIviny a di!!crcncc bcIvccn Ivo ordcrs o! di!!crcncc. Thc rcaI is boIh IhaI
vhich i s cuI ouI (:e Jccue) accordiny to naIuraI arIicuIaIions and
dif!crcnccs o! knd uuJ, aI Ihc samc Iimc, IhaI vhich inIcrsccIs ayain :e
reccue) aIony paIhs IhaI convcryc Iovard a virIuaI poinI. I I is Ihc virIuaI
vhich aIIovs for divcrycncc and convcrycncc. Thc virIuaI sIipuIaIcs Ihc
dynamic and invcntivc conditions o! possbiIiIy o! cvoIuIon as a crcaIivc
proccss, as thc opcn systcmur ecellence.Vc shaII aIIcmpI Io dcIcrminc Ihc
characIcro!Ihis virIuaI n somc dcIaiI shorIly. Bc!orc doiny so it sncccssary
Io say somcIhiny en tte about Ihc rcIaIion bcIvccn nIuiIion and duraIion
i nBcryson.
DU0D uDU 0U80D
nIuiIion is not duraIion, buI raIhcr Ihc movcmcnI by vhich IhouyhIcmcrycs
!rom iIs ovn duraIion and yains insiyhI inIo Ihc d!fcrcnc o! oIhcr duraIions
viIhin and ouIsidc iIscI! t boIhprcsupposcs duraIion, as Ihc rcaIiIy in vhich
iI dvcIIs, buI it aIso sccks Io Ihink iI. Io Ihink inIuiIivcIy is Io Ihin i n
duraIion' (Bcryson I 965:). ViIhouI iniIion as a mcIhod duraIion vouId
rcmain !or us a mcrcIy psychoIoyical cxpcricncc and vc vouId rcmain
prisoncrs o! Ihc yivcn, o! vhat is yivcn Io us. Ths is vhy noI Io Ihin
di!!crcnccs of kinddi!!crcnccs IhaI onIy duraIion can acccss !or uss !or
OcIcuzc Io bcIray phiIosophy. n!ormny OcIcuzc's Bcrysonism !rom Ihc
sIarI, thcrc!orc, is a phiIosophicaI crIquc o! Ihc ordcr o! nccd, acIion, and
socicty thaI prcdcIcrmnc us Io rcIain a rcIaIionship viIh Ihinys only Io Ihc
cxIcnI IhaI Ihcy saIis!y our inIcrcsI, and o! Ihc ordcr o! ycncraI idcas IhaI
prcvcnI us !rom acquiriny a hyhcr human naIurc. OcIcuzc insists Ihat no
di!!crcnccs i n knd or naturc can bc IocaIcd cxccpI i nduration. OuraIion s
boIhIhc toIaIiIy` and Ihc 'muIIipIiciIy` o! such di!!crcnccs.Jhcdi!!crcncc o!
ind s noI bcIvccn duraIion and spacc, buI soIcIy viIhin duraIion, simpIy
bccausc spacc is hcId Io bc a quanIiIaIivc homoycncIy. o iIIuminaIc Ihc
di!!crcncc o! kind invoIvcd n duraIon, and to shov hov Ihcrc comcs nIo
bciny spcc!ic knds o! duraIion, incudny supcror oncs, vc can yivc Ihc
banaI cxamplc, choscn by Bcryson and also Ircatcd by OcIcuzc, o a Iump o
suyar. ! such a ump s yraspcd socly n Icrms o! Is spaIial oryanizaIon
Ihcn onIy diffcrcnccs o! dcyrcc bcIvccn iI and any oIhcr Ihiny viII bc
rcvcaIcd. ovcvcr, I can bc approachcd as an obccI IhaI cnjoys a spccic
rhyIhm o! duraIion, in vhich iIs vay o! bciny Iimc` is rcvcaIcd, i n parI, i n
Ihc proccss o! dssoIviny. crc Ihc suyar shovs iIscI! Io bc boIh a di!!crcncc
of kind and Io ycncraIc an inIcrnaI diffcrcncc (Io di!!cr from IscI!) Thc
'subsIancc' o! a subccI, such as Ihc cubc o! suyar, consisIs i n its
28
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JHE O!!EKECE O! BEKSOl
parIcpaon n duraIion. Jhc acI o! viIncssiny Ihc suyar dissoIvny aIso
rcvcaIs dffcrcnI kinds of duraIions thaI havc thcir ovn rhyIhms, incIudiny
myovnandIhosc nthnys around mc. OuraIion can, Ihcrc!orc, bc conccivcd
as Ihc 'cnvironmcnI' of diffcrcnccs in kind.
NcrIcau-lonIy's rcadinyo!Bcryson s,ayain, aIso hcIp!uI onIhcsc points.
c noIcs IhaI for Bcryson many IradiIionaI qucsIons of phiIosophy, such as
`Vhy havc bccn born', Vhy isIhcrcsomcIhiny raIhcr Ihan nothiny`, and
'ov can knov anyIhiny', can bc hcId Io bc paIhoIoyicaI` n Ihc scnsc
IhaI Ihcyre:uc:e a subjccIaIrcady insIalIcd in bciny, IhaI is, Ihcy arc Ihc
qucsIions o! a doubIcr vho no Ionycr novs vhcIhcr hc has cIoscd Ihc
vindov NcrIcau-lonIy I988.I2). A sIricIIy 'posiIivc` phiIosophy, Ihcrcforc,
noIcs crlcau-onIy, vlI not aim Io 'rcsoIvc` classicaI problcms, buI rathcr
`dissoIvc' Ihcm ovcvcr, Ncrlcau-lonIy i s riyhI Io strcss IhaI Bcryson' s
ncv approach docs noI simpIy aim Io piI nuIon ayainsI Ihc nIcIIccI and
Iuc, ur spirI iHsI mIIcr, Hd Iilc iHsI mcchHsm. Hcrc hs
advcrsarics havc misscd thc poinI', sincc in Bcryson's posiIivc phiIosophy'
Ihc ncyativc bcyins to rcappcar' and, as i I docs so, is proyrcssvcIy
a!irmcd' I J). II s noI, morcovcr, a qucsIion o! absorpIon inIo bciny, o!
Iosiny oncscl!in I, buIo!bciny `transccndcd' by I. NcrIcau-lonIycprcsscs
iI in hcIp!uI Icrms as !oIIovs. I s noI ncccssary !or him Ihc phiIosophcr Io
yo ouIsidc himscIf in ordcr Io rcach Ihc thnys IhcmscIvcs hc is soIiciIcd or
haunIcdby thcm !rom vIhin` ( I 4l 5).An cyo IhaIfnds IscIf `inJuree' can
onIy yraspanoIhcrbciny nIhc!orm o! `anothcrJurein vhich Ihcrc is `an
infinity of possibIc Jree:' ( 5). Thc sinyular naturc` of Ihc Juree IhaI
makcs uponc`s manncr o!bciny is aIso mpIicaIcd in a univcrsaI dimcnsion`
in vhich vhaI isconsidcrcd Io bc 'infcrior` and supcrior` Io us 'sIiII rcmains
in a ccrIain scnsc, inIcrior Io us
,
bid. !or campIc, as in myrcIaIion Io
Ihc dissoIviny suyar as I vaiI for a yIass of suyar vaIcr). NcrIcau-lonIy is
abIc Io dcclarc, Ihcrc!orc, thaI vhcn onc is aIIhc sourcc` o!onc`sJure onc
is aIso aI Ihc hcarI of Ihinys', simpIy bccausc Ihcy arc Ihc advcrsiIy vhich
macs us vaiI' Thus, Ihc rcIaIion o! Ihc phiIosophcr Io bciny is noI IhaI o!
spcctaIor and spccIaclc buI invoIvcs a spcciaI ind o! compIiciIy, 'an obIiquc
and cIandcsIinc rcIaIionship' ibd.) hc rcIaIionship bcIvccn our Jure and
IhaI o! Ihinys is noI onc o! coincidcncc buI o! co-cxisIcncc` , iI is a kind o!
`nonidcnIiIy' in Adorno's scnsc, as vhcn crIcau-lonIy vriIcs, in rcyard Io
Ucryson, othc pcbbc
VcarcnoI Ihs pcbbc, buIvhcn vc ookaI I, iI avakcns rcsonanccs n
our pcrccpIivc apparaIus; our pcrccption appcars to comc from it. ThaI
i s Io say our pcrccpIion o! Ihc pcbbIc i s a kind o! promotion Io
conscious) csIcncc !or iIscI!; it is our rccovcry o! Ihis muIc Ihiny,
vhich !rom Ihc Iimc iI cnIcrs our Ii!c, bcyins Io un!oId its implcit
bciny vhich s rcvcaIcd Io iIscI!Ihrouyh us.
( I 988.I7
29
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JHE O!!EKECE O! BEKSOl
nIuIon, Ihcrc!orc, caIIs !orth a dcvcIopmcnI IhaI contains a doublc
rcfcrcncc to Ihc muc bciny Io vhich iI is rcIaIcd and Io Ihc 'IracIabIc
mcaniny' IhaI is dcrivcd !rom iI. his is vhy !or NcrIcau-lonIy thc
cpcricncc of a concordancc' bcIvccn duraIions amounIs to a reoJin, IhaI
is, Ihc arI o! yraspiny a mcaniny in a sIyIc bcforc iI has bccn put inIo
conccps& & & rhe rhin irxel} s Ihc vrIuaI focaI poinI of Ihcsc convcrycnI
!ormulaIions' I92). This is aIso vhy, in a truIy asIuIc nsyhI, crIcau
onIy characIcrizcs Ihc inIcrnaI movcmcnI of Bcrysonism' n Icrms o! a
dcvcIopmcnI !rom a phiIosophy o! prcssi on' Io a philosophy o!
prcssion'. hiIosophy thus cnoys a pccuIiar sIranycncss ncvcrcnIrcIy i n
Ihc vorId and yct ncvcrcompIcIcIy ouIsidc iI.
Jhc Iranshuman' cIcmcnI o! duraIion consists in Ihc povcr iI has Io
cncompass Iscl!. VhaIis mcanI by this hc poinI rc!crs Io Ihosc ' incrior'
and 'supcrior' duraIions IhaI Ucryson' s phIosophy sccks Io opcn us up Io.
LcIcuzc iHsisIs~H Ihc cunIcxI u! discussiuH u! BcrsuH nd EinsIcin un
IimcIhaI I is noI a ucsIion o! askny vhcIhcr Iimc is onc or many buI
rathcr o! asiny a!Icr Ihc kind o! muItipIiciIy IhaI is pccuIiar to Ihc sinyIc,
univcrsaI, impcrsonaI imc'.cI us Iakc Ihc cxampIc o!a IripIiciIy o!!Iuxcs
conIaincd in siIIiny on Ihc bank o!a rvcr Ihc !Ioviny o! Ihc vaIcr, Ihc !IiyhI
o! a bird, and Ihc murmur o! my Ii!c passiny by dccp viIhin. crc my
duraIion is an clcmcnt o!thc !Iuxcs IakinypIaccand conIains Ihc oIhcrs in a
co-cxstcncc Tvo o! Ihc !luxcs can onIy bc said Io bc simuIIancous or
cocxstcn to Ihc cxtcnI thaI thcy arc invoIvcd in a Ihird. I is, hovcvcr, my
duraIion IhaI has Ihc povcr Io dsclosc oIhcr duraIions, cncompassiny Ihcm
as vcII as itscI!ad in!iniIum. AIIhouyh acccss sprovdcd Io othcrdurations,
boIh infcrior and supcrior, OcIcuzc docs acknovIcdyc IhaI Ihcsc duraIions
`rcmain intcrnaI Io my ovn' ( l966.8I ; I988 8I).
hc ponI bciny madc conIra insIcin and cIaIiviIy sIhat duraIion is a
`virIuaI muIIpliciIy' IhaI has a spcciaI modc o! divsion and a spccial kind
o! co-cxsIcncc cIcmcnIs Iha di!fcr inkind arc dividcd andIhcsccIcmcns
cxsI onIy Io Ihc cxIcnI IhaI Ihc division is carricd ouI in an acIualizaIion
(vhich Iakcs placc vhcn Ihc virIuaI sIops). Jhc dvisions o! a virIuaI
duraIion vhich dicr in kindsuch as !or cxampIc, Ihc racc o! AchiIIcs
and Ihc IorIoisc inIhc !amous paradox ofcnocan onIy bc 'Iivcd' in Ihc
pcrspccIivc o!a sinyIcImc.hc di!!crcnccs hcrc conccrn Ihc dcrcnccs o!
rcaxaton and conIracIion IhaI communicaIc n ths snyc tmc. hcsc
dcrcnccs bcIony Io Ihc virIuaIiIy IhaI cncompasscs Ihcdi!crcnccs in kind
and vhch s acIuazcd n Ihcm. hc rccoynIion o an innIy o acIua
!Iuxcs docs noI ruIc ouI Ihcrc bciny a monism o! timc buI acIuaIIy
prcsupposcs iI. Jhc convcrsc praxis can onIy bc Io spaIiaIzc Iimc and so
Iosc insyht into Ihc kind o! knovIcdyc IhaI Bcryson is Iryiny Io producc,
namcIy, o! Ihc virtuaI muIIipIiciIics IhaI mpIy a sinyIc timc in vhich
communicaIion o! hc hcIcroycncous is possibIc. Thc caIcuIaIions o! Ihc
physicisI acIuaIIy prcsupposc a sinyIc univcrsaI Iimc. or cxampIc, vhcn iI
3U
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JHE O!!EKECE O! BEKSOl
is said Ihat Ihc Iimc o! cIcr s cxpandcd or conIracIcd aI thc poinI vhcrc
Iau! s !ccatcd, ths dccs nct cxprcss vhat s !vcd by lau! vhc sccs
cvcryIhiny !rom his parIicuIar poinI o! vicv and has no rcason Io
cxpcrcncc thc tmc that c!apscs vthn h m and arcund h m any d!!crcnt!y
!rom lcIcr. Thc physicist absoIuIizcs Ihc vicv o! lauI by aIIributny to him
thc ma_c Ictcr !crms c! hs (Iau!'s) tmc, assumn_ that hc s thc sgcctatcr
o!Ihc cnIrc vorId. NcrIcauonIy conIcnds thaI Ihc physicsI s yuiIIy hcrc
c! dcn_ vhat thc ph!cscphcr s sc c!tcn accuscd c!, makn_ a myth c!
Iimc (NcrIcau-lonIy I964c: I96 and comparc Oclcuzc'sIrcaImcnI o!lcIcr
and auI in l966845; l988 834. ! is on this poinIvhaI is Ihc Iimc o!
claIivIyIhaI Bcryson aryucs vc nccd Io bc morc insIcnian Ihan
insIcn.
AIIhouyh Ihc ordcr o! spacc, conccivcd indcpcndcnIIy ol duraIionaI
movcmcnI and quaIiIaIivcchanyc, is an iIIusion, it is noIyroundcd simply in
uur nIurc buI rIhcr in Ihc nIurc u! IhiHs. NIIcr is. in cIuIiIy, sys
OcIcuzc, IhaI 'aspccI by vhich Ihinys prcscnt IhcmscIvcs Io cach oIhcr and
Io us in tcrms o d!!crcnccs in dcyrcc. To ths cxIcnI, vc can say thaI iI s
cxpcricncc vhich yivcs us compositcs. NaIIcr iIscI!prcscnIs a poinI o!vicv
or pcrspccIvc on sIaIcs o!Ihnys IhaI prcvcnts Ihccxpcricncco!dicrcnccs
in kind. Jhc iIIusion, Ihcrc!orc, is noI mcrcIy Ihc cxprcsson o! a dc!icicncy
in our naIurc buI ariscs !rom Ihc actuaI vorId IhaI vc inhabI. Jhis cxpIains
vhy !or OcIcucIcIasko!Bcrysonism is noI simpIy onco!cominy up viIh
a ncv psychoIoyy olIimc but must, insIcad, bc onc o! articuIaIiny a compIcx
cntc!c_y cr an cntc!c_y c! thc ccmp!cx. Vc arc nct smp!y cau_ht n subcct-
objccIrcIaIions thaI arc Ihc rcsuII o!Ihc IimitaIions o!our knovIcdyc raIhcr,
rclcatcns arsc !rcm ouI c! thc tcndcncy c! thc rca! tscl!, n thc vcry tcrms
o! iIs cvoluIon, Io procccd vi a di!!crcnccs ol dcyrcc. or Bcryson
ph!cscphy, as thc vccatcn c! thc cvcrhuman, must assumc a vclcnt !crm,
doiny vioIcncc Io boIh scicnIi!ic practicc and Io Ihc habits o! Ihc mind
Sccncc s nct, hcvcvcr, tc bc dcmctcd tc thc status c! a mcrc!y rc!atvc
knovIcdyc, bccominy IiIIIc morcIhan a symbolc dscipIincIhaIprocccdsvia
a quas-Oarvinian principlco!succcssIhrouyh IcsIso!!itncss; raIhcr, scicncc
is gart o! Ihc onIoloyy o! Ihc compIcx. To aIIov Ihc scicncc o! IhouyhI Io
makc conIacI viIh thc scicncc o! Ihc cxpcricncc o!duraIion is Io rc-cnIcr Ihc
absoluIc and Io yo 'bcyond' Ihc human condiIion as Ihc pcculiar and sinyuIar
pracIcc o!philosophy.
Oclcuzc aIvays strcsscs thc mporIancc !or Bcryson o! thc enricu
characIcr o! Ihc cun viruI, dcnoIiny Ihc acI IhaI is boIh rca and concrcIc
his can onIy bc dcmonsIratcd, hovcvcr, Io Ihc cxIcnI IhaI vc yo bcyond a
ycomcIricaI dc!iniIon o! inIuiIion. Jhis prcsupposcs a critiuc o!
`inIcIIiycncc' , Ihc maIIcr o! vhich vc shaII cxpIorc in somc dctaiI bcIov.
nIcIIiycncc commcnccs !rom Ihc immobiIc and sccks Io rcconsIrucI
movcmcnI by juxIaposiny mmob!tcs. Ths is bccausc t s conccrncd,
abovc aII, vith sIaIic Ihinys, invhichchanycisvicvcdasaccidcnIaI and as a
3 I
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JHE O!!EKECE O! BEKSOl
suppIcmcnIary dimcnsionIobcmcrcIy addcdtoIhcm. InIcIIiycncc, Ihcrc!orc,
cuIs ouI o! Ihc (vrIual) vhoIcouI o! a bccomnya Ihiny and makcs o!
Ihis Ihiny a subsIituIc !or Ihc vhoIc. n Ihis modcI Ihc ncv is aIvays trcaIcd
as simpIy a ncv arranycmcnI o! prc-cxisIiny cIcmcnIs. ov Bcryson is !uIIy
avarc o! Ihc dccpIy paradoxicaI characIcro! his aIIcmpt Io Ihink Ihc rcaI `in
duraIion', namcly IhaI IhouyhI must aIvays uIIic Ianyuayc and, as such, iI
viIl !ind IscIl Iodycd in conccpIs IhaI havc a Icndcncy to hardcn and
conycal, such as, hc noIcs, 'duraIion, quaIiIaIivc or hcIcroycncous
muIIipIicity, unconsciousncsscvcn dicrcnIaIion` (Bcryson I965.5). is
rcsponsc is Io appcaI Io anoIhcr cncounIcr vith Ihc cIariIy o!Ihinkiny c
conIcnds IhaI a conccpI o!inIclIccIuaI oryin is alvays `immcdiaIcIy cIcar',
vhiIc IhaI vhich sprinys !rom nIuiIion bcyins by bciny obscurc and iI
rcmains obscurc Io IhccxIcnI IhaI iIcneI: us Io Ihink bcyond ourordinary
conccption. Jhc problcm viIh Ihc inIcIIccI is thaI on account o! Is
cuHsIiIuIiuH I IWys dcsircs Iu scc iH Ihc HcW sumcIhin u! Ihc uId, Hd iH
Ihis vay it !ccIs iIscI! sccurc sincc iI is on yround IhaI is !amIiar Io iI.
ovcvcr, hc proposcs Ihat Ihcrc s anoIhcr kindo!cxpcricncc o!cIariIy and
Io vhich vc !rccly submit vhcn vc undcryo Ihc cxpcricncc o! Imc as iI
inc:e: it:e]ucn us. This is Ihc cIariIy o! Ihc `radicaIIy ncv' IhaI is morc
Ihan a mcrc rcasscmbliny olcxstiny cIcmcnIs. IniIiaIIy, our rcsponsc to ths
radicaIIy ncv miyhIbc Io dcclarc Ihat iI is ncomprchcnsibIc uIaIIhouyh iI
sIrkcs us iniIialIy as obscurc vc discovcr, by undcryoiny a ncv knd o!
Ihinkiny, IhaI iI aIso `dissipaIcs` obscuritics and problcms vhch sccm Io us
insupcrabIc dissoIvc ciIhcrbydisappcariny orbyprcscnIiny IhcmscIvcsIous
in a dil!crcnI manncr.
Bcryson insisIs IhaI hs mcIhod o! ntuiIion conIains no dcvaIuaIion o!
inIcIiycncc but raIhcr a dctcrminaIon o! iIs spcci!ic !aciIIy ! inIuiIion
Iransccnds nIcIIiycncc Ihis is onIy on accounI o! Ihc !act IhaI iI s
intcIlycncc vhich in Ihc rsI insIancc yvcs iI thc `push' Iorisc bcyond, so
IhaI viIhouI I inIuition vouId rcman vcddcd cnIircIy Io insIncI and Ihus
rivcIcd Io Ihc particuIar objccIs ol iIs pracIcaI intcrcsIs. I is cIcar, pcrhaps,
IhaI conIaincd viIhin Ihc mcthod o!inIuiIion is an 'cIhics' o!IhouyhI. Jhs s
an cIhics IhaI is boIh human and supcr- or ovcrhuman. Vhy is Ihis Bcryson
sccks Io shov this poinI by compariny Ihc natural pcrccpIion o! Ihc cyc,
vhich Iooks upon thc !caIurcs o!Ihc liviny bciny as thouyh Ihcyvcrc mcrcIy
asscmbcd as opposcd Io bcny muIuay oryanzcd, vIh thc cyc o!Ihc arIist
vhich s abIc Io cxposc Ihc `inIcntion o! li!c', namcIy IhaI Ihcrc is a
movcmcnI Ihrouyh Ihc divcrycnI lincs o! i!c IhaI binds Ihcm IoycIhcr and
yivcs Ihcm siyni!icancc. By an c!lorI o! inIuiIion and throuyh sympaIhy viIh
Ihinys IhcmscIvcs Ihc arIisI is abIc Io brcak dovn Ihc barricr Ihat spacc
crcaIcs bcIvccn Ihc inIcIIccI and Ii!c in duraIion. ovcvcr, Ihc IimiIaIion o!
modcrn arI is IhaI iI conccrns only an individuaI. or ths rcason i I i s
ncccssary Io conccivc o!an acIiviIy IhaI i sIurncd n Ihc samc drccIion asarI
but vhich is abIc Io takc Ii!c 'in ycncraI' as iIs pccuIiar objccI. Jhis is Ihc
32
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JHE O!!EKECE O! BEKSOl
spccilic Iask o! phiIosophy and is cnIrcIy di!!crcnI !romIhouyh noI
opposcd tothaI ofscicncc, vhich takcs up Ihc uIliIarian vanIayc poinI of
cxtcrnaI pcrccpIion and proIonys indvduaI lacIs inIo ycncraI lavs. n
cuIIivaIiny thc mcIhod of inIuiIon phiIosophy may scrvc Io shov IhaI Iifc
docs noI !iI inIo Ihc catcyorics o! Ihc onc and Ihc many, IhaI it is Ihc
movcmcnI of dffcrcncc in its scIf-diffcrcnIiaIon (this docs noI dcnoIc any
oriyinary pIcniIudc, thouyh iI nccds Io bc Iinkcd up viIh Ihc noIion o!Ihc
virIual to dcmonsIratc this, vhich s vhat vc arc abouI Io do), and IhaI
nciIhcr mcchancaI causaliIy nor lnaIity arc abIc Io providc an adcquaIc
inIcrprcIaIion o! Ihc viIaI movcmcnIs o! a virIuaI and actuaI proccss o!
crcaIvc cvoIuIion.
hc 'cIhicaI` charactcr o!Ihis mcIhod o!phiIosophy rcsidcs, Ihcrc!orc, n
Ihc cuIIivaIion o! a 'sympaIhcIic communicaIion` thaI iI sccks Io csIabIish
bcIvccn Ihc human and thc rcsI o! Iivny macr(crIcau-onty is onc o!Ihc
!cW cOmmcHIaIOrs IO HOIc IhuI uH `cIhics H!Orms Ihc cHIircIy O! BcrsOn's
Ihinkiny, 988: 3 2. By cxpandiny consciousncss 'iI nIroduccs us inIo
Ii!c` s ovn doman, vhich is ccipocaI nIcpcncIraIion, cndlcssIy conIinucd
crcaIion`(BcrgscH 962:79; 983:78).
D8l 5 d0I8l0u
hc lmc 0lhc rrlu0I
or OcIcuzc Ihc Bcrysonian rcvoluIion consisIs noI in Ihc banaI cIaim IhaI
duraIion is subjccIivc, buI raIhcr in Ihc morc dcmandiny and compclIiny
cIaim IhaI subjcctiviIy bclonys Io Iimc. This non-chronoIoyicaI Iimc IhaI
consIIuIcs our nIcroriIy s ncccssarIy a Iimc o! cxccss in rcIation Io Ihc
subjccI, an insiyhI IhaI paIIy in!orms OcIcuzc` s claim IhaI vc cannot ovn
our subjccIiviIy n Icrms o! somc !ixcd and sccurc propcrIy: '5ubjccIivity s
ncvcr ours, iI is Iimc, IhaI is_ Ihc souI or Ihc spiiI, Ihc virIuaI` (Oclcuzc
98: lU l ; l989:823). As a modcrn phiIosophcr cryson is novcI noI
bccausc hc docs not acccpI thc csIricIions pIaccd on Ihc phiIosophy o!
naIurc or Iilc by anI. is oriyinaIiIy rcsidcs in Ihc manncr n vhich hc
rcssIs anI hc conccpIions o! hOmoycncoUs spacc and Iimc thaI
characIcrizc modcrn Ihouyht arc nciIhcr propcrIics of thinys nor csscnIiaI
cOHdiIiOHs O! Our knOWIcdc O! Ihcm. KIhcr, Ihcy urIcuIuIc WhI BcrsOn
caIIs th 'dOubIe vOrK of sO:d:I:caI:On and d:V:sOn` !haI ve eIe.cI on Ihe
vorld'Ihc moviny conIinuiIy of thc rcaI`as a mcans o! obIaininy a
!uIcrum !or our acIon: Jhcy arc Ihc diayrammaIic dcsiyn o! our cvcnIuaI
acIion upon maIIcr` (Hcryson l959 23; l 99l 2l l . iKc cycI, Bcryson
makcs Ihc charyc Ihat anI`s opcrnican rcvoluIion hasthc cccI o!makiny
maIIcr and spiriI unknovablc. aviyaIiny a vay Ihrouyh and bcyond Ihc
poIcs o! mcIaphysical doymatsm (vhcIhcr mcchanism or dynamism) and
criIcaI phIosophy bccomcs ncccssary in ordcr Io dcmonstraIc thaI Ihc
33
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JHE O!!EKECE O! BEKSOl
`inIcrcsI' o!spacc andIimc is noI `spccuIaIivc' buI vitul (28 2 I2 scc aIso
Ihc discussion of anI a 259f!. 2Ul!.). This is vhy OcIcuzc inssts IhaI iI
vas imporIanI Io Bcryson Io dcmonsIraIc thc cntircIy cmpirical characIcr o!
Ihc lon viiol, IhaI is, as somcIhiny Iha is Iivcd. I viII Ihcn bccomc possibIc
Io yain an insyhI inIo Ihc ycrminal charactcr o!Ii!c in vhichIhc scparaIion
bcIvccn Ihinys, obccIs, and cnvironmcnIs is nciIhcr absoIuIcIy dc!iniIc nor
cIcar-cuI, !or Ihc cIosc soIidarIy vhich binds aIl Ihc objccIs o! Ihc maIcriaI
univcrsc, Ihc pcrpcIuaI iIy o! Ihcir rcciprocaI acIions and rcacIions, i s
su!!cicnt Io provc thaI Ihcy havc noI Ihc prccisc IimiIs vhich vcattrbuIc Io
Ihcm` (25; 2U9. anIian rcalism cannoI bc Iakcn as a soIuIon to Ihc
probIcm o! mcIaphysics and as consIiIuIiny a dccisivc posI-criIicaI brcak
simpIy bccausc iI has rascd homoycncous spacc as a barricr bcIvccn Ihc
intcIlccI and Ihinys viIhout rcaI phiIosophcaI !oundaIion.
Jhrouyhout his vork Ucryson pcr!orms an imporIanI criIiquc o! naIuraI
pcrccpIiun. Which is ml u! pcrccpIiun IhuI rcduccs Ihc ucIiViIy uHd
bccominy o! Ii!c (movcmcnI to a ccnIrcd subjccI o! pcrccpIion. cncc hc
vriIcs: 'Io pcrccivc consisIs in condcnsiny cnormous pcriods o! an inlniIcIy
diIuIcd cxisIcncc inIo a !cv morc di!!crcnIiatcd momcnIs o!an n Icnscr Ilc,
and in Ihis summiny up avcry Iony hsIoryo pcrccivc mcansto immobiIic'
(2; 2U8. oI onIy is Ihc bordcr bcIvccn an oryansm and Is cnvironmcnI
ncvcr cIcar-cuI, bciny aIvays porous and sympaIhcIic, buI so arc thc
boundarics vhich scparaIc and dvidc bodics 'thc cIosc soIidariIy vhich
binds aII Ihc objccIs ol Ihc maIcraI univcrsc, Ihc pcrpcIuaIity o! Ihcir
rcciprocaI acIions and rcacIons, is su!!icicnI to provc thaI Ihcy havc noI Ihc
prccisc IimiIs vhich vc aIIribuIc Io Ihcm' (2U9. Jruc cvoIuIionism' ,
Ihcrc!orc, musI assumc Ihc !orm ol a sIudy ol 'bccominy` Bcryson
I962:69 l98: U. uI Ihis rcquircs IhaI vc do noI !oIIov Ihc paIh o!
pcrccption vhich vouId rcducc an 'in!iniIc muIIipIicity o!bccominys' to Ihc
sinyIc rcprcscnIaIon o! a bccominy it: enerul` (U4 U4).
n Bcryson`s thinkny ol Iimc as duraIion Ihc cmphasis is on Is virIuaI
characIcr, n parIicuIar on Iimc's pasI vhich aIvays `yrovs vithouIccasiny'
and vhch posscsscs an in!iniIc capacity lor novcI rc-invcnIion. Ouration is
csscnIiaIIy Ihc `conInuaIon o! vhaI no Ionycr cxisIs nIo vhaI docs cxisI'
(Ucryson l965:49 I is n Ihis conIcxI IhaI hc ouIIincs his conccption o!
mcmory vhich s Io bc undcrsIood nciIhcr as a dravcr !or sIoriny Ihinys
avaynorsimplyas apsychooyca !acuIy o!rccoccIon. Vhcrcas a !acuIy
vorks onIy intcrmiIIcnIIy sviIchiny on and o as I pIcascs, Ihc rcaliIy o!Ihc
pasI i s a dccp and producIivc unconscious IhaI cvolvcs automaIicay
Ncmory (e :cuvenir) is noI nvoIvcd in rcprcscnIaIon, it cannoI bc said Io
rcprcscnI anyIhiny (i! vc musI spcak o! iI as a rcprcscntation OcIcuzc
suyycsIs thaI vc conccivc iI as a mcmory o! Ihc prcscnI and Ihc !uIurc)
(OcIcuzc l96:UU; l997:I7. Vc Ihus arrivc aI Ihc dc!iniIion IhaI duraIion
isIhc conIinuous proyrcss olIhc pasI vhich ynavs inIo thc!uIurcand vhich
svcIls as iI advanccs (cryson I962:; I98:. OuraIon invoIvcs a proccss
4
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JHE O!!EKECE O! BEKSOl
o! rcpcIiIion and di!!crcncc (cryson I 959: I 22; I 99I : I I I !!. ) . II i s
irrcvcrsibIc sincc 'consciousncss cannoI yo Ihrouyh Ihc samc satc Ivcc. Thc
circumsIanccs may sIiII bc Ihc samc, buI Ihcy vilI acI no Ionycr on Ihc samc
pcrson, sinccthcy fnd him aI a ncv momcnIofhishisIory' Bcryson I962 5
I98J:). vcn i! sIaIcs can bc rcpcaIcd and assumc thc characIcr o! bciny
idcnIicaI, Ihis is mcrcIy an appcarancc, so vc cannoI Iivc ovcrandovcrayain
a sinylc momcnI. hc !uIurc, vhich is impIicatcd in Ihc pasI's bccominy, s
boIh irrcvcrsibIc and un!orcsccabIc. Bcryson spcas hcrc o! aycnIs buI his
anaIyss can rcadiIy bccxtcndcd Io sysIcms ndccd, asOcIcuzc inssIs inhs
cssay on cryson. movcmcnt cannoI bc rcduccd Io a ucsIion o! mcrcIy
psycholoyicaI duration sincc iI bcIonys Io `Ihinys' as much as Io
consciousncss (OcIcuzc I 966.44, 76; I988:48. 76). orcovcr, duraIion is noI
!or Bcryson, OcIcuzc riyhIIy clams, rcducibIc Io psychoIoyicaI cxpcricncc,
but consIiIutcs Ihc 'variabIc csscncc o! Ihinys` and providcs Ihc Ihcmc !or a
cumpIcx uHIuIuy (27, 34) (uH mcmury iIscI! us u sysIcm prupcrIy IhuI is HuI
rcduciblc to thc synapIic mcchanisms ncccssary lor iIs csIabIishmcnI scc
dcIman I994:2J8)
ndccd, Ihis cmphasis by OcIcuzc on a compIcx onIoIoyy capIurcs a
cciaI aspcct o! Bcryson's Ihcory o! duraIion, onc IhaI Bcryson is kccn Io
cxplorc in his tcxI on nsIcin and rcIaIiviIy, Durniioit nnJinuIinneiiy. Jhc
kcy probIcm IhaI is in nccd ol an accounI and a dcmonsIraIion, hc sIatcs,
conccrns hov vc arc Io pass !rom thc 'inncrIimc` o!a pcrccivcd duration Io
Ihc `Imc o! Ihinys' ( I 965b: 45). ov is iI possbIc, !urIhcrmorc, and by
cIcnsion, Io comprchcnd Ihc duration of Ihc univcrsc', so as Io bc ablc Io
acccss IhaI ` impcrsonaI conscousncss' IhaI Iinks aIl individuaI
consciousncsscs and thcrcst ofnaIurc an onc advancc Ihc hypoIhcsis ofa
physicaI timc that s onc and univcrsaI Vc cannoI cxaminc Ihc compIcx
dcIaiIs of Bcryson` s aryumcnI hcrc, buI lcI us Iac coynizancc of onc poinI
hc makcs IhaIshcdsa ccrIain IiyhIon his usayc olIhcvord consciousncss'.
Bcryson apprcciaIcs IhaI usiny Ihc vord 'consciousncss' Io accounI !or thc
cndurancc ol Ihinys is lkcIy Io inducc an avcrsion n many rcadcrs simply
bccausc o! Is anthropomorphic aIIachmcHIs. is rcsponsc is Io aryucIhaI in
ordcr Ioconccivc o!duraIon iIis noI ncccssary toadopt onc`s ovn mcmory
and IransporI iI inIo Ihc inIcrior o! Ihc Ihiny. In Ihnkiny Ihc impcrsuHaI
characIcro!IhcconsciousncssIhaIbcIonysIo duraIion vcarcnot Io prcscrvc
Ihc pcrsonaI human characIcr o mcmory. buI raIhcr pursuc Ihc opposItc
coursc (4). Vc arc abIc Io Iink consciousncss viIh duraIion oncc vc
apprcciaIc IhaI pcrccvcd timc s also `conccivcd Imc.
Vc may aIso notc onc lurIhcr aspccI ol Bcryson` sconccpIion olduration,
vhich s thaI a bccominy' vhich !Iovs ouI o! prcvious lorms vhlc aIvays
addiny somcthiny ncv Io Ihcm docs noI cnIaiI a commiImcnI Io 5pinozism,
or whaI cryson Iakcs Io bc 5pinoza's conccpIion o! Ihc 'onc compIcIc
Bciny` vhich mani!csIs !orms. or Bcryson Ihis vouId bc to dcny `c!lccIivc
acIion' (nciioit ecnce) Io duration (cryson I962: J6l ; I98J:J62). Creniive
J5
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JHE O!!EKECE O! BEKSOl
Fvcluiicn rciIcraIcs a poinI cryson iniIiaIIy madc n 7ine onJIree WH , in
vhichhc aryucd IhaI boIh arIcsan physics and 5pinozisI mcIaphysics scck
Io csIabIish a rclaIon o!IoyicaI ncccssIy bcIvccn causc and c!!ccI and in so
dony 'do avay viIh acIvc duraIon' (Bcryson l9602089)
cryson's rclaIion Io 5pinoza, and Ihc cxtcnI o! Ihc a!liniIy bcIvccn
Bcrysonism and 5pinozism, is an immcnscIy compIicacd issuc vhch,
un!orIunaIcIy, cannoI bc cxpIorcd hcrc in any conccrtcd vay. shaII simpIy
noIc a !cv poinIs n his insIrucIivc sIudy o! Ihc ' I 960s' OcIcuzc, ichacI
ardI aryucs IhaI OcIcuzc approachcs Ihc opcniny ol 5pinoza's Fihic: as a
vay o! rcrcadiny cryson. prcscntiny thc prools o! Ihc cxistcncc o! od and
Ihc `sinyuIariIy` o!subsIancc in Icrms o! a mcdiIaIon on Ihc posiIivc naIurc
o! di!!crcncc (ardI I99J.60). c yocs !urIhcr and cIaims IhaI a common
onIoloyicaI yroundiny o! dil!crcncc can bc idcnIi!icd in Ihc Ivo Ihinkcrs.
Jhis has Ivo maor aspccIs: lirsI. nIcrnaI c!cicnI) causaliIy, in vhich Ihc
causc is inIcrnaI Iu iIs c!!ccI. and sccund `immcrsun iH Ih absuIuIc' (I ~2).
ovcvcr. hc ncvcr conIcnds vith Ihosc momcnIs n cryson' s IcxI vhcn an
onIoIoyicaI a!!iniIy viIh 5pnoza is cxpIicitIy rcpudiaIcd. lIis cIcar thaI!or
cryson duration is noI Io bc modcIIcd aIony Ihc Iincs o! a 5pinozism (Ihc
prccisc roIc o!c!!icicnI causaIiIy n 5pinoza's conccpIion o!od or naIurc s
iIscI! a hiyhIy compIicaIcd issuc, scc 5pinoza I956: arI , roposiIon I6,
orollary l and roposiIion I8). A principaI rcason in!orminy hisatIcmpI to
dstancc his conccpIion o! crcaIivc cvoIuIion as invoIviny duraon !rom
5pinozismmusI surcIy rcsidc in thc radicaIIy invcnIivc characIcr hc vshcs Io
yivc I. I nOcIcuzc`s I956 cssay on thc conccpIon ofdi!!crcncc in Bcryson
vc ind Ihc cmphasis bciny pIaccd noI on an c!!icicnI causaliIy, as ardI
mainIains buI raIhcr on Ihc manncr in vhich Bcryson Iransforms duraIion
into Ihconly conccivablc noIiono!subsIancc, hovcvcr sIranyc iImiyhI sccm
aI !irsI Io trcaI subsIancc in Icrms o! proccsscs and movcmcnIs rathcr Ihan
Ihinys and obccIs. As Ihc Icndcncy o! scI!-dicrcnIiaIion vhaI di!lcrs !rom
iIscI! is conIcnds OcIcuzc `inneJioiely thc unIy o! subsIancc and subjccI`
( I 96:89; I 99.8). ! dil!crcncc bccomcs vhaI iI is (scl!dicrcnIaIion) as
and throuyh duraIion, thcn Ihis can onIy mcan IhaI 'movcmcnI is no Ionycr
Ihc charactcr o! somcIhiny, buI has iIscI! Iakcn on a subsIanIial characIcr'
(ibid.)
crc OcIcuzc is simpIy rcmainny !aiIh!uI Io Bcryson's posiIion IhaI
chanyc isprmary n rcaIon Io Ihinys and has no nccd o!a supporI: here
ore ncveneni:, uui ihere i: nc it:eri cr invorioue cueci which ncve:
ncveneni Jce: ci inly u ncIie cryson !v65. !47). cncc hs
sccminyIy paradoxicaI aryumcnI IhaI Ihcrc is chanyc aIIhouyh Ihcrc arc noI
ihin: vhich chanyc. ndccd, in Ihc I 956 cssay OcIcuzc aryucs IhaI
cIcmcnIaI causcs csscnIially bcIony to Ihc domain o! quantiIy and, as vc
havc aIrcady noIcd, IhaI Ihc onIy 'Ihnys' vhich can bc said Io di!!cr in
naIurc arcnot sIaIcs or IraiIs o!Ihinys buIIcndcncics ThcIcndcncy is said Io
bc primary n rcIation Io boIh iIs product and causcs in Iimc, vhich arc
J6
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JHE O!!EKECE O! BEKSOl
rcIroacIivcIy obIaincd lrom Ihc producI iIscIl (OcIcuzc I956: 8J; I997:).
OcIcuc yivcs thc campIc of human and animal brains. lf considcrcd in
Icrms o! a producI Ihc human bran viII shov onIy a d!lcrcncc o! dcyrcc in
rcIaIion to Ihc animal brain. lfI s vcvcd in tcrms of iIs Icndcncy, hovcvcr,
i I viIl rcvcaI a di!!crcncc o! naIurc (Ihis sIands in markcd conIrasI Io
Oarvin`s consIruaI of Ihc issuc in Ihc De:cent c}Mon, vhcrc Ihc diffcrcncc
is Iakcn Io bc onc onIy o! dcyrcc, Oarvin I99J:J29J, J4!!. Ihc samc
appcars Io bc Iruc o!5pinoa i!vc considcrIhc d!crcncc bcIvccn Ihc !initc
modco!Ihchumanmind-bodyandIhaIo!an animaI, nvhichIhcdi!!crcncc
is onc ol dcyrcc o! compIcxiIyIhc !iniIc modc o! Ihc human su!!crs a
yrcaIcr array o! a!!ccIs in rcIaIion Io Ihc cnvironmcnI, scc ampshrc
I 98I :76). Jo ncyIccI Ihc movc bciny madc !rom causcs Io Icndcncics is, in
c!!ccI, Io rcducc di!!crcnccs o! naIurc Io di!!crcnccs o! dcyrcc and Io Iosc
siyhI o! Ihc invcnIivc characIcr o! duraIion vhich acIualzcs Iscl! onIy as
`nuvcIIy: `lndcIcrminIiun, unprcdicIbIIy, cunIiHcncy, Ii bcrIy IWys
siyni!y an indcpcndcncc in rclaIon Io causcs' (OcIcuzc I956. I I I ; I997:25;
and scc icIzschc 'conIra 5pinozaandhiscausaIism', I968 5ccIion 62). !
coursc, onc couId ycncrousIy rcad 5pinoza's subsIancc n such Icrms, buI
Ihcn onc vouId bc rcadiny him in Icrms of a Bcrysonism (forfurIhcr insiyhI
into Bcryson on subsIancc scc accy I99J: I 048). AI Ihc cnd o!Dperence
uuJKeetiticn OcIcuzc aryucs IhaI alI' thaI is rcquircd lor 5pinozismto Iurn
Ihc univocaI inIo an objccI o! purc affirmaIion is 'Io makc subsIancc turn
aroundmodcs' (OcIcuzc l968.J88; I 994:J04) (on Ihis cIcvaIion o!Ihc modcs
comparc cycI I995289; and for OcIcuc's rcadiny ofduraIon and cIcrniIy
i n 5pinoza as a `d!!crcncc o! naIurc' , scc OcIcuzc I 968: 289!!.;
I992 JI ff.).
ardI makcs Ihc Iurn Io c!!icicnI causaIiIy as hc vanIs Io undcrsIand hov
iI is thaI OcIcuc can posiI a diffcrcncc IhaI is abIc Io susIain iIs bciny, IhaI
is, as posiIivc and producIivc bciny d!!crcncc cannoI bc mcrcIy accidcnIaI,
vhich it vould bc i! it vas subccI Io mcrcIy cIcrnaI dctcrmnaIions or
causaIitics. is cIaim IhaI OcIcuzc docs noI criIicizc causaIIy tcut ccurt, buI
onIy rcjccIs cxIcrnaI conccpIions in !avour ol an nIcrnaI, c!!iccnI noIion,
may bc IcyitimaIc and ncisivc. BuIi!Ihis s Ihc casc Ihcn Ihc cruciaI movc Io
bc madc rcsdcs viIh Ihc conccpIion old!lcrcncc bciny advanccd in Icrms o!
Ihis radicaI noIion olduraIon, vhich is ncvcr noIcd in ardt's sIudy (ndccd,
duraIion docs noI !yurc in hs book; !or ccuzc on cicicnI causaiIy n
5pinoza scc I96 l 42; l992:I 62, vhcrc hc aryucs IhaI 5pinoza's
immancncc cxprcsscs a doubc unvocIy ocauscandaIIribuIc Ihat rcsts in
Iurn on Ihc uniIy o!cl!icicnIand!ormaI causc').
ct us rcIurn Io Ihc characIcr o! a crcaIivc cvoIuIon !or Bcryson. Jhc
proccss o! cvoIuIon is noI only onc o! chanyc buI o! invcnIon, sincc Ihc
!orms do noI cxisI in advancc. Jhc proccss involvcs noI a rcalzaIion o! Ihc
possiblc buI an acIuaIizaIion of Ihc virtuaI, in vhich thc virIuaI cnoys Is
ovn 'consisIcncy' (ccn::nnce) as a producIivc povcr o! d!lcrcnIiaIion (scc
J7
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JHE O!!EKECE O! BEKSOl
OcIcuzc I956:98). crc vhaI is acIuaIizcd docs noI comc Io rcscmbIc Ihc
vrIuaI sincc cvoIuIion docs noI mcrcIy foIIov rulcs of rcscmbIancc and
IimitaIon. AI thc samc Iimc iI is imporIanI Io apprcciaIc Ihat Ihc virIuaI s
onIy rcaI in so far as i I is acIuaIizcd. Thcrc is no fcd mctaphysicaI
opposiIion bcIvccn Ihc virtuaI and thc acIual; raIhcr, Ihc virIuaI s
inscparabIc from thc movcmcnI of acIuaIizaIion' OcIcuzc l966 6 I9882
J). Ths is a movcmcnI Ihat Iakcs pIacc Ihrouyh thc crcaIion ol Incs o!
diffcrcnIiaIon. Bciny is nIcaI diffcrcncc, an cpIosvc forcc, and can onIy
bc approachcd in Icrms o!a `Ioyic o!nuanccs` , noI a Ioyic o!contradiction.
combnation o! Ivo conIradicIory conccpIs is unabIc Io prcscnI ciIhcr a
divcrsiIy o! dcyrccs or a varicIy o! !orms. Ayainst thc diaIccIic, Ihcrc!orc,
Ucryson insisIs Ihat di!!crcncc is noI dctcrmnation buI di!lcrcntiaIion
(OcIcuzc l956:92; I99.I4). And ayainsI Oarvinism iI is mainIaincd IhaI
crcaIivc cvoIuIon cannoI bc a mcrc accidcnIaI propcrIy o! Ii!c sincc Ihs
WuuId bc lL rcducc bcn s primry d!!crcHcc lL mcchHsm uvcrncd by
a purcIy cxIcrnaI causaliIy (OcIcuzc l 966. I 02; I 988. 99). A purcIy
mcchanisIc bioloyy con!IaIcs Ihc passivc adapIaIion o! ncrI maIIcr,
submiIIiny Io cnvironmcntaI in!Iucncc, viIh Ihc acIivc adapIaIion o! an
oryanism. Bcryson yvcs Ihc cxampIc o! Ihc cyc, noIiny thaI to say IhaI Ihc
cyc 'makcs usc' o! IiyhI is noI simpIy Io dccIarc IhaI thc cyc is capabIc o!
scciny. aIhcr, iI is Io rc!cr Io thc cxacI rcIaIions bcIvccn an oryan and Ihc
apparatus of vison. orcovcr, I vould bc absurd, hc insisIs, Io say IhaI Ihc
in!Iucncc o!IiyhIhas `physicaIIy causcd' Ihc !ormaIion o!Ihosc sysIcms IhaI
arc conIinuous viIh thc apparaIus of vsion, such as a ncrvous systcm and an
osscous sysIcm. vcn Ihc IimiIations o! such a rcducIvc vicv iI bccomcs
ncccssary Io aIIrbuIc to 'oryanizcd maIIcr a ccrtain capaciIy xui eiteri:& & .c{
buiIdiny up vcry compIicaIcd machincs Io uIiIizc Ihc simpIc cxcIaIion Ihat iI
undcryocs`(I 9622 l 98 I2.
Thc cmphass on Ihc virIuaI ruIcs ouI any noIion o! a simpIc uniIincar
cvoluIionism in vhich cvoIuIon` s Iask vouId bc rcduccd to onc of simpIy
brinyinyinIorcaIizcd bcny somcthiny IhaIaIrcady cxisIcd in a nasccnI sIaIc.
IIhouyh Ihis may invoIvc a proccss o! invcnIion such a proccss is no morc
Ihan Ihc cxccuIion o!a pIan or proyrammc (Ihc noIiono!Ihc virIuaI is trcaIcd
aI IcnyIh in Ucryson I959I 99I : hapIcr 1. and Ihc conIrasI bcIvccn Ihc
proccsscs o! Ihc virIualacIuaI and Ihc possbIcrcaI i s discusscd n Ihc
nIroduction Io nsc carson (cd., Deleuze on ho:oh}, 99.
Bcryson` s cmphasis Ihrouyhout is on divcrycnt Iincs o!cvoIuIion in vhich
cvoluIion docs noI cnIai a simpcmovcmcnI rom onc acIua tcrmIo anoIhcr
in a homoycncous uniIincar scrics, but raIhcr parIakcs o! a movcmcnt !rom
Ihc virIuaI Io Ihc hcIcroycncous IhaI acIuaIzc iI aIony a rami!icd scrics
(OcIcuzc I966:I; I988: I0. i!c is noI Iikc ycomcIry in vhich Ihinys arc
yivcn 'oncc and lor aII'. ! Iimc s a virIuaI rcaIity Ihcn it makcs no scnsc Io
brcak Ihc movcmcnI inIo dsIncI insIanIs sncc Ihcrc cannoI bc an nsIanI
vhich immcdiaIcIy prcccdcs anoIhcr insIant any morc Ihan vc can say IhaI
J8
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JHE O!!EKECE O! BEKSOl
onc maIhcmaticaI poinI Iouchcs anoIhcr (Ucryson I962:2I I983: 2I). t is
onIy Ihccon!uson o!spacc and Iimc, and Ihc assimiIaIon o!IimcinIo spacc,
vhich ycncraIcs Ihc IIusion IhaI Ihc vhoIc is yvcn in advancc o! iIs
bccominy Oclcuc l 966 l 08 l988 l 0). hc vholc is nciIhcr yvcn nor
yivcabIc bccausc iI s Ihc pcn' vhosc naIurc iI is Io consIanIly chanyc and
Io yivc risc to Ihc ncv OcIcuc l98320 l 9869).
Ucryson insisIs IhaI Ihcrc is no univcrsaI boIoycaI lav Ihat can bc
auIomaIicaIIy applcd Io cvcry Iiviny Ihiny. Ihcr, Ihcrc rc onIy dirccIions
!rom vhch arc Ihrovn ouI rcIaIivc !inaIiIics. Bcryson hoIds thaI Ihcrc is an
unbrokcn conIinuiIy bcIvccn Ihc cvoIuIion ol Ihc cmbryo and thc compIcIc
oryanism: `Thc impcIus vhich causcs a Iivny bciny Io yrov Iarycr, Io
dcvcIop and Io ayc, is thc samc IhaI has cscd iI to pass Ihrouyh Ihc phascs
o! cmbryonic Ii!c' (Ucryson l962:l 8; l983: l 8). OcvcIopmcnI is noIhny
oIhcr than a pcrpcIuaI chanyc o! !orm. n Ihc casc o! thc oryansm. !or
cxampIc, du Wc sy IhI I s ruWH uId ur IhI I s sIII Ihc I!c ul an
cmbryoconIinuny Io cvoIvc n Ihc casc o!Ihc human oryanismIhc criscs o!
pubcrIy and mcnopausc arc `parI and parccI o! Ihc proccss' o! aycny,
comparabIc Io chanycsvhchoccur in Iarval orcmbryonic Ii!c. JhisisIo say
IhaI such cvcnIs do not occur eorutc !rom vIhouI. lubcrIy is 'in coursc
o! prcparaIion aI cvcry insIant !rom birIh' (I 9; I9). Jhus, Ucryson s abIc Io
cIaim IhaI vhaI is propcrly viIaI' in yrovIh and ayciny is noIhiny oIhcr Ihan
Ihc `inscnsibIc, in!initcIy yraduaIcd, conIinuancc o! Ihc chanyc o! !orm'
(ibid.). hc phcnomcna o! oryanic dcsIrucIon is an inIcyraI !caIurc ol ths
cvoluIion o! thc Iiviny bciny vhich, Iikc IhaI of Ihc cmbryo, impIics 'a
conIinuaI rccordny o! duraIion', IhaI is Ihc pcrsisIcncc ol thc pasI in Ihc
prcscnI
AI a ccrIain momcnI, in ccrIain points o! spacc, a vsibIc currcnI has
Iakcn risc; Ihs currcnI ol Ii!c, Iravcrsiny Ihc bodics I has oryanizcd
onc a!Icr anoIhcr, passiny from ycncraIion to ycncraIion, has bccomc
dvidcd amonysI spccics and disIrbuIcd amonysI individuaIs viIhout
Iosiny any o! iIs !orcc, rathcr inIcnsi!yiny in proporIion Io iIs
advancc.
( I 96226 I983 26)
nc sourcc o! inIcnsity or cryson is ycrminaI I!c. c rc!crs to, and Iakcs
coynizancc o!, Vcismann's disIincIion bcIvccn soma- and ycrm-pIasms
IIhouyh hc docs noI !uIIy cndorsc Vcsmanns conccpIon o! Ihc conIinuIy
o!Ihcycrm-pIasmconIaincd in Ihc spcrm and thc cyy, Bcryson docs vanI Io
advancc Ihc idca o! Ihcrc bciny a conIinuIy o! 'ycncIc cncryy' vhich
invoIvcs thc cxpcndiIurc o!cncryy aI ccrIain insIanIs, jusI cnouyh Ioyvc Io
cmbryonic I!c Ihc rcquisiIc impuIson, whch Ihcn s rccoupcd' ayain in
ordcr Io assurc Ihc crcaIion o! ncv scxuaI cIcmcnIs in vhich iI 'bidcs Is
Iimc'. Vhcn Ircatcd !rom Ihis pcrspccIvc, Ii!c can bc consIrucd as 'lie u
39
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JHE O!!EKECE O! BEKSOl
current n::in}ron ern tc ern thuh the neJiun c} n JeveIceJ
croni:n' Bcryson I962 27 I98 7. ifc appcars in Ihc form of an
oryanism as i! Ihc oryanism vcrc onIy an `cxcrcsccncc, a bud causcd Io
sprout b Ihc formcr ycrm cndcavouriny \O conIinuc iIscIf in a ncv ycrm`
(ibid.). ovcvcr, IhisycncIic cncryy docs notyuarantcc IhcproducIion o!Ihc
samc buI is a sourcc of novcIIy in vhich lifc pcrpcIuaIIy rcinvcnIs Ihc
characIcr o! iIs ovn cvoIuIion or bccominy. AIIhouyh Bcryson is cIosc Io
Vcsmann hc docs noI vish Io IocaIc Ihc viIaI princplc in somcIhiny as
spcci!ic and scI!conIaincd as a ycrm-plasm, sincc Ihis vouId rcducc Ihc
scopc viIhn crcaIvc cvoIuIon' !or nvcnIon and innovaIion. or Ucryson
vhat is transmiIIcd is noI simply Ihc physico-chcmicaI cIcmcnIs o!Ihc ycrm
pIasm buI aIso thc vIaI cncrycs and capaciIcs o! an cmbryoycncss and
morphoycncsis IhaI aIlov lor pcrpctuaI invcntion in cvoIuIion
0IgS0u`S Lrculrc r0Iut0n
ntr0uuct0n
nIi I vcII nIo Ihc I 960s Ihcrc vas no vcII-csIablshcd IradiIion of
Oarvnian Ihcory in rancc. ndccd, I vas noI unIiI l 965 Ihat a Oarvinan
vas apponIcd to Ihc hair ol voluIionary ioIoyy at rancc's prcmicr
auIIy of 5cncc n laris. Bcryson, viIh hs aIIcycd ' vi IaI sm` , s
IraditionaIIy portraycd as bciny ouIsdc Ihc Oarvinian Iradition. ovcvcr,
caricaIurcs of Bcryson` s posiIon prcvaiI vhich mcan IhaI vc ofIcn ovcrIoo
Ihc cxIcnI Io vhich Ihcrc is a scrious and inlormcd cnyaycmcnt viIh
Oarvinian Ihcory n Creuiive FvcIuticn Nocovcr, a yrcaI dcaI of Bcryson` s
posiIion can bc sccn to rcsonaIc vIh conIcmporary dcvclopmcnIs in
biophiI osophy, such as compIciIy Ihcory, vcrc Ihc focus s on an
undcrstandiny o!lvny sysIcms as dynamcaI systcms, in vhich oryansms
do noI simply passivcIy adapI Io chanycs in Ihc cnvronmcnI buI rathcr arc
sccn Io dcvclop inIcrnaI sIrucIurcs vhich scrvc Io mcdiaIc thc cnvironmcnI,
ncIudiny Ihc mcaniny` an cnvronmcnI has !or an oryanism as a compIcx
Iiviny sysIcm hcrc is aIso in currcnt vork n cvolution and cIhoIoyy a
qucsIioniny o! hov vc con!iyurc and dcImI Ihc boundarcs o! an oryanism
IhaI s hiyhly consonanI vith Bcryson's approach. Ths vork v I I bc
cxamncd in somc dcIa n hapIcr J. n Ihs chaptcr1 vanI Iorcman vIhn
Ihc paramcIcrs o! Bcryson's aryumcnI, shoviny thaI, aIIhouyh it has
probcmaIc aspccIs. such as a qucsIonabc, abciI hyh complcx,
hyIomorphism (scc NcrIcau-lonIy l988:66), i I conIains much IhaI rcmains
mportanI lor an apprcciaIion o! OcIcuzc's thnkiny. n hs Ivo maor picccs
o! vritiny on Bcryson, ol I956 and I 966, cIcuzc's anaIysis rcmains viIhin
Ihc ambI o! Ihc conIcxI n vhch Ucryson dcvcIopcd his conccpton o!
rcaIivc cvoIuIion. his conIcxI s thaI ofVcismann` s nco-Oarvinism and Is
brcak viIh Ihc amarckan accounI o!cvoIuIion and Is princpaI docIrncs o!
4U
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JHE O!!EKECE O! BEKSOl
Ihc inhcriIancc o!acuircd characIcrisIics Ihrouyh Ihcc!!orI o!IhcanimaI or
oryanism iIsclf and Ihc usc and disusc of oryans. hs mcans Iha OcIcuzc`s
carIy rcadinys !ocus on Ihc chalIcnyc Bcryson prcscnIs to cvoIuIonisI
Ihi nki ny indcpcndcnI of an coynizancc of Ihc rcvoI uIi ons IhaI havc
characIcrizcd nco-OarvnisminIhcIvcnticIh ccnIury. ButIiscoynzancc o!
Ihcsc rcvoIutons, noIabI, Ihc modcrn snIhcsis of Ihc I9J0s and I90s
(popuIaIion Ihinkiny, !or cxampIc) and Ihc dscovcry o!OA and Ihc risc o!
moIccuIar bioloy i n Ihc I 950s, vhch mcdiaIc his rcadny and uIiI izaIion of
Bcryson in Ihc I90 vork A Thcit: FIoieuit:. By Ihis Iimc OcIcuzc has
Iakcn on board nco-Oarvinsm as vc conccivc iI today, as opposcd Io hov iI
vouId havc bccn undcrsod in Bcryson's Iimc, and Ihc vork o! kcy Irench
Oarvinian Ihinkcrs, such as acucs onod and ranois acob, has comc Io
occupy a promncnI pIacc in OcIcuzc's biophilosophicaI Ihinkiny. BuI, as vc
shaII scc in hapIcr J, ths s noI aI Ihc cosI o! OcIcuzc's attachmcnt Io a
ccrIiH ' BcrsuHism' . Jhc churcIcr u! Ihs Bcrsunsm ducs uHduubIcdIy
undcryo siyni!canI modi!caIions in Oclcuzc' slaIcrvork. buI Ihc aIIcmpI Io
!ormuIaIc a 'scicncc o! muIIipIicIics' can bc shovn Io rcsI on a novcI
synIhcsis o! nco-Oarvinsm and Ihc Bcrysonsm propoundcd in Ihc I966
IcxI. ln vhat !oIIovs I aim Io providc a !airIy cIosc and incsivc rcadiny o!
Bcryson's IcxI bc!orc Iurniny Io cxaminc hov iIs chic! cIcmcnIs arc
con!iyurcd by OcIcuzc in his sIudy o! l966 shaII conccnIraIc my aIIcnIion
on Ihc lirsI Ihrcc major parIs or books o! Creuiive Fvcltttic, iynoriny Is
!naI parI on Ihc oIhiny and IhchisIory o!phIosophy !rom IaIo Ihrouyh Io
5pcnccr, vhich rcpcaIs principaI insiyhts Ihat arc arIcuIaIcd Io Ihc simIar
c!!ccI in Ihcprcccdiny parIs. JhcqucsIion `vhaI is crcaIivc cvoIution' viII
bc addrcsscd and its mcanny unfoIdcd Ihrouyh Ihis closc anaIsis of Ihc
Icxt's Ihrcc maor parts.
hc)0nu mcch0n8m 0IIu [II0Im (0rwn 0IIu 0m0rck)
bcyn viIh somc ycncraI rcmarks abouI Ihc conccpIion o! `cvoIuIion'
Bcryson advanccs in Creoiive EvoIuicn, !irsI pubIishcd in I907. cryson
cIaimsIhaI Iimc hcIcroycncous and conIinuous duraIon) has noI bccn takcn
scrousIy in prcvious scicncc, vhich rcmains onc o! his mosI cndurny
conIribuIions Io a crcaIivc mappny o! cvoluton. II is his conIcnIion IhaI
boIh common scnsc and sccncc dca vIh soaIcd sysIcms, vhch arc
sysIcms IhaI rcaIizc IhcmscIvcs 'in Ihc coursc o! Iimc' ( I 962:9 I9J:9).
imc s rcduccd Io a proccss o! rcaaIon on accounI o! thc !act IhaI
mcchanicaI cxpIanaIion IrcaIs both Ihc past and Ihc !uturc as caIcuIabIc
!uncIions o!Ihc prcscnI (J7 J7). As a rcsulI Imc is dcprvcd o! c!!icacy
and, n c!lcct, rcduccd Io nothiny, haviny usI as much rcaIIy lor a Iiviny
bciny as an hour-yIass. Jhis s truc o! boIh mcchanism and !inalism !or
Bcryson; indccd, hc conIcnds IhaI !inaIism s mcrcIy an invcrIcd mcchanism,
subsIiIuIiny Ihc aItraction o! Ihc luIurc !or Ihc compuIsion o! Ihc pasI and
4 I
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JHE O!!EKECE O! BEKSOl
conccvny thc ordcr o! naIurc on Ihc modcI o!a rcalization o! a plan (J9
J9. ur inIcIIccI s noI dcsiyncd Iopcrccvc crcaIivc cvoIuIon aI vor. or
aII sorIs o!practicaI nccds and uIIitarian caIcuIaIions i Inccds Io dividc Iimc
inIo insIants and scymcnIs. n Creotive FvcIuticn Bcryson cndcavours,
Ihcrc!orc, Io stccr a coursc bcyond Ihc opposiIion o! mcchanism (nco
Oarvinism) and finaIis (nco-amarckism) by dcvclopny a conccption of
cvoIuIion vhich pIaccd thc cmphasis on Ihc crcation o! !orms and Ihc
conIinuaI cIaboration o! Ihc absoluIcly ncv' throuyh ' invcnIion` (Bcryson
I962. I I I 98J. I l ) c i s carcluI Io dsIinyush hi s ovn vork !rom
iIIcyiIimaIc vIaIisms and noI Io appcal Io anyIhiny mysIcrious. !Icr haviny
noIcd IhaI Ihc invcnIivc characIcr o! vitaIiIy rcsidcs i n its IanycnIiaI
rcIaIonship Io physcaI and chcmicaI !orccs aI any and cvcry poinI, hc
acknovIcdycs IhaI vhilc an appcaI Io a 'viIaI prncpIc' may noI cxplain
much I docs aI IcasI scrvc Io rcmind us o!our iynorancc, vhcn mcchanism
simpIy iHViIcs us Iu iHurc Ihc inurHcc. Jhc crrur ul buIh mcchnsm Hd
!inaIism is IhaI boIh IrcaI Ihc pasI and !uIurc as caIcuIabIc !uncIions o! Ihc
prcscnI and so boIh arc unabIc Io Ihin hov cvoIuIion nvoIvcs an invcnIivc
duraIion.
ln Creotive FvcIuticn Bcryson viIl oscilIaIc bctvccn idcnIi!yiny in maIIcr
iIscI! a Icndcncy Io consIituIc isoIabIc sysIcms IhaI can bc IrcaIcd
ycomcIricaIIy, and IocaIiny such sIraI!icaIion solcIy and squarcIy viIhin Ihc
consciousncss o!Ihc inIcIIccI vhich is compcIIcd Io c!lcct a spaIiaIizaIion o!
Iimc in ordcr Io procurc thc saIislacIion o! iIs pracIicaI nccds ovcvcr,
vhIc Ihc subdivision of maIIcr inIo dsIincI bodics i s rcIaIivc Io our
pcrccpIion, is iI aIso Iruc Io cIaim !or Bcryson thaInoture it:e]ho: cIoscd
off and madc scparabIc Ihc IivinybodyBcryson l 962 l 2 I98J I 2).VhaI s
Ihc di!!crcncc bcIvccn Ihc Ivo proccdurcs Bcryson noIcs IhaI Ihcrc is an
ordcr of naIurc in Ihc scnsc, as Ihc rccks rccoynizcd, IhaI Ihc idca of
ycnus corrcsponds Io an obccIivc rcaIiIy, namcIy Ihc !acI o! hcrcdiIy. hcrc
can onIy bc ycncra, Ihcrc!orc, vhcrc Ihcrc arc individuaI obccIs. BuI vhiIc
an oryanzcd bcny is `cuI out !rom Ihc ycncral mass o! maItcr' by Ihis
oryanizaIion and ndividuation, vhich is to say naturaIIy` cryson noIcs, iI
rcmains Ihc casc thaI Ihc schcma o! Ii!c and cvolution vc con!cr on Ihis
oryanizcd indivduaI body is ncccssarily dccidcd by our pcrccpIion IhaI
aIvays cuts inIo maIIcr disIincI bodcs, in vhich, and on accounI ol Ihc
nIcrcsIs o!acIon, ycncra and ndvduaIs dctcrminc onc anoIhcrby a scm
arIiciaI opcraIion cntircIy rclatvc Io our luIurc acIion on Ihnys` 22
227). cryson inssIs, Ihcrc!orc, IhaI aIIhouyh iI s Ihc casc IhaI naturc IscI!
has madcscparabIcIhc Iiviny bodyo!Ii!c,crcaIvc cvolution isonIy possbIc
Io IhccxIcnI thaI iI invoIvcs sympaIhcIccommunicaIon andIhcacIiviIy o!
`rcciprocaI impIicaIion and inIcrpcncIraIion' bcIvccn Ihc parIs (Bcryson
I962:I79, l90; I98J. I78, I89).
his probIcm viII comc Io inlorm IhcaryumcnI in A 7hcuxonJIIoteoux.
OcIcuzc and uaIIari rcmain crysonian by maintaininy, !or cxampIc, IhaI
42
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JHE O!!EKECE O! BEKSOl
Ihc oryanism is mcrcIy an cxpcdicnI invcnIion byvhichli!c opposcs iIscI!in
ordcr IoIimiI and rcinvcn iIscIf. hc IruIy inIcnsc and povcrful lfc renoi
anoryanic (OcIcuzc and uaari I980:628; I988.0J). Bcryson sIaycs Ihc
pIay bcIvccn Ihc nonoryanic and Ihc oryansmic as onc of co-impIication
(thc pIay bctvccn Ihc oryanism and nonoryanic Iilc is aIso sIaycd n tcrms
IhaI rcmind onc of Bcryson in crnadsky's nov vidcIy rccoynizcd cIassic
sIudy o!Ihc bosphcrc. AIIhouyh not cxplciIIy rc!crcnccd Bcryson is onc o!
Ihc mosI imporIanI infIucnccs on cadsky, I988 5, 978, l I I . voIuIion
is crcaIvc !or Bcryson prccscIy bccausc iI is charactcrzcd by an uncndiny
con!Iict bcIvccn Ihc ccssaIion o! Ihc !lov o! bccominyn thc crcaIon o!
!orms such as oryanisms and spccicsand thc Icndcncy o! Ihc !Iov o!
bccominy Io brcak ouI o! any xcd or sIabIc dcIcrminaIion. OcIcuzc, as vc
shaII scc, sIrcsscs IhaI !or Bcryson cvoIuIion is noI accidcnIaI buI crcaIivc
prcciscly bccausc it procccds via ndcIcrminaIion. or Bcryson maItcr ncvcr
ucs 'I Ihc cHd', viIh Ihc rcsuII IhI Ihc suIIiun ul I!c `is Hcvcr cumpIcIc
(this is onc o! Ihc rcasons vhy Bcryson s such an inIcrcsIny and compIcx
!naIisI). Vhatcvcr rcmans cxccssivc Io an isolabIc sysIcm s unIouchcd by
scicncc sincc iI rcyards Ihc cxisIcncc o! Ihis cxccss as ncyIiyibIc Io its ovn
moniIoriny ofa sysIcm`s activitics. BuIit is Ihis cxccss vhich is mporIanI Io
Bcryson: individuaIiIy is a charactcrsIic propcrIy o! Ii!c cvcn Ihouyh I s
di!cuII Io dcIcrminc prccscIy iIs boundarics and bordcrs. As Bcryson
acknovIcdycs, individuaIiIy admIs o!any numbcr o! dcyrccs and is ncvcr
!uIIy rcaIzcd anyvhcrc, `cvcn in man' (ibid.: I 2 I2). c yivcs Ihc obvious
cxampIc of pIants, Ihc subjccI of a morc rcccnI IrcaImcnI by Ihc bioIoysI
ichard Oavkins (Oavkins I98J. 25J4). Jhc rcason vhy ndividuaIiIy can
ncvcrbc fxcd oncc andforaII isducprcciscIyIoIhc viIaI characIcrofIifc.A
pcr!cct dc!inition couId onIy bc nIcIIiyibIc in rcIaIion Io a compIctcd rcaIity,
buI 'viIaI propcrtics` arc ncvcr such rcaIIics sncc Ihcy cxisI onIy as
`tcndcnccs` ncvcr as `sIatcs'. onIcmporary boIoyisIs vho vork viIhin a
ccrIain anIian tradiIion of IhouyhI, and pIacc Ihc cmphass on Ihc scIf
oryaniziny aspccIs o! Ii!c, simiIarIy IocaIc Ihc viIaI propcrIics o! Ii!c in Ihc
noncquiIibrium condiIions and spcci!ic kincIic paIhvays vhich n!orm Ihc
oryanizaIion o!Iiviny sysIcms such as cclIs and oryanisms (comparc Vckcn
I987.J0I.
Bcryson admiIs IhaI his Ihinkiny o!crcaIivc cvoIuIion ncccssariIy partakcs
o a ccrtan nasm. But hc has tIc imc or Ihc dca Io bc ound n
cbniz, and bcsI cxprcsscd n his vcII-knovn conccpIion o! monads as
winJcwIe::, mcaniny thaI noIhny can cntcr inIo or dcparI !rom Ihcm. IhaI
oryansmic Ii!c s characIcrzcd by an `inIcrnaI !inaIiIy' (cibnz aIso
dcscrbcs monads as auIarkc cnIclcchics, l99I:589, 878 comparc anI
I94l982. 5ccIion 64). irsI, hc ponIs ouI thaI cach o! Ihc cIcmcnIs
vhich arc sad Io makc up Ihc oryanism may bc oryanisms Ihcmsclvcs.
5ccond, hc contcnds IhaI Ihc noIon o!a !naIity IhaI is aIvays inIcrnaI is a
scI!-dcsIrucIvc noIion sincc iI is incapabIc o! accounIiny !or a vhoIc ranyc
4J
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JHE O!!EKECE O! BEKSOl
o!phcnomcna, !rom phayocyIcs vhch aIack Ihc oryanism IhaI lccds Ihcm,
Io ycrminaI ccIIs vhich, hc hoIds, foIIovny Vcismann, havc a Iifc of Ihcir
ovn aIonysidc Ihc somaIic ccIIs (cryson I962.4l ; I98.42). I is prcciscIy
bccausc thcrc cxisIs nciIhcr intcrnaI finaIity nor absoIuIcIy di sIi ncI
individuaIiIy thaI Ihc posiIon ol vIaIism s so inIanyibIc. or cryson i!
Ihcrc s finaIiIy n Ihc vorld ofIifc iI can onIy rcfcr toIhc vhoIc ofIifc ina
sinyIc indvisibIc cmbracc'
lt shouId nov bc apparcnI Ihat Bcryson mcans somcIhiny quitc spccific
viIh `cvoIuIion'. c vishcs Io priviIcyc noI Ihc Ihiny produccd buI Ihc
acIiviIy o! cvoIuIion iIscI!. Iha vhich is rcsponsibIc !or Ihc ycncraIon o!
ncv !orms. This is imporIanI sincc iI aIIovs him Io disIancc himscI! !rom
accounts vhich posiI cvoIution as a simpIc or sIraiyhI!orvard passayc !rom
Ihc homoycncous Io Ihc hcIcroycncous I 962:49 I98:49). Bcryson` s poinI
is IhaI Ihs is to assumc a vantayc poinI by vhich onc can appraisc Ihc
cumpIcx pIhWys IhI hVc chrcIcrizcd cVuIuIiun, IurHin cVuIuIiun iH Ihc
proccss inIo a Iincar dcsccnI and imposiny on it a Ioyic o! pcr!ccIion and
proyrcss. his bcIrays an anIhropoccnIric conccit, namcIy, Ihc vicv IhaI IhaI
vhich is morc compIcx is hiyhcr in Ihc scaIc o! naIurc, viIh man bciny
posiIcd as is Ihc uIIimaIc obccI andyoaI o!cvoIuIion. Bcryson's position is
morc compIcx Ihan Ihis, Ihouyh cvcn in!ormcd rcadcrs cnd up aIIributiny
such aposiIion Io him. ikc !naIismUcryson' smodcI o!crcaIivccvoIuIion s
ommIIcd Io a principIc o! harmony. This harmony, hovcvcr, proccds by
vay o! discord and can ncvcr bc pinpoinIcd as such (Is `vIaIiIy' is virIuaI).
hc 'idcnIiIy' of l i fc is duc Io an 'idcnIiIy of impuIsion' raIhcr Ihan a
`common aspration' (cryson I962. 5I ; I98J: 5I). I is in Ihis conIcxIIhaIhc
cIcarly staIcs iI is iIIcyiIimaIc Io assiyn Io Iifc an 'cnd`, sincc Ihis is human,
aII Ioo human. n Ihc modcIo!crcaIivc cvoIuIion IhcposIiny o!an cnd` o!
cvoluIion macs no scnsc sincc Ihis vouId bc Io rcducc thc crcaIivc proccss
Io Ihc rcaIizaIion o! a prccxisIiny modcI nIy oncc Ihc road has bccn
IravcIIcd is Ihc intcIIccI abIc Io mark iIs dirccIion andjudyc IhaI vhcrc iI has
yoI Io is vhcrc iI vas yony aIl alony. BuI Ihis is no morc Ihan a dcccpIion
sincc 'Ihc road has bccn crcaIcdur!u::t viIh Ihc acI o! travcIIiny ovcr iI,
bciny nothiny buIIhc dirccIion o!Ihis act iIscI!` (bid.).
Jhc movcmcnI ol cvoIuIion s a compIicaIcd onc smpIy bccausc Ihc
cvoluIion o! Ii!c has noI bccn characIcrizcd by a snyIc dirccIon. aIhcr Is
movcmcn can bc comparcd Io IhaI o! an cxpIodny shc bursIiny inIo
!raymcnIs shcIIs vhich in Iurn conInuc Io bursI inIo oIhcr !raymcnIs.
ontinuiny Ihis anaoyy !urIhcr cryson spcaks o cvolution in Icrms o Ihc
brcakiny o! a shcI IhaI invoIvcs boIh an cxpIosivc !orcc (Ihc povdcr iI
conIains) and Ihc rcsisIancc it cncounIcrs (in Ihc mctaI). Jhus, Ihc vay Ii!c
iIscI! cvoIvcs inIo individuaIs and spccics dcpcnds on Ivo similar causcs,
namcIy, Ihc rcsisIancc o!incrI macr and Ihc cxpIosivc !orcc IhaI Ii!c hoIds
viIhin iIscI!ovny Io an unsIabIc baIanc o!Icndcncics i!c cnIcrs inIo Ihc
'habits o! incrI macr' and !romIhis Icarns hov, IiIIIc by lIIIc, Io drav !rom
44
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JHE O!!EKECE O! BEKSOl
iI animaIc !orms and vitaI propcrIics. Jhc `compIcx and quasi-disconIinuous
oryanism` clcarIy arscs from smaIlcr, morc cIcmcntaI, potoIypcs buI in
advanciny in complcxity such an oryanism inIroduccs into Iilc ncv
componcnts and cvoIvcs viancv habIs (Ihc conIast viIh cud`s accounI in
`Bcyond thclIcasurc rincpIc',Iobccxamincd at lcnyIh inIhc ncxI chapIcr,
is sIrikny). fc for Bcryson is csscnIiaIIy a 'Icndcncy` IhaI crcaIcs, Ihrouyh
iIs yrovIh and bccominy, divcrycnI dirccIions amony vhich its `viIaI
impcIus' ycIs dividcd (Bcryson viII IaIcr admiI inIhc tcI IhaI Ihc noIion of
`impcIus' o!lcrs onIy an `imayc` !or thouyht Io Ihink crcaIivc cvoIuIion).
nIikc an indviduaIIi!cvhich musI choosc Ihc inIcrvovcn pcrsonaliIcs IhaI
characIcrizc I, naIurc prcscrvcs Ihc di!!crcnI Icndcncics Ihat bi!urcatc.
havc hinIcd aI Ihc cIaimIhaI cryson is in somc scnsc a !inaIisI. aIbciI a
compIcx onc. Indccd, hc acknovIcdycs a Iink viIh !naIism in Ihc coursc o!
his aryumcnI. It is parIicularIy intcrcsIiny Io noIc thc vay IhaI hc boIh
idcHIi!cs WiIh, Hd radicIIy divurccs his rumcnI !rum, Hcu-Lmrckism.
Jhis is in IhcconIcxIol a discussion o!Ihc nov vidcIy discrcdiIcd Ihcss o!
orIhoycncsis or dirccIcd cvoluton (vhich aIso cxcrIcd an in!lucncc on
icIzschc). In accounIny !or thc cvoIuIion o! a compIcx oryan such as Ihc
cyc, nco-amarckians, Bcryson notcs, rcsorI Io Ihc i nIcrvcnIion o! a
psychoIoyicaI causc. Ucryson suyycsIs thaI Ihis is Ihc sIrcnyIh o! iIs position
Vhcrc hc dcparts !rom iI is vith Ihc idca thaI conscious corI is a propcrIy
o! Ihc individuaI. hc rolc o! onsious c!orI in cvoluIion is !or Bcryson
Iimitcd Io a smaII numbcr o! cascs. c corrccIIy noIcs IhaI vhcrc it docs acI
iI is unabIcto accounI for a chanyc so profound as an incrcasc in compIciIy.
c noIcs !urIhcr IhaI Ihis vouId rcquirc noI simpIy Ihc Iransmisson o!
acquircd chaacIcrs buI aIso Ihcr Iransmission in a cumuIaIivc fom 5uch a
hcrcditary chanyc in a dc!niIc dirccIion, Ihc dirccIion o! a morc and morc
'compIc machinc`, Bcryson hoIds not Io bc possibIc via amarcian mcans.
nsIcad hc sidcs viIh Vcsmann vhcn hc aryucs IhaI Ihc `corI' o!cvoIution,
Ihc vor of iIs cncyy in Ihc dirccIion of morc compIc scIf-oryanizaIion,
must bc o!a much yrcatcr dcpIh Ihan indivdualcl!orI and morc indcpcndcnI
o! circumsIanccs in short, it musI bc an c!!orI common Io most o! Ihc
rcprcscnIaIvcs o!a spcccs `inhcrcnI in Ihc ycrms Ihcy bcar rathcr Ihan in
Ihcir subsIancc aIonc' ( I 962.88 l98J. 87). Jo vhaI cxIcnt Ihis is consonant
viIh Oarvnian Ihcory vc shaII noI spcculaIc upon unIiI vc havc cxamincd
morc coscly Ihc notion o! Ihc cun vi!u in a aIcr sccIon and in connccIion
viIh OcIcuzc`s nIcrprctaIion o!Ihc siynicancc o!Bcrysonism in rcIation Io
arvn.
Bcryson cIaims in Creoiive FvcIuticn IhaI both mcchanism and !naIism
arc, uIIimaIcIy, aIIcmpIs Io conccvccvoIuIionaIonythcIincso!Ihc vorkinys
o! Ihc human mind. c Ihus cIaims, somcvhaI radicalIy, IhaI Ihc rcproach
mcchanism makcs ayansI !inalsm o! anthropomorphism can aIso bc appIicd
Io iI. BoIh conccivc o! naIurc vorkiny Iikc a human bciny in brinyiny parIs
IoycIhcr and procccdiny via associaIion and Ihc addiIon o! clcmcnIs.
45
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JHE O!!EKECE O! BEKSOl
cryson suyycsts thaIa yIanccaI Ihc dcvclopmcnIo!an cmbryo vII rcadiIy
shov IhaI Iilc vorks in a vcry d!fcrcnI manncr, namcIy, viadissociaIon and
dvson (scIldi!lcrcnIiation). Bcryson ncvcr dcnics IhaI scIccIion pIays a
cruciaI roIc in cvoIuIion and IhaI iI is a ncccssary condIon o! iI. 5pccics
vouId simpIy dsappcar, hc noIcs, shouId Ihcy noI bcnd Io Ihc condiIions o!
cisIcncc in vhich Ihcy am Io survivc. But hc yocs on Io mac tvo criIical
ponts. Thc !irsI is thaI cvoIuIon is cquaIIy impossibIc viIhouI an `oryinaI
impcIus'. I is as i!Bcryson ishcrc posiIny a kind o! 'l!c-drivc' as csscntiaI
Io any undcrsIandny o!Ihcproccss o!crcaIvc cvoIution. Vhcn vcyIancc aI
!ossiI spccics, hc says, vc arc cxposcd to Ihc !acI IhaI Ii!c nccd noI havc
cvoIvcd aI aII and myhI havc cvoIvcd only n vcry rcstricIcd IimiIs. Thc
sccond criIicaI point hc makcs s IhaI i! vc acccpI IhaI Ii!c is invcntivc cvcn
in iIs adaptations Ihcn Ihcsc invcntions scrvc Io makc IilciIscI!morc compIcx
in thc vcry maIIcr and mcchanism o! its cvoIuIion. n oIhcr vords, l!c docs
nuI uHIy nVuIVc dpIIuHs dcIIcd by cxIcrnI crcumsInccs. An, hc s
insisIcnI IhaI Io cnIcrtain Ihis idca is noI at aII Io posiI cvolution n Icrms o!
somc pIan or proyrammc. ciIhcr is iI pcr!ccIonist or proyrcssivisI in any
sIraiyht!orvard scnsc sincc, hc noIcs, cvoIuIion is noI onIy a movcmcnI
!orvard but cquaIIy a dcviaIion and a Iuiny back:
c!orc Ihc cvoIuIion o! Iilc. . . Ihc porIaIs o! Ihc !uIurc rcma vidc
opcn. II i a crcaIion IhaI yocs on lor cvcr in irIuc ol an iniIiaI
movcmcnI. Jhis movcmcnI consIiIuIcs Ihc uniIy ol Ihc oryanizcd
vorIda !ccund unIy, ol an in!iniIc richncss, supcror Io any thaI Ihc
inIcIlccI couId drcam ol, !or Ihc nIcIIccI is onIy onc o! iIs aspccIs or
producIs.
(cryson I962: I 6 I98 I 4)
n shorI his aryumcnI viIh Oarvnism is Ihat it Iacks Ihc noIion o! `acIviIy'
IhaI has to bc sccn as csscnIaI Io any undcrsIandny o!Ihc cvoIuIon o! Ii !c
(thc cIoscncss Io ictzschc is, IcI us noIc ayain, strkiny). c acccpIs Ihc
!undamcnIaI princpIcs o! nco-Oarvinism thaI vhaI is passcd on in hcrcdiIy
arc accidcnIaI modi!icaIions o! Ihc ycrm and IhaI naIuraI scIccIion may
cIiminaIc !orms o! instincI thaI arc noI '!I Io survivc'. c also concurs viIh
Oarvinism in Ihc vicv Ihat cvoIuIion invoIvcs and Iakcs Iimc. is criticaI
pont, hovcvcr, isIo sIrcss IhaIIhc insIincIs o! i!c coud noI havc cvovcd n
compcxiIcaIion by a proccss olsmpIc accrcIion sincc cach ncv cIcmcnI or
piccc rcquircs a rccasIny o thc vhoc. a rccastiny vhch, hc contcnds.
mcrcchancc couId not c!!cct. In oIhcrvords, complcxiIy in cvoIution cannoI
itscI! bc simply Ihc rcsulI o! an cxoycnous mcchanism (such as naIuraI
scIccIion) (I 962:l; l98J. I69).
Jhc siyn!icancc o!Ihis conccpIion o!crcaIvc cvoIuIion !or a phiIosophy
o! di!!crcncc viII bc brouyhI ouI in thc sccIion on Oclcuc and Ihc elo:t vitol
(p. 65). cryson's quarrcI vith mcchanism and !naIism can bc summarizcd
46
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JHE O!!EKECE O! BEKSOl
as !oIIovs: Ihc !ormcr crrs in makiny cvoIution a purcIy accidcnIaI proccss,
vhiIc Ihc IatIcr crrs in rcduciny iI to a phcnomcnon o! individuaI cl!orI.
1Iunl unu unmuI
Ucryson bcyins Ihis parIo!hs sccond book by noIiny IhaI Ihcrc s no dc!initc
or ccrIain charactcrsIic thaI scparatcs Ihcsc Ivo !orms or kinydoms ol I!c.
ropcrIcs o! vcycIabIc Ii !c arc lound in dcyrccs in animaI Ii!c, vhilc
characIcrsIic !caturcs o! thc animaI havc bccn acIuaIizcd in Ihc vcycIabIc
vorId aI ccrIain momcnIs in Iimc c yocs on Io cIaim IhaI Ihcrc is no
cxprcssion ol li!c Ihat docs not conIain, vhcIhcr in a rudmcnIary sIaIc or
vhcthcr as laIcnI. csscnIaI charactcrs associatcd viIh divcrsc cxprcssions.
hus, Ihc di!!crcncc bcIvccn !orms o! I!c could bc said Io Iic in Ihc
proportions. or Ucryson Ihc onIy IruIy vaIid vay to dcmarcaIc zoncs o! Ii!c
i in Icrms u! Ihcir VirIuI IcHdcHcics nd nuI Ihcir cIuI sIIcs, IhI is, Ihc
morc a !orm o! Ii!c dcvclops thc morc iI Icnds Io cmphasizc parIicuIar
characIcrisIics. Bctvccn pIanI and animaI, Ihcrc!orc, vc can locatc divcrycnI
Icndcncics viIhin crcativc cvoIuIion, such as aIimcntaIion vhcrc Ihc
vcycIablc dcrivcs IhccIcmcnIs ncccssary Io mainIain Io Ii!c dircctIy lrom Ihc
air, vaIcr, and soil, vhiIc inIhc casc o!Ihc animal Ihc acIivity o!assimiIaIion
is aIvays mcdaIcd.
AnoIhcr tcndcncy markiny a divcrycncc bctvccn pIant and animaI is Ihc
baIancc in !avour o! !xiIy in Ihc onc and IhaI o! mobIiIy in Ihc casc o!Ihc
othcr, viIh Ihc laIIcr clcarIy pIayiny a crucial roIc in consciousncss and Ihc
dcvcIopmcnt o! Ihc ncrvous systcm. ovcvcr, cryson rc!uscs Io rci!y Ihc
roIc pIaycd by thc ncrvous sysIcm, noIiny IhaI ncIhcr mobiIity nor
consciousncss rcquirc such a sysIcm as a ncccssary condiIion (a posiIion vc
may simpIynoIc Ihat is n Iinc vIh currcnI rcscarch n ncurophysoIoyy and
ncurobioIoyy). hc ncrvous systcm has mcrcIy brouyhI Io a hiyhcr dcyrcc o!
inIcnsiIy a quitc rudimcnIary and vayuc acIivity that can bc shovn Io bc
di!luscd throuyhouI Ihc mass o! Ihc oryanizcd substancc. iI vould bc as
absurd to rc!usc consciousncss Io an animaI bccausc iI has no brain as Io
dcclarc i I incapablc o! nourishiny Iscl! bccausc I has no sIomach'
( I 962:I I l ; I98J: I I. Jhis dcmysIlcaIon o! Ihc brain in!orms OcIcuzc and
uatIar's sIrcss on 'microbrains', as an cxprcsson ol Ihc inoryanic Ii!c in
Ihinys n thc na chapIcr o Whu! s hilosoh}:. crc Ihcy scck Io yo
bcyond thc subccI-ccnIrcdncss o!phcnomcnoIoyy IhaI rcIics on a subccI o!
naIura pcrccpIion in ordcr Io posiI U vord by caiminy in opposition Io Ihc
proposiIion IhaI `consciousncss is aIvays consciousncss c] somcthny` IhaI
'consciousncss is somcIhny' I99I :2 I994:2IJ. 5imiIarIy, n hs book o!
Ihc Iatc I98s cnIIIcd TheIclJ, OcIcuzc cIaims thutiein:aIrcady 'aIIcsI'
Io Ihc acIiviIy olaccrIainpcrccpIion and discriminaIion, and hcrcmarksIhaI
hcrc arc rcvcaIcd Ihc cxistcncc o! Ihosc 'pri mary !orccs' IhaI physicaI
impuIsions and chcmicaI a!lniIics arc unabIc Io cxpIain (Oclcuzc I988: l 22
47
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JHE O!!EKECE O! BEKSOl
I99J:92). or cryson IhcmosIhumbIc oryanism is conscious in proporIion
Io iIs capaciIy Io movc frccIy. hc ncrvous sysIcm, in oIhcr vords, docs not
crcaIc Ihc !uncIion buI brinys iI Io a hiyhcr dcyrcc ol inIcnsiIy and prccsion
Ihrouyh a division of Iabour thaI modifics rcfIcx movcmcnI and volunIary
activity (on Ihc rcIaIonship bcIvccn Ihc ncrvous sysIcm and mcmory scc
Bcryson I 95927980 I 99l 289. 5ocvcn vhcrcIhcrc has noI Iakcn pIacc
a canaIzaIion o!ncrvous cIcmcnIs and IhcirconccnIration inIo a systcm iI s
sIII possibIc for a Iiviny oryanism to bc conscious. In Ihc casc of pIanI Iifc
Bcryson docs noI vant Io quckIy jump Io Ihc conclusion thaI, oviny Io Is
!xiIy, I s soIcIyunconscioussimpIy bccausccvcnn iIs !xiIy Ihcrcis a knd
o! mobiIiIy as vcII as aspccIs o! its Ii!c vhch rcvcaI Ihc ' IibcrIy o!
movcmcnI ` . Jhc d!!crcncc bctvccn animaI and pIanI i s, Ihcrc!orc,
proporIional and noI absoIuIc. Bcryson aryucs IhaI boIh Icndcncics o! Ii!c
vcrc co-prcscnI n carIicr lorms o! I!c and IhaI Ihcy arisc !rom a common
nccsIur. In cxpIiniH Ihc diVcrcHcc u! Ii!c iHIu ccrIiH IcndcHcics hc nsi sIs
!urIhcr IhaI iI s noI ncccssary Io appcaI Io any 'mysIcrous !orcc', but simpIy
a matIcr o! apprcciaIiny IhaI vcyctabIc Ii!c andanimaI li!c havc sclccIcd Ivo
di!!crcnI knds ol convcnicncc in Ihc vay o! procurny Ihc chcmicals thcy
nccd Io susIain Ii!c.
Oocs Ihis cmphass on proporIons not conIradicI OcIcuzc's rcadiny o!
Bcrysonism viIh iIs cmphasis on d!!crcnccs o! kind vouId aryuc IhaI iI
docs noI raIhcr, vhaI iI shovs is IhaI Bcryson's thinkiny is in!ormcd, abovc
aII,by a Ioyic olnuanccs. A hinkiny o! di!!crcncc as Ihc di!!crcncc o!kinds
is aIvays impIicatcd in such a Ioyic. uaIly Ihcrc is a Ioyic ofIhc Iracc in
Bcryson's Ihinkiny, sincc aIIhouyh hc is commiIIcd Io thc idca ol cvoIuIion
bciny characIcrizcd by cIcmcnIary Icndcncics, hc aIso hoIds IhaI Ihcsc
Icndcncics bcar Ihc marks' or traccs ol an oriyinaI Icndcncy pror to iIs
dissociaIion (Ihis vouId bc to Ihink Ihccxi sIcncc ofIhcscIraccs noI spaIiaIIy
but duraIionaIIy) (Bcryson I962:I I 9; I98. I I 8)
Thc crucal cIcmcnI IhaI Bcryson vishcs Io yranI Io lifc is noI a
mysIcrious !orcc buI raIhcr a principlc o! indcIcrmnation'. t is Ihis
ndcIcrminaIion, and viIhI Ihc capacIy !or novcl adapIaIon, IhaI hc sccs as
bciny `cnyra!Icd' onIo Ihc ncccssIy o!physical !orccs, so makiny possibIc a
'crcaIivc`, as opposcd Io a purcIy mcchanistic or dcIcrminsIic, cvoIuIon.
his 'c!!orI` o!li!c tovards indcIcrminaIion cannot rcsuII in any crcaIon o!
cncryy; raIhcr, vhat I docs s Io crcaIvcy uIzc Ihc cncryy thaI prc-cxists,
accumuIaIiny !rom maIIcr and !rom Ihc sun poIcnIial cncryy IhaI is Ihcn
sIorcd in rcscrvoirs Io bc uIiizcd aI a aIcr Iimc a `dcsrcd momcnt and a
`dcsircd dirccIion'), so suspcndny on Ihc sur!acc ol Ihc carIh a continuaI
ouIpour o! usabIc cncryy. n Ihis aryumcnI I s as ! Bcryson s inIroduciny
into his conccpIon o!crcativc cvoIuIon thc idca o! Ihcrc bciny viIhin Ihis
cvoluIiona 'Iimc' o!cncryy, a Iimc thaIiscrcaIcd by IhccondiIionsolI!con
carIh and viIho vhich Ihis I!c vould noI cvcn bc possibIc i!c i s
n!ormcd bythc abiIiIy oliIs !orms and cxprcssons Io hoId chcmicaI cncryy
48
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2
JHE O!!EKECE O! BEKSOl
ina poIcnIiaI sIaIc andvhich scrvc as IitIIccxpIosivcsthaInccd onIy a spark
Io scI frcc Ihc cncryy sIorcd vithn Ihcm. lf Bcryson is a hylomorphc Ihinkcr
Ihcn hc is onc ola pccuIiarIy inIcrcsIiny sorI. c is an `idcaI matcriaIisI`, as
in his accounI Io bc trcaIcd bcIov (p 59), of Ihc iJeuI ycncsis of maIcr,
hoIdiny IhaI viIhout Ihc indctcrminaIion inIroduccd inIo maItcr by Ii!c Ihcrc
vouId bc no cvoIuIion (Iimc cnoys an cnIircIy 'posiIivc` rcalIy, Bcryson
I96b. 6J). AIIhouyh hc appcals IhrouyhouI his vriIinys to Ihc spriIuaI
characIcr ofIhis 'viIaI impuIsc' in Ihc form ofa consciousncss Ihat Iravcrscs
maIIcr, I s sIiIIbascdon anaIIcnIon Io Ihc pccuIiariIics o!maIIcr IyranIs a
hiyh dcyrcc o! imporIancc Io Ihc roIc o!continycncy n cvoIuIion (aIIhouyh
Ii!c is markcd by Icndcncics it did noI havc Io cvoIvc in Ihc vay iI has, a
pont Io vhich vc shaII rcIurn. Ucryson scvcrcIy criIiqucs radcaI !naIism
!or ovcrcsIimaIiny Ihc povcrs ol a drccIcd cvoIuIion sincc !or hm Ihc
cmphasis nccds Io bc pIaccd on thc limIcd characIcr ol Ihc !orccs, Ihc
ubsIcIcs Ihcy cncuuHIcr. Hd Ihc dcsirc Iu IrnsccHd Ihcsc IimIs WhiIc Ivin
viIhinthcm. Jhc cvoIutiono!thc liviny vorId cannoIbc modclIcd on IhaIo!
a consIrucIon anaIoyous Io a human vork: `vcn in iIs mosI pcr!ccI vorks',
hc vriIcs, 'thouyh iI sccms Io havc Irumphcd ovcr cxIcrnaI rcsisIanccs and
aIso ovcr iIs ovn, I is aI hc mcrcy o! Ihc maIcriaIiIy vhich iI has had Io
assumc' (Ucryson I962:I28; I98J:l27. c Ihcn makcs an anaIoyy viIh Ihc
cxpcricncc o! human Ii!c and human !rccdom:
ur !rccdom, in Ihc vcry movcmcnIs by vhich iI is allirmcd, crcaIcs
Ihc yroviny habIs IhaI vII sIifIc iI if iI fails to rcncv iIscIf by a
consIanI c!!orI: iI is doyycd by auIomatism. hc mosI lviny thouyhI
bccomcs friyid in Ihc formuIa Ihat cprcsscs iI. Thc vord Ius ayainsI
Ihcidca.hc lcIIcr kIIs Ihc spirI
Bcryson I962l 28 I98JI 27
hc anmaIiIy` ofa hyhcr oryanism consisIs in IhccapaciIics iI cnjoys for
scI!rcyuIaIon. Thc scnsorimoIor sysIcm opcraIcs in rcIaIion Io sysIcms o!
diycsIon, rcspiraIion, circuIation. sccrcIion, and so on. Ihc task o!vhch is Io
crcaIc an `inIcrnaI cnvironmcnI` !or Ihc oryansm by vhch I is Ihcn abIc Io
moniIor and rcyuIaIc iIscI!. ovcvcr, !rom Ihc pcrspccIivc o! Ihc viriuol
vhoIc, li!c can bc conccivcd as a ccasclcss pIay bcIvccn thc Iimtcd
nvcnIons ocompcx ivny systcms. such as oryansms and spcccs, and Ihc
dcsirc o!IhcimpuIsc o! Ii!c!orcvcr rcncvcd vIaIiIy. !c rcquircs oryanisms
in iIs vcry invcnIivcncss; IhaI is, I rcquircs Ihcir imIs. sincc c!I Io iIs
dcviccs iIvouId !ain to do aIl at oncc and procccd in a straiyhI Iinc. II s in
'maIcrnaI lovc', saysUcryson,IhaIvc may bc cxposcdtoIi!c' ssccrcIsncc it
shovs us IhaI Ihc Iivny bciny is, abovc aII, a Ihorouyh!arc' and 'IhaI Ihc
csscncc o!Ii!c is in thc movcmcnI by vhich I!c is IransmiIIcd' I29; I28.
his s an insiyhI inIo Ii!c`s ycrminaI haraIcr, cmphasiiny hc duaI
importancco!both Ihc Ii!c IhaIis IivinyandIhc Ii!c IhaIis Iivcd on andycIs
49
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JHE O!!EKECE O! BEKSOl
passcd on. hc bcsI rcadiny o!OcIcuzc, vouId conIcnd, vouId bc Ihc onc
IhaI cmphasizcd Ihc indissoIubIc characIcr of Ihc oryanismic Iifc and Ihc
nonoryanic Ii!c, and vhich did noI bIindIy and naivcIy al!irm Ihc povcrs o!
Ihc nonoryanc indcpcndcnI of Ihc viIaI conIribuIion madc Io Ifc n Ihc
virIuaI timc o! iIs acIuaI crcaIivc cvoIuIon by Ihc li!c o! Ihc oryanism (!or
cadsy Ihc auIonomy oloryanisms sIcms from Ihc disIinctivc characIcr of
Ihcir Ihcrmodynamic !icIds, I9989). lt is onc o! Ihc yrcaI achicvcmcnIs o!
Bcryson` s IcI, I vouId aryuc, Io rcvcaI Ihc Ioyic of nuanccs throuyh vhich
`li!c' is Io bc yraspcd indcpcndcnIly o! a loyic o! conIradicIion viIh iIs
aIIachmcnt Io principIcs o!ncyation andsupcrscssion.
l vish Io IrcaI onc morc imporIant pont bc!orc moviny on Io Bcryson`s
IrcaImcnI o! inIclIiycncc and insIincI. vhich is Ihis: hov vcII docs his
aryumcnI sIand up vhcn pIaccd aIonysidc Ihc Ihcory olnaIuraI scIcction l
apprcciaIc Ihis isIoraisc an cnormousucstion, so IcI mchcrcrcsIrcI myscI!
I mkiH sinIc cummcHI. Bcrsun, IhruuhuuI his IcxI, lI cunccdcs Ihc
importancc pIaycd vithn crcaIivc cvoIution by adapIaIion and by scIcction.
NobIiIy amony animaIs vouId noI havc cvoIvcd and dcvcIopcd unIcss Ihcc
vcrc quiIc spcci!ic advanIaycs Io bc yaincd !rom iI in parIicuIar condiIions
and parIicuIar cnvironmcnI. Thc IransformaIion o! spccics can Ihus aIvays
bc cxplaincd on such a basis. ovcvcr, vhilc conccdiny Ihis poinI and
rccoynizinyIhc imporIancc o!naIuraI scIccIion, cryson insisIs IhatIhis sIo
yivc us onIy thc 'immcdaIc causc' o!varaIon and noI thc moI 'po!ound`
onc.or himIhiscanonly Iicnthc `mpulsc IhaI introduccs viIa-durationaI
Iifc into Ihc vorId, dividiny iI inIo vcycIabIcs and animaIs, yranIiny Io Ihc
animaI a suppIcncss o! !orm IhaI madc possibIc Ihc cvoluIion ol yrcaIcr
mobiIity as Ihc chanycd condiIions ncccssiIaIcd such a dircction and
adapIaIion. Ayan, Ihs is Io rciIcratc Bcryson`s major conIcnIion ayainsI
Oarvinism, namcIy, IhaI vhiIc itcanvcryabIy cxpIain Ihc sinuosiIics' ofIhc
movcmcnI ol cvoluIion, iI is much Icss abIc Io cxpIain Ihc movcmcnI Iscl!.
hc Oarvinian vouId rcpIy Io Ihis, hovcvcr, by aryuiny thaI Bcryson has
simpIy sct up a spurious probIcm, namcIy, IhaI ol `movcmcnI`. n oIhcr
vords. !or thc Oarvinian 'cvoIuIion' is nothny oIhcr Ihan iIs 'sinuosIics` ,
and any appcal Io an indcpcndcnI movcmcnI o! cvoIuIion i s in danycr o!
!aIIiny back on a mysIicaI principIc to accounI lor Irans!ormism. cryson`s
ycaI chaIIcnyc, hovcvcr, onc vhich Ihc Ihcory o!cvoluIion has pcrhaps ycI
Io rcaIIy con!ronI or cvcn comprchcnd, s Io aryuc Ihc nccd !or a noIion o!
duraIion, vhich !or him is noI mcrcIy applcabIc IopsychoIoycaI phcnomcna
but aIso Io oryanc phcnomcna Ioo. hc naIurc and syncancc o Ihs
aryumcnI maynoIycIbc sullicicnIIy cIcarIobcyraspabIc Imay bccomc so
vhcn Iook at cryson's cnyaycmcnI vith Ihcrmodynamics IaIcr n Ihc
chapIcr.
NcrIcau-onIy cIamcd Io havc idcntiicd Ihc conIradicIory characIcr o!
Ihc lo:: virol in Bcryon' aryumcnt. c noIc IhaI Ihc Icn csumcs Ihc
probIcm ol oryanc naIurc as i I vas initiaIly arIicuIaIcd by anI and
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JHE O!!EKECE O! BEKSOl
5chcIIiny, namcIy, as Ihc aIIcmpI Io dcscribc a naIuraI producIion' Ihat
procccds from Ihc vholc Io Ihc parIs viIhouI ovny anyIhiny Io Ihc
prcmcdiIaIion o! thc conccpI and viIhouI admiIIiny any simpIc-mindcd
IclcoIoyicaI cxpIanaIion ovcvcr, Bcryson conIradicIs himsclf, NcrIcau
onIy, aryucs, vhcn hc spcaks o! cvoIuIion as a `simpIc acI' and assiyns a
rcaIiIy Io Ihc clun 'in advancc of iIs cffccIs as a causc vhich conIans Ihcm
prc-cmincntIy' (NcrIcau-onIy I988:l46). Vhcn pIaccd in Ihc conIcxIo!ths
indocriIicaI, buI also cursory, rcadiny of Bcryson` s so-caIIcd vIaIism iI is
possiblc to apprccaIc jusI hov boId and oriyinaI OcIcuzc's I956 cssay on
Ucryson vas in Iayiny Ihc cmphasis on Ihc radically invcnIivc characIcr o!
duraIion. n ordcr Io bc nvcnIivccrcativccvoIuIion musIhavc Ihc !caIurcs o!
indcIcrminaIion and unprcdicIabiIIy. II cannoI bc a 'simpIc acI' in vhich
c!!ccts arc conIancd prc-cmpIivcIy or prcyuraIivcIy in Ihc cun conccvcd
as a causaI povcr.
ntcIIgcncc 0nu nstnct: tItc tcchncs othc
hum0n 0nu n0n0rg0nc Ic
lnIcIIiycnc and nsIinI arc said to bc boIh opposiIc and ompIcmcnIary,
vith ncithcr cxisIiny in a purc sIatc. As viIh pIant and animal, Ihc Ivo
Icndcncics arc oriyinaIIy inIcrpcnctraIiny and cvcn in IhcirscvcrcdsIaIcsIhcy
ontinuc Io rcmain haunIcd by cach oIhcr. Bcryson rc!uscs Io cquaIc
IcchnicaI inIclIycncc viIh human cndcavour buI aryucs IhaI many kinds o!
animaIs arc capabIc of ciIhcr fashoniny insIrumcnIs or uIIiziny objccIs
crcatcd by man. nIcIIiycncc` is to bc dc!incd as Ihc !acuIIy o!
manufacIuriny arIficial obccIs, cspcciaIIy IooIs Io makc IooIs' ( I 962 I 0
I98J:I J9). hc cruciaI cIaimhcmakcs, hovcvcr, in an c!!orI Iocomprchcnd
Ihc spccific characIcr of human inIcIIiycncc, is IhaI aIIhouyh an anmaI can
bc said Io posscss and manipuIaIc IooIs and machincs Ihcsc rcmain
insIrumcnIs IhaI form ancsscnIiaI parI ofIhc animaI'sbody& his mcans IhaI
IooIs arc uscd by anmaIs on Ihc ordcr of nsIinct. By conIrasI, Ihc spccic
characIcr o! human inIcIIiycncc rcsidcs in Ihc facI IhaI in iIs casc tcchnics
cnjoy a funcIionaI ndcIcrminacy. rom Ihc firsI, human praxs has bccn
mcdiaIcd by Ihc invcntion o!Icchnics,saysUcryson. as iIs 'csscnIiaI !caIurc' .
Vc fail Io rccoynizc Ihc cxIcnI Io vhich Ihc onIoycncsis o!thc human s
dcpcndcnI on Ihis Icchnoycncsis, and Ihc cxIcnI Io vhich human cuIurc s
vhoIIy duc to thc uIIizaIon o! arIicaI insIrumcnIs, smpIy bccausc our
ndvdua and social habiIs survivc bcyond thc crcumsIanccs n vhich Ihcy
vcrc !ormcd. Thc c!!ccts o! IcchncaI nvcnIons arc Ihus noI noticcd unIiI
Ihcir novcIty is vcII ouI o! siyhI. Ucryson Ihus aryucs IhaI 'Homo suiens'
can bc dc!incd as 'Homo [uber' Io Ihc cxIcnt IhaI iI has bccn !ormcd
prchisIorcaIIy and hisIoricaIIy by Ihc invcnIion o!Icchnics.
Bcryson, iI shouId bc noIcd, isnoI posiIiny an opposiIionbcIvccnIchns
and 'Ifc', buI aryuny Ihat Ihc acIviIy o! nsIinct aI vork in Icchnics and Is
5 I
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JHE O!!EKECE O! BEKSOl
!ormation ol nIcIIiycncc is aIso aI vork in naIurc iIscl!. Jhc kcy conccpI aI
pIay hcrc s IhaI of 'oryanizaIion` , so thaI, forcxampIc, in Ihc mcIamorphoscs
o! Ihc Iarva into Ihc nymph and Ihcn into Ihcpcr!ccI insccI onc viIncsscs no
sarp disIincIion bcIvccn Ihc instincI of Ihc animaI (vhich rcquircs an
iniIiaIivc) and Ihc oryaniziny vork o! Iiviny maIIcr iIscI!. Thc di!!crcncc
bcIvccn insIncI and inIcIIiycncc rcsdcs in Ihc uIiIizaIion of insIrumcnIs
spcci!ic Iocach. inIhc!ormcr activity isconccnIraIcd on insIrumcnIsIhaIarc
aIrcady oryanizcd, vhiIc in Ihc Iacr iI consisIs in abricatiny and uIiIiziny
ucruni,eJ insIrumcnIs. hc insIrumcnI Ihat is !ashioncd by ntcIIiycncc s
aIvays an ' impcrlccI' or indcIcrmnaIc oncbciny madc o! unoryanizcd
maIIcr iI can assumc dvcrsc !orms and bc uscd !or di!!crcnI purposcs. 5uch
an instrumcnI is n!crior to Ihc naIuraI insIrumcnts dcpIoycd by Ihc nsIincI
sincc Idocs noI saIis!y an immcdiaIcnccd. IIsadvanIayc is IhaI iIaIIovs !or
Ihc cxpansion o! nccd and opcns up an unImIcd licId o! acIiviIy. Jhc
dccisVc puinI BcrsuH mkcs s IhI Ihc cuHsIrucIun aHd cuIIivaIuH u!
impcr!ccI nsIrumcnts rcsuIIs in a lundamcnIaI Irans!ormaIion ol 'Ihc naIurc
o! Ihc bcny' IhaI uIiIizcs Ihcm, Io thc cxtcnI IhaI Ihc naturaI oryansm
bccomcs cxIcndcd by Ihc arI!icial oryan. In thc human vc scc pcr!ccIcd a
Icndcncy IhaI s immancnIviIhin animaI Ii!c as a vhoIcand vhich, n tur, s
iIscl! consisIcnI vIh Ihc movcmcnI o! Iiviny macr. Jhc Icchnics o! Ihc
human amounI Io a IranslormaIion o!nonoryanic Ii!c into anoryaniIscl!. Jhc
paradox IhaI currcnIIy unscIIlcs much conIcmporary Ihinkiny abouI Ihc bios
ol Icchncs, o! vhcIhcr Icchnics is an invcnIion o! man or man is Io bc
vicvcd as an nvcnIion of Icchnics (as an invcnIion of I i fc iIscIf), i s
cncounIcrcd in cryson's tcxI.
i!c, noI conIcnI vIh produciny oryanisms, vouId lain yvc Ihcm as
an appcndayc inoryanic maIIcr iIscIf, convcrIcd inIo an immcnsc
oryan by Ihc indusIry o!Ihc Iviny bcny. 5uch is Ihc iniIiaI Iask it
assiyns Io intcIIiycncc.ThaI s vhy thc nIcIIccI aIvays bchavcs as f
i I vcrc !ascinaIcd by Ihc conIcmpIation o! incrI macr. I is I!c
Iookiny ouIvard, puItiny tscI! ouIsidc iIscIl, adopIny Ihc vays o!
unoryanizcd naIurc n principIc, in ordcr to drccI thcm in !ac.
cncc its bcviIdcrmcnI vhcn iI turns Io thc Iiviny and is conlronIcd
viIh oryanizaIion. I I docs vhaI iI can, iI rcsoIvcs Ihc oryanizcd inIo
Ihc unoryanzcd. !or t cannoI, vIhouIrcvcrsny Is naIura dirccIon
and IvisIiny abouI on iIscI!, Ihink Iruc conInuIy, rcal mobiIiIy,
rccproca pcncIraIonin a vord, IhaI crcaIvc cvouton vhich i s
Ii!c.
(I962: I62J; I98J. I 6I2)
Jhc paradox IhaI cryson s IrynyIoun!oId hcrc isIhaIvhiIcIhchuman is
cnIircIy a producIion o! cvoIuIion conccivcd as thc invcnton o! tmca
Iimc IhaI uIIimatcIy bcIonys Io cvoIuIion and noI Io maniI Iscl!, as a
52
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6
JHE O!!EKECE O! BEKSOl
producI and noI as Ihc proccss, is unablc Io Ihink cvoIuIon `in Ihc propcr
scnsc of Ihc vordIhat is Io say, thc continuiIy of a chanyc that is purc
mobiIiIy` ( I 64; I6J). Bccausc Ihc inIcIIcct has cvoIvcd as a mcans Io
oryanic matIcr Ihrouyh Ihc mcdiaIion ofIcchnics iI has a naIuraI tcndcncy
Io conccivc onIy vhaI is usc!uI Io iI. An inIcyraI parI o! thc !ormaIion o!
sch an inIclIccI s Ihc Icndcncy Io conccivc of cvcryIhiny spaIialIy Ihrouyh
modcs o! rcprcscnIaIion. This i s vhaI in!orms cryson` s cIaim IhaI Ihc
inIcIIccI aIvays rcprcscnIs 'bccominy` as a scrics of homoycncos sIaIcs
Ihat do noI IhcmscIvcs chanyc. Thc irony is thaI nIcIIycncc is constanIIy
cnyaycd in Ihc crcation of Ihc ncv buI is iIscI! unabIc Io rccoynzc Ihc
novcIIy o! iIs crcaIivc cvoIuIion. n accounI of iIs nccd for sIabIc forms
and conIroIIabIc obccIs Ihc nIcIIcct rcsoIvcs Ihc un!orcsccabIc and Ihc ncv
inIo oId and knovn cIcmcnIs, so Ihat Ihc !i naIiIy iI Ihinks is alvays Ihc
!inaIIy o! indusIry: IhaI is, vorkiny on a modcI IhaI s yivcn n advancc
Hd cumpuscd u! cIcmcHIs Ircdy kHuWn Hd lmiIi r. BcrsuH Ihcn nuIcs
anoIhcr paradox o!Ihc inIcIIccI namcIy, IhaI vhilc iI is so skiI!uI in dcaIiny
vith Ihc ncrI iI s ncrcdibIy avkvard vhcn iI comcs Io Iouch Ihc Iiviny.
Jhc inIcIIccI !inds iIscI! much morc aI homc, hc conIcnds, vIh Ihc
immobiIc and Ihc dcad. lI is, hc says, yiviny Ihc hsIory o! hyyicnc and
pcdayoyy as Ivo cxampIcs o! human cxpcrimcnIation, Ioo bIunI an
insIrumcnI vhcn iIcomcs Io dcaIiny viIh vhaI is fIuid andconIinuous. or
Bcryson Ihs IimiIcdncss o! Ihc human ondiIonIo Ihink thc I!c and hc
duraIion iI i s thc rcsulI o!actuaIIy rcvcaIs a paradoxcaI !caIurc o! Ihc
proccss ofcrcaIivc cvoIuIion iIscIfas hc sccs I. This is Ihc facI IhaI Ihrouyh
Ihc crcaIion o! Ifc throuyh boundcd spccics and disInct kinydoms I
bccomcs 'cuI off from Ihc rcsI o!iIsovn vork` ( l 68; I 6. ln Ihc casc of
human Ii!c vc !ind Ihat vc IraiI bchind ourscIvcs aII Ihc Iimc, unavarc o!
Ihc vhoIc and vrIuaI pasI, indccd unavarc of Ihc crcaIvc characIcr of our
ovn individuaI cvoIuIion or bccominy.
0llcr 0lIu c0n8c0u8lIc88. 'm0u 08 lIIc 'clIu 0cr0Iul0n/
hc qucsIion `vhaI i s consciousncss' s onc IhaI conIinucs Io occupy and
haun Ihc attcnIion o! aII philosophcrs vhaIcvcr Ihcir IhcorcIical aIIcyanccs.
n Creoiive Fvcluic:t Bcryson cvinccs a uniquc conccpIion o!consciousncss
IhaIpIaccs iI!rmIy viIhinIhcordcr o!naturcas hc has so!ar un!oIdcd iI. c
has rcachcd Ihc concIusion IhaI insIincI and inIcIIiycncc rcprcscnI Ivo
di!!crcnI and divcrycnI, and cquaIIy !IIiny, soIuIions Io onc and Ihc samc
problcm a probIcm poscd by li!c Io parIicuIar cxprcssions of Ii!c). c docs
noI dcny Ihat nsIincI is a !orm o! 'consciousncss' or Ihat I is dcvod o!
intcIlycncc. Thc Ioyic ofnuanccs IhaI is Io bc dcpIoycd n ordcr Io cxpIorc
Ihc intcrpcncIraIny characIcr o! aII Ihcsc Ihinys and Icndcncics musI,
hovcvcr, disovcr Ihc di!!crcncs of knd vhich cnabIc us to d!fcrcnIiatc
Ihcm. A sac o!unconsciousncss, !or cxampIc, can bc morcIhan onc Ihiny. iI
5J
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JHE O!!EKECE O! BEKSOl
canbc a sIaIc in vhchconsciousncss smcrcIy abscnt, orIcanbca sIatc in
vhich iI is nuII ificd (a diffccncc bcIvccn a stonc faIIiny and an animaI o
pIanI insIincI).
onsciousncss s dcfincd by Bcryson i n vcry spccfic Icrms as thc
`ariIhmcIicaI d!!crcncc bctvccn poIcnIiaI and rcaI acIvIy` . This
'di ffcrcncc' mcasurcs Ihc inIcrval bcIvccn rcprcscnIaIion and acIion.
onsciousncss canbc conccivcd as a `liyhI` vhich pIays around a zonc o!
possibIc actions and poIcnIiaI acIiviIy IhaI aIvays cncompass any caI
acIion (acIion carrcd ouI n rcaI Iimc) by a Iviny bcny. n siyn!yny
hcsitation or choicc' conscousncss can ciIhcr bc inIcnsc !or cxampIc
vhcn Ihcrc is cndIcss dclibcraIion ovcr many cuaIly possibIc acIions, or
rcduccd Io noIhiny as vhcn an acIion pcr!ormcd is Iakcn to bc Ihc only
possibIc acIion. onsciousncss is onIy possibIc to Ihc cxIcnI IhaI Ihcrc is a
'dcliciI` o! insIincI. I may. Ihcrc!orc. appcar in inIcnsc !orms onIy in
spccilic hbiIIs Hd uHdcr spcci!ic cHviruHmcnII cuHdiIiuHs, Hd iI my bc
cspccalIy acuIc in iIs inIcnsiIy in Ihc casc o! thc human oviny Io Ihc
parIicuIar conIinycnI circumsIanccs o! its cvoIuIion such as cvolviny on
Ihc opcn savannah, Io yivc buI onc !acIor in vhaI s a complcx cvoIuIion
invOIviny many componcnts). ovcvcr, Ihc cvoIuIion o! Ihc human may
havc bccn vclI prcparcd !or in cvoluIion Ihrouyh thc dcvcIopmcnt o!
inIcIIiycncc n animaI Iilc, !or hcrc, cryson aryucs, dc!icit, undcrsIood as
Ihc di Iancc or yap bcIvccn acI and idca, is noIhiny oIhcr Ihan Ihc normal
sIaIc o! inIcIIiycncc: `abouriny undcr di!!icuItcs is iIs vcry csscncc' I46
I 5. Norcovcr, bccausc inIclIiycncc is imp icaIcd in Ihc invcnIion of
Icchnics iI s compcIIcd Io cvoIvc in Icrms o! a !uIuriIy, nvoIviny, !or
cxampIc thc saIisfacIon of nccds vhich aIvays ycncraIc Ihc ccaIon of
ncv nccds. Thc cvoIuIion o! nccds, Ihcrc!orc, has Io bc sccn as parI o! a
vrIuaI hisIory of IcchnicaI cvoIuIion.
Bcryson nov aryucs IhaI human onIoycncss Ihrouyh tcchnoycncsis onIy
Iacs placc in Ihc conIcxI o a communiIy of inIcIIccIs, namcIy, socicIy. A
communiIy, vhcIhcr it bc an insccI socicty or a human onc, is madc possibIc
by aIanyuayc o!siyns. ovcvcr in IhccascolIhcinsccIs hc subdivision o!
Iabour s naIuraI in Ihc scnsc IhaI cach individuaI mcmbcr is rivcIcd by Is
sIrucIurc to a spcc!ic luncIon. quaIIy such a !ormaIion sbascd on insInct
invhchacIionand!abricaIion ac dcpcndcnIto a ycaI cxIcnIonIhcspccilic
!orm o! Ihc oryans n addition, Ihc siyns vhich characIcrizc Ihc anyuayc o!
insccts arc Iimitcd in numbcr in IhaI cach onc rcmains invariabIy aIIachcd Io
a spccic obccI and pcrorms a spcci!ic opcraIion. `Ihc siyn is adhcrcnI Io
Ihc Ihiny siyn!icd' ( l 59; 58). n Ihc casc o! human socicIy thc picIurc is
quiIcdil!crcnIonaIIIhcsc !ronIs. crc siynand labricaIion assumc a variabIc
!orm and thcrc arc no prcordaincd strucIurcs !or individuaIs Io occupy. Thc
siynso!human lanyuayc may bc !iniIc in numbcrbuI Ihcy arc aIsocapabIc o!
bciny cxIcndcd Io an ininIy of Ihinys. hc Icndcncy o! Ihc syn Io Ians!cr
iIscI! lrccIy!rom oncobjccIIo anoIhcr is !or Ucryson quiIc spcciic Io human
54
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JHE O!!EKECE O! BEKSOl
cuIIurc.Jhis is obscrvabIc, hc says, nIhc chiId as soon as iIbcyinsIospcak:
'AnyIhiny can dcsynaIc anIhiny such is Ihc IaIcnI principIc of infanIinc
Ianyuayc' (ibid.). I is noI,hc inssIs, so much a !acuIIyo!ycncraIizinyIhaIs
spccific Io Ihc human anmaI, sincc oIhcr animals aIso ycncraIizc. athcr,
vhat is spccilic Iothc siyns o!human lanyuayc is thaIvhcrcasIhcinsIincIivc
siyn is 'adhcrcnI', IhaIof Ihc intcIIiycnt siyn is 'mobiIc`.
Bcryson's aryumcnI s morc innovaIivc than simpIy cominy up viIh
Ihcsc nIcrcsIiny nsiyhIs inIo Ihc spccific compIcx characIcr of human
Ianyuayc. c yocs on to conIcnd IhaI on account o!Ihc human invcnIion o!
its Ii lc Ihrouyh Icchnics I i s ablc Io crcatc lor iIscI!a 'surpIus ol cncryy`
ovcrandabovcIhcuIiliIarianand, nIhcproccss, bccomcs `a consciousncss
Ihathas vrIuaIIy rcconqucrcd iIscI!` ( I6U I59). I is Ianyuayc vhch scrvcs
Io uctuulie thc virIuaI inIcIIycncc o! Ihc human VIhout i I inIclIiycncc
vouId havc rcmaincd rivcIcd Io Ihc maIcraI objccIs IhaI iI consumcs and
iHVcsIs iIs cHcry in. Jhc Wurd is nuI unIy !rcc iH bciH bIc Iu bc psscd
!rom onc Ihiny Io anoIhcr iI i s aIso Irans!crrcd !rom a pcrccivcd Ihiny to a
rccoIIccIion o! IhaI Ihiny, and !rom a prccisc rccoIIccIion Io a morc !IccIiny
imayc, and !inaIIy Io Ihc conccpIion o! an 'idca' t s i n Ihis vay IhaI Ihc
human acuircs lor itscI! an cnIirc ncv `inncr vorId'. I n short, Bcryson
arrivcs aI thc vicv IhaI thc human s consIiIuIcd i n and throuyh Ihc
suppIcmcnIarIy providcd by boIh Icchnics and Ianyuayc. rom Ihcsc
insiyhIs it loIlovs !or Bcryson IhaI iI s spccific to thc nIcIIccI IhaI iI
shouId IroubIc iIscI! vIh a phiIosophy ol Iilc, includiny a Ihcory o!
inanimaIc maIIcr and nonoryanic Iifc.
onsciousncss is noI so much a phcnomcnoIoyicaI propcrIy o! man buI
can bc sccn Io bc distribuIcd IhrouyhoLI Ii lc and aIvays alony dvcrycnI
Iincs,incIudinythc divisionthrouyh vhich maIIcrycIs oryanizcd nIo Ihc Ivo
compIcmcnIary cxprcssions of pIanI and animaI Iifc. Thc qucsIion Bcryson
nov considcrs aI Ihc cnd ol book Ivo i s Ihis: s consciousncss Io bc
considcrcd as simpIy an aid to acIon or myhI acIion bc Ihc insIrumcnI ofa
consciousncss onsciousncss can bc undcrsIood as Ihc povcr o! choicc or
sclccIon Ihat brinys inIo pIay a zonc o! potcnIiaIiIics` surroundny an
acIion, constiIuIiny an inIcrvaI bcIvccnvhaI ispcr!ormcd and vhaI miyhI bc
pcr!ormcd. In Ihs vay vc miyht vicv consciousncss as indccd a simpIc aid
Io action, vhcthcr conccivcd as c!!cct or causc icvcd !rom anoIhcr anyIc
vc miyhI cquaIIy cIaim IhaI acIion o!!crs a mcans or conscousncss Io
cvolvc and cuIIivatc itscI!, !or in Ihc complicaIion and opposiIion o! acIion
consciousncss i s scI thc IcsI o! consIanty haviny Io csIabIish and IibcraIc
iIscI!. rom Ihis Bcryson vilI nov scck Io aryuc IhaI anoIhcr aspccI o! Ii!c
IhaI s pcculiar Io Ihc human i sIhc abiIity o! iIs consciousncss to ouIsIrip iIs
physicaI concomiIant (thc brai n). In a doy, !or cxampIc, rccoIIccIion i s
aIvays a capIivc o! pcrccpIion so IhaI vhaI i s brouyht back Io conscousncss
!oIIovs IhcrccoIIcIon olan anaIoyous pcrccpIion. Thc doythcrcby rcmains
!xcd on Ihc prcscnI pcrccpIion. y conIrasI, Ihc human has Ihc capacIy Io
55
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JHE O!!EKECE O! BEKSOl
briny up any rccoIIccIion aI vII in compIcIc indcpcndcncc !rom any prcscnI
pcrccpIon.
lt isonIhcbasis o!Ihis dil!crcncc in kndbcIvccnIhc human and animaIs
IhaI Bcryson rcfIccIs on Ihc possibiIity thaI man occupicsa 'privlcycd pIacc'
viIhin cvoIution cvoIuIion is conccivcd as Ihc cmancipation o!
consciousncss from iIs conIainmcnI in maItcr. lI has Io bc cmphasizcd IhaI
!or cryson Ihis is by no mcans Io bc IhouyhI in Icrms o! ciIhcr a ncccssary
or a I i ncar and proyrcssivc dcvcIopmcnI. I ! iI can bc claimcd thaI
consciousncss has cnIcrcd maIIcr as a virIual duraIion and invcnIion Ihcn
such a consciousncss has Io bc vicvcd as Ioadcd vith an cnormous
muIIipIiciIy o! inIcrvovcn poIcnIiaIiIics in vhich movcmcnI s aIvays
rctardcd anddividcd. n cvoIuIon vc !ind morc olIcn Ihan noI consciousncss
in a torpid sIaIc. Thc !abricaIion o! inIcIIycncc in man, vhich has Iakcn
pIacc throuyh Ihc !abricaIion o! cvcr morc IcchnicaI cvoIuIion, Icads Io a
cundiIiun in Whch inVcnIiun IWys cxcccds Ihc dmnd nd rcqurcmcnIs
o! inIcIIiycncc and iIs nccd !or uIiIiIarian caIcuIaIions. ndccd, cryson
aryucs IhaIIhcdisproporIon bcIvccn Ihccl!ccI and Ihc causc olnvcnIion is
so yrcaI IhaI iIbccomcs d!licuII Io simpIy rcyard Ihc causc asIhc 'produccr'
of iIs ccct. II is noI simply a qucsIion of sayiny IhaI cvoIion bcIonys Io
'man',but rathcr IhaI Ihchuman bcIonys Io duraIion conccivcd as thc Iimc o!
a `crcaIivc cvoIuIion . Norcovcr, iI is noI simpIy Ihc casc IhaI in Ihc human
Ihc virtuaI bccomcs idcnIicaI Io Ihc acIuaI sincc, as should bc cIcarfrom this
rcadiny olhs aryumcnt, Ucryson conccvcs Ihc bccominyo!Ihc human as a
bccominy IhaI ncvcr ccascs Io Iakc pIacc in thc dimcnsion of Ihc vrIuaI.
mpIicaIcd as it is in a virIuaI cvoIuIon Ihc human aIvays Iivcs `bcyond' Is
ovn condiIion. This liviny bcyond is Ihc 'mcaniny of Is condiIon. As vc
shaIl scc, iI is onIy n a hyhIy spcci!ic scnsc !or cryson IhaI iI is cvcr
IcyiIimatc Io spcak ofthc huan as Ihc 'cnd' of cvoIuIion.
1hI0s0]h) tusk: rcc0ncIng n0rgunc unu 0rgunc I}c
n Ihc opcniny sccIon o! book thrcc o! Crcu!vc tvoluton Ucryson
csIabIishcs Ihc condiIions !or a mcIhod ol phIosophy' IhaI may provc
adcquatc to a comprchcnsion olnonoryanic Ii!c. c bcyins by noIiny IhaI i!
Ihc division o! unoryanizcd maIIcr nIo scparaIc bodics is rcIaIivc Io our
scnscs and inIclcct (Io Is pccuar Icndcncy Io spaIaizc), and ! maIIcr
couId bc vicvcd rom Ihc pcrspccIivc o! an undividcd vhoIc, Ihcn iI vouId
bc possibc Io conccivc o!i!cor crcativc cvouIon as a !ux and not a Ihiny
ln Ihis vay iI miyhI bc possibIc Io prcparc Ihc vay !or a rcconcilaIion
bcIvccn Ihc incrI and Ihc Iiviny' ( l 87; I86).
hc !rsI Iask s Io aItcmpI a ycncsis ol boIh Ihc inIcIIccI and maIcriaI
bodics, vhilc rccoyniziny IhaI inIcIIccIuaIiIy and maIcrialiIy havc bccn
consIIuIcd Ihrouyh rcciprocaI adapIaIon. ln carryiny ouI Ihis Iask Bcryson
rcccIs boIh Ihc cvoIuIionist phiIosophy o! 5pcnccr and Ihc criIcaI
56
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JHE O!!EKECE O! BEKSOl
phIosophyo!anI as viabIc approachcs. hc cIaim ayansIIhc !ormcr isIhaI
iI assumcs as rcady-madc Ihc inIcllycncc iI is scckiny Io shov in its ycncsis.
5pcnccr acccpIs, cryson is conIcndiny, Ihc !acI IhaI bodics appcar as
disIincI individualiIics and occupy disIincI posiIons n spacc. an`s
dcducIon o! Ihc a priori caIcyorcs o! thouyhI is morc subIIc and scI!
conscious. ovcvcr, in draviny out o! iI vhaI has bccn virtuaIIy puI inIo iI,
comprcssiny Ihc inIcIIccI and rcduciny iI Io its quinIcsscncc, it bccomcs
impossbIc, Bcryson cIams, Io dcmonstraIc iIs ycncsis lI Ihus bccomcs
ncccssary Io !ind a vay bcyond Ihc criIicaI approachconcciviny thc mind
inits mosI conccnIraIcd sIaIc andIhcncxpandny iI inIorcaIiIy ichIc is Ihc
Ihinkcr hc nov mcnIons)and thc cvoIuIionisI approach vhich bcyins
obvcrscIy viIh cxIcrnaI rcalIy and Ihcn condcnsiny iIinIo Ihc inIcIIccI. Jhc
problcm viIh Ihcsc systcms o! phiIosophy !or Bcryson s Ihat Ihcy assumc
Ihat Ihc uniIy ol naIurc is acccssibIc Io thouyhI Ihrouyh an absIracI and
cumcIricuI !urm. lH buIh Ihc sysIcms u! FchIc uHd NpcHccr, hc cunIcHds,
onc !inds only Ihc arIicuIaIion ol dl!crcnccs o! dcyrcc in naIurc vhcthcr
Ihcy bc o! Ihc ordcr o! complcxiIy or Ihc ordcr o! inIcnsiIy. n Ihis basis
intcIlycncc bccomcsasvastas rcaIiIy !or Iis unqucsIonabIcIhaIvhaIcvcr
is ycomcIrical in Ihinys is cnIircIy acccssibIc to human nIcIIiycncc, and i!
Ihc conIinuiIy bcIvccn ycomctry and Ihc rcst s pcr!ccI, all Ihc rcsI musI
indccdbc cquaIIy nIcIIiybIc' ( I 9I ; I9U). uI i!naIurc is assumcd Io bc onc,
and thc !acuIIy o! knoviny Iakcn Io bc cocxIcnsivc viIh Ihc vhoIc o!
cxpcricncc, Ihcn iIbccomcs impossiblc Io conccivc o! an cnycndcriny o! an
cxpcricncc. II is ndccd a ycncraIvc criIiuc, includiny Ihc cnycndcriny o!
Ihc vcry catcyorics throuyh vhich vc Ihink Ii!c, IhaI cryson is alIcr. hc
disciplnc o! IhouyhI is onc IhaI dissoIvcs iI inIo Ihc 'vhoIc` (Ihc AbsoIuIc,
and n Ihis vay cndcavours boIh Io `cxpand' thc humaniIy o! thc human
condition and Io yo bcyond iI.
Bcryson is vcII avarc o!Ihc vicious circIc supposcd n Ihis task, namcIy,
IhaI o!yony bcyond intcIIiycncc Ihrouyh Ihc usc of inIcIIiycncc. c rcpIcs,
hovcvcr, IhaI Ihis is Io misundcrsIand Ihc naIurc ol a habiI, ncIudiny Ihc
habiIs o! IhouyhI and o! inIcIIiycncc. I is coIIccIivc and proyrcssivc action
vhich brcaks vicious circIcs. cryson'smosI dariny movc n Ihis parI o! his
book. hovcvcr, sIosuyycsI IhaI phIosophy cannoI simpIy occupy iIscI!vIh
Ihc!orm o!knovIcdyc vhiIc Icaviny thc maIIcr o!knovIcdycto Ihc physico
chcmca and biooyica sccnccs. VhaI Ihc criIquc o! mcIaphyscs as a
criIiquc o!Ihc !acuIIy o!knovIcdycundcrcstimaIcsis Ihc cxIcnIto vhch this
mcIaphysic and criIquc comc Io I rcady-madc !rom posIvc sccncc. s a
rcsuII Ihc critical phiIosophcr !inds his roIc rcduccd Io onc o! !ormuIaIiny in
morc smpIc and prccisc Icrms Ihc unconscious and inconsisIcnI mcIaphysic
and crIquc IhaI inlorm thc approach sccncc adopIs in rcIaIion Io rcaIity. In
shorI, critical phiIosophy rcsIs on a hiyhly ucstionablc dsIncIion bcIvccn
!orm and maIIcr. ln its conccpIion o! spacc, vhch supposcs maIIcr Io bc
vhoIIy dcvcIopcd into parts thaI arc absoIuIcIy cxtcrnaI Io onc anoIhcr,
57
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JHE O!!EKECE O! BEKSOl
antian phiIosophyhassimpIy Iakcn up an approach torcaIiIy csIablshcd by
modcrn scicncc.
As a vork o!Ihcpurc nIcIIccI posiIivc scicncc !ccIs most aI homc in Ihc
prcscncc of unoryanzcd maIIcr sincc i I s Ihis macr IhaI it is mosI famiIiar
viIh inIcrms o!Ihc manpulaIon aordcd byiIsovn mcchancaI nvcntions.
his incviIabIy Icads scicncc Io vicviny Ihis macr n sIricIIy mcchanistic
Icrms. IIimatcIy, Ihc samc approach is adopIcd in rcIaIion to Iiviny maIIcr
and vith disasIrous rcsuIIs. lI is, Ihcrcforc, Bcryson conIcnds, Ihc 'duIy` of
phiIosophy Io inIcrvcnc n ordcr Io conIcsI Ihc applicabiIIy ol Ihc
ycomcIrism o! naIuraI Ioyic Io a comprchcnsion ol macr, and thus Io
cxaminc thc Iiviny andIhc dcad vIhouI conccrn !or thcir pracIicaI uIIiIy or
cxploiIabiliy. hiIosophy s laccd viIh Ihc paradoxicaI Iask o! !rcciny iIscI!
!rom lorms and habiIso!IhouyhIIhaIarcsIricIIy and cxcIusivcIy nIcIIccIuaI.
Jhc viII Io IruIh` IhaI Ucryson idcnIi!cs viIhn scicncc s noI, hovcvcr,
WhuIIy ncuIiVc !ur hm. OH Ihc cuHIrury, hc urucs IhuI Ihc murc iI
pcncIraIcs Ihc dcpIhs o!Ii!c Ihc morc iI discovcrs Ihc hcIcroycncous andIhc
morc it cncountcrs thc sIranyc phcnomcna o! duraIion vhich cxcccd iIs
undcrsIandny II is hcrc IhaI phiIosophy is abIc Io supplcmcnI sccncc in
ordcr Io disIosc Ic 'absoluIc' in vhich 'vc Iivc and movc and havc our
bciny' (20 I99).Jhis 'absoluIc' rc!crs noIto a lncarhisIoricaI cvoIuIon o!
consciousncss buI raIhcr Io thc `vhoIc' o! crcaIivc cvoIuIion conccivcd as a
vrIuaI duraton. Bcryson conccdcs IhaI Ihc 'absoIc knovIcdyc` o! Ihis
vhoIc vc acuirc viII aIvays bc incomplcIc. 5pcakiny posiIivcIy o! iI,
hovcvcr, onccan aIso say IhaI iI viII bc nciIhcr cxIcaI nor rcIaIivc. This is
bccausc iI has yonc bcyond Ihc !acIiIious uniIy imposcd on naIurc by Ihc
undcrsIandiny from ouIsidc and Ic knovIcdyc sccurcd by scicncc thaI i s
aIvays rcIativc IoIhc conIinycncics o!our acIions and diayrammaIic dcsiyns
upon rcaIiIy.
Bcryson's criIicaI cnyaycmcnI viIh sccncc consisIs, Ihcrc!orc, ol a
numbcr of cruciaI componcnIs. n Ihc onc hand, it conIcnds IhaI Ihc
physicaI lavs ol scicnIi!ic knovIcdyc arc, in Ihcir maIhcmaIicaI !orm,
arIi!icil consIrucIions !orciyn Io Ihc rcaI movcmcnI ol naturc sincc ts
sIandards o! mcasurcmcnI arc convcnIionaI oncs crcaIcd by Ihc uIiIitarian
conccrns o! Ihc human inIcIIccI. Jhis docs noI prcvcnI Ucryson !rom
apprcciatny Ihc succcss o! scicncc; on Ihc conIrary iI is such insiyhIs inIo
Ihc spcci!ic charactcr o! scicncc IhaI cnabcs him \O apprcciaIc Ihc rcasons
!or Is succcss, namcIy, Ihc !act thaI iI is conIinycnt and rclatvc Io Ihc
variabcs I has scccIcd and Io Ihc ordcr in vhich iI sIaycs problcms. On
Ihc oIhcr hand, in noI acccpIiny Ihc Icrms o! anI's criIiquc o!
mcIaphysics, Ucryson s noI compclIcd Io acccpI as a !oundaIon o!
knovIcdyc Ihc mcIhods o!posiIivc sccncc and Io sIayc qucsIions o!human
!rccdom and Ihc absoIuIc n soIcIy rcyuIaIivc Icrms ol !aIh and noI
knovIcdyc c Ihus Iransccnds Ihc oppositionaI or antnomicaI lramcvork
olanI'scritiuc and prcscnIs, in Ihc proccss, a hiyhIy novcI conccpIion o!
58
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JHE O!!EKECE O! BEKSOl
Ihc Iasko!phiIosophy as onco!Ihnkinya supcrior human naIurc bcyond'
Ihc human condiIion.
NcrIcau-lonIy aryucs thaI in ccrIain imporIanI rcspccIs cryson
'pcrfccIly dcfincd` thc approach ofmctaphysics Io thc vorld. 5cicncc noI
only has Io do viIh compIcIcd !ormuIas abouI Ihc vorId buI is aIso
impIcaIcd in maryins ofindcIcrmination IhaI scpaaIc Ihcsc formuIas from
Ihc daIa Io bc cxpIaincd I Ihus prcsupposcs an inIimacy vith daIa IhaI is
sIiII-Io-bc-dcIcrmncd. ctaphyscs cntaiIs an cxpIoraIion of this vorId
prior Io Ihc obccI o! scicncc Io vhich scicncc rc!crs (NcrIcau-lonIy
964b. 97). or NcrIcau-onIy suchan nsiyhIinIo Ihc characIcro!scicncc
and mcIaphysics providcs us viIh an apprcciaIon o! thcir `sponIancous
convcrycncc`. scicncc vithouIphiIosophy vouId IiIcraIly noIknov vhaI
i I vas taIkiny abouI. A phiIosophy vi IhouI mcIhodicaI cxpIoraIion o!
phcnomcna vouId cnd up viIh noIhiny buI !ormaI IruIhs, vhich is to say,
crrurs' (i bd. , scc uIsu I 9hK: I J2!!. ). I n uddI:uH. lcIcuzc mukcs Ih
imporIanI obscrvaIion IhaI Ucryson's ai m vas noI Io producc an
cpistcmoIoyy ol scicncc buI raIhcr Io nvcnI auIonomous conccpIs thaI
couId corrcspond viIh thc ncv symboIs o! scicncc (OcIcuzc 98J: 89;
I986:6; scc aIso Ihc criIicaI rcmarks vi:--vix Ihc danycr o!phiIosophy
produciny a bad caricaIurc o! scicncc n OcIcuzc and uaItari I99I . I46;
I994:I55).
hc uc0I gcnc8 0}m0IIcr: Ihc m0IIcr 0nu mc0nng 0} cr0IuI0n
t is noI !or Ucryson simpIy a qucsIion ol dcnyiny IhaI Iilc cvoIvcs vithouI
fnaIity but raIhcr of shoviny IhaI Ihis finaIiIy is aIvays impIicaIcd in Ihc
invcnIion o! a duraIion. rcativc cvoIuIion procccds `vithouI cnd` in Ihc
prccisc scnsc IhaI its invcntions do noI csI in advancc and ncIhcr can Ihcy
bc smpIy rcprcscnIcd spaIiaIIy as disInct ponts o! Ii!c. BuI Ihis docs noI
Icad him Io acccpIiny Ihc vcv Ihat cvoIuIion is a mcrc bIind mcchanism.
voIuIion is markcd as dissociaIivc oviny Io thc conInuaI lIux o!duraIion
und Ihc IimiIs scI by iIs invcnIons such as Ihc cvoIuIon ol spccics (an
actuaIizaIion o! a virIuaI cvoIuIon aIony Iincs o! divcrycncc). As spcciic
invcnIions o! naturc vc humans cxpcricncc vithin ourscIvcs, on a
subrcprcscnIationaI lcvcI, Ihc acIuaI individuaIions vhich i n!orm Ihis
conInua claboraIon o!Ihc ncv, cvcn Ihouyh ourinIcccI makcs I d!!cuI
!orus to comprchcndIhcirdurationaI characIcr. Thcrc arc Ivovays in vhich
vc ai Io rccoynizc Ihis duraIiona characIcr: onc, !rom vantiny Ihc ycncsis
o! Ihc univcrsc Io havc bccn accomplshcd in a sinyIc sIrokc, so rcduciny
cvoluIionto ascrcso!discrcIcpoinIs or nsIants, and, tvo, !rom vanIny Ihc
vhoIc o! maIIcr Io bc ctcrnaI. In boIh cascs Ihc Imc' o! cvoIuIion is not
bciny IhouyhI as duraIion.
lI is aI Ihis uncIurc in his aryumcnI IhaI Bcryson considcrs Ihc Ivo
prncpaI ycncraI lavs o! modcrn scncc. Ihc !irsI and sccond Iavs o!
59
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JHE O!!EKECE O! BEKSOl
Ihcrmodynamics rclaIiny Io Ihc conscrvaIon and dcyradaIon o! cncryy and
in Ihc contcI o! rcIaIvcIy closcd sysIcms. c bcyns his caminaIion o!
Ihcm by noIiny IhaI Ihc Ivo princpIcs or Iavs do noI havc Ihc samc
mctaphysicaI scopc, in Ihc scnsc IhaI Ihc!irsI isa uanIiIaIivc lav rcIaIvc Io
ourmcIhods o!mcasurcmcnI, vhiIcIhc sccond lavdocsnoIncccssariIy bcar
on mayniIudcs. cI mc bc morc prccisc concciny Bcryson` s cIaim abouI
Ihc lirsI lav. hc Iav o! conscrvaIion conccrns iIscI! viIh Ihc rclaIon o! a
!raymcnI o! thc soIar sysIcm Io anoIhcr !raymcnI and noI Io thc vhoIc. II s
Ihus onIy intcIIiyibIc as a Iav o! cncryy vhichposiIs thc consIancy o!cncryy
in Ihc conIcxI o! Ihs parIicuIar lramc o! anaIysis. In Ihc casc o! Ihc sccond
Iav, Bcryson docs noI dcny thaI iI arosc ouI o! Ihc aIIcmpts by arnoI and
Iausius Io caIcuIatc mayniIudcs nthc !orm o! 'cnIropy' . Bcryson hoIds iI Io
bc Ihc mosI `mcIaphyscaI'and thcrc!orc Ihc mosI inIcrcsIinyo! Ihc lavs
o! physics bccausc vIhout inIcrposcd symboIs and Ihc aid o! arIi!iciaI
dcViccs uHd iHsIrumcHIs iI discIuscs Ihc dirccIiuH iH Which cVuIuIiuH is uiH.
Jhis lav sIatcsIhaI aII physicaI chanycs havc a IcndcncyIovards dcyradaIion
i n thc !orm o! hcaI IhaI bccomcs di sIribuIcd amony bodics in a unilorm
manncr. VhaI vas oncc hcIcroycncous and unsIabIc bccomcs homoycncous
and sIabIc.
nc miyhI supposc thaI such a Iav poscs Ihc yrcatcsI chaIIcnyc Io
Bcryson's uphoIdiny o!a crcaIvc cvoIuIion sincc it amounIs Io Ihc cIaim IhaI
Ihc mabIIy o! Ihc univcrsc vII in Ihc coursc o! Imc bc cxhausIcd, so
brinyiny an cnd Io cvoIuIion's capaciIy !or ccascIcss invcnIion. Bcryson
cnIcrIains Ihc possibiIiIy o! thc sum o! muIabiIiIy in Ihc univcrsc bciny
in!nIc ovinyIoiIspassnyonacross d!!crcnIvorIds, onIy Io dismissiIas a
hypothcsisIhaI is boIh irrc!uIabIc and indcmonsIrablc. hc idcao!an in!nitc
unvcrsc onIy makcs scnsc vhcrc vc admiI a pcr!cct coincidcncc ol maIIcr
viIh absIracI spacc, buI ths is Io dcprivc cvoluIion o! iIs rcaI 'subsIancc',
namcIy, duraIion. c Ihcnconsidcrsthc Ihcory o!cIcrnaI rcIurn in vhich Ii!c
alIcatcs bcIvccn pcriods o! incrcasiny muIabiliIy and dimnuIion IhaI
succccd onc anoIhcr !or aII Iimc, buI appcaIs to Ihc vork o! BolIzmann Io
sovs iIs maIhcmaticaI improbabiIiIy. ltimaIcIy Ihc probIcm rcmains
insoIubIc, Bcryson aryucs, as Iony as thouyhI rcmains viIhin Ihc rcalm o!
physcs and iIs aItachmcnI Io Ihc conccpIion o! cncryy as cxIcndcd parIicIcs.
IhaIis, Ioa spaIiaI conccpIiono!cncryy(cvcni!IhcscparIicIcs bcthouyhIas
rcscrvors o cncryy.
Thc issucs raiscd by Ihis aIIcr poinI arc sIaIcd cIcary, and pcrhaps morc
hcp!uly, in Ihc caricr IcxI 1imc und 1rcc Wll. n Ihis vork cryson is
conccrncd Io shov Ihc IimiIaIions o!physicaI dcIcrmnsm by aryuiny IhaI
Ihc scicncc o! cncryy rcsIs on a con!usion o!concrctc duraIion and absIracI
Iimc. is inIcntion IhrouyhouI i sIo kccp scicncc and its invcstiyaIionscen
by noI cominy up viIh Iavs or thcscs vhich makc consIanI Icstiny, and
hcncc, rcvisabIiIy, n cxpcrcncc mpossibIc. This s Ihc casc, hc aryucs,
vith modcrn mcchanisms in vhich Ihc aim is Io caIcuIaIc viIh absoIuIc
6U
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JHE O!!EKECE O! BEKSOl
ccrtainIy pasI, prcscnI, and !uIurc acIons o! a Iiviny sysIcm !rom a
novIcdyc of Ihc cacI posiIion and moIion o! Ihc aIomic cIcmcnIs in Ihc
univcrsc capabIc o! in!Iucnciny iI. I is Ihis ucst !or ccrIainIy, hc aryucs,
Ihat has i nformcd thc scicncc vhich has bccn buiII up around Ihc principIc
o! Ihc conscrvaIion o! cncryy. To admiI Ihc unvcrsaI characIcr o! Ihis
Ihcorcm is Io makc Ihc assumption thI Ihc maIcrial poinIs vhich arc hcId
Io makc up Ihc univcrsc arc subcct soIcly Io !orccs of aIIracIion and
rcpuIsion IhI arisc !rom Ihc points IhcmscIvcs and hvc intcnsIics IhaI
dcpcnd onIy on Ihcir dsIanccs hus, vhaIcvcr Ihc naIurc o! Ihcsc maIcriaI
poinIs aI any yivcn momcnt, IhcrrclaIivc posiIion vould bc dcIcrmincd by
rcIaIon Io Ihc prcccdiny momcnI Ihs can rcadiIy bc rccoynizcd as an
accurIc accounIo!cImhoItz's aItcmpI to dcvcIop a mcchanistic onIoIoyy
o! maItcr in moIion by combininy thc ncv insiyhIs inIo cncryy viIh Ihc
Iavs ofcvIon nd ant`s mcIaphyscs o!naIurc sccrman I982:4I4).
hi is Ihc puiHI IhuI BcrsuH IhcH mukcs i H rcIuIiuH Iu Ihc priHcipIc u! Ihc
conscrvaIon o!cncryy:
i n ordcr Io !orcscc Ihc staIc o! a dctcrminisIic momcnI, it i s
absoluIcIy ncccssary IhaI somcIhiny shouId pcrsisI as a consIanI
quantity IhrouyhouI a scrics o! combinaIions buI it bcIonys Io
cxpcrcncc Io dccdc as Io Ihc naturc of Ihis somcIhny and
cspccIIy IoIcIus knov vhcIhcr it is !ound in aIl possibIc sysIcms,
vhcIhcr, in oIhcr vords, aIl possibIc sysIcms Icndthcmsclvcs Io our
caIcuIaIions.
(cryson I 96:I 5I )
Bcryson`s mainconccrnisIo aryuc IhaIiIis iIIcyitimaIc simpIy Io cxtcndths
conccption o! maIIcr Io a dcIcrminisIic and mcchanisIic undcrsIandiny o!
psychic sIIcs (pcrhaps by makiny Ihcm rcducibIc Io ccrcbral sIaIcs). AIony
Ihc vay hc makcs somc mporIanI poinIs IhaI myhI hcIp us Io undcrstand
bccr his Ihcory o! duraIon n rcIaIion to cncrycIics. Bcryson's approach is
noI Io dcny IhaI Ihc principlc o! Ihc conscrvaIion o!cncryy appcars Io bc
appIicabIc Io a vhoIc array o! physico-chcmcaI phcnomcna, cspcciaIIy Ihc
csc, hc noIcs, sincc Ihc dcvcIopmcnI o! thc mcchanicaI Ihcory o! hc. hc
qucsIion hc vanIs Io posc !or an opcn scicncc, hovcvcr, is vhcIhcr Ihcrc arc
ncv knds o cncryy. di!crcnI !rom knctic nd poIcnIi cncryy, vhch my
`rcbcI` ayainst caIculaIion (hc is Ihnkiny o physioIoycaI phcnomcna in
parIicuar. s prncipal point is Io aryuc IhI conscrvaIivc sysIcms cannoI
bcIakcn Io bc Ihc onIy sysIcms possibIc. orIhcscconscrvaIivc sysIcms Iimc
docs noI 'biIc' inIo thcm. ViIhouI duraIion can Ihcsc sysIcms bc said Io bc
Iivin sysIcms Bcryson is kccnnoIonIy Io poinIIo Ihc irrever:iIle characIcr
o! Iiviny sysIcms but aIso Io Ihink o! Ihcir cvoIuIion in duraIionaI Icrms. n
Ihc modcI o! modcrn mcchnsm Ihc isoIabIc maIcraI poinI can onIy rcmain
suspcndcd in an 'cIcrnal prcscnI' ( I5J). or surc, a conscrvaIivc sysIcm my
6 I
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JHE O!!EKECE O! BEKSOl
havc no nccd o! a pasI Iimc (duraIon), buI !or a Iiviny onc IhaI cxisIs in a
mctasIabIc sIaIc I is a prcrcqusitc. inaIIy, in Ihis sccIion ofhis IcI on Iimc
and lrccdom, Bcryson makcs Ihc inIcrcsIny crIicaI poinI Ihat Ihc scIIiny up
of an absIract principIc of mcchancs as a univcrsaI Iav docs noI, in IruIh,
rcsI on dcsirc Io mccI Ihc rcuircmcnts o! a posiIivc scicncc, buIraIhcron a
'psychoIoycaI misIakc` IhaI dcrivcs from rcduciny Ihc duraIion of a Iiviny
sysIcmIo Ihc duraIion vhch yIidcs ovcr thc incrI atoms viIhouI pcncIraIiny
and aIIcriny Ihcm` ( l 5 or mcchanism Ihis is Ihc onIy kind of duraIion
conccivabIc. or Bcryson ths s no duraIion aI aII.
cI mc rcIurn Io my analysis o! Crcutvc tvoltton. Ucryson oncc ayain
rccon!iyurcs Ihc ucsIion o! a crcaIivc cvoIuIion in Icrms o! Ihc rcIaIion
bctvccn maIcr and consciousncss, mainIaniny Ihat matIcr is alvays n
dcsccnI and s onIy prcvcnIcd !rom achicviny a compIcIc dcsccnI inIo sIasis
(as in rcud`s conccpIon o! Ihc dcath-drivc, as vc shaIl scc in Ihc ncxI
chupIcr) uWH Iu uH iHVcrsc pruccss. lI s bcyuHd qucsIuH, hc urucs. IhuI
Ihc cvoIuIion o! Ii!c on carIh s aIIachcd to maIIcr. urc consciousncss vould
bc purccrcaIivcacIiviIy Iackiny in invcnIion (thcrc vouId bc no obsIacIcs Io
ovcrcomc !or a sIarI). In bciny rivctcd Io Ihc oryanism cvoIuIionary Ii!c is
subjccIcd to Ihc ycncral Iavs o! incrI maIIcr. I n rcsisIiny thc dcsccndiny
Icndcncics o! Ihis maIIcr iI is noI ncccssary Io posiI Ii!c as a Ircmcndous
ncycnIropic !orcc. aIhcr, vc nccd onIy spcak, says Ucryson, o! a ccrIain
rctardation in vhich Iilc is sccn Io !olIov !rom an inIaI impuIsion' IhaI has
brouyhI inIo bciny Ihrouyh Ihc coninycnccs ol cvoIution morc and morc
povcrfuI cxpIosivcs. hcsc 'cxpIosivcs' can bc consIrucd as amounIny Io a
sIoriny-up o! soIar cncryy n vhich iIs dcyradaIion mccIs vith a provsionaI
suspcnson ' on somc of thc poinIs vhcrc it vas bcny pourcd forIh'
(I962:247, I983:246). lI is Ihc oryanism, Ihcrc!orc, IhaI rcprcscnIs an arrcsI
of Ihs dissipaIon of cncryy. I I is not simpIy Ihc casc, Ihcrcforc, IhaI Ihc
oryanism ncyaIivcIy IimiIs li!c (as OcIcuzc and uaIIari sccm to vanI Io
conIcnd in A Thott:und 1lutcuu:); raIhcr, Ucryson's aryumcnI is IhaI n
imposiny Ihis Iimt Ihc oryanism is vhat makcs `Ii!c' possibIc (li!c as
invcnIion and duraIion): 'Jhc cvoIuIon o! Iiviny spccics vithin Ihs vorId
rcprcscnIs vhaI subsisIs o! thc primiIivc dirccIion ol Ihc oriynaI cI, and o!
an mpuIsion vhich conIinucs itscIl a dirccIon Ihc invcrsc o! maIcriaIiIy`
(248, 247). I I is Ihs insiyhI vhch n!orms Bcryson's conccpIion o! Ihc
`idcul' (as in virIua) ycncsis o! maIIcr. c vishcs Io sIrcss Ihat Ihc ic o!
spccics is ocn a dcIcrmincd Ii!c inconIrasIIoIhaIo!IhccrcaIion o!a vorId
vhich cxcccds Ihc imiIs o!spccics and vhich is avays a !rcc acIhcrc s
aIvays thc rcaIiIy crcaIiny iIscI!in Ihc rcaIIy Ihat dcsircs Io unmakc iIscI!. lI
is incviIabIc, hc suyycsts, IhaI cach spccics viII bchavc as i! Ihc ycncraI
movcmcnI olIi!c camc Io and cnd viIh I, insIcad o! passiny throuyh iI. hc
noIorous 'sIruyyIc !or cxisIcncc rcsuIIs as much lrom Ihc limiIcd
pcrspccIvc o! cach spcCics as iI docs !rom Ihc bruIaI, nasIy, and shorI
characIcro! Iilc, hc spccuIaIcs.
62
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JHE O!!EKECE O! BEKSOl
Ucryson's so-caIIcd vIIaIIsm` has no dcsIrc IoappcaI Ioan cxtcrnaI causc
ordcrIo cndov Iifc viIh crcaIvc principIcs. athcr, his viIalsm cmcrycs
dIrccIIy ouI o! hIs crIIquc o! Ihc spaIIaI habIIs o! modcrn sccnII!Ic and
phiIosophicaI Ihouyht
Ihc difficuIIy ariscs from Ihis, IhaI vc rcprcscnI sIaIicaIIy rcadymadc
maIcrIaI parIIcIcs juxIaposcd Io onc anoIhcr, and, aIso sIaIIcaIly, an
cxIcrnaI causc vhich pIasIcrs upon Ihcm a skiIfuIIy conIrivcd
oryanIzaIIon. n rcaIIIy, lI!c Is a movcmcnI, maIcrIaIiIy Is Ihcnvcrsc
movcmcnt, and cach o! Ihcsc Ivo movcmcnIs Is sImpIc. Ihc maIIcr
vhIch !orms a vorId bcIny an undIvIdcd !Iux, and undIvdcd aIso
Ihc II!c Ihat runs Ihrouyh II, cuItIny ouI In II IIvIny bcInys aIl aIony
iIs Irack.
( l 962.25U I98J.249
JhIs oryanIzatIon o! II!c assumcs !or our InIcIIccI Ihc appcarancc o! soIIdIIy
and xiIy as iI !aiIs Io yrasp Ihc uniIy o! Ihc ImpuIsc IhaI passcs Ihrouyh
ycncraIIons o! lI!c-!orms, IInkny IndIvduaIs vIth IndIvIduaIs and spccIcs
viIh spccics.
rcaIIvc cvoIuIIon InvoIvcs a pIay bcIvccn ordcr and dsordcr, bcIvccn
conscIousncss and IncrI maIIcr, bcIvccn tcnsIon and cxIcnsIon, vIIhIn vhIch
conIinycncy pIays a maor rolc. his continycncy appIics boIh Io thc !orms
adopIcd and nvcnIcd, and Io Ihc obsIaclcs IhaI arc cncounIcrcd at any yIvcn
momcnI and in any yivcn pIacc. hc onIy Ivo Ihinys rcuircd for cvoluIion Io
Iakc pIacc arc, lIrsI, an accumuIaIIon o! cncryy, and, sccond, an cIasIIc
canaIzation of Ihis cncryy n variabIc and indcIcrminabIc dirccIions'
( I 962:26 l98J:2). hIs Is ccrIaInIy hov II!c and dcaIh havc cvolvcd on
arIh, buI, as Bcryson corrccIIy poinIs ouI, iI vasn'I ncccssary for Iifc Io
assumc a carbonIc !orm c Is prcparcd Io yo as !ar as Io asscrI IhaI II vas
noIcvcn ncccssaryforIifc Io bccomc conccnIraIcd n oryansms as such, Ihat
Is, In dc!nIIc bodcs vhIch provIdc cncryy !Iovs vIIh rcady-madc andcIastIc
canaIs
Ucryson rcachcs Ihc concIusIon that thcrc has noI bccn a projccI or pIan
o! cvoIuIIon (266 265. Jhc anImaI 'man' s ncIIhcr prc-!Iyurcd In
cvoIuIIon nor can II bc dccmcd Io bc thc ouIcomc o!Ihc vhoIco!cvoIuIon.
n addIIon, It Is aso Ihc casc IhaIIhcrcsI o!naIurcdocs noI cxsI !or man.
lI is Ihc divcrycnI characIcr o!cvolution, Ihc !acI IhaI iI has Iakcn pIacc on
many dIvcrsc Incs. IhaI Is dccIsIvc. I Is ony Ina spccIal scnsc IhaI man can
bc consIdcrcd Io bc Ihc `cnd` o! cvoIuIIon. crc Bcryson sccms Io bc
suyycsIIny IhaI aIIhouyh man s an cnIIrcIy conIInycnI producI o! an
invcnIvc proccss o! cvoIuIIonIhcrc s no vay IhaI vc can say IhaI
cvoluIIon has bccn scarchIny !or manII Is In Ihc casc ol man IhaI Ihc
virIuaI bccomcs cuaI Io thc acIuaI, so opcniny up Ihc possIbiIiIy o! a
ycncral scrambIny o! Ihc varIous codcs o! I!c. nc mIyhI Iocatc In hIs
6J
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JHE O!!EKECE O! BEKSOl
Ihcsis a mcIaphysics o!prcscncc in vhich man' is Ihc priviIcycd Ii!c-!orm,
amounIny Io an apoIhcosis of Ihc cntirc movcmcnI of matIcr and spriI,
bccausc in thc bccomny o! his bcny Ihc virIuaI !inds an actuaI adcquatc
and propcrIo it. cvcrIhcIcss Ihs criIicism is unsusIainablc simpIy bccausc
on Bcryson`s modcI Ii!c is ncvcr luIIy prcscnI or actual Io iIscIl. his
appIicsIo Ihc cascofIhchuman,vhichcan onIy bc adcquaIcIy conccivcd in
Icrms o! a pcrpcIuaI yoiny bcyond Ihrouyh Ihc invcnIions o! Icchncs IhaI
crcatc a hsIory of vrIuaIIy. A crcaIivc cvoIuIion aIvays transccnds finaIIy
i! by !inaIiIy vc mcan Ihc smpIc rcalizaIion o! somcIhiny IhaI i s
conccvabIc i n advancc. I s on accounI o! his aIIachmcnt to a crcaIivc`
modcl o!cvoIuIon IhaI Bcryson prc!crs a virIuaIisI as opposcd to a naIisI
conccption o!Ii!c
hc inIcrcstny qucstion Io bc poscd is vhy I!c has assumcd Ihc !orms
it has (planI, animal. ctc.. Ucryson ansvcrs by suyycsIiny IhaI Ii!c is an
ccumuIIiuH ! cHcry, Which IhcH !IuWs inIu !IcxibIc chHncIs Hd
pcr!orms varous kinds ol vork. II is Ihis acIiviIy o!cncryy vhich thc viIaI
impuIsc vouId '!ain Iodo aII aI oncc' vcrciInoI !or Ihc!acI IhaI iIs povcr
is IimIcd: 'BuI Ihc impcIus is !nitc. . . . It cannoI ovccomc alI obsIacIcs
hc movcmcnt it sIarIs is somcImcs Iurncd asidc, somcIimcs divdcd,
aIvays opposcd; and Ihc cvoluIion o! Ihc oryanzcd vorId is Ihc unroIIiny
o! Ihis conIicI' (255 254). Ucryson insisIs IhaI aII IhaI is ncccssary !or
crcaIvc cvoIon (Ihc ycncraIion o! `!rcc aIs`) is Ihc acumuIaIion o!
cncryy and Ihc canaIzaIion o! this cncryy in varabIc and ndcIcrmnabIc
drccIons n Ihc IccIurc on 'ifc and onsciousncss` vhich opcns Aind-
Fner, Bcryson cxprcsscs i I as !oIIovs. `BuI Ii!c as a vhoIc, vhcIhcr vc
cnvisayc I aI Ihc starI or aI Ihc cnd of iIs cvoIuIion, is a doubIc Iabour of
sIov accumuIaIion and suddcn discharyc' ( I 95: I9). iviny lorms arc Ihc
vchicIcs Ihrouyh vhich Ihc viIaI impulsc discharycs iIs cncryy and
rcoryanizcs iIscI!lor lurIhcr nvcnIion andcrcaIion. Ihis i sIhc Iilc indcaIh
and dcaIh in I ifc.
l I is onIy in a quiIc spcci!ic scnsc Ihat iI can bc conIcndcd thaI man
consIiIuIcs Ihc 'Icrm' and thc 'cnd' o! cvoIuIion. In considcriny Ucryson`s
spcculaIvc claim thaI in Ihc casc o!Ihc human bciny naturc has crcaIcd a
machinc IhaI yocs bcyond mcrc mcchanism vc should not ovcrIook ts
csscnIiaI paradox. Ihc human inIclIccI is Ihc uItimaIc mcchanism. hnkiny
bcyond Ihc human condton ncccssariy, Ihcrc!orc, has an appcal Io an
ovcrhuman. VhaI this ovcrhuman invoIvcs viII bc Ic!I to cxpIorc in Ihc
cnsuiny chapIcrs and Ihc concusion othc sIudy. I s ccar IhaI viIhin ths
conccption o!crcaIivc cvoIuIion thcrcrcsidcs dccp viIhn iIan cIhicso!l!c.
VhaI Ihis miyhI amounI Io vc viII aIIcmpI Io cxpIorc in thc !inaI sccIion o!
Ihis chapIcr (p. 69), vhcrc vc viII oncc ayain rcturn Io our cncountcr viIh
vhat it mcans Io Ihink 'bcyond' Ihc human condiIion as Ihc vcry 'mcaniny'
o!IhaI condiIion
64
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JHE O!!EKECE O! BEKSOl
00UZ0 8D0 IH0 Iun rtul
1D Ihis pcnuIIimaIc sccton o! Ihc chapIcr 1 nov vanI Io cxaminc hov
Hcr_Son` S ptcscnIaIon o! a crcaIivc cvoIuIion ycIs con!iyurcd in OcIcuzc` s
'Ucrysonism'. OcIcuzc's anaIysisi shcIp!uI i nIhaI i I brinyS inIo cIcarcr locus
SODC O! IhC DOtC COnUCnSCU uSQCCIS O HCf_SOnS account, such 0S Ihc
cruciaI noIion o!Ihc virIuaI.
hCfC s onc viI3IIy DpOtIun aspcI o!OcIcuzc` tC3dn_ O! BCt_Son uS
a Ihinkcr o! di!!crcncc vc havc ycI Io cxaminc, and Ihis is Ihc prccisc
Si_ni cunCC o! hs SItCSS On u uOIOn O! intcrnul di!CrCnCC lI is nov
appropriaIc Io cxaminc Ihis as iI is Ihc sIrcss on inIcrnaI di!!crcncc vhich
tCvC3Is !Ot LC!CuZC hC IfuC S_niDCuncC o!Bcrgson` scIun vitul. In both Ihc
I956 and l966 rcadinys this is bfouyht ouI in Ihc contcxI o! a rcadiny o!
Oarvi n` s thcory o! naIuraI scIccIon I I is iporIanI Io rcad OcIcuzc
carc!ulIy hcrc sincc hcsnoIyoiny Ioaryuc, andviscly so, in my opinion,
Ihat Ihc noIon o! 'di!!crcncc` is a boIoyicI onc, but raIhcr IhaI iIs staIus
bc yraspcd soIcIy and sIricIIy as `mcIaphysicaI ` . cI us bcyin viIh Ihc
cocnIs adc in thc I956 css, bc!orc oviny on Io Ihc orc dcIaiIcd
rcadiny o!!crcd in I966.
Oclcuzc docs vnt to yranI an iporIncc Io Bcryson's cphasis on
di!!crcnccs o!naIurc or kind buI noIan cxcIusvc imporIancc. his s bccausc
hc rccoynizcs IhaI a di!!crcncc o! kind rcmains an `cxIcrnaI di!!crcncc'
( I 956:87. Inshovinyus IhaI abstracI Iimc is a mxIurc O spacc and duraIion
and thaI spacc is a mxIurc o! maIIcr and duraIion, Bcr_Son prcscnIs us vth
mixIurcs IaI dividc inIo tvo Icndcncics (maIIcr is a Icndcncy invoIvny a
slackcniny orrcIaxation, vhIcUutuIOu is a Icndcncy nvoIvin_ contracIon).
Jhc importanI poinI IorcaIizc, hovcvcr, is IhaI Ihc di!!crcncc o!naIurc docs
noI lic bcIvccn Ihcc Ivo Icndcncics sincc I is, in lacI, onc o! Ihcsc
Icndcncics, namcly, duraIion conccivcd as IhaI vhch di!!crs tOD iIscI!and
noI simply vhaI U11CfS !tOD SODCIDn_ ClSC (by COnIt3SI, LClCuZC Su__CSIS
IhaI maIIcr is vhaI mcrcIy rcpcaIs viIhouI Ic di!!crcncc ol duraIion). In
shorI, di!!crcncc 'is` subsIancc in vhich thc dCcoDpoSiIion O! u DXIutC UOCS
noI mcrcly providc us viIh Ivo Icndcncics IhaI dcr in naIurc buI raIhcr
yivCS uS dCtCnCC o! nuIutC 3S OnC o! Ihc Ivo tcndcnccs. Novcmcnt can
nov bc thouyhto!noI as Ihc characIcr o!a Ihiny, somcIhiny ornoIhiny buI
as a :ubsIanIiaI characIcr IhaI prcsupposCs no movn ObccI. ^s IhcIcndcHcy
I d!!r fo Isl! nIrs fa I ! uas urao an b sa Io b
'immcdiutcl\ Ihc uniI o! subsIncc and subccI` I 95689 I 9978.This
mcans, suyycsIs OcIcuzc, Ihat cxIcrnaI di!!crcncc has bccomc interul
di!!crcncc sncc I is no Ionycr bcIvccn Ivo Icndcnccs buI is onc o! Ihc
Icndcncics so IhaI '1i[erencc o nuture hu: it:el become u nuture' (Lu
dg crcncc dc nuturc c:t dcvcituc cllc-mmc unc ttutttrc) (9 9). ln Ihis v,
OcIcuzc aryucs inIcrnaI d!!crcncc musI bc disIinyuishcd !rom notions o!
conIrdcIon, IcrIy, and ncyton. c cnIons laIosdaIccIc (a dIccIic
65
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JHE O!!EKECE O! BEKSOl
o! aIIcrIy) and cycI `s (onc o! conIradicIion) as boIh invoIviny Ihc povcr
and prcscncc of hc ncyaIivc. In ordcr Io diffcr, hovcvcr, inIcrnaI diffcrcncc
docs noI havc Io yo Io a poinI o! conIradicIion sincc I cnjoys an oriyinary
povcr of diffcrcntiaIion. I I is duraIion IhaI incIudcs viIhin I alI uaIiIaIivc
di!!crcnccs.
OcIcuzc nov addrcsscs in hs I956 cssay Ihc paradox of somcIhiny
dif!criny !rom duraIion buI vhich ncvcrIhcIcss sIII invoIvcs a duraIion o!
sorIs, such as Ihc oIhcr Icndcncy spacc dccomposiny inIo maIIcr and
duration, or oryanic !orm dccomposny inIo maIIcr and Ihc un vtul). To
apprcciaIc Ihis ponI rcuircs modilyny our undcrsIandiny o! duraIion in
vhich iI is sccn Io bc, asan indivisibIc cnyIobiny povcr, noI so much IhaI
vhich ncvcr ycIs dividcd but raIhcr IhaI vhich chanycs iIs naIurc in dividiny
iIscI!. This, says OcIcuzc, sto inIroducc nIo duraIon thc vrtuul dimcnsion.
t is Io Creutve tvoton o! Ucryson`s Icxts IhaI OcIcuzc looks Io providc
Ihc ncccssury n!urmuIiun hcrc sncc iI s biuIuy Which shuWs us Ihc pruccss
o! 'd!!crcnIiaIion (dg erentuton) at vork. Jhc di!!crcncc IhaI is nciIhcronc
o! dcyrcc nor inIcnsiIy, nciIhcr conIradicIion nor aIIcriIy, is, hc aryucs, Ihc
vtul di!lcrcnccaIthouyh this conccpt is iIscI! noI bioIoyicaI ( I956:92
I997I I ). ln Ihinkiny di!fcrcnIaIion Bcryson, OcIcuzc aryucs, is thinkiny
Icsso!cmbryoIoyy andmorc Ihcdi!!crcnIiation o!spccics, vhich is, hc says,
Io spcako! `cvolution`. II isnov aI IhisjuncIurc IhaI hc addrcsscs Ucryson`s
rcIation Io Oarvn. AyainsI thc mcchanism o! Oarvinian thcory Bcryson
vanIs Io shov IhaI Ihc viIaI di!!crcncc, includiny Ihc di!!crcncc o!`
cvoluIion, is inIcrnaI diffcrcncc. Norcovcr Ihis inIcaI diffcrcncc is badIy
IhouyhI i! iI is conccivcd as invoIvcd in a simpIc dcIcrmnation. Any
dcIcrminaIion can bcIhouyhI asaccidcnIaI in Ihc scnsc IhaI iIs bcny canbc
aIIachcd Io a causc, an cnd, or Ihc pIay o! chancc. As a rcsuII di!!crcncc s
rcduccd Io a subsistny cxIcriority. ln sIrcssiny Ihc imporIancc of
indcIcrmnaIion in Ihc bccominy o! vitaI di!!crcncc, Bcryson' s aim is Io
dcmonsIraIc Ihc unprcdicIablc characIcr o! aII Iiviny !orms, so IhaI by
indcIcrminaIc hc mcans unprcdicIabIc. OcIcuzc cIaims IhaI !or Bcryson Ihc
indcIcrminaIc s not Ihc rcaIm o! Ihc accdcnIaI buI, on Ihc contrary. Ihc
csscnIiaI cIcmcnI in a crcaIivc cvoluIion. rom Ihis OcIcuzc dravs scvcraI
importanI insiyhIs nIo cryson` s conccpIion o! cvoIuIion. rsI, IhaI ! Ihc
Icndcncy Io chanyc s noI accidcnIaI thcn nciIhcr can Ihc chanycs brouyhI
abouI c rcyardcd as accidcnIa. hs mcans IhaI Ihc cun vtu s. in somc
uItimaIc scnsc, Ihc mosIpro!ound causc` o!variaIions in vhich diIcrcncc is
noI a dctcrmnaIion buI a di!!crcnIiaIion. his s not Io dcny thaI
di!lcrcnIaIion ariscs !rom Ihc rcssIancc maIIcr prcscnIs Io I!cIhcrc is,
Ihcrc!orc, a matcriaIiIy Io any proccss o!di!!crcnIaIonbut raIhcr to inssI
IhaI prmary dif!crcncc comcs !rom Ihc inIcrnaI cxpIosivc!orcc o! 'Ii!c'. his
isnoI, hovcvcr, Io idcnIi!y a Ii!cIhaI is prcscnI Io IscIlor vhich could cvcr
achicvc a sIaIc of IotaI or !uII prcscncc. This is bccausc Iifc cvolvcs in Ihc
cIcmcnI and povcr o! Ihc virtuaI:
66
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JHE O!!EKECE O! BEKSOl
`5cI!-dl!crcnIiation is Ihc movcmcnI o! a vrIuaIiIy vhich acIuaIizcs
iIsclf'
(9 II ) .
l nov vish Io nov turn my aIIcntion Io Ihc l966 cssay i n ordcr Io bcIIcr
undcrstand Ihcvork Ihc noIion ofIhc virIuaI is doiny in OcIcuzc`s rcadny of
Bcryson on crcaIvccvoIuIion. n Ihis I966rcadiny OcIcuzc cxplorcs n morc
dcIail Ihc roIc Ihc virtuaI pIays in Bcryson's thnkny. c is compcIIcd \O do
Ihis in parI oviny Io Ihc danycr o! rcnIroduciny into IhouyhI a duaIism
bcIvccn di!!crcnccs in kind and di!!crcnccs n dcyrcc. Jhs appIics, hc says,
Io Ihc anaIysis ol!crcd by Bcryson in boIhMutieru:tJMencr, and Creutive
Evoluiioi. OcIcuc`s soIution Io thc probIcm is to clam Ihat aII thc dcyrccs
cocxst in a `sinylc aIurc` Ihat ycIs cxprcsscd in tvo vays, di!!crcnccs in
kind and di!!crcnccs in dcyrcc. In oIhcr vords, hc i s cIaiminy thaI !or
Bcrsun Ihcrc is uIIimIcIy `snlc Jimc' ur `munism u! Iimc. Which s
said Io bc naIurc iIscl! ( I 966.95; l988. 9J; scc aIso Bcryson I965b. 67!l.
`onccrniny Ihc lIuraIiIy o! imcs') c insisIs IhaI Ihis is noI Io posit a
conIradcIion bctvccn Ihc momcnts ol Ihc mcIhod sncc any duaIiIy is vaIid
vhcn iIconccrnsonIy uctuulIcndcncics.Thc imporIanI poinIto apprcciaIc s
IhaI it is on Ihc vrIual pIanc IhaI uni!caIion is to bc souyhI. Jhc 'vhoIc' is
`purc vrIualiIy` Norcovcr, dillcrcnIiaIion is only an acIuaIizaIion Io Ihc
cxIcnI IhaI iI prcsupposcs a uniIy, vhch is Ihc primordiaI virIuaI IoIaIity Ihat
dissociaIcs Iscl! accordiny Io Iincs o! divcrycncc buI vhich sIiII subsisIs in
iIs uniIy and IoIaIiIy n cach lnc. hc virIuaI, Ihcrcforc, er:ixi. in Ihc vcry
matIcr, or acIiviIy, o! iIs acIualzaIion.
OcIcuzc nov inIroduccs his aryumcnI on Ihc virtuaI as aIvays invoIviny
invcnIion bcyond Ihc rcaIizaIion o! Ihc possibIc IhaI s yovccd by ruIcs o!
rcscmbIanccand IimiIaIion. hs is Io sIrcssIhaIthc virIuaI can onIy acIuaIizc
iIscI! by crcaIny !or itscI! iIs ovn Incs o! d!!crcnIiaIion in a scrics o!
posiIvc acIs. II is also hcrc IhaI hc prcscnts Bcrysonsm as moviny bcyond
boIh prc!ormismand cvoIuIionism. hc advanIayc olthcIaIIcrsIhaIiIhas a
noIion o! cvoIuIion involviny Ihc producIon o! di!!crcnccs. Is vcakncss.
accordinyIoOcIcuzcaIIhis sIayc nhis dcvcIopmcnt, isIhaIsuchdicrcnccs
can only bc produccd !rom Ihc pcrspccIivc o! a purcIy cxIcrnaI causaI
mcchanism. c thcn rciIcraIcs Ihc aryumcnIs hc had lirsI cnunciaIcd n hs
96 cssay conccrniny tc princpal rcqurcmcnIs o! a phlosophy o! ic,
and vhichvccncounIcrcd in ourovn indcpcndcnIanaIysiso!Bcryson'stcxI
on cvouIon. (a) IhaI Ihc viIal di!crcncc bc conccivcd as an nIcrna
dilfcrcncc n vhich Ihc Icndcncy Io chanyc is noI accidcnIaI; (b) IhaI Ihc
variatons produccd do noI simpIy combnc in Icrms ol rcIaIionships o!
associaIion and addiIion buI nvoIvc dissociaIion and division and (c) thcsc
variations invoIvc an acIuaIizcd virIualIy IhaI procccds va Iincs o!
divcrycncc aIvays invoIviny hcIcroycncous tcrms IhaI arc acIuaIizcd noI n a
homoycncous uniIincar scrics buI raIhcr aIony a rami!cd onc.
67
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JHE O!!EKECE O! BEKSOl
OclcuzcncxIconsidcrs a qucsIion hchad noIprcviousIydcalIviIh, namcIy
hov t s that thc cr_na! 'cnc', vhch tc ccmp!catc thc mattcr cI thc cnc can
onIy bc thc vholc as a virtualiIy, has Ihc povcr Io bc di!!crcnIiaIcd. OcIcuzc
ar_ucs that thc ansvcr !cs n thc pccular rca!ty that bc!cn_s tc thc vrtua!,
namcIy, a cocxstcncc o! dcyrccs o! cxpansion and conIracIon IhaI can bc
cxtcndcd tc 'thc vhc!c unvcrsc'. hs s Io spcak cl thc vrtua! n tcrms cI a
`yiyanIic Ncmory' conccivcd as `a univcrsaI conc in vhich cvcryIhny
cccxsts vth tsc!I, cxccpt Icr thc dIIcrcnccs cI !cvc!' I 66:IJ I88: l ).
his mcans IhaI vhcncvcr virIuaIiIy is acIuaIizcdand di!!crcnIiaIcd iIs so in
accordancc viIh divcrycnI Iincs cach o! vhich corrcsponds to a particuIar
dcyrcc in thc vrIuaI IotaIiIy. OcIcuzc spcaks o!duraIion dvidny iIscl! nIo
maIIcr and Ii!c (pcrhas noI su!!iccnIIy draviny ouI Ihc cxtcnI Io vhch
duraIion is Ihis divison), Ihcn inIo animaI and pIanI, as invoIviny such an
acIuaIizaIion o!Ihc di!!crcnI IcvcIs olcontracIion IhaI donoI ccasc Io cocxsI
n su !ur us Ihcy rcmuiH VrIuuI. Hc IhcH mukcs Ihc impurIuHI puiHI IhuI nu
maIIcr hov much Ihcsc Iincs o! actuaIizcd divcrycncc corrcsond Io virIuaI
dcyrccs o! cxpansion and conIraction, Ihcy do noI simpIy con!inc IhcmscIvcs
Io Iraciny Ihcsc dcyrccs by !or cxamplc, rcroduciny Ihcm Ihrouyh a simpIc
rcscmbIancc. lI is Ihis !acI vhich makcs Ihc Iincs o!di!!crcnIiaIion ycnuncIy
crcativc. II s onIy by cxcIudny Ihis pIanc o!Ihc virIuaI lrom thc proccss o!
cvoluIion, and by !ocusiny on thc acIuaIs Ihat dcIcrminc cach Iinc, Ihat vc arc
abIc Io IocaIc Ihc di!!crcnccs bcIvccn thc nVcntcns ol naturcsuch BS pIBnI
and animaI, animaI andmanasmcrcdcrcnccs o!dcyrcc andIocaIc nonc
thc nc_atcn cr nvcrscn cI thc cthcr.
Jovards thc concIuson o! thc I66 IcxI, vhich cnds viIh Ihis chaIcr on
thc elon virol and rcadn_ cl Creoiive Fvcluricn, 1c!cuzc addrcsscs thc pIy
viIhin cvoIuIion bctvccn l!c as movcmcnIand IhccrcaIon o!maIcriaI !orm
in a hiyhIy ntcrcstn_ manncr. 1c!cuzc rccc_nzcs that n actua!zn_ and
di!!crcnIiaIny iIscI!I!c,Iakcnas IhcvirIuaI vhoIc, runsthc risko! aIicnaIiny
tsc!I n thc Icrm cI !csn_ ccntact vth thc rcst cI tsc!I. Jhus, '1vcry sgcccs
is Ihus an arrcsI o! movcmcnI; iI couId bc said IhaI Ihc Iiviny bciny Iurns on
iIscl! and clc:e: ii:el I66:l8 I88: I4. c rccoynizcs, hovcvcr, IhaI
Ii!c cannoI procccd in any oIhcr vay sincc iI invoIvcs Ihc nonidcnIiIy o! Ihc
virIuaI and Ihc acIua i!c cannoI, Ihcrc!orc, rcasscmbIc iIs acIuaI parIs IhaI
conIinuc Io rcmain cxIcal to onc anothcr, so IhaI in Ihc acIuaI quo acIuaI
Ihcrc rciyns an 'rrcducbc pluralsm consIiIuIcd as 'many vords as viny
bcinys, alI cIoscd on IhcmscIvcs' (ibd.).
t is prcciscy Ihis conccIion o! a virIua crcaIivc cvouIon IhaI invovcs
divcrycnI lincs o! acIuaIizaIion Ihat thc OcIcuzc o!A 7hcuxonJFloioux v!!
scck Io yo bcyond, scckiny Io map Ilc in tcrms o! an cIho-Ioyic o!liviny
sysIcms Ihat invoIvc transvcrsaI modcs o! bccominy and communicaIion
IhaI is, modcs vhich, in cuIIiny across disIncI phylcIc Iincaycs (dil!crcnccs
n kind), ntrcducc Ihc possibilIy cI a mcrc 'machinic' modcl o!cVc!utcn
and so aIIoviny !or 'Ihc dancc o!Ihc mosI disparatc Ihinys.
68
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JHE O!!EKECE O! BEKSOl
crhaps Ihc mosI imporIanI di!!crcncc bcIvccn crysonism and
Oarvnsm, Ihc mplcaIons ofvhch OcIcuc ncvcrconfronIs nhs l956or
I 966 rcadinys, is IhaI Ihc Ihcory o! naIuraI scIccIon docs noI conccrn iIscI!
viIh Ihc ucsIon of 'voIuIon'. Oarvn prcfcrrcd Io spcak of 'dcsccnI vIh
modi!icaton` and uscs thc vord `cvoIuIion` onIy oncc in his Oriin c]
Secie: aI thc vcry cnd of hs prcscnIaIon vhcn hc spcaks of Ihc 'yrandcur`
conIaincd inIhcvicv o!Ii!col!crcd byIhcIhcory o!scIccIion sincc iI shovs
hov, Ihrouyh Ihc mpIacabIc mcans of a bInd mcchansm, Ihcrc ha cvoIvcd
!rom a simpIc bcynniny cndlcss !orms ol Ii!c at oncc vondcr!uI and
bcauIi!ul (Oarvin l985 46U). ccordiny Io tcphcn Joulmin Ihis avoidancc
o! Ihc vord `cvoIuIion` on Oarv n' s parI s noI accidcntaI. c aryucs,
incisivcly. IhaI his am vas to producc a ycncraI cconomics (my phrasc) o!
naIurc thaI vouId cxpIain a Iaryc numbcr o! disIncI and scparaIc naIuraI
proccsscs. and 'noI Io rcvcaI Ihc csscnIial pIoI in a cosmic drama` (JouImin
I 9h2: I 2 I ).
I may bc siyni!canI IhaI !rom I968 onvards and commcnciny viIh
Di] erence onJKeeiiticn, OcIcuzc shouId dcploy Ihc vord `cvoIuIon` vIh
cauIion. In Ihis vork, !or cxampIc, vhcncvcr Ihc aryumcnI has rccoursc to a
noIion o! `cvoIuIon` I s aIvays pIacd n sarc uoIcs. By Ihc Imc o! A
7hou:unJFluieuu:OcIcuzc's atIcnIion has shi!Icd quiIc dramaIicaIIy and Ihc
!ocus is on modcs o! crcaIivc invcIuiic:t. Indccd, in Ihcsc subscucnI vorks
vc !nd a morc scrous and n!ormcd cnyaycmcnI viIh boIh Oarvn`s Ihcory
o! scIccIion and viIh modc nco-Oarvnism. n cryson`s !avour, hovcvcr,
I can bc noIcd that h s conccpIon of crcaIvc cvoIuIon docs noI IrcaI
cvoluIion as somc yrand, supra-cosmic cnIIy IhaI can bc undcrsIood aparI
from Is conInycnI and muIIfarous pathvays. cIhcr docs I scIccI a an
channcI or paIhvay o!cvoIution Ihrouyh vhich Ihc `mcaniny` o!cvcrythiny
cIsc s Io bc fIIcrcd. Any aIIcmpI Io cnIsI Bcryson` syrcaI IcI for Ihc causc
o! somc dubious posImodcrn viIaIism viII simpIy laiI Io apprcciatc Ihc rich
and nuanccd characIcr of hs conccpIon as vcIl as vhaI s aI sIakc n hs
Ihinkiny o!duraIion andIhc Ircmcndous chaIlcnycs iI prcscnIs Io Ihinkiny in
bioloyy, physics and cosmoIoyy (a chaIIcnyc. onc couId conIcnd, thaI
cosmoloyisIs arc only nov rcspondiny to; scc, !or cxampIc, Ihc rcccnI
aIIcmpt by molin. I997. to brny IoycIhcr cbnizan and Ucrysonian
qucsIions viIh Oarvinian Ihcory in an undcrsIandiny o!thc cvoIuIion o!Ihc
unvcrsc.
0DUS0D 00UZ0 D0j0H0 0S0H uHU 0W80S uH 0DS
0 Y0u1V0 0V0U10D
hc Bcrysonan phIosophy olduraIion docs noI providc a ncvpsychoIoyism
or a ncv phcnomcnoIoyy o! timc. IIs siyni!icancc !or OcIcuzc rcsidcs in Is
!ormulaIon ol ruIcs !or Ihc dcvcIopmcnI o! 3 compIcx onIoIoyy. OuraIon,
Ihcrc!orc, s noI Io bc rcduccd Io mcrcIy Iivcd cxpcrcncc. somcthiny
69
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JHE O!!EKECE O! BEKSOl
csscnIiaIIy pocIicaI or mysIcaI, buI raIhcr is `cxpcricncc cnlarycd or cvcn
yonc bcyond` in Ihc prccsc phIosophicaI scnsc olsIipuIaIiny ncv condIions
!or Ihc possibiity o! cxpcricncc in iIs virIuaI rcaIiIy. hc virIuaI is Ihc
bccominy spccific Io opcn sysIcms n conIrasI Io Ihc rcaIm of possibilIy
vhich is aIvays spcci!ic Io macr andIocIoscd sysIcms (OcIcuzc I966:36
I 9883).
n Ihc rcnch conIcxI Bcryson vas Iakcn Io Iask !or his conccpIion o!
duraIion by Ihc Iikcs of crIcau-lonIy and arIrc, vhiIc in Ihc conIcxI of
biophilosophy aymond uycr providcd a criIical rcadiny olhs modcls and
cIaims (scc uycr I 946.2930, 42, 53!!, vho !ocuscd his aIIcnIion IarycIy
on Motter onJ Mencr,, lor insiyhI into uycr's rcIaton Io Bcryson scc
IIicz I 998. 256l!., and OcIcuzc himscI! i n a !ooInotc Io Eeraoi:n,
I 966:IU3; I988 I2)hc limIaIions o!Ihccritiquc ol Bcryson o!!crcd by
NcrIcau-onty and artrc sIcm lrom Ihc !acI that Ihcir criIicisms vcrc
dVuHccd !rum Ihc pcrspccIVc u! Ihc cuHccrHs u! phcHumcHuIuy WIh I
aIIachmcnI Io a norm o! naIural pcrccpIion (scc NcrIcau-onIy l962:
cspccaIIy I 80I and arIrc I989 csp. I5, I 66, I 0, 6 I 0). ln oIhcr
vords, Ihis criIiuc laiIcd Io addrcss scriousIy Ihc chaIIcnyc ol!crcd by
Bcryson's aIIcmpI Io cuIIivaIc a mcIhod ol phiIosophy thaI vouId Iakc
Ihinkiny 'bcyond Ihc human condiIion' . (or a rcccnI account o! Bcryson's
`durancc' and iIs yony bcyond` Ihc phcnomcnoIoyicaI notion scc Noorc
I 996: I I 522.) II is cIcar, !or cxamplc, IhatarIrcvas criIiciny Bcryson !or
!aiIiny Io discIosc duraIion as a princpIc o! subjcctiviIyhc spcaks o!iI, !or
cxampIc, as a pcrpcIuaI IcmporaIization Iha ncvcr Icmporalzcs irxeI}(arIrc
I989. I67). nranccIodaythcrcarc Ihosc, noIabIy rcAIIicz, vho consIruc
Ihc siynificancc of OcIcuzc as Iyiny n his attcmpI Io providc for thnkny a
-phcnomcnoIoyy (scc AIIicz I995 and I99.8I9). his vicv is in Iinc
viIh Ihc phiIosophicaI movcs souyhI by OcIcuzc and uaIIari in Whor i.
FhiIc:ch, orcovcr, it is vcry much in Ihcsc Icrms IhaI OcIcuzc rcvorks
Bcryson and his 'Bcrysonism` in his Ivo books on cincma composcd in Ihc
I 98Us (scc cspcciaIIy OcIcuzc I98. 85!l. I986.5.). Oclcuzc conIcnds IhaI
Ihc 'opposiIon' bctvccn cryson and phcnomcnoIoyy s a radicaI onc in
rcspccIo!Ihcqucstiono!conscousncss. cI us cxamnc a Iic morc cIoscIy
vhat is invoIvcd in this 'opposiIon and OcIcuzcs sIayinyo! iI.
or OcIcuzc Ihc naIurc o! Ihis opposiIion amounIs to concciviny
consciousncss as immancnI Io maIcr, raIhcr Ihan bcsIovny upon I Ihc
priviIcyc o! a ccnIrcd naIura pcrccption IocaIcd n a subccI. ur'
conscousncss o! !acI i s mcrcly Ihc opaciIy vIhouI vhich iyhI or
Iuminosity ycIs propayaIcd viIhouI iIs disIribuIcd sourcc cvcr bcny
rcvcaIcd. Jhc aim o!phcnomcnoIoyy, OcIcuzc suyycsIs, vas Io cmbark on
a rcncvaI o!conccpIs IhaI vould scrvc Io avakcn us Io Ihc vorId noI as
babcs orhominids buI asbcinysviIh 'proIo-opinions' vho, byriyhI, couId
Iay claim Io consIitutiny Ihc !oundations o!IhcirvorId vith such opinions.
ovcvcr, by rcstricIiny mmancncc Ic a subjcct, and nvokny Ihc
7U
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JHE O!!EKECE O! BEKSOl
primordiaIIy livcd, phcnomcnoIoyy vas unabIc Io !iyhI ayansIIhc Iyranny
of pcrccpIuaI and affccIivc clichs buI surrcndcrcd Ihc subjccI to thc
domain ofIhc ordinary and Ihc cvcryday, mprsoniny Ihc movcmcnI of Ii!c
viIhn Ihc rcaIm of opnion and common scnsc (OcIcuzc and uaIIari
I 99l . I42; I994 I 50) AIIhouyh Ihcsc rcmarks comc !rom Ihc much IaIcr
vork Whut ix Fhilcxch,, Ihc cxIcnI of Ihcir consisIcncy viIh OcIcuzc's
carIy `Bcrysonism', viIh its conccrn Io dc!inc a modc o! phiIosophy IhaI
couId Ihin bcyond Ihc human condiIion, shouId bc apparcnI. hc
Bcrysonian criIquc o!phcnomcnoIoyy chalIcnycs Ihc priviIcyc accordcd Io
'naIuraI pcrccpIon' as a norm o! pcrccption, in vhich cxisIcntial co
ordinaIcs aIIov !or a prviIcycd subcct o! pcrccpIion Io bc anchorcd as a
'bciny in Ihc vorId', Icadiny Io Ihc !amous phcnomcnoIoyicaI dcducIion:
`alI consciousncss is consciousncss c} somcIhiny' NovcmcnI bccomcs
undcrsIood as a scnsibIc !orm IhaI oryanizcs Ihc !cId o!pcrccpIion and as
Ihc !uHcIiuH ul u sIuuIcd cuHsciuusncss IhuI s uIWuys iHIcnIunuI. OH Ihc
Bcrysonian modcl hovcvcr, movcmcnI is aIvays disIribuIcd and nonIincar,
`a !Ioviny-maIIcr in vhich no poinI o!anchorayc norccnIrco!rc!crcncc' i s
assiynabIc (OcIcuzc I98J: 8; l986: 7). Jhis is hov OcIcuzc rcads Ihc
pcrccpIion of cincmaas compIcIcIy accrcd, invcvcIy usiny Bcryson's
ovn Ihinkiny on matIcr and movcmcnt Io chaIIcnyc hs hasty dismissal o!
cincmaIoyraphy` s misconccption o! movcmcnI (scc Bcryson I 99. J
I99l : J8). his is Io inIroducc us nto a vorId o! 'univcrsaI variation',
`univcrsaI unduIaIion` and rippIiny, viIhou ixcd axcs or ccnIrcs, IclI or
ryhI, hiyh or Iov, cxpcricnciny Ic univcrsc as a kind of 'mcIacincma`
(Oc Icuzc I98J.867; I 986.89). Jhc `cyc' is noI in Ihc ` as in Ihinys,
di ffuscd cvcryvhcrc, so IhaI Ihc Bcrysonian rcpIy Io phcnomcnoloyy
bccomcs. aII consciousncss i: somcIhiny'
VcnccdIo noIc, hovcvcr, IhaIIhcphcnomcnoIoyy ofNcrIcau-lonIy as iI
un!oldsbccomcsmorc rcsIcntto Oclcuzc'scriIicism.hccasc o!NcrIcau
lonIy is an cspcciaIly imporIanI onc n Ihc conIcxt of a rcadiny of OcIcuzc
bccausc onc!inds in his vorkan cnyaycmcnInoI onIy viIhBcryson, buI aIso
viIhdcvcIopmcnIs in nco- and posI-OarvnianbioIoyy and cIhoIoyy such as
Ihc vorko! cxkII, IhaI connccI viIh OcIcuzian Ihinkiny(scc, !or cxampIc,
Ihc dcIaiIcd noIcs in NcrIcau-onty l994:22UJ4. cI mc jusI citc a !cv
cxampIcs, Ihc imporIancc of vhch vi I I bccomc cvidc as vc pursuc
Occuzcs biophiosophy in Ihc ncxI tvo chapIcrs. rsI, Ihcrc is Ihc !act IhaI
NcrIcau-lonIy uIiIizcs dcvcIopmcnIs in bioloyy in ordcr Io chalIcnyc a scrics
o mcIaphysica opposIions and prcjudiccs IhaI inorm phiosophca
Ihinkiny. In addiIion, hc cnyaycs vith Ihis vork n ordcr to shov Ihat Ihc
cndIcss dcbaIc conccrniny Ihc inIcrnaI or cxIcrnaI dirccIion o! cvoIuIonary
Ircnds i s fruIIcss and unncccssary. c !urIhcr sccks to shov hov ncv vor
in morphoIoyy chaIIcnycs Ihc Oarvnian tradiIion by shoviny IhaI 'rcIaIions
o! dcsccnt' arc not Ihc only oncs mcrIiny considcraIon. Vork in
cmbryoIoyy, on Ihc oIhcrhand, is imporIanI in rc!usiny Io acccpI Ihc opIion
7 I
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JHE O!!EKECE O! BEKSOl
o! ciIhcr prclormaton or cpycncsis, vhilc Ihc appcarancc o! noIions o!
'_radcnt` and '!c!ds', dcnctn_ 'cr_ano-!crmatvc tcrrtcrcs' that mpn_c
upon onc anoIhcr, rcprcscnIs a muIaIon in bioIoyicaI IhouyhI as imporIanI
as anythn_ n physcs' (Ncr!cau-Icnty I988 I9).
NcrlcaulonIy dravs upon Ihcsc rcvoluIions in bioIoyy, as vcII as
\cxk! ! ` s vcrk cn thc cthc!c_y c! nwelren vhch shcvs thc cxtcnt tc
vhich thc `cnvironmcnI` is sIrucIurcd and mcdiatcd by Ihc spcci!ic nelt
c! thc cr_ansm, n crdcr tc dspc! thc dca that !lc s smp!y an 'cbcct' !cr a
`consciousncss` . 5uch an insiyhI, hc claims, marks thc ponI aI vhich
phcnomcnoloyy brcaks vith idcaIism ( I 988:I96. c aryucs Ii!c and naIurc
arc unIhnkablc viIhouI rc!crcncc Io pcrccvcd naIurc. or him Ihis
pcrccption is no simpIc a!air o! consciousncss buI rc!crs to a body IhaI s
a!!ccIivc and libidinal much morc Ihan I is rc!lccIivc. Indccd, Ihc mosI
imporIanI lcaIurc o! Ihc 'primacy o! pcrccpIion` conccrns iIs cmbodicd
spccIs. `1hc budy prupcr cmbrccs phIusuphy u! Ihc lIcsh s Ihc vsibIIy
o!thc invisibIc` ( I 97. I is noI 'consciousncss` IhaI pcrccivcs naIurc but Ihc
human body that aIso inhabiIs i. hc `animaIion' and `anmaIiIy` o!Ihc body
arc aIvays cauyhI up in a mcIamorphosiso! Ii!c' ( I 96.Jhc princpaI insiyhI
c! Ncr!cau-lcnty's 'phlosophy c! naIurc' can bccxprcsscd in thc !c!!cWn_
Icrms. Iilc invoIvcs a _Iobal and univcrsaI povcr o! incorporaIion` in Ihc
parIicuIar scnsc IhaI corporcaIity is Ihc scarch lor Ihc cxIcrnal n Ihc inIcrnaI
and thc intcrnaI n thc cxtcrnaI lI is such an ns_ht that in!orms 1c!cuzc` s
IaIcr rcadny o! 5pinoza throuyh Ihc Icns olcxkII`s cIhoIoyy.
Bcr_scn prcvdcs a ccrtan ccnccptcn c! thc cr_an sm n Creorive
Fvcluiicn IhaI OcIcuzc viIl !ollov throuyh in hs vork o! thc IaIc I96Us. !
thc cr_ansm s markcd by duratcn thc !css t can bc ccnccvcd n tcrms c! a
mcrc mcchanism. ovcvcr, vhiIc arIicuIaIiny a ccrIain autopoicIic
ccnccptcn c! thc cr_ansm, as cpgcscd tc vcvn_ n tcrms cl a mcrc gassvc
adaptor, Bcryson stilI vishcs Io sIrcss Ihc cxIcnI Io vhich Ihc Iilc o! Ihc
cr_ansm s mplcatcd n thc ccntnucus !!cv c! lo virol. cvards thc
cnd ol book Ihrcc o! Ihc IcxI hc addrcsscs Ihc Vcismannian rcvoluIion in
modcrn biophiIosophy vhich shovs Ihc cxIcnI Io vhich Ii!c is supra
indivduaIinIhc spcci!ic scnscthat oryanisms and bodics canbc construcd as
Ihc mcrc` vchiclcs Ihrouyh vhich thc conIinuiIy olIhc Ii!c o!ycncIic cncryy
is assurcd and passcd on. Bcryson`s conccrn is vIh hov Ihis rcvoIuIion
a!!ccIs our undcrsIandinyoIhc ic o! 'spriI. 1c aryucsIhaI Ihc yrcaI crror
o!prcvious doctrincs o! spiriI vas Io isoIaIc iIs Ii!c by suspcndiny iI 'bcyond
Ihc carIh n a rcam o!purc spacc and bcyond timc. ovcvcr, no doctrnco!
spiriI can rcman unconIamnaIcd by Ihc rcvoIuIion in modcrn bioIoyy and
ycncIics Ihat has shovn IhaI aIIhouyh vc arc riyhI Io bcIicvc in Ihc 'absoIuIc
rcaIiIy o!Ihc pcrson` , incIudny iIs indcpcndcncc tovards matcr, vc cannoI
iynorc scicncc's shoviny o! thc inIcrdcpcndcncc o! conscious li!c and
ccrcbraI acIivIy. cihcr, n r_ht!ully attrbutn_ tc man aprV!c_cd p!acc n
naIurc and hoIdiny Ihc disIancc bcIvccn human and animaI Io bc immcnsc,
72
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JHE O!!EKECE O! BEKSOl
can vc iynorc Ihc !acI IhaI Ihc hisIory o! Ii!c shovs us IhaI spccics cvoIvc
thrcu_h _radua! trans!crmatcn tc thc cxtcnt that thc human s rcntc_ratcd
into animaIy. Bcryson's rcsponsc is Io clam IhaI his conccpIion olIhc elun
viiol shcvs thc cxtcnt tc vhch thc !!c of thc sprt prccccds va thc duratcn
o!a crcaIivc cvoIution and onIy vhcn vicvcd in Ihcsc Icrms docs iI bccomc
pcssb!c tc scc thc !!c c! thc bcdy 'ust vhcrc t rca!!y s' , namcly, as
impIcaIcd n a ourncy Ihat Icads Io Ihc I!c o! Ihc spiriI ( I 962 269
l 83:6) It s n thcsc tcrms that hc attcmpts tc rcccnI_urc Vcsmann.
`hc maItcr Ihat iI bcars aIony vith iI, and in Ihc inIcrsIccs o! vhich iI
inscrIs iIscI!, aIonc can dividc inIo disIncI indviduaIiIics. n !Iovs Ihc
currcnI, runniny Ihrouyh human ycncraIions, subdivdiny iIscI! inIo
indivduaIs` (27U; 269 Jhis is thc 'yrcaI rivcr o! Ii!c` IhaI divdcs itscI! in
ndvduaIcd maIIcr and vhch docs noI ccasc Io !Iov Ihrouyh Ihc body o!
humaniIy, Ihc cvcr-unduIatiny rivcr o! duraIion.
Jhc cIhcuI qucsIuH u! crcuIVc cVuIuIuH IscIl cun pcrhups bc puscd iH
Ihc !oIIoviny Icrms: vhat docs it mcantoIivca Iilc 'induration'orcovcr,
vhaI docs iI mcan lor Ihc human oryansm Io 'bccomc' Ihis Ii!c thaI is
markcd by thc duraIional ov ol a ycrminaI llc Jhs rc!crs noIonIy to a
Ii!cIhatlvcs on and is passcd on aIIhc poinI o!somatic dcathbuI aIso Io Ihc
Ii!c that s aIrcady, viIhin Ihc duraIon o! a Iilc, bcny Iivcd bcyond and
passcd on. In Ihc IcxI on Bcryson o! I966 no cIhics is cvcr actuaIizcd. hs
Iask avaits thc supp!cmcnt providcd by icIzschc vIh an cthcS o! ctcHa!
rctu conccivcd as thc crcaIivc cvoluIiono!a ycrminaIIi!cthaI can bc lvcd
and a!! rmcd by thc ndvdua!.'
n his laIcr vork OcIcuzc conccvcs `Ihc nonoryanic Ii!c' as Ihc
cit:,chclcicol ! !c c! thc sp r t, a l !c that _cts mcrc and mcrc
proyrcssivcIy scparaIcd n hs vriIinys !rom Ihc !cId o! human
ccnsccusncss and subcctvty. hs s nct tc say that human l!c cannct
`particpatc` nIhis animaIcd nonoryanic Ii!colIhinys, buI onIy Io insisI IhaI
ths !!c dccs nct cxst !cr t and ncthcr can t bc ccnstrucd as thc 'mcann_'
and `cnd` o!IhisIilc. n an c!!orI IodistancchmscI!!rom Bcryson`s rcsiduaI
humanism Ihc IaIcr OcIcuc vII aIIack Ihc mncmotcchnics ol 'man` as Ihc
consIiIuIon o! a `yyanIc mcmory' vhich prohibiIs novcI bccominys on Ihc
pIanc o! immancncc. ^ numbcr ol commcntaIors havc aryucd Ihat Ihc
OcIcuzan movc musI con!ronI Ihc charyc o!rcsuIIiny in a disavovaI ol Ihc
human bcny in iIs spcciic bodiy individuaIion and Icchnica arIiculaIion.
Jhis, hovcvcr, s no casy maIIcr Io ncyoIiaIc bccausc, !or OcIcuzc, Ihc
qucsIons inspircd by pinoza and cIschcvhaI bccomnys arc opcn Io
Ihc human bcny and vhaI may sIilI bccomc o! Ihc humanmusI alvays
rcmain opcn as cIhicaI oncs. Jhc maIIcr bccomcs cvcn morc compIicaIcd i!
onc Iakcs scrousIy OcIcuzc's posIon IhaI Ihc 'human` consIiIutcs not so
much a compound !orm, buI is Ihc siIc !or Ihc IransmuIaIon ol !orccs. In
addIion, onc must bc aIIcnIivc Io thc prccsc characIcr ol thc noIion o!
corporcaIiIy IhaI OcIcuzc is vorkiny vith and Ihc chalIcnyc IhaI I i s
73
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JHE O!!EKECE O! BEKSOl
inIcndcd Io prcscnI to IradiIions ol IhouyhI IhaI havc bccn dominaIcd by
hyIcmcrphc schcmas c! mattcr and vhch assumc that thcrc arc !xcd !crms
and a homoycncous maIcriaIiIy. n contrasI Io Ihis IradiIon, and n dirccI
cppcstcn tc t , Iclcuzc vi lI prv!c_c vhat hc ca!!s an 'cncr_ctc
maIcrialiIy' thaI i s aIvays in movcmcnI and Ihat carrics viIh iI
snyulartcs` , 'hacccctcs', and ntcnsvc a!!ccts. AIIc! ths v!! bc rcturcd
Io in hapIcr J vhcn vc Iook aI A 7hcu:uuJ Fluteuu:, and also havc
mgcrtant thn_s tc say cn thc !!c c! thc cvcnt n thc !nal scctcn c! thc ncxt
chapIcr IhaI may havc a bcariny on Ihc qucsIion o!OcIcuzc and disavovaI
(p. 29). n Ihc ncxt chaptcr I vanI to drav ouI and addrcss morc cxpIciIIy
Ihc `cIhics' o! OcIcuzc's un!oIdny conccpIion o! ycrminaI Iilc. t s aIso
hcrc Ihatvc shall iniIiaIcIhccncounIcr viIh OcIcuzc's sIranyc ncv vorld o!
sinyuIariIics, cvcnIs, and dcvianI bccominys.
cI usdrav Ihis chapIcr Io a cIosc by noIiny IhaI an importanI brcak viIh
BcrsuH is uHnuuHccd in Ui]crcncc und Kcclilion uHd Ihis is uVcr Ihc
qucsIion o! Ihc naturc o! nIcnsiIy. Ucrysons criIiquc o! Ihc notion o!
intcnsvc maynitudcsvhich ccntrcs !or Bcryson on Ihc misyuidcd aIIcmpI
Io IrcaI sinyuIar qualiIics as mcasurabIc quanIiIics (cryson l 96U:2245),
and Whch !caIurcs n OcIcucs Bcrgsonsm o! I 96 and l966 (aIIhouyh in
Ihc laIIcr OcIcuzc noIcs IhaI Ihc criIiquc ol inIcnsiIy n Ucryson' s 7ine ottJ
Iree Will shiyhIy ambyuoussincc iIraiscs IhcqucsIion vhcIhcriImiyhIbc
ntcnsty that `_vcS Io cxpcricncc Ihc uaIiIcs IhaI n!orm t)s nov hcId
Io bc unconvincny sincc iI rcsIs on thc crror o! assuminy rcady-madc
gua!tcs and prcccnsttutcd cxtcnstcs. It s ths grccccupatcn vth thc
d!lcrcncc o! inIcnsiIy and a `conIinuum o! inIcnsiIics' IhaI viII in!orm
Ic!cuzc`s apprcach tc thc mattcr c! 'crcatvc cvc!utcn' n bcth thc vcrk c!
Ihc IaIc l96U and Iatcr vork such asA 7hcti:unJFluieuu:.hc chanycs arc
gutc dramatc n rc!atcn tc vhat t ncv mcans !cr gh!cscphy tc Ihin
bcyond Ihc humancondiIon, and!or usIobccomc Icss Ihan humanandmorc
than human.
n csscncc, OcIcuzc nov aryucs thaI Ihc primary dl!crcncc, vhich
conccrns Ihosc di!!crcnccs thaI carry Ihcir rcason vithn IhcmscIvcs, is noI
Ihc onc sIaycd bcIvccn di!!crcnccs o! dcyrcc and d!lcrcnccs in kind, buI
rathcr rcsidcs in Ihc di!lcrcnccs IhaI bclony Io inIcnsiIy and vhich in!orm
boIh, so consIiIuIiny Ihc rcaI naIurc o! d!!crcncc (di!crcnccs consIiIutcd by
IcmpcraIurc, prcssurc, Icnsion, poIcnta, cIc). Vhcrc Ihc di!!crcncc o!
dcyrcc dcnoIcs IhccxIcnsIy IhaIcx-pIicaIcs dicrcncc, Ihcdicrcncc o! kind
namcs ony Ihc quaIy IhaI s m-plcaIcd in Ihis cxIcnsIy. VhaI s c!I ouI
o! Ihc pcIurc !or Oclcuzc is IhaI vhich Iics bcncaIh Ihc Ivo ordcrs, namcIy,
Ihc 'intcnsivc' , and vhich is nov undcrsIood Io consIiIuIc 'Ihc cnIrc naIurc
o! di!!crcncc' ( I 968:U9 I 9929). In iIscI!, OcIcuzc manIains, di!!crcncc
is nciIhcr quaIiIaIivc nor cxIcnsivc (cvcn uaIIics arc involvcd in ordcrs o!
rcscmbIancc and dcntty) Thc rcsuI t o! Ihis primacy accordcd to Ihc
(tauIoIoyous) principIc ol a di!!crcncc o!inIcnsIy (di!!crcncc ia inIcnsity) s
74
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JHE O!!EKECE O! BEKSOl
a major shi!t in IhccharacIcr o!OcIcuzcs crysonsm and hisconccpIion o!
a crcaIvc cvoIution. hc !ocus is no lonycr on Ihc naturc of a quaIiIaIivc
duraIion, buI rathcr aIIcntion is dravn Io Ihc yraduatcd scaIc' (vhich viII
bccomc in Ihc latcr OcIcuzc Ihc !IaI pIanc o! mmancncc thaI i s
characIcrzcd by phcnomcna o! dcIay and pIaIcau, shocks o! di!!crcncc,
disIanccs, a vholc play o!conjuncIions and disjuncIions` 308; 238). lnIaryc
mcasurc, OcIcuzc is moIivatcd Io adopI this pcrspccIivc on di!!crcncc on
accounI o! Ihc nccd to producc a criIiquc of Ihcrmodynamic Ihininy
(vhcIhcr in phIosophy or scicncc) ! `inIcnsiIy' vas noI aIIovcd as Ihc
IransccndcnIaI principIc (Ihc 'bciny` o! Ihc scnsibIc) vhich supporIs
`quaIity', Ihcn, Ihc onIy knd o!duraIion Iha vc couId aIIribuIc Io quaIiIy
vouId bc aIhcrmodynamic 'racc toIhc yravc', a IhirsI for tc anniiIaIion o!
di!!crcncc in a corrcspondin cxtcnsiIy such as thc rcudian dcaIh-drivc
pcrhaps), a racc IhaI viII also producc aI Ic samc Iimc a uni!ormizaIon o!
Ih qIt thmIv. hld b rn in ind Iht in!urmin h
cmcrycncc of 'cncrycIics'Ic Ihcory o! cncryyin Ihc sccond haI! o! Ihc
nincIccnIh ccnIury vas Ihc dcsirc Io producc a scI o! axioms abouI cncry
!rcc !rom Ihc unccrIainIy o! ypoIhcscs abouI Ihc naIurc o! macr, and so
produc cncral principIcs IhaI vouId rcfinc and rcdc!inc Ihc proyrammco! a
sIricIIy mcchanicaI cxplanaIon of phcnomcna (scc arman I 82: 5!.
OcIcuzc produccs Ihc !oIIoviny cruciaI modi!ication Io crysonism in ths
vhoIc modifiaIion OcIcuzc says nhin abouI Bcryson's ovn povcr!uI
criIiquc o! cnIropy vhich vc Iookcd aI carIicr in Ihc chaptcr)
n shorI, Ihcrc vouId bc no morc quaIiIaIivc di!!crcnccs or o! knd
(nuiure) Ihan Ihcrc vouId bc quanItativcdif!crcnccs or ofdcyrcc, !
intcnsiIy vcrc noI capablc o! consItuIiny Ihc onc in qualiIics and
Ihc oIhcr in cxIcnsiIy, cvcn aI Ihc risk o! appcariny Io cxtinyuish
iIscI!in boIh.
(OcIcuzc I8308 I3
I bccomcs ncccssary, Ihcrc!orc, Io posiI Ivo ordcrs o! impIicaIon and
dcyradaIion: onc in vhich inIcnsiIics arc alvays cnvcIopcd by Ihc qualIcs
andIhccxIcnsiIy IhaI cxpIicIcIhcm, and anoIhcr in vch inIcnsIy remun:
impIicaIcd n IscIf, as boIh cnvcIopin and cnvclopcd. This is said Io amounI
Io a !crcncc bctvccn a scicnIi!ic conccpI o! cncryy cnIropy) and a
phIosophicaI onc. lI is on account o! Ihc sccond ordcrIhat iI is possiblc Io
yrant Io di!!crcncc a subtcrrancan i!c, vhich is Ihc i!c Ihat ycIs covcrcd
ovcr by boIh philosophics o!idcnIiIy viIh Ihcir aIIachmcnI Io Ihc iIIusions o!
Ic ncyaIivc (thc cancclIaIon o! di!!crcncc) and modcrn scicncc viIh its
invcsImcnI in Iavs o! naIurc. nIropy, !or cxamplc, parIakcs o! a
IransccndcnIaI iIIusion in IaI, aIIouyh a !acIor invoIvcd in cxIcnsion and
cxpliaIion it ncvcrIhcIcss rcmains impI iaIcd in ntcnsiIy simply bcausc iI
makcs possibIc thc ycncral movcmcnI o! Ihc impI icaIcd undcryoiny
75
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JHE O!!EKECE O! BEKSOl
cxpIication. hc iIIusion consisIs, Ihcn, in Ihc rcducIion o! impIicaIcd
intcnsiIy Io an ordcr o!cxtcnsiIyand is ycncraIcd byIhc!acI Ihat cmpiricaIIy
vc pcrccivc only IocaIizcd lorms o! cncryy IhaI arc aIrcady disIribuIcd in
cxIcnsiIy.
n Ihc Iatcr OcIcuzc Ihc Ihnkiny o! crcaIivc cvoIuIion no Ionycr rcIics, as
in Bcryson's oriyinal conccpIion, on an anIi-cnIropic and invcntivc
`consciousncss` IhaIIravcrscs mattcr, buIrathcrisbuiIIaroundanattcnIion Io
Ihc movcmcnI of nomadic snyuIariIics and !icIds o! inIcnsiIics IhaI arc
posiIcd as parI andparccI o!a tmn:ccnden!ulcncrycIics olmaItcr. onIraIhc
'yood' scnsc o! boIh modcrn phiIosophy and scicncc. OcIcuzc viIl think aI
Ihc aIIar o! a pccuIiar yod, a saIurnnc povcr IhaI dcvours aI onc cnd vhaI
has bccn crcaIcd aI Ihc othcr. oIh IcyisIaIiny ayainsI crcaIion and crcaIiny
ayainsI IcysIation. lI is thc undcrvorId o! icIzschc`s arathusIraIhc
!iyurc vho is madc Io dcsIroy vhaI hc has crcaIcd a vorId o! yood and
cvI)~und Ihc WurId u! un AHIchrsI. lI s Iu Ihs WurId. und Is sccrcIs. Wc
nov Iu.
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VL /
V`
C _ClHIH IlC Ol IC CVCDI
`TnU DC!ICVC uC, ICBU 1nCnu!uCKCl' DC _Cu!CS! CVCn!S uC nO!
Ou BOISICS! buI!L S!I!!CS! DOuS
(ICl78CDC, 1Hu3 CRc ZuIYIht8lIY)
UC inlI!ICS uC CVCB!S, nOl COnCClS. I II nOl CuS lO lDInK I B lCuS
O lDC CVCnl.
(C!CuZC, Diolo:te.t)
nlIDdu0lDu
n IhcIvotcx o!IhcIac l96Us,Dierence oiJKeeiiiici and 7he Icic c]
See, thc rcIaIion bcIvccn Ihc virIuaI and I actuaIizaIion i mcdaIcd b m
morc cIaboraIc thcory o! individuaIion Ihan vas providcd by crysons
Creoiive Fvcluticn. Dc introducIion o!Ihc Icrm 'i ndivduaIon' , UCIVCU in
Iaryc mcasurc lrom Ihc vork o! iIbcrI imondon, scrvcs to cnsurc IhaI
cvoluIion i not m rcpcIIion o!Ihc SuDC and IhaI rcpcIiIion SI_nu!S only cvcr
di!!crcncc ndccd, OcIcuzc uIIzcs Ihc noIion o! individuaIion to shov Ihat
Ihc cvoIuIion ol 'pccics' i mcrcIy u 'IranccndcntaI I!!HSIDn In rcIaIion Io
morc pro!ound cnvclopmcnIsdcvclopmcnIs. \n ths modcI cvoIuIon cannoI
bc rcduccd or rcsIricIcd Io Ihc conIinuty o! Ihc ycrm-pIasm n vhich
oryanisms arc conccivcd as mcrc vchicIcs !or ycncIic rcpIicaIon. Thcrc s
aIsoIhc pIay olloIdinys and Ihc 'cvoIuIion' (thc rcasons !or Ihc scarc quoIcs
viIIbccomcapparcnI) o! varous compIcx sysIcms (bioIoyicaI, psychic, ctc.),
in vhich individuation bccomcs cssand css dcpcndcnI on dctcrmnaIion y
an cxoycnousmcchanism. BuIOcIcuzc' sIhinkiny rcmans modcrn andquasi
Vcismannan in iIs idca IhaI oryanisms and individuas arc sitcs o!
IranslormaIon Ihrouyh vhch Ihc play o! sinyuIarIics and inIcnsiIics
articuIaIcs Iscl!. Jhc 'cIhicaI' momcnI o!dil!crcncc and rcpcIiIion conccs
hov Ihc scI!IhaIlinds iIscI!impIcaIcd in an indivduaIcd `cvoIution` o!prc
indivduaI sinyuIarIics is abIc Io Iivc Ihc ycrminaI Ii!c thaI !Iovs Ihrouyh iI
OcIcuzc vII aruc, !or cxampIc, Ihat Ihc ciic or Ihc `I Ihnk' is onIy
csIabIishcd in a !icId o! inIcnsiIy IhaI aIrcady in!orms thc scnsibilIy o! a
77
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1
O!!IEKENCE AlO KEIEJ!J!Ol
Ihinkiny subjccI hc radicaI movc proposcd by OcIcuzc consisIs n vcvy
ndv duaI ty nct as a charactcrstc c! thc sc!!, but rathcr as thaI vhich
in!orms and susIans `thc sysIcmolIhcdissoIvcdcll' ( l 968. I994.24).
n 1jercncc und Kcc!!on thc cnccuntcr bctvccn Bcryscn sm and
Oarvinism nov Iakcs pIacc in much morc compIcx tcrms. n part Ihc rcason
!or ths s that OcIcuzc has nov takcn cn bcard a much mcrc scrcus
appraisaI o!Ihc chaIIcnyc prcscnIcd by Oarvinian thnkiny, aIthouyh hc s
ccnccrncd tc rcmcvc a thccry cI cvc!utcn Ircm ccrtan msconccptcns, such
as Ihc dca thaI cvoIuIion primariIy bcars on Ihc cvoIuIion ol spccics n
addiIion Ihcrc is an imporIanI rcIurn Io icIzschc in Ihcsc IcxIs and vhich
somc rcadcrs, noIabIy onsIanIin Boundas, havc sccn as providiny a cruciaI
vay ouI o!thc shorIcominys o!Ucryson in rcIaIion Io !uIurc Iimc (Boundas
I 996:I UUI ). OcIcuzcnov has rccoursc Io Ihc `supcrior' Iimc o!ictzschc`
docIrinc o!cIcrnaI rcIurn vhich, in a!irminy thc 'purc` and 'cmpIy !orm` o!
Iim, disIurbs buIh Ih rpIiIions u! hInd Ih rpIiIuns u! mmor IhI
arc Ioo cauyhI up in a lincar succcssion o! Iivcd prcscnIs IU I).
ln a rcccnI aIIcmpI Io rcvork phiIosophy in Icrms o! an onIoIoyy o! Ihc
cvcnI Andrcv Ucnamin has aryucd IhaI Bcrysonan duraIion, n vhich Ihc
sIrcss is on Ihc proIonyaIon o!Ihc pasI in Ihc prcscnI, is unabIc Io ycncraIc a
noIion ol 'IranslormaIion in vhich Ihc prcscnI vouId noI simply bc Ihc sitc
Io bc vorkcd ovcr, buI s undcrsIood as thc siIc o! Iranslormaton iIscI!
(Bcnjamin I99J I 96) hc pasI in Bcryson's account sccms onIy Io `cndurc'
in Ihc prcscnI, noI Io dramaIicaIIy cl!cc I or bc iIscIl radicaIIy Irans!ormcd
by Ihc prcscnt+ I bc!cvc t s prccsc!y ths kind c! crtcsm that s n!crmny
NcrIcau-onIy' srcadiny o!Ucryson in 1hc v:blc uttd !he !nv:blc. In ths
pcsthumcus vcrk Ncr!cau-lcnty ar_ucs that thcrc can bc nc !uscn c!
phIosophy viIh Ihc Bciny o! Ihc pasI sincc phiIosophy comcs a!Icr naturc,
! !c, and thcu_ht, lndn_ thcm alrcady ccnsttutcd. hcrc s a rcturn tc aII
Ihinys but ncvcras arcIurnIo Ihc immcdiaIc. hc mmcdiaIc s alvays aI Ihc
hcrzcn' (Ncr!cau-lcnty l978 I J). Bcr_scn s ccrrcct n dccIarny nIuIion
Io bc a mcIhod o! phiIosophy, buI hc parIakcs o! a `supraIapsarian bias` in
Ihc scnsc IhaI Ihc 'sccrcI o! Uciny is an intcyriIy IhaI s bchind us` ( I 24).
Bcryson Iacks a noIion ol oriyinary dil!crcnIiaIion Ihat vouId scrvc \O
inIroducc Ihc rcuircd !racIuriny o! Imc.
hc oryinaIiny [oriinurc| is noI o! onc soc typc, it s noI at a
bchnd us; Ihc rcsIoraIion o Ihc Iruc pasI, o!Ihc prc-cxistcncc is noI
a o phiosophy; Ihc livcd cxpcrcncc s noI !laI, viIhouI dcpIh,
vithouI dimcnsion, it is noI an opaquc sIratum viIh vhich vc vouId
havc Io mcryc.
(NcrIcau-onty I 68: I 24)
(or !urIhcr insiyhI inIo NcrIcau-lonIy's continucd vrcsIIiny vth Bcr_son
on duraIion and lusion scc I968.267; I988. I 2!!., 22!l.) II is alvays 'in Ihc
78
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2
O!!IEKENCE AlO KEIEJ!J!Ol
prcscnI IhaI vc arc ccnIrcd` and thaI consIiIuIcs Ihc mcasurc o! our
sponIanciIy 'Vc arc noI in somc incomprchcnsibIc vay an acIiviIyoincd Io
a passiviIy, an auIomaIism surroundcd by a viIl, a pcrccpIion surmounIcd by
a udycmcnI, buI vhoIIy acIivc and vhoIIy passvc, bccausc vc arc Ihc
upsuryc o!Iimc' crlcaulonIy I 962.428).
lI is parIIy thc inadcuacy of Bcryson's accounI in Ihis rcyard IhaI
moIivaIcs cIcuzc`s rcadiny o!ictzschc in boIh D erence unJKeetiticn
and 7he Icic c} Senxe. ovcvcr, it is imporIanI to apprccaIc IhaI for
OcIcuzc an `onIoIoyy' o! thc cvcnI conccrns onIy Ihc virtuul cvcnI and in so
!ar as it rcIatcs Io Ihc cvcnI o! a ycrminal Ii!c. InaddiIion, onc nccds Io poinI
ouI IhaIthc subcct' ofths onIoIoyy, Ihc subcct o!Ihc vorkny-Ihrouyhand
vorkiny-ovcr, is a !racIurcd IhaI !inds itscI!impIicaIcd in a !icId o!!orccs,
inIcnsiIics, and indivduaIions IhaI invoIvc prc-individuaI sinyuIariIics lI
couId bc aryucd, hovcvcr, IhaI Ihc 'cxccss` of Imc is vhaI prcvcnts any
dcquuIc vurkin-Ihruuh' n LcIcuzc's mudcI u! rcpcIIuH, Iu Ihc cxIcnI
IhaI Ihc charyc IcvcIIcd ayainst Ucryson by Ucnamin myhI rcman cquaIIy
vaIid in Ihc casc o! OcIcuzc. ln oIhcr vords, onc miyhI conIcnd tha Ihc
opcnncss to Ihc fuIurc as radicaI hcIcroycnciIy and di!!crcncc is ncvcr
concrctcIy orpraxiaIIy vorkcd ouI in OcIcuzc in rcIation Io Ihccxiycncics o!
any 'prcscnI'.
his maIIcr cannot bc propcrly appraiscd, hovcvcr, unIiI onc has
apprcciaIcd Ihc cxIcnI \O vhich !or OcIcuzc thcprcscnI can onIy bcthouyhI
i n rcIaIion Io Ihc cvcnI o! onc`s Iimc and Ihc prcscnI bccomcs consIiIuIcd
(bccomcs vhaI iI is, Ihc bccominy of an cvcnI) onIy Ihrouyh Ihc dcpIoymcnI
o! conccpIs and diayrams IhaI impIicaIc iI in Ihc foId o! Uciny. hc prcscnt
docs noI dcnoIc a rcady-madc ncuIral spacc bI can onIy bc opcncd up viIh
Ihc aid o! a Iopoloyy o! IhouyhI, onc IhaI `!rccs a scnsc o! Iimc' !or us by
brinyiny abouI an cncountcr bctvccn Ihc pasI and fuIurc, conccivcd as an
insidc and an outsidc, `aI Ihc IimiI o!Ihc Iiviny prcscnI'. This is Ihc Iask IhaI
is impIicd in OcIcuzc's conccption of praxis, inspircd by oucauI t ` s
conccption o! a `criIcaI ontoloyy o! Ihc prcscnI`, and vhch consIiIuIcs !or
him Ihc 'soIc conIinuity' bcIvccn past and prcscnt as vcII as thc vay i n
vhich Ihc past bccomcs !or Ihc prcscnI (OcIcuzc I986. I22; I988. I I5).
dmitIcdIy, IhisconccpIon o!praxis isnot vorkcd ouInhc IcxIs o!Ihc Iatc
I 96Us, Ihouyh iI couId bc shovn Io bc implicd in OcIcuzc's conccpIion o!Ihc
cvcnI. raxis is avays dcIcrmincd by Ihc horizon o Ihc !uIurc. t is avays
Ihc !uIuriy o! Ihc !uIurc IhaI is spcakiny Io us in a hundrcd siyns.
ubIishcd i n 98. erenceoitJKeeiiiioit can rcadiIy bc inIcrprcIcd as
parI o!Ihc phIosophy o!dif!crcncc IhaIcmcrycdin rancc in thc l 96Us hc
only probIcm viIh Ihis appraisal s IhaI it ncyIccIs Ihc cxtcnI Io vhich
OcIcuzc had !ormuIaIcd phlosophy as a Ihinkiny o! dif!crcncc as carIy as
I956. orcovcr, iI dovnpIays Ihc cxIcnI \O vhich Oclcuzc's prcoccupaIion
viIh di!!crcncc arosc !rom hc biophiIosophicaI conccs o! his Bcrysonism.
IIhouyh Ihis Ucrysonism is not cxpIicitIy at Ihc ccnIrc ofIhc book, Ibclicvc
79
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3
O!!IEKENCE AlO KEIEJ!J!Ol
IhaI its prcoccupaIion vIhproccsscs o! individuaIon, vhich in!orm boIhIhc
rcadn_ c! 1arvn and bioloyy as vc!! as thcsc c! ^ctzschc and Ircud on
dcaIh andrcpcIiIion, only makcs scnsc vhcn vicvcd ayansI Ihc backdrop o!
thc ccnccptcn c! crcatvc cvc!utcn that Ic!cuzc dcrvcs !rcm h s rcadn_ c!
Bcryson. Thcrc is a dccp rapport bctvccn Di]erence onJ Keeiiiicn and Is
a!!cd vcrk he Icic c}Senxe n that bcth arc prccccugcd vth a thccry c!
individuaIion, an cIhics ol Ihc cIcrnal rcIurn (Ihc cvcnI o! Iimc), and Ihc
cxg!cratcn c! a sugcrcr cmprcsm that cnta!s a thnkn_ c! thc human
bcyond thc human condiIon.
n Ihc prc!acc hc vrotc !or Ihc nyIish IransIaIion o! Dierence unJ
Keeiiiicn Oclcuzc says IhaI this vas Ihc !rsI o! hs books in vhich hc Iricd
'to do phiIosophy', as opposcd Io rcmainny viIhin Ihc ambiI o! his sIudics
on Ihc hisIory o!phiIosophy. BuI his prc!acc is mislcadiny i! iI suyycsIs Ihat
Ihis Iurn Io doiny phIosophy !or himscl! amountcd to a novcI aIIcmpI Io
mruducc nIu phiIusuphy Ihnkn u! dil!crcncc Hd rcpcIIuH siHcc, s Wc
havc dcmonsIratcd, Ihs is alrcady Ihc probIcmaIic o! Ihc I956 cssay on
Bcryson. lIs major claim IhaI philosophy has onIy yonc as !ar as inIroduciny
di!!crcncc inIo Ihc dcnIIy o! Ihc conccpI, as opposcd to makiny Ihc morc
radicaI movc o! puiny dicrcncc nIo Ihc conccpI iIscI!, is alrcady ouIIincd
in Ihc cssay o! l956. hc I968 tcxI covcrs an cxIraordinary ranyc o!Iopcs
and Ihinkcrs, providiny chaIIcnyiny rcadinys ol anI, rcud, and cIzschc,
as vcII as covcriny Ihc !iclds o!mathcmatcs, physics and bioIoyy crc Ihc
!ocus vilI bc on OcIcuzc`s phiIosophicaI bioIoyy. In parIicuIar, vanI Io
cxamnc hov vth a thnkny c! d!lcrcncc and rcpcttcn 1c!cuzc rcvcrks
modcrn bophiIosophicaI IhouyhI. Jhcrc can bc IiIIIc doubt IhaI an cxacIiny
mcdcrnty acccmpancs Ic!cuzc`s prccct. ts g!acn_ c! a thnkn_ c!
di!!crcncc and rcpcIiIion aI thc hcarI o! Ihc phiIosophicaI Iask onIy makcs
scnsc vhcn undcrstccd n thc ccntcxt c! thc attcmpt tc cn_a_c vth bc!c_y
and physics in ordcr Io vork ayainsI thc cnIropy o! di!!crcnccs vhich, lor
Ic!cuzc, charactcrzcs mcdcrnty n thc !crm (a) c! thc mcchansm c! capta!
IhaI produccs, in Ihc Iav o! cxchanyc valuc, a sysIcm o! cuivaIcnI vaIucs
and (b) conccptions o! cntropy IaI posit cxIcnsiIy as thc '!av` o! aII
intcnsIcs and individuaIions vhch arc sccn Io canccI IhcmscIvcs ouI andin
vhich di!!crcncc is consIrucd in Icrms o! a naIuraI Icndcncy Io cvoIvc nIo
Ihc homoycncous and scI!-idcnIicaI (physcaI cuiIibrium, bioIoyicaI dcaIh).
ovcvcr, as ccuzc noIcs, cHIropy cncy8 a undamcnIa paradox iH Ihat iI
s unIikc aII oIhcr cxIcnsivc lacIors n bciny an cxtcnsion and an cxpIicaIion
IhaI is avays mplicaIcd in inIcnsiIy and vhich docs noI cxist ouIsidc
impIication scc Oclcuzc l 968:294 I 994:2289 and I 969: I 4
I 99U: I I I). In addiIion, OcIcuzc cIaims IhaI a 'princpIc o! dcyradaIion' s
unabIc Io accounI lor Ihc crcaIon o! Ihc most simpIc sysIcms I 968:28
I 994:255).
OcIcuzc vill yo so !ar as IoposiI a ironxcenJenrol principlc olcncryy, as
opposcd Io Iimitiny iIs purvicv to Ihat ol a solcIy scicntiic conccpI. Jhis
8U
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O!!IEKENCE AlO KEIEJ!J!Ol
rc!crs tc cncryy `in ycncraI`, as an inIcnsivc uanIiIy`, IhaI docs not rcsIricI
t tc Ihc Qua!!cd !actcrs c! cxtcnsty, vhch !cr Ic!cuzc vcu!d bc tc rcducc
iIs appIicationIothc IauIoIoyy o!a principIco!idcntiIy as in Ihcrc is aIvays
scmcth ny that rcmans ccnstant'. As a transccndcnta! prncp!c '_cncra!
cncryy' is noI Io bc con!uscd viIh a uni!orm cncryy aI rcsI sincc it cnjoys
onIy thc ccnstancy c! a supcrcr rroi]crnoiicit (cn!y partcu!ar !crms c!
cncryy IhatarcuaIi!icd incxIcnsiIy can bc at rcsI) OcIcuzc apprcciaIcs IhaI
ths brn_s thc ph!cscphy c! d!lcrcncc and rcpcttcn ntc drcct ccnl1ct
viIhIhc lavs ol naIurc` and IhcattcmpIs by scicncc IocsIabIsh knovlcdyc
o! Ihc vorId soIcIy on Ihc basis ol cmpiricaI conccpIs and principIcs or
OcIcuzc, hovcvcr, scicncc's Iavs o! naIurc yovcrn onIy `Ihc sur!acc o! Ihc
vorId` , vhIc in Ihc 'oIhcr dimcnson' ol Ihc 'IransccndcnIaI or voIcanic
xoiiun' iI isthcdoctrnc o!`cIcrnaI rcturn' vhich ruIcs OcIcuzc l968: l 0
I I l 9924I).
Ui_ crcncc und Kcclition i s dccdcdIy mudcrn iH Ihc Wy i Which I
pIaccs a noIion o!vuriution aIIhc ccnIrc o! iIs un!oIdiny and cn!oIdiny o! a
Ihinkiny o!di!!crcncc and o! rcpcIIon. ariaIion, OcIcuzc noIcs n hs l 994
prc!acc, s noI addcd Io ciIhcr di!!crcncc or rcpcIiIion in ordcr Io conccaI
Ihcir Iruc naIurc an or_nary bcn_ c! dcnIIy Ihrouyh scI!-samcncss and
scI!-prcscncc). aIhcr, iI is Ihc casc IhaI variation is rcpcIIon's consIiIuIvc
cIcmcnI, iI is iIs inIcrioriIy vhich yuaranIccs Ihat vhaI is rcpcaIcd is noI
mcrcIy a rcturn o! Ihc samc buI Ihc di!!crcnIiaIon o! d !!crcncc as a
producIivc and posiIivc povcr Jhis !idcIiIy Io dil!crcnIiaIion as a posIivc
pcvcr dctcrmncs much c! thc crtcal charactcr c! Iclcuzc's cnccuntcr vIh
modcrn scicncc. hc radicaI notion o! rcpcIiIion IhaI is bciny put !orvard in
thc tcxt must dca! vth thc sccmn_!y mp!acab!c '!avs c! naturc' pcstcd by
boIh modcrn philosophy and modcrn bioIoyy (such as Ihc Iavs o! naIuraI
sc!cctcn). IL s vth thc nctcn c! rcpcttcn that 1c!cuzc sccks tc yivc
primacy Io Ihc dissoIuIion o! !orm and Ihc lrcciny o! Ii!c !rom cnIropic
ccntanmcnt n cr_ansms and sgcccs. hc ssuc hc s ccmpc!!cd tc ccnsdcr
is vhaI kind o! povcr` naIurc is and vhat sIatus a `Iav` ol rcpcIiIion as
csscnIiaI novcIIy may havc. cI mc sIrcss IhaI Ihc 'vaIuc` IhaI OcIcuzc s
pIaciny on IhcdssoIuIion ol!orms isnoIan aryumcnI in!avouro!cntropy or
somc oriynary dcaIh-drivc (OcIcuzc. as vc shaII scc, is kccn Io distancc
himscI! dramaIicaIIy on Ihc ucsIion o!dcaIh !rom rcud's account o! ths
drvc. n othcr vords, Occuzc con!yurcs dissouIon and dccomposition in
Icrms o!Ihc viIa and virIua roc Ihcy pay vIhin Ihc creuiive cvouIon o!
maIIcr and o!compcx sysIcms. n Ihis rcyard. as in many oIhcrs, hc is cosc
Io icIzschc (scc noIably icIzschc l994 ssay 2, ccIion l2, p. 5).
OcIcuzc acknovIcdycs IhaI his IransccndcnIaI and supcrior cmpiricism s
dcpcndcnI upon ccrIain innovaIions IhaI havc Iakcn pIacc in modcrn IhouyhI
in both phiIosophy (cryson, cidcyycr) and Ihc scicnccs IhcmscIvcs
(noIably bc!c_). ! Ihcrc s a rcnassancc o! anda rcIu Io,Ihc ucston o!
onIoIoyy vithin our Imc, Ihis is Ihc rcsuII olcriIical aIIcnIion bciny !ocuscd
8 I
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5
O!!IEKENCE AlO KEIEJ!J!Ol
on Ihc `qucsIion-problcm compIcx`, thaI is, Ihc ucsIion o! Ihc qucsIion
(kccpiny Ihc qucsIion opcn is no Ionycr smpIy conccivcd as Ihc cxprcssion
o! a subjccIivc sIatc n Ihc rcprcscnIaIion o! knovIcdyc buI s Ihc
inIcnIionaIity of Bcnyur ercellece' l 968252; I99 l 95. In uphoIdiny
Ihc ucstion and rcpcaIiny I vc arc noI smpIy dcaIiny viIh a ycncralizcd
mcthod o! doubI and a pccuIiarIy modcrn sccpticsm, buI raIhcr viIh Ihc
discovcry o! thc qucsIion and Ihc probIcmaIic as invoIviny, in tcrms o! Ihcir
complcx un!oIdiny and cn!oIdiny a IransccndcnIaI horizon, namcIy, Ihc
insiyhI IhaI a IransccndcnIaI cIcmcnI ncccssarily and csscnIiaIIy bcIonys Io
Ihinys, bcinys, andcvcnIs. usIas thcqucsIion 'vhaI is vriIiny' hasbccomc
Ihc prmary conccrn o!modcrn IiIcraIurc, and thc qucsIion 'vhaI is art` !or
modcrn painIiny and Ihc arIs in ycncraI, so Ihc qucsIion 'vhaI is Ihinkiny`
has bccomc Ihc ovcrrdiny conccrn !or philosophy. houyhI no Ionycr Ihinks
in accordancc viIh Ihc rcyuIaIivc norms o! common scnsc and cmpircaI
dumu, buI ruIhcr uH Ihc bss ul uH uncunscuus. lcIcu2c urucs IhuI ! Ihc
'impcraIivcs o! Uciny' havc a rcIaIion Io thc ' I' iI is aIvays vith Ihc
}ruciureJ ccitc, vhich is Ihc scI! IhaI nds iIscl! impcaIcd in a compIcx
ordcro!Iimc (IhcIimco!dissoIuIion and Ihccacsura).JhconIy oriyin o!Ihc
qucsIion to bc !ound Iics vithin 'rcpctiIon' 1I is viIh rcpcIition IhaI Ihc
qucsIion bcyins buI, as such, i I i s aIvays cnyaycd in a Iabour o! scl!
ovcrcominy. VhaI `rcturns` in thc qucsIion is dil!crcncc and Ihc non:t:it,
o! a dicrcncc (Ihc ncv as Ihc daimonic, !or cxampIc Vhcrc 'ordinary'
rcpcIiIion (a barc' rcpcIiIion IhaI has no cIoIhcs or dsyuisc) rcsIs on a
prolonyaIion o! a Icnyth o! Iimc that bccomcs strctchcd inIo an ordcr o!
duraIion, IhaI o! an `cxIraordinary` kind (a clciheJ and Ji:ui:eJ rcpcIiIion
invoIvcs thc cmisson o! sinyuIarIics' IhaI arc aIvays accompanicd by Ihc
ccho and rcsonancc IhaI makcs cach Ihc doubIc o! Ihc oIhcr and cach
consIcIIaIion Ihc rcdisIribuIion o! anoIhcr. or OcIcuzc iI is cIzschc's
IhouyhIcxpcrimcnI o!cIcrnal rcIurn vhich providcs IhouyhI viIh Ihc modcI
o! such a rcpcIiIon. This s a rcpcIiIion IhaI invoIvcs nciIhcrconIinuaIion nor
proIonyaIion, nor cvcn thc disconIinuous rcIurn o! somcIhiny IhaI miyht bc
abIc Io proIony iIscI! in a parIiaI cycIc; rathcr, iI a!irms thc 'rcprsc` o! prc
individuaI sinyuIariIics thaI prcsupposc hc dissoIuIion o! aII prcvous
idcnIitics and Ihcr novcI Irans!ormaIion Uciny is Ihus Ihc
rccommcnccmcnthc rcpcIiono! iIscI! (iI `is` Ihc dicrcncc ol itscIl,
sc !-d!!crcnIiaIion.
Thc probIcm o! nihIsm is noI ovcrcomc in OcIcuzc's Ihinkiny buI iIs
di!cuIy and complcxIy arc staycd as such. hc criIical qucsIion, ovcvcr,
conccrns vhcIhcr Ihc aIIcmpI Io rcad univocaI Bciny n tcrms o! Ihc primary
pIay o! di!!crcncc and rcpcItion amounts \O a cohcrcnI phiIosophy o!
di!!crcncc or rcsulIs in a modc o! Ihinkiny IhaI cxisIs onIy as in IhralI \O Ihc
ncv and Ihc monsIrous, and viIhin vhch Ihc dcath-drivc is ncvcr adcquaIcIy
vorkcd Ihrouyh buI absIracIIy a!!irmcd as Ihc supposcd 'supcrior` Iav o! a
crcaIivc cvoluIion. n short, thc qucston Io bc poscd conccrns vhcthcr
82
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O!!IEKENCE AlO KEIEJ!J!Ol
OcIcuzc has produccd a !cIish ol rcpcIiIion OcIcuzc docs noI appcar Io
rccoynizc Ihc dcpIh of Ihc dflicuIIy IhaI faccs his Ihinkiny of diffcrcncc and
rcpcIiIion. orcxampIc, vhiIcrccoynziny IhaI thc Iav olrcpcIiIion as a Iav
of novcIIy miyhI, n facI, novhcrc bc prcscnI in Ihc Iavs ol naIurc, hc hoIds
IhaI Ihc conccpIion o! Fh,:i:, as arIicuIaIcd in icIzschc !or cxampIc,
discovcrs somcIhiny 'supcriorIoIhcrciyn of Iavs',namcIy, a viII' thaI vlIs
iIscI! Ihrouyh aII chanyc, amounIiny Io a povcr' opposcd Io `Iav` Iikc Ihc
inIcrior of thc carIh thaI is opposcd Io iIs surfacc ( l 68l 3l l 4:6).
ovcvcr, Ihc play Ihat is sIaycd bcIvccn conscrvaIon and dcsIruction,
bcIvccn cnIropy and cvoIuIion, onIy cvcr rcachcs Ihc sIayc ol a purc
!ormaIism. OcIcuzc acknovlcdycs Ihat cIzschc's cIcrnal rcIurn amounIs Io
a '!ormaIism' IhaI ovcrturns anI and his catcyoricaI impcraIivc on thcr ovn
yround. II Ihus has liIIIc Io say on Ihc characIcr ol chanyc, dcsIrucIion,
rcvoIuIon and rcpcIiIion, cxccpt IhaI there Ie such phcnomcna.
LcIcuzc's cummiImcHI Iu IhnkiH bcyuHd Ihc humn cuHdIiun n
Diperence nitJ Keetiticn rcmains a prc-cmincnIIy phiIosophicaI onc. I
rctains Ihc Bcrysonian convicIion Ihat thouyhI musIassumc a monsIrous !orm
and IhaI Ihc brcak viIh cstabIishcd !orms o! IhouyhI musI bc a violcnI onc.
his Imc, hovcvcr, Ihc acknovIcdycmcnI ol thc ncccssiIy ol this vioIcncc
Iakcs iIs inspiration morc !rom ArIaud Ihan !rom Ucryson. cvcrIhcIcss,
vhatcvcr Ihc parIicuIar nspiraIion IhaI in!orms Ihc dca IhaI Ihc cxcrcisc o!
Ihinkiny rcquircs 0 ccrtain violcncc, as vcll as a ccrIain aIhIcIicism, vhich is
noI IhaI ola liIncss !anaIic but morc IhaI o! Ihc `!asIiny-arIsI' ypc vho has
sccn too much in Iifc Ihc cuItivaIion of Ihinkny ncccssiIaIcs a culIurc or
oieJeio IhaI musI a!!ccI Ihc cnIirc individuaI. n Dieree nnJKeetiticn
OcIcuzc suyycsIs IhaI ths docs noI invoIvc a mcIhod, sincc mcIhod impIics a
coIIaboraIon o! Ihc !acuItics IhaI is !ar too harmonous and cuilbrial, as
vcII as too dctcrmincd by sociaI vaIucs and csIabIishcd norms of disciplnc.
uIIurc, by contrasI, suyycsts a di!!crcnI kindo!controI anddiscpIinc, morc
of an involunIary advcnIurc IhaI finds iIscI cauyhI up in Ihc cxccssivc
rcpcIiIions o!a compulsion Io Iivc bcyond thc oId moraIity. !Ihc IradiIionaI
ourncy o! Ihinkiny aimcd Io broadcn Ihc mnd n ordcr Io achcvc a
consummatc rccoynIon o! iIscl! (say in Ihc !orm o! absoIuIc knovlcdyc),
Ihc ourncy vhich Iakcs us bcyond and ovcr may yo so !ar as Io dcsIroy ths
mind. OcIcuzc Ihus cnIcrIains Ihc possibiIiIy o! a ncv 'Menc in vhich Ihc
apprcnIccshp nto thouyhI vould no onycrbc subccI Io Ihc mythca !orms
o rcscmbIancc and idcntiIy. InsIcad iI vouId rccIy cxpIorc Ihc
yroundcssncss o! IhouyhI uniIiny di!!crcncc Iodi!crcncc viIhout mcdiaIion
or ncyaIion ( l 68: 2l6; l l 66).
t is aIso in IhcIcxI o! I68 IhaI vc sccIhc lirsI ovcrinys o!thcprccisc
pcdayoyic conccpIion o! phiIosophy OcIcuzc viII !ormuIaIc viIh uaIIari in
Whnti: FhiIc:chy, namcIy thc pcdayoyy olIhc conccpt. In Dipereitce nitJ
Keetiticn Ihis pcdaoyy rcvoIvcs around Ihc dcmonsIration o! a conccpI o!
dil!crcncc and is !uIIy implicaIcd n Ihc aIIcmpI Io consIrucI a ncv mayc o!
83
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O!!IEKENCE AlO KEIEJ!J!Ol
IhouyhI. Jhis concc o! Oclcuzc's viIh Ihc Irials and proccdurcs o!IhouyhI,
c! hcv thcu_ht can ccnstruct mcdc!s that takc t bcycnd thc human
condition, cmcrycs ouI o! hs carIicr Bcrysonism. OcIcuzc himscI! noIcs in
hs l99 prc!acc that t s thc thrd chaptcr c! thc bcck on thc ma_c c!
IhouyhI IhaI nov sccms Io bc thc mosI concrcIc and apposiIc. lI is !or Ihis
rcascn, and bccausc l takc 1c!cuzc`s ccmmtmcnt tc ph!cscphy tc bc
primariIy Bcrysonian in inspiraIion, IhaI l shaII bcyinIhis chapIcr by Iookiny
at Ic!cuzc's rcvcrkn_ c! transccndcnta! ph!cscphy bc!crc dcvc!cpn_ my
rcadiny ol Ihc Di]erence o:tJKeeiiiicn and 7he Icic c]Sen:e n Icrms o!
an cIhics cl Ihc cvcnI.
18HSC0DU0Hu 0HC0UHI01S
Oclcuzc`s Ihinkiny i s disIinyuishcd and markcd by iIs aIIcmpI. inspircd
chc!I BcrsuH, lL IhHk Ihc nIcnsc Ilc IhuI s buIh crmHuI uHd
nonoryanc:
noI aII i!c is conincd Io Ihc oryanc sIraIa: raIhcr, Ihc oryanism s IhaI
vhich l!c scIs ayainsI iIscI! n ordcr Io IimiI iIscI!, and Ihcrc is a Ii!c aII
Ihc morc inIcnsc, aII Ihc morc povcr!uI !or bciny anoryanic.
(OcIcuzc and uaIIari I98U.628 I988.5UJ)
AIIhouyh Ihc noion o! nonoryanic Ii!c is no !ound in chcr Di erence onJ
Keetiticn cr he Icic c] Se:t:e, t ccu!d bc ar_ucd that thcsc bccks arc
dcvotcd Io noIhny oIhcr Ihan a Ihnkny viIh and bcyond Ihc oryanism
(nccrpcratn_ !cr 1c!cuzc, as vc sha!l scc, thc 'sc!!` ci and thc `1 !e,
and siIuaIiny Ihc bccominy o!a Ii!c viIhin a dynamic !cIdo!inIcnsiIics and
sn_u!artcs.
OcIcuzc' s conIribuIion Io a ncv vay o! Ihinkny and cxisIiny rcsidcs in
thc vay n vhch hc apprcachcs gucstcns c! l!c and dcath, scckn_ tc
rcmovc Ihcm !rom Ihc rcsIricIivc cconomy o! a pcrsonIisI cIhics an cthcs
o! Ihc 'I' and Ihc 'scI!`) in ordcr Io opcn up tLc human Io Ihc ovcrhuman
his `bcyond` o! Ihc human dcnotcs lor OcIcuzc noIhiny IransccndcnI buI is
imlicaIcd !uIIy in thc in!niIc spccd IhaI characIcrizcs Ihc movcmcnI o! a
pIanc o! mmancncc. OcIcuzc's avovcd aim s to producc an 'arI o! Iiviny',
n vhich Ihc nc upcn vhich !c and dcaIh cxisI n implicaIcd and
complicaIcd movcmcnI can bc mapcd ouI in Icrms o! Ihc Ioyic o! Ihc
'utsidc (cIcuzc : 4 : . I is Ihc !orccs o! Ihc
`ouIsidc` vhich impinycandimpacIuponus,uponvhaI vcIhink vc arc and
vhat vc thnk vc arc capablc o! bccominy. II s Ihc crisIaIIic movcmcnIs o!
Ihc ouIsidc vhich scrvc Io dcsIraIi!y !xcd and sIabIc idcnIiIics and producc
Ihrouyh doubIiny proccsscs ncv ossibIiIics !or an inIcnscr and morc
crcaIivc cxisIcncc Thc doublc s ncVcr, Ihcrc!orc, a projccIion o!Ihc inIcrior,
so IhaI Ihcproccss invoIvcs not a nc buI a rcdoubIiny cl thc Ihcr', noI a
84
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O!!IEKENCE AlO KEIEJ!J!Ol
rcproducIon o! Ihc samc buI a rcpcIIion ol di!!crcncc, noI Ihc radianI
cmanaIon ofa posscssivc ' l' buI Ihc immancnI producIion of a non-scIl `1I
is ncvcr Ihc oIhcrvho is a doublc in Ihc doubIiny proccss, iI is a scI!IhaI
Iivcs mc as Ic doubIc of thc oIhcr' (OcIcuzc l 986l U5 l 8898). his
mcans Ihat in an cncountcr iI is ncvcr a qucsIion o! mccIiny oncscI! on Ihc
ouIsidc buI onIy cvcr Ihc oIhcr viIhin Ihc onc IhaI is aIvays cauyhI up in
doubliny and !oIdiny proccsscs (OcIcuzc comparcs Ihc proccss Io Ihc
invayinaIion ofissuc in cmbryoloyy and Io Ihc acIofdoubIny n scviny IhaI
involvcs tvsIiny, !oIdiny, sIoppiny, rcpcaIiny, and so on). Thc outsdc`
dcnocs a !icId o!immancncc in vhich, sIrcIIy spcakny, Ihcrc is nciIhcr an
intcrnaI scI! nor an cxIcrnaI onc (`` and 'noI-'). Thc 'absoIuIc uIsidc` is
dcvoid ol scIvcs 'bccausc inIcrior and cxIcrior arc cquaIIy a parI o! Ihc
immancncc in vhich Ihcy havc !uscd` (OcIcuzc and uaIIari I 98Ul 9
I88. I56).
Jhc m u! Ihis ncW rI u! IVn is Hul Iu dcHI!y WIh Ihc Inc. lhuuh
madncss and suicidc alvays cxisI as a risk. sincc Ihis vouId bc Io dcstroy aII
Ihinkny and Ii!c. aIhcr, thc task is to boIh 'cross thc Iinc` and makc iI
cndurabIcandvorkabIc; in short, Ihis is Ihc Iinc olli!c crackcd by dcaIh and
conccivcd as erninul. hc 'ouIsidc' is Ihc Iinc of Iifc IhaI lnks up random
and arbiIrary cvcnIs in a crcaIivc mixturc o! chancc and ncccssiIy. A ncv
IhouyhI o! Ihc ouIsidc, and a ncv vay o! liviny on Ihc outsidc, invoIvcs
draviny ncv !iyurcs of thouyhI and mappny ncv dayrams, n shorI, an
intcnsvc and viIaI IopoIoyy thaI !oIds Ihc ouIsdcinIo Ihcinsidc.Jhc passion
ofIhc ouIsidc s Ihc passion of ycrminaI Iifc, rcIcasiny Ihc lorccs of Iifc from
cnIropc conIainmcnI and opcniny Ihcm up !or a Iimc Io comc.
hc siynificancc of Ihis IhouyhI ol ycrminaI I i fc can onIy bc fuIIy
apprcciaIcd Io Ihc cxIcnI IhaI Ihc naturc o! OcIcuzc`s movcmcnI bcyond a
phiIosophy of Ihc subccI has bccn undcrsIood and Ihis rcquircs, in turn,
somc undcrsIandiny o! his cnyaycmcnI viIh anI`s !oundiny projcct o!
phIosophicmodcrnity. In 7he lcicc]SenxeOcIcuzcsccstodcvclopa ncv
conccpIion ol thc IransccndcnIaI phiIosophy by approachiny i t as a
IopoIoyicaI !icId noI inhabIcd by Ihc ` 1 . thc coto or Ihc synIhcIic uniIy o!
appcrccpIion, buI popuIatcd by prc-individuaI sinyuIariIics thaI consIituIc a
'Oionysian scnsc-produciny machinc' (OcIcuzc l969IJUI; I 9U.lU7). II is
Ihis 'sur!acc IopoIoyy` madc up o! popuIaIons muIIipIiciIics IhaI arc noI
smpy a combnaIon o! Ihc onc and Ihc many) and prc-indvdua
sinyuIariIics vhch consIiIutcs Ihc 'rcal IransccndcnIaI !icld` scc Ihc ncxI
chapIcr !or !urIhcr insiyt nIo Ihc noIion o! muIipciIy in ccuzc).
i nyuIariIics rc!cr to 'idcaI cvcnIs` idcaI in thc scnsc IhaI Ihcy cxisI or
cndurc bcyond Ihcir spcc!ic ndividuaI mani!csIaIions and siyni!icaIions),
such as boIIIcnccks, knoIs, poinIs o! lusion, proccsscs o! condcnsaIion,
crysIallzaIon, andboiIiny, and vhch cannoI bc con!uscd vith Ihcpcrson or
indivduaI thaI is consIIutcd by Ihcm and ovcr vhosc ycncsis Ihcy prcsidc
Jhis sur!acc IopoIoyy cannoI bc rcsIricIcd Io Ihc dctcrminaIions o! a ccnIrcd
85
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O!!IEKENCE AlO KEIEJ!J!Ol
subjccI (consciousncss or naIuraI pcrccpIion); iI is raIhcr Ihc sur!acc o! a
'skn' that acts as a mcmbranc vhch a!!cvs !cr an ntcrcr and cxtcrcr tc
Iakc shapc and communcaIc, IransporIiny poIcnIiaIs and rcycncratiny
pc!artcs. 'Jhus, cvcn bc!c_ca!!y, t s ncccssary tc undcrstand that thc
dccpcsI isIhcskn' I26 lU).
A!thcu_h a transccndcnta! lcld gcpulatcd by mpcrscna! and prc-
individuaI sinyularitics docs noI rcscmbIc a corrcspondiny cmpircaI !icld,
ths dccs nct mcan that t s dcvcd cI dIIcrcntatcn. 1c!cuzc dccs nct
prcIcnd IhaI dcIcrmininyIhcIransccndcnIaI!icIdis an casy Ias. n 7he Icic
o]en:ehc acccpIs as dccisivc 5arIrc's objccIions Io cndoviny Ihis Ic!d viIh
Ihc `' or Ihc synIhctic uniIy o! appcrccption (a poinI rcpcatcd in Whut i:
Fhilc:chy, I99I .49 I 994.47, and in Ihc I993 pccc on 'Immancncc' viIh
rc!crcncc Io 5arIrc's cssay 7he TrunxcenJe:tce c} the Fc, OcIcuzc
I997b.4!). Uc!orc cxamniny in morc dcIaiI Ihc characIcr o! OcIcuzc's
cHcuuHIcr WiIh KuHI, i i mpurIum Iu HuIc IhuI Ihc uIIcmpI Iu mup Ihc
IransccndcnIaI icId as a !cId o! prc-individuaI sinyuIarIics rcsisIs Ihc cIaim
IhaI unIcss Ihc condiIions o!Ihc rcal objccI o! knovlcdyc arc conccivcd as
Ihc :one as Ihc condiIions o! knovIcdyc, Ihcn IransccndcnIal philosophy
bccomcs mgcssb!c sincc t has to csIabIish auIonomous condiIons for
objccIs and Ihcrcby s forccd to rcsurrccI Ihc old mctaphysics. OcIcuzc Ihus
rc!uscs Io acccpI IhaI Ihc only option avaiIabIc Io us is to choosc bcIvccn
ciIhcr an undi!!crcnIiatcd yround (an abyss viIhouI di!fcrcnccs) or a
suprcmcIy indviduaIcd Uciny and a pcrsonaIizcd orm.
1n Kant thc transccndcntal turn s thc cn!y sccurc vay c! rc!utn_ thc
sccpticaI cIaims o! cmpiricism and sccuriny soIid !oundaIions !or knovlcdyc
n tcrms c! bcth ts unvcrsa!ty and ncccssty. Jhc transccndcnta! dcnctcs thc
unIy o!scI!-consciousncss buI not quu a mcrcIy pcrsonaI consciousncss. Jhc
unty s n cur cvn mnds, t s nct part c! thc cb]ccts apart !rcm cur
novIcdyc o! Ihcm. xpcricncc can ncvcr yivc us anyIhiny IhaI vouId bc
cthcr unvcrsal cr ncccssary. 1kncvlcd_c rcmans cmprca! t can cnly cvcr
bc continycnI and arbiIrary. n applyiny a prior knovIcdyc Io cxpcricncc vc
arcaIrcady yoiny 'bcyond', noIcs OcIcuzc, vhaI is yivcn incxpcricncc. ov
aIIhouyh Ihis momcnI bcyondthc yivcn is aIrcadyprcscnI in umc iI is onIy
viIh ant IhaI Ihis movcmcnI bcyond is providcd vIh IransccndcnIaI
principlcs and aryumcnIs. n umc, inoIhcr vords, Ihc principIcs vhich Iac
us bcyond Ihc yvcn arc mcrcly prncipcs o! hunun ure, Ihat is,
psychoIoyicaI principIcs oassocaIion IhaI conccrn our ovn rcprcscnIaIions
o!. and dcsiyns upon, thc vorld. n anI, hovcvcr, Ihc subjccIvIy o!
principIcs s not an cmpircaI or psycholoyicaI subjccIiviIy, buI a
IransccndcnIaI subjccIiviIy' (OcIcuzc I963. 2I ; I984. l 3; !or OcIcuzc on
umc and anI comparc his l 99l l l l l 2). cycI !rcqucnIIy notcs IhaI
cxprcssions Iikc 'IransccndcnIal unity o! scI!-consciousncss' havc an uyIy air
abouI thcm, suyycstiny, hc says, Ihat thcrc m_ht bc 'a monsIcr' Iurkny ' n
Ihc bacyround' (cycI I995b.l5U). Jhis is prcciscly vhaI OcIcuzc vII
86
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O!!IEKENCE AlO KEIEJ!J!Ol
IocaIc in his rcvorkny o! Ihc IransccndcnIaI in boIh Di}}erence onJ
Keetitic and The Icic c} namcIy, a IhouyhI cl thc monsIrous and
onc IhaI musI bccomc monsIrous iIscI! (as a Ihinkiny o! dillcrcncc and'
rcpcttcn). hs nvc!vcs !cr Oclcuzc vhcIhcr onc s spcakiny c! thcsc IcIs
o! Ihc IaIc I96s or Ihc IaIcrIcxI Whoi i: FhiIc:ch, o! l99I and Ihc shorI
cssay c! I99J cn 'mmancncc`, cmancpatn_ thc transccndcnta! !icId !rcm
Ihc pcrccivcd sIranyIchold iI undcryocs aI Ihc hands o! subjccIivIy and
ccnsc cusncss, vhcthcr Ihi s ccnsc|cusncss bc psychc!c_|ca! cr
phcnomcnoIoyicaI. OcIcuzc is commiIIcd Io Ihc sccminyIy cxIravayanI cIaim
IhaI aII phcnomcnoIoyy is phcnomcnoIoyy sncc, his aryumcnI yocs, iI
!aiIs to pcncIraIc Ihc morc pro!ound individuaIions IhaI arc mpIicaIcd in Ihc
crcaIivc cvoIuIion o! di!!crcncc and rcpcIiIion.
VhaI i s an ndviduaI and hov docs i I bccomc vhaI iI i s n a !cId o!
indivduaIon strucIurcd by intcnsiIcs and sinyuIariIics OcIcuzc` saryumcnI
s HcrcdbIy cumpIcx nd cuHVuIuIcd, nd cH uHIy hcrc prcscHI synupIic
vcrsion o! iI, scckiny Io briny ouI Ihosc lcaIurcs thaI arc pcrtincnI Io Ihc
conccrns o! Ihis chapIcr. l! Ihc indviduaI s nscparabIc !rom a vorId iI i s
ncccssary to dcIcrminc morc prcciscIy Ihc characIcrolIhs 'vorId'. A vorId
can bc vicvcd !rom Ivo pcrspccIivcs IhaI o!an individuaI vhich acIuaIizcs
and incarnaIcs in its body thc sinyuIariIics vhich 'cvoIvc' Ihrouyh lorms o!
!oIdiny (cnvclopmcnI, dcvcIopmcnI, cIc.), and IhaI o!Ihc snyuIariIics vhich
conIinuc Io pcrsisI and subsist ovcr and abovc thcir parIicuIar incaaIions
and acIuaIizaIionsviIhin anindividuaIcd body andscI!.hcrc is, Ihcrc!orc, a
ccntinuum cl sn_u!artcs' Ihat s disIincI !rcm Ihc individuaIs IhaI cnvclcp
iI n variabIc dcyrccs o! dcIcrminaIion hc vorId, says OcIcuzc, is noI onIy
acIuaIzcd buI aIso erre::eJ, and vhiIc iI isthc casc thaI such a vorId onIy
comcs inIo bciny in and Ihrouyh individuaIs, n vhch iI cxsIs only as a
prcdcatc, iI s cqualIy Iruc tc cIaim IhaI iI subsisIs in m hiyhIy di!!crcnI
manncr, namcIy, `as an cvcnI or a vcrb in Ihc sinyuIarIcs vhich prcsidc
cvcr thc ccnst|tut|cn c! ndividuaIs (I969 IJ5 I99U I I I ). luI |n Bcr_scn`s
Icrms vccan say IhaIIhc sinyulariIics cnjoy a virIuaI cxisIcncc, and aIIhouyh
Ihcy arc acIuaIzcd, and musI bc acIuaIizcd Ihc acIuaIizaIion docs noI
cxhausI Ihcr povcrs ol invcnIion, and nciIhcr do Ihc conIours o! an
actuaIizaIion cvcr rcscmbIc Ihc poIcnIiaI IhaI has bccn rcaIizcd. hcsc
insyhIs vi II bccomc cruciaI vhcn vc approach Ihc cIcrnaI rcIurn as a
IhouyhI and villny o! thc cvcnI (hov onc bccomcs vhaI onc is as an cvcnI
o! bccomny, vhich invoIvcs bccominy Ihc cvcnI o onc's ovn acIuaIization
Ihrouyh a -actuazaIion).
hc crror o! aIIcmpIs Io dc!i nc Ihc IransccndcntaI viIh consciousncss !or
OcIcuzc is thaI Ihcy ycI consIrucIcd n Ihc imayc o! IhaI vhch Ihcy arc
supposcd Io yround, runniny Ihc risk o! smpIy rcdupIicaIiny thc cmpricaI
(OcIcuzc I969:l28 I99:I5). cIaphysics and transccndcntaI phiIosophy
arc onIy ablc Io Ihink sinyuIariIcs by imprsoniny thcm viIhin Ihc con!incs
o! a suprcmc scIl (un Mci :urcmc) or a supcrior ` (un !eHcieUr) ( I29;
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DIF!ERENCE AND REPETITION
I0). In 7heIoic o]Sen:eIhc subccI is transmuIcd inIo arcc, anonymous,
nomudic sinyuIuriIy which is suid Io 'Iiuveise` humuns, pIunIs, und unimuIs
( I07). This `nonoryanic Iilc docs Ihis by bcing dcpcndcnt nciIhcr on
Ihe muei oI Ihe puiIicuIui individuutions noi on Ihe Ioims oI Iheir
pcrsonaIity. This IransvcrsaIiIy, says LcIcuzc, consIiIuIcs Ihc univcrsc o
NieIzsche`s 'oveimun`. I nIuIei woiI this IiunsveisuI IieId is idenIiIied us Ihe
pIanc o immancncc, which, sIarIiny wiIh DcscarIcs and runniny lrom anI
Io ussei, yeIs IieuIed us u ieId olconsciousness 'Immunence is supposed
Io bc immancnI to a purc consciousncss, Io a thinkiny subccI (DcIcuzc and
GuatIari 99 :47S, 994:46). 5o, whiIc anI dcnounccs Ihc cmpIoymcnt o
IransccndcnI dcas hc discovcrs aI Ihc samc timc, DcIcuzc contcnds, Ihc
'modcrn way ol saving Iransccndcncc Ihrough Ihc auIo-producIivc subccI
(thc subccI Io whom immancncc ycts aIIribuIcd and which is Ircatcd as an
c!cacious powcr).
Jhc ChuruCIcr O! lcIcu2cs cCuIur IrunsCcndcnIuIsm Cun bc !urIhcr
cIariicd by cxamininyIhc discussiono anI whichigurcs in IhcchapIcron
`Thc lmayc o ThouyhI` in D

]erence unJ Reetition ln rcIhininy Ihc

'imagc` oIhoughIIhc imagc by whichIhoughtbccomcs and gocs asIray
DcIcuzc aryucs IhaI iI is wiIhin our conccpIion o! Ihouyht Iha Ihc cmpiricaI
and Ihc IransccndcnIaI gcI disIribuIcd and rcIaIcd. c is conccrncd Io show
how within ant and phcnomcnoIoyy thc IransccndcntaI is ncvcr madc truIy
IransccndcntaI. WhuI docs Ihis mcan And why is iI sch a problcm IhaI
phiIosophy aiIs Io ycI riyhI thc instaIlaIion olthc transccndcntaI OcIcuzc`s
uiyumenI is thuI uIIhouyh iI is unI who discoveis Ihe iodiyious oweis oI
Ihc IransccndcnIaI hc ncvcr cscapcs, in spiIc ohis immcnsc Iabours, Io rcc
IrunscendentuI sIiucIuies oI IhouyhI Iiom thc empiiicuI ucIs oI u
psychoIoyicaI consciousncss. Wc onIy havc Io wiIncss in Ihis rcyard, says
DeIeuze, Ihe moves IuIiny pIucebeIween Ihe liisI und second editions oIIhe
Critique o] Fure Reu:ou, and Ihc acI thaI aIIhouyh psychoIoyism is bcIIcr
hidden iI stiII cunnot be pievenIed Iiom exposiny iIseIl. The reuson why this
is such aprobIcm or DcIcuzc is thaI iImcans, incccI, IhaIphiIosophy aiIs
inIhc anIian rcvoIutionIocmancipatc iIscIuIIy, iaIalI, rom Ihc domain
o doxa, and which is aIways or him constiIutcd by Ihc two haIvcs o
common scnsc and good scnsc (wc may uIso recII t Ihis uncIurc IhaI or
DcIcuzc criIiuc musI aIways bc vioIcnt and ncvcr aI pcacc wiIh cstabIishcd
powcrs, a conccpIion oI philosophy whch nIorms hs rcadng ol icIzschc
as thcIruc phiIosophcr o! critiuc, I962:I 026 I98. 59). is aryumcnI
hcrc s uiIc spcc!c.
No doubI phiIosophy rcuscs cvcry parIicuIar Jcc no doubI iI
uphoIds no parIicuIar proposiIions o yood scnsc or common scnsc.
No doubt iI rccogniscs noIhing in parIicuIar. NcvcrIhcIcss, iI rcIains
Ihc csscnI|aI aspccI ol Jo.UnumcIy, Ihc Ioim; and Ihc csscnIiaI
aspcct o common scnsc, namcly Ihc modcI iIscI (harmonyo Ihc
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DIF!ERENCE AND REPETITION
acuIIics yroundcd in Ihc supposcdIy univcrsaI Ihinkiny subccI and
exercised upon the unspeci Ii ed obecI. . . so I ong us one onI y
absIracIs lrom Ihc cmpiricaI conIcnIoJou, whilc mainIaininy Ihc
operuI|on oI Ihe lucuII|es which corresponds to iI und impIic|IIy
rcIains Ihc csscnIiaI aspcct oIhc conIcnI, onc rcmains imprisoncd
by iI.
(LcIcuzc J968:JO-6, J994:J34)
DcIcuzc sccks Io undcrminc thc idca o knowIcdyc Ihat is implicd in Ihc
Iransccndcntal modcI ol modcrn mcIaphysics, which, hc aryucs, is a modcI
and lorm oreconition (bcIwccn scland worId, or subccI and obccI, and
scl and othcr). onsIrucd in Icrms o a modcI or orm o rccoyniIion,
phiIosophy is unablcIoopcn iIscIup Io IhaIwhich cxcccds iIsacuItics and
Ihc norms iI imposcs on Ihcir opcraIion (Ihc abcrranI Ihc anomaIous, Ihc
!u22y, Ihc ndsCcrnbIc, und sO On). II i!Or Ihs rcusOn IhuI LcIcu2c rcluscs
Io disIinyuish Ihc IransccndcnIaI orm o a acuIIy rom iIs IransccndcnI
appIicaIion. 'Thc IransccndcnI cxcrcisc musI noI bc Iraccd rom Ihc
cmpiricaI cxcrcisc prcciscIy bccausc iI apprchcnds IhaI which cannoI bc
yraspcd lrom Ihc poinI ol vicw o! common scnsc` (1968.186, 1994:143).
IIimaIcIy, Ihis mcans IhaI thc IransccndcnIaI musI bc answcrablc to a
`supcrior cmpiricism', which is obviousIy noI Ihc cmpiricism ol common
and yood scnsc buI IhaI o! anoIhcr ' I oyi c o scnsc` alIoycIhcr. Ihc
cmpiricism o Ihc unknown, Ihc dcmonic, Ihc anarchic, cIc. Jhcrc i s
someIhing inthcworId IhaI]orces M to thnk For Oeleuze Ihis someIhing i s
not Io bccomc an obccI olrccoyniIion but raIhcr assumc thc orm o a
lundumcnIuI encouner' rencore) (18/. 139). lI hus Io bc un encounIer
wiIh dcmonsas in icIzschc` s cncounIcr with Ihc dcmon who ocrs him
Ihe IuIeIuI und IuIuI IusI oI undergoing Ihe thoughI-experiment oI eIernuI
rcIurn, o Iakiny up and passiny on Ihc yiI and Iask o Ihc ovcrhuman
(ieIzsche 19A: 5ecIion 33}. The overhumun exceeds esIubIished
phiIosophicaI modcs olrccoyniIion and Ihc rcducIion obccominys in Ihc
worId Io pcrccpIuaI and accIivc cIichs.
ln Ihc conuncIion oThouyhI and Bciny IhaI Iakcs pIacc on thc pIanc o
ininiIc movcmcnI Ihc movcmcnI pccuIiar Io Ihc pIanc oimmancncc, which
is a movcmcnI noI dcIcrmincd by Ihc horizon oa subccI or thc posiIion o
an obccI) iI s noI, nssIs ccuzc a ucsIion oI luson (McrIcau-onIys
criIicism o! Bcryson), but raIhcr o! a pcrpcIuaI insIanIancous cxchanyc`
(ictzschcs imayc ol thc IiyhIniny-lIash s depIoyed. inlinIc movcmcnI
is aIways doubIc and rcvcrsiblc Ihis is bccausc Ihcrc is onIya oId rom onc
Io thc oIhcr`, and iI is onIy in Ihis scnsc Ihat iI can cvcrbc saidIhat thinkiny
and bcinyarconcand Ihc samc (Dclcuzc and GuaIIari 1991:41: 1994:38). 5o
whcn Ihc IhouyhI o JhaIcs (alI is Cnc) Icaps ouI`, iI rcturns as waIcr, and
whcn Ihc Ihouyht o! erucIiIus cmcrycs as oleno: (aII is sIri!c), |I is !irc
IhaI rcIorIs (ibid. ). OcIcuzc acknowIcdycs Ihc danycrs o Ihinkiny
89
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DIF!ERENCE AND REPETITION
phiIosophicaIIyi nIcrms oapIancoimmancncc. c spcaks, or cxampIc, o
iIs 'gropingcxpciimcnIuIion` und its iccoursc Io mcusuics IhuI muny wouId
dccm unrcasonabIc and unrcspccIabIc. Thcsc arc mcasurcs IhaIbcIongtoIhc
oidci oI dicums, to puIhologicul proccsscs, Io csotciic cpcicnccs, Io
drunkcn cxccsscs, and so on (inconIcsIabIy all part and parccI oIhc hisIory
oI phiIosophy). nc i s ncvci uiIc suic, howcvci, thuI DcIcuzc is IuIly
cognizanI o Ihc naIurc or charactcr o Ihc scIcction hc has madc wiIh Ihc
ThoughI-BcingoI immuncncc (ulIhough thc pIunc oI immuncncc is suid Iobc
`prcphiIosophicaI` iIs scIccIion sIiII invoIvcs a hiIc:chicul dccisionscc
Ihc concIusion Io Ihc ncxI chapIcr or urIhcr discussion o Ihis poinI).
DcIcuzc himscIl is conidcnI in Ihc bcIicIhaI iI is 'wc`, human, aIl Ioo
human IhaI wc arc who sulcr rom Ihc iIIusion IhaI immancncc is a
soIipsisIic prison rom which wc nccd rcdcmpIion by Ihc TransccndcnI (onc
uIso Ihinks in Ihis rcgurd olictzschc`s rcmark IhaI Ihc only rcdcmpIion wc
nccd s !rOm Ihc nccd O! rcdcmIOn IscI!).
HUVUU8I0D: hH0DU0H 8DU HP UPIPDCP 0 8IWH
ln Di

qerence uJ Reetitioii DcIcuzc Iinks 5imondon`s rcworking o!

individuaIion, which hc sccs as providingthcbasis or Ihis ncw conccpIiono
Ihc IransccndcnIaI in IhaI iI prcscnIs Ihc irst propcrly workcd out Ihcory o
an impcrsonal and prc-individuaI !icId, wiIh Larwin`s thinking on Ihc origin
o spccics, Wcismann`s Ihcsis on Ihc conIinuiIy ol Ihc gcrmplasm, and Ihc
cmbiyology oIvon Buci.
or LcIcuzc Ihc imporIancc ol 5imondon's rcworking ol onIogcncsis Iics
in iIs dcmonsIiution thuI diIIcicnIiuIion prcsupposcs individuuIion us u prioi
inIcnsc licId. 5imondon argucs IhaI in spiIc o thcir dilcrcnccs boIh
substunIiuIism, u monism which conccivcs Ihc uniIy oI u Iiving bcing us iIs
csscncc, and hyIomorphism, which rcgards Ihc individuaI as a crcaIion
urising liom thc conuncIion oI Ioim und muIIci, ussumc Ihut u piincipIc oI
individuaIion is opcraIivcindcpcndcnIIyolIhc acIiviIy oindividuationiIscI
(5imondon J99 (originalIy J94): 2J. J992:29}. WhaI modcrn IhoughI
Iacks, Ihcrcorc, i s a conccpIion o onIogcncsis as `bccomi ng` . n Ihc
hyIomorphic modcI or cxampIc Ihc ucIual proccss is dccmcd incapabIc o
urnishing Ihc principIc iIscIl and onIy puIs iI inIo cccI. Cn 5imondon`s
modcI,howcvcr, iIisIhc proccss iIsclIIhat isIobc rcgardcd us primary. his
mcansIhaI onIogcncsis is no IongcrIrcaIcd asdcalingwiIhIhcgcncsis o!thc
individuaIbuIraIhcrdcsignaIcsIhcbccoming olbcing.ccomingisnotIobc
IhoughI o as a 'ramcwork` in which Ihc bcing cxisIs, buI as onc o Ihc
dimcnsionsobcing which rcsoIvcs aninitiaIincompaIibiIiIy thaI is ric wiIh
poIcnIiaIs. Bccoming is noI somcIhing IhaI happcns Io bcng ollowing a
succcssion o cvcnIs, sincc Ihis is Io prcsupposc iI as aIrcady givcn and as
originalIy subsIanIiaI. orcovcr, Ihcrc isncvcra poinI o!rcIu in which Ihc
bcing would bccomc luIIy idcnIicaI wiIh iIscIl. A bcing ncvcr posscsscs a
9
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DIF!ERENCE AND REPETITION
uniIy in iIs idcnIiIy buI onIy in iIs dillcrcncc. Jhis is bccausc iI cxisIs as a
ccrIuin knd oI uniIy, numcIy u 'IrunsducIivc onc IhuI is cupubIc oI pussing
ouI o!phasc wiIh iIscIl, pcrpcIuaIIy brcaking iIsown bounds in rcIaIion Io iIs
ccnIrc. ndividuuIion is noI u synIhcsis rcuiring u rcIurn Io unity, buI ruIhcr
Ihc proccss in which bcing passcs ouI ol sIcp wiIh iIscI!. This is Io Ihink
invcnIion us invoIving simpIy nciIhcr inducIion nor dcdcIion buI ulwuys
onIy IransducIion.
5inguIariIics und cvcnts bcIong Io a sysIcm Ihu cvoIvcs in mcIasIubIc
Icrms. ln such a sysIcm cncrgy cxisIs as `poIcnIiaI cncrgy` . This, says,
cIcuzc is Ihc cncrgy spcci!ic Io Ihc 'purc cvcnt` (J99:J2. 199:J).
DcIcuzc Ihcn drawsaIIcnIion Io Ihc!acIIhaI whiIc an organismncvcrccascs
Io assimiIaIc and cxIcrnaIizc Ihrough conIraction and cxpan>ion iI is Ihc
mcmbrancs Ihat pIay Ihc cruciaI roIc o!carrying potcnIiaIs sincc Ihcy pIacc
intcrnaI and cxIcrnaI spacc> inIo conIacI wiIh onc anoIhcrand wiIhouI rcgurd
IO dsIunCc. SnguIurIcs dO nuI, Ihcrc!Orc, smpIy OCCuy u sur!uCc buI
'!rcucnI` iI and arc bound up wiIh iIs !ormaIion and rc!ormation. 5imondon
himscI!wriIcs.
Ihc individuaI isto bc undcrsIood as having a rcIativc rcaIiIy, occupying
onIy a ccrIain pha>c ol Ihc whoIc bcing in ucsIiona phasc IaI
Ihcrc!orccarrics thc implicaIion o!aprcccding prcindividuaI sIaIc, and
IhaI, cvcn u!Icr individuuIion, docs noI cxisI n isoIaIion, sincc
individuaIion docs noI cxhausIinthc singlc acto!iIsappcarancc aIIIhc
poIcntiuIs cmbcddcd in Ihc prc-individuul sIuIc.
(5imon don 199:22-, J992:)
Bcing is Io bc modcIIcd ncithcr in Icrms o! subsIancc nor maIIcr and !orm,
but ruIhcr 'us u IuuIIy cIcndcd und supcrsuIuruIcd sysIcm, which cisIs uI u
highcr IcvcI Ihan thc uniI iIscIl, which is noIsu!!icicnI unIo itscI! and cannoI
bc udcuuIcIy conccpIualizcd uccording Io Ic principIc o! thc ccIudcd
middIc` (23, 3J). Thismcans IhaI Ihcbcingdocs noI cxisI, as IradiIionaIIy
conccivcd, as a sIabIc buI as a 'mctasIabIc cuiIibrium` Jhc !ormcr cannot
capIurc Ihc proccss o! bccoming sincc iI rcuircs IhaI aII Ihc potcnIiaIs in a
virIuaI rcaIiIy and bccoming havc bccn acIuaIizcd. 5uch u bcing gcIs caughI
up in a sysIcm IhaI has rcachcd Ihc lowcsI IcvcIs olcncrgy, and so is unabIc
Io undcrgo any Iurthcr IrunsIormaIions.
5mondon consIrucs Ihc bccoming ol individuation as a IhcaIrc in which
Ihcrc cxisIs no prc-csIablshcd scn>c oI whaI is physicaIly po>sibIc in Icrms
o! Ihc rapporI bctwccn Ihc organism and thc ouIsidc. FurIhcrmorc, and hcrc
5imondon trcnchanIIy criticizcs cybcrncIic modcIIings o! sysIcms, a Iiving
bcing docs noI cxisI !uncIionalIy as a mcIasIabIc cnIiIy in Icrms o! bcing
cxcIusivcIy guidcd by Ihc nccd Io !ind compaIibiIiIics bcIwccn its various
rcquircmcnIs, in which iI wouId mcrcly !oIIow a !ormuIu o! compIcx
cuiIibrium composcd o! simpIcr oncs !ndividuation is aIways 'ampIi!icd`
9J
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DIF!ERENCE AND REPETITION
or 5imondon, mcaniny Ihat iI cannoI bc rcduccd Io a mcrc unctionaIism.
The process oI indiv|duuIion is not, thereIore, uI|n Io u nunu]ucrurn
proccss, in whichcasc iI wouIdnoI bc a proccss invoIviny creutive cvoIuIion
(iI is on cruciuI poinIs such us Ihis IhuI 5imondon sIriIes me usbe|ng cIose Io
Bcryson in spiIc ohisown criIiuc o Bcryson scc 5imondon J99:26-}.
A iving being is ubIe Io proceed in this wuy on uccount ol Ihe IucI IhuI iI
cnoys an `inIcrnaI rcsonancc in iIs inIcracIionswiIh its milicu,mcaninyIhaI
iI never puss|veIy udupIs. A reIuIion between Iwo Ierms, IhereIore, is never
onc o scparaIc individuaIs, buI aIways an aspccI o Ihc inIcrnaI rcsonancc
which characIcrizcs Ihc sysIcm o individuaIion. Jhi> rcsonancc rcuircs
pcrmancnI communicaIion and Ihc maintcnancc ol a mcIasIabiIiIy as Ihc
prccondiIion oa bccominy.
As noIcd abovc, Ihc imporIancc o5imondons rcworiny oonIoycncsis
or cIcuzc Iics in its dcmonstraIion IhaI dicrcnIiaIion prcsupposcs
ndVduuIOn us u !cId O! nIcnsIy. lcIcu2c dcpIOys Ihs nsghI n Ordcr IO
criIically draw ouI whaI is aI sIac in Oarwin` s opcrnican rcvoIution` and
Io mac | I compaIibIc with a phiIosophy o dicrcncc and rcpcIition. is
maor cIaim is IhaI individuaIion is noI rcducibIc Io Ihc dcIcrminaIion o
spccics. lndividuaIion rc!crs noI simpIyIo individuaIiIy buI raIhcr Io inIrinsic
modaIiIics obciny Ihat boIh constituIc individuaIs and dissoIvc Ihcm (on Ihc
rcIaIionship bcIwccn individuaIiIy and 'Jig rentiuton` and bcIwccn spccics
and individuaIiIy, scc uycrJ9A6: hapIcrN, J33-}. FacIor and proccsscs
ol individuaion prcccdc Ihc cIcmcnts ol a constiIuIcd individuaI such as
muIter und Iorm, secies und urts. This is to cluim IhuI Ihey cnoy un
indcpcndcnt cvoIution`. cIcuzc bcyins his considcraIion o Oarwin by
noIiny Ihut uI I di IIerences ure borne by indiv|duuIs buI noI ull Ihese
dicrcnccs arc individuaI, and thcn ass `ndcr whaI conditions docs a
diIIerence become regurded us individuuI` (DeIeuze J968.319: 199A:24}.
BioIoyicaI cIassiicaIion has aIways bccn a probIcm o ordcriny dicrcnccs
by estubI ishing u conIinu|Iy oI living beings, u probIem oI genus und u
probIcm o spccics. Accordiny Io OcIcuzc iI was Ihc novcIIy o arwins
Urin o] ecie: Io inauyuraIc Ihc thouyhI o individual dicrcncc` by
showiny IhaI wc simply donoIknow whaI individual dicrcncciscapabIco.
Jhc way Oarwin poscd Ihc problcm o individuaI dicrcncc is, OcIcuzc
aryucs, ain Io Ihc way Frcud would IaIcr posc iI in rcIaIion Io Ihc
unconscous. a ucsIon oI nowiny undcr whaI condIions smal,
unconnccIcd or !rcc-!IoaIiny dicrcnccs bccomc apprcciabIc, connccIcd and
Iixcd diIIcrcnccs (J19. .nmporIanI utiIizaIion oIarwini>mi> Iainy
pIacc in Dg erence unJReetton, which invcrIs Ihc cmphasis pIaccd on Ihc
oriyin o spccics. OcIcuzc riyhIIy notcs IhaI in Oarwin individual dicrcncc
cnoys no cIcar sIaIus, Io Ihc cxIcnI, orcxampIc, Ihat iI is considcrcd as Ihc
primary maIIcr o scIccIion and dilcrcnciaIion, lor 'undcrsIood as rcc
!IoaIiny or unconncctcd di!!crcncc, iI is noI disIinyuishcd !rom un
indcIcrminaIc variabiIiIy` (ibid.).
9
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6
DIF!ERENCE AND REPETITION
In D]erence unJ Reettion OcIcuzc rcads Wcismann in a manncr
enIirely di IIerenI Irom hi s IuIe-nineIeenIh-cenIury recepIion, where h| s
docIrinc onIhc conIinuiIyolthc ycrmplasm was pIaccd inthc scrvicc ola
phiIosophy oI pessimism. Weismunn`s conIribuIion, on OeIeuze`s reud|ng,
i s Io havc shown thaI scxcd rcproducIion scrvcs as Ihc !uncIion o! an
incessunI producIion oI individuuI diIIerences. To Ihe exIent, thereIore, IhuI
scxuaI di!!crcnciaIion (variaIion) rcsuIIs !rom scxcd rcproducIion, iI i s
possible Io cI ui m IhuI Ihe Ihree Iigures oI Durwi ni sm` s opernicun
cvoIuIion consisI in showiny how Ihc Ihrcc maor bioIoyicaI
di!!crcnciaIions o! spccics, oryanic parIs, and ol Ihc scxcs 'Iurn around
individual di!!crcncc, noI vicc vcrsa` ( l 9S:20; 994.249. Thc spccics,
Ihcrc!orc, a noIion which causcd arwin so much anxicIy sincc an accuratc
dc!iniIion provcs so cIusivc, is a IransccndcntaI iIIusion i n TcIaIion Io Ihc
virIual-acIuaI movcmcnI o!Ii!c, which is aIwayscvoIviny in Ihe dircction o!
Ihc rOduCIOn O! ndVduuIOn.
lt is noIIhc individuaI which is an iIIusion in rcIaIion IoIhcycnius o!
Ihc spccics, buI Ihc spccics which is an iIIusionincviIablc and wcII
Iundcd, iI is trucin rclaIion Io thc pIay oI thc individuaI nd
individuaIion.
(; 0)
It is on thc basis o! his priviIcyiny o! a compIicaIcd `cvoIuIion' Ihrouyh
indiv|duuI|on IhuI OeIeuze |s ubIe Io clu|m IhuI: 'Oreums ure our eggs, our
Iarvac, and ourpropcrIy psychicindividuaIs` (ibid.), and, !urIhcrmorc: `Mutc
wiInesses Io degrudution und deuIh, Ihe cenIres oI enveIopmenI ure uIso Ihe
dar prccursors [Ie: rcr:eii :onIre: o! Ihc ctcrnaI rcIurn (0; 2.
This is to conceive evoIuIion us Ihe creuIion und producIion oI Iines und
!iyurcs o! di!!crcnciaIion, o! di!!crcncc throuyh rcpcIition, cnyinccriny
excessively Ihe IuturiIy ol germinuI liIe over Ihe conI|nuity oI Ihe germ
pIasm and Ihc ctcrnaI rcIurn as IhcrcIurn o!Ihc samc.
It is on Ihc basis o!Ihis reuding olIhc 'mcaniny` o!Oarwin`s opcrnican
cvoIuIion IhaI LcIcuzc wilI siIuaIc von acrs !oundiny o! a supcrior
cmbryoIoyy which is abIc Io show IhaI cvcry cmbryo is a phanIasm o! iIs
parcnts and capabIc o! undcrtainy !orccd movcmcnIs, constiIuIiny inIcrnaI
rcsonanccs, and dramaIzny Ihc 'prmordiaI rcIaIions oI IiIc`, aII n a wuy
which wouId simpIy dcsIroy an aduII individuaI (von Bacr l 97; GouId
: cnoir ., 4. cvclopmcnI s individuaIizaIion,
procccdiny '!rom Ihc ycncral Io Ihc spcciaI`, whiIc Ihc sinyuIaT Icndcncy
Iowards di!!crcnciaIion prccIudcs rccapiIuIation (GouId 977:, ). Jhc
vitaI cyy is a 'purc!icId o!individuaIion` (Dclcuzc 9S.2; 994.250.on
acr's priviIcyiny o!cmbryoycncsis ovcr phyIoycncsisa ncw Ii!c docs noI
simpIy IecapiIuIaIe prcvioUs anccsIraI Iorm o!oIcr species buI csIabIishcs
ncw condiIions o! possibiIiIyacnowIcdycs IhaI whiIc an egg musI
9
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7
DIF!ERENCE AND REPETITION
rcproducc aII thc parIs o an organism Io which i I cIongs (scxcd
icpioducIion tuking pIucc wiIhinIhc 'IimiIs`olIhc spccics), iIisuIsoIhccusc
IhaI an cgg `rcconsIiIuIcs IhcparIs onIy on condiIion IhaI iI dcvcIops withina
IicId which docs noI dcpcnd on Ihcm. II dcvcIops wiIhin Ihc IimiIs oI Ihc
spccics onIy on condiIion IhaI iI aIso prcscnIs phcnomcna ol spcciic dc
diIIcicnciuIion (32 249). n oIhcr woids, von Buci`s icvoIuIion wus Io
show thaI Ihcrc arc condiIions o Iic IhaI arc pcculiar Io cmryonic Iilc
conditions oIpossiiIiIy which exceeJ Ihc IimiIs oI spcccs, gcnus oidci or
cIass. I is on Ihc asis o von acr`s rcscarch, Ihcn, thaI LcIcuzc wilI cIaim
inDerencennJReetiticn IhaI IhchighcsI gcncraIitics o Iic 'poinIcyond
spccics and gcnus. . in Ihc dirccIion ol Ihc individual and prcindividuaI
singuIariIics ruIhcrIhanIowards impcrsonaI asIracIion` (ibid).
ln dccIaring Ihc worId Io c an 'cgg` oI gcrminaI inIcnsiIy (a position
rcpcaIcd i n A 7hcu:nnJ !lntenu:) cIcuzc i s arguing thaI iI is Ihc
mICuIcd cgg hih cxrcsscs Ihc d!!crcnIuI rcIuIOns O! Ihc VrIuuI muIIcr
IhaI is Io c organizcd. II i s Ihis inIcnsivc icId o individuaIion IhaI
dcIcrmincs thcicIaIions incainaIcd in spaIio-IcmporaI dynamisms inoIhIhc
dicrcnIiation o spccics and Ihc dicrcnIiaIion o organic parIs. !I i s
inIcnsiIy, IhcrcIoic, which i s hcId Io c primaiy in rcIation Io organic
cxIcnsions and Io spccics ualiIics. II is Ihc noIions o morphogcncIic
poIcnIiaI` and `icIdgradicnI IhrcshoI d` , cIaoraIcd y Ihc cmbryologisI
AIcrI Dulcq, and discusscd in sIrikingIy similar Icims Io LcIcuzc y
McrIcauonIy, withrccrcncc Io workincmbryoIogy sincc Ihc Iimcolans
Diicsch (MciIcuu-onIy I 9SS: !92II.), Ihu uic uIc Io uccounI Ioi Ihis
compIcx cnscmbIc and which signi!icanIIy rcconigurc our undcrsIanding o
Ihc rcluIion bcIwccn gcnic nucIcus und Ihc cyIoplusm (Ihc ucIuulizuIion oI
Ihc dicrcnIiaI rcIaIions is dcIcrmincd yIhc IaIIcr in Icrms o iIs gradicnIs
und licIds oI individuuIion).
Thc notion o individuaIion pIays a cruciaI rolc in Ihc unoIding oIhc
psycho-ioIogy oI i]erence nnJ eetiiion sincc it scivcs Io mcdiatc Ihc
virIuaI and Ihc proccss o acIuaIizaIion. As i n Ber:oi:n, LcIcuzc
sIipuIaIcs IhaI cvoIuIion docs noI simpIy progrcss rom onc actuaI Icrm Io
anoIhcr, or rom gcncraI Io parIicuIar, and Ihis is prcciscly bccausc Ihcrc is
Ihc inIcrmcdiary o an individuaIion which crcaIcs a rcaIm ol dilcrcncc
cIwccn thc virIuaI and iIs acIuaIizaIion. lI is Ihiscmphasis on individuation
us an auIonomous rcaIm ol diIIcrcncc and rcpcIiIon IhuI Icads cIcuzc Io
cIaiming IhaI any opposiIion cIwccn prcormism and cpigcncsis ccomcs
rcdundanI oncc I is apprcciaIcd thaI Ihcrc is no rcscmlancc or simpIc
corrcspondcncc cIwccn Ihc inIcnsivc and cnvcIopcd prc-ormaIions and Ihc
uaIiIaIivc and cxIcnsivc dcvclopcd ormaIions. WhaI govcrns acIuaIizaIion,
Ihcrcloic is primary individuation: 'Ihc organic parIs arc induccd onIy on
Ihc basis o Ihc gradicnIs o Ihcir inIcnsivc cnvironmcnI, Ihc typcs
dcIcrmincd in Ihcir spccics onIy y virtc oIthcii individuuIing inIcnsity`
( 9S:33, 994. 5).
94
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DIF!ERENCE AND REPETITION
hc movcs OcIcuzc is makiny hcrc arc cruciaI Io his insiyhIinIo ycrminaI
I iIc und Io his uIIcmpIs Io urIicuIutc u philosophy IhuI conccivcs oI Ihc
cvoIuIionooryanismsascompIcx sysIcms inIcrmsoa!icIdoindividuaIion
und inIcnsiIics.huI hc is now culliny IhcIicIdol individuuIion popuIuIcd by
prcindividuaI sinyuIariIics and inIcnsitics bccomcs whaI in Ihc IaIcr work is
cuIIcd Ihc pIunc oI immuncncc uIso Ihc pIanc oI consisIcncy) IhuI is
popuIatcd by `anonymous` maIIcr and which dcvcIops Ihrouyh IransvcrsaI
communicuIion ucross disIincI phyIcIic I incaycs. Thc possibiIiIy ol such
communicaIion is alrcady cncounIcrcd in Ihc aryumcnI o Dg erence unJ
Reeriticn. In dcmarcaIiny so in>isIcntIy individuaI dilcrcncc> OcIcuzc docs
noI wish Io dcny IhaI thcsc di!crcnccs parIakc o a ccrIain conusion. Cn Ihc
conIrary, hc mainIains IhaI Ihc cIcar i> conuscdby iIscIand onIy inso ar a>
iI is clcar. l Oarwin`s Ihcory ol dcsccnI wiIh modiicaIion` put an cnd oncc
und or aIl Io Ihc IhcoIoyicaI doctrinc on Ihc !xiIy ospccic>, Ihcn OcIcuzc`s
hnkn IrdI dln I im p h mpbIty h
ixiIy o icIds o individuaIion. crc hi> aryumcnI is compIcx and nuanccd.
Cn Ihc onc hand, hc acknowIcdycs IhaI lorms ol animaI Iilc can onIy bc
considcrcd as ccrIain kinds ol spccics in rcIaIion Io Ihc parIicular icIds o
individuation IhaI cxprcss Ihcm. This mcans thaI wc cannoI rcadiIy say thaI
individuaIs ola yivcn spccics arc disIinyuishcd by IhcirparIicipaIion in oIhcr
spccics as i, says Oclcuzc, Ihcrc was an ass, Iion, woI, or shccp in cvcry
human bciny, aIIhouyh, OcIcuzc says, mcIcmpsychosis rcIains iIs symbolic
Iruth', 9S: 27 994. 24somcIhiny hc wiII IaIcr arIicuIatc wiIh his
conccpIion oI 'unimuI bccominys`, buI whcrc such bccominys urc Io bc
conccivcd as Iakiny pIacc on a moIccuIar IcvcI haviny IiIIIc Io do wiIh Ihc
unimuI on Ihc IcvcI oI spccics und ycnus). Thc rcuIm oI cnvcIopcd IiIc,
howcvcr, is a conuscd rcaIm and individuaI dicrcnccs, orcomposiny souls,
pIuy thc rolc oI vuriubIcs wiIhin Iiclds oI individuuIion. Tc 'univcrsuI
individuaI`, such as, says OcIcuzc, Ihc Ihinkcr o Ihc ctcrnaI rcturn o aII
Ihinys (thc rcpcIition which IuIcs thinys Io Ihcir supcrior Iorm und powcr) s
onc whomakcs uII usc oIhc powcrolIhc cIcarand Ihcconuscd inordcrIo
uIIcst Io Ihc 'muIIipIc, mobiIc, and communicaIiny charucIcr oindividuaIiIy`
and iIs `impIicaIcd characIcr` (ibid.. ln oIhcr words and howcvcr stranyc or
paradoxicaI iI may appcar Ihc Iic o individuuIiIy is Ihc Iic o Ihc ycrminaI
and inIcnsivc, iI is non-oryanic Iic.
c arc madc o! aII Ihcsc dcpIhs and disIancc, o!thcsc inIcnsivc souIs
whch dcvcIop and arc rc-cnvcopcd. c caII ndviduaIiny IacIors Ihc
cnscmbIc o thcsc cnvcIopiny and cnvcIopcd inIcnsiIics, ol thcsc
individuaIiny and individuaI dicrcnccs hich cec:eIe::l,
interenetrcte ie cnother throuhout theieIJ. o{ inJviJucton.
IndividuaIiIy is noI a characIcrisIic ol Ihc 5cI buI, on thc conIrary,
Iorms and susIains thc sysIcm olIhc dissoIvcd clI.
ibid., my cmphasis)
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DIF!ERENCE AND REPETITION
or OcIcuzc Ihc probIcm o hcrcdiIy` is ncvcr, Ihcrcorc, simpIy onc o
reproducIion since reproducIion i s I|ed Io u compIex und conlused
variaIion. Thisiswhy,hcsays, aIIIhcorics olhcrcdity must uIIimaIcly opcn
ouI onIo u phiIosophy oI nuIue: lI |s us iI repetiIion were never Ihe
rcpcIiIionoIhcsamcbuIalways olIhcDilcrcnI as such,andIhcobccI o
diIIerence | n iIseII were repetiIion` (JJ0; 25). ln shorI, Ihe diIIerenIiuI und
inIcnsivc acIors o individuaIion ncvcr ccasc Io bc inlcuteJ in a
compIicuted 'evoIution`. For Deleuze, Ihis 'evoIuIion` becomes Iess and Iess
IhaIocxoycnous mcchanism (hcnccthcnccd or scarc quoIcs) IoIhc cxIcnI
IhaI 'compIcx sysIcms' achicvc Ihc Icndcncy Io inIcriorizc Ihc dicrcnccs
IhaI consIiIuIc Ihcm. Thc morc cvoItion invoIvcs Ihc inIcriorizaIion o
dicrcncc Ihc Icss 'rcpcIiIion` comcs Io dcpcnd on cxIcrnal causcs and Ihc
Icss yuaranIcc Ihcrc is Ihat cvoIuIion can bc simpIy undcrsIood as Ihc
rcproducIion o Ihc samc.
HC5 uPI H0V0Uu0H
II is individuation conccivcd as a licId o inIcnsivc acIors (hacccciIics)
which inIorms LcIcuzc`s rcIhinkiny oI cIhis 'bcyond` Ihc subjcc so as Io
movc IhouyhI bcyond Ihc 'human condiIion` and Io opcn iI up Io Ihc
inhumanandovcrhuman.hcabyss oIhisOionysianworId,a worId olrcc
and unbound cncryy, is not, OeIeuze insisIs, an impersonaI or absIraI
nivcrsaI Ie,onJ individuaIion or him Ihis is prcciscIy whaI dcincs
ieIzsche`s breuI wiIh 5chopenhuuer (see DeIeuze I 99. I J I ; I99. I 7). lI
is raIhcr Ihc `!` and Ihc scl Ihat arc absIracI univcrsaIs IhaI nccd to bc
conceived | n reIuIion Io Ihe individuuIing Iorces IhuI consume Ihem: WhuI
cannoI bc rcpIaccd is individuaIion iIscI (Lclcuzc 98:; 994:58.
This is IoIh|nIoIIiIe noI us Ihe expression oIu JerernineJ worId buI us u
o::iIIe onc, rcpIcIc wiIh diusc poIcnIialiIics and virtuaI acIualizaIions.
The 'IiIe` oI Ihe indiv|duuI uIwuys exceeds IhuI oI Ihe spec|es, buI Ihe
individuaIiny acIors IhatarcimplicaIcd in aproccss olindividuaIion assumc
nciIhcrIhc orm oIhc 'I` nor Ihc maIIcrolIhc scIithc ormcr rcprcscnIs
Ihc psychic dctcrminaIion o thc spccics, Ihc IaIIcr cxprcsscs iIs psychic
oryanizaIion). hc ormation oIhc isinscparabIc rom aorm oidcnIiIy,
whiIc Ihc scIl is aIways consIiIutcd by a conIinuiIy o amily rcscmbIanccs
(the and scIIuncIion as ycncaoyica yurcs on a kind oIcismannian
Iandscapc). Individuation` , LcIcuzc wriIcs, ' is mobiIc, sIranycly suppIc,
IortuIous and cndowcd wiIhIrnycs andmaryns (J31: 2`). I iscorrccI Io
asscrI IhaI individuaIity is always an indcIcrminaIion. BuI Ihis docs noI
cxposc a Iack or a dccicncy aI Ihc ccnIrc o iIs bciny buI rathcrdcnoIcs iIs
uII positivc powcr.
hc scI, Ihcrcorc, is aIways dissoIvcd and Ihc racIurcd: 'or iI is noI
Ihc oIher which is another l, buI thc l which is an ohcr, a Iraturcd I`
( 98:JJ5, 994:). Ocath can bc siIuatcd rom Ihis lic o Ihc dissoIvcd
9
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DIF!ERENCE AND REPETITION
scI within Ihe oIds o an invoIuIion !n Ihc bccoming o any sysIcm dcaIh
hus udouble Iuce. uIuceoIimplicuIion und invoIvemenI, oIinvoluIion, und u
acc o cxpIicaIion and cvoIuIion, o cnIropy. Thc mosI powcruI acc o
deuIh is thuI which is hidden, uImosI noumenuI. II is IhedeuIh which ucIs us
Ihc agcnI odissoIuIion and dccomposition, bcingIhaI `inIcrnal powcr` which
Irees the process oI individuuIion Irom Ihe Iorm oIthe ' l` undIhe muIIer oI
Ihc sclin which Iic has bccomc imprisoncd. vcry dcaIh, thcrcorc, can bc
deemed Io be doubIe, being boIh u cunceIIuIion ol Iurge diIIerences Ihrough
cnIropic cxIcnsion, and Ihc Iibcration othosc IiIIIcdicrcnccs which swarm
Ihrough an inIensive invoIuIion.
DcIcuzc considcrcd it a mistakc Io rcgard Ihc IaIc oucauII as making a
sIraighIoward reIun Io a discrediIed subjecI ol eIhics. Jhee are or
FoucaulI, LcIcuzc argucs, onIy proccsscs ol subcciicaIion and rcIaIions o
seI U selIhaI involve reIaIions olorces and oIdings olorces (inIensities,
dcnsIcs, cIC.). EIhCs COnCcrns Ihc prOduCIOn O! ncV CrcuIVc Incs O! I!c
IhaI depend on how one oIds Ihe orces, producing noI a new subjecI but a
`work o art` (DcIcuzc I990.I 27; 9992), and Ihrough which onc bccomcs
masIer o one`s parIicuIar speed and masIer o ones moIecuIes ( I 9S. I 30,
I 9SS . I 2J). WhaI gcIs poduccd in Ihis aI o! Iiving is a !icld o! lorccs
(eIecIricaI, magneIic, kineIic), speaking o an inJiviJunticn IhaI evoIves and
invoIvcs Ihrough wcak and sIrong inIcnsiIics and Ihrough acIive and passivc
a!ccIs. Thc subccI on Ihis modcI is divcsIcd oboIh intcioriIy and idcnIity,
Iransormcd inIo an `cvcnI` o individuaIion, so IhaI a scIaIways cxists as a
mode oI |nIensiIy, never simpIy us u personuI subecI ( I J4 9S9). The
crackcd Iinc is, morc otcn IhaI noI, deadIy, moving lasI, and vioIcnI,
IrunsporI|ng us inIo 'breuIhIess regions`. The IusI, however, is never simpIy
Io surrcndcr Iothc IcIhaI characIcr oIhcIinc, buIaIways Io scck Io cxIracI
some surpIus vuIue Irom iIs producIiviIy und lecund|Iy, so us Io puss
somcthing on IhaI wiII conIinuc Io cxisI gcrminaIIy: `ou wriIc wiIh a vicw
Io un unborn peopIe IhuI doesn`I yeI huve u lunguuge` (DeIeuze I 990. I 96
I99:I4J).
OeIeuze makes a rigorous and sIict separaIion o Ihe movemenI o
`dcsirc`, which is aIways transvcrsaI, rom Ihc cxpcricncc o `pIcasurc`.
Ieasure is 'On Ihe sideostraIa and organizaIion` , serving onIy Io inIerrupI
Ihc purcIy immancnI proccss o dcsirc (LcIcuzc I 997aI S990). c insisIs
IhaI desire does noI have peasue as iIs nom because peasure aways
wanIs, on LcIcuzc`s ausIcrc rcading, Io atIibuIc Ihc producIion and
disIibuIionoIaIIecIs Io u subjectoperson, acIing as u means lor Ihe person
Io nd himscIor hcrscIagain in apoccss IhaI ovcwhcIms thcm and which
ensures IhaI Ihe acI o epeIition is aIways undergone again and again
(LcIcuzc I977 I 9; I 9S7.99I 00). ln making Ihis poinI Dclcuzc is, in parI,
oIIowing ieIzsche in his incisive attack on Ihe greaI errors o psychoIogy.
NicIzschc poinIs ouI IhaI our inabiliIy Io aIIow o ncwcxpcricnccs and ncw
sensaIions Iies in Ihe Iendency Io sIraIiy existence by aIways Iracing Ihe
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DIF!ERENCE AND REPETITION
unknown back inIo whaI i s aIrcady known and amiliar, producing or
ourscIvcs cIIccIs IhaI arc aIleviaIing, graIilying, sooIhing, and giving
ourscIvcs 'morcovcraccIingopowcr`. This, hcnoIcs, is `roobyIec.ure
(by poIency) as criIerion ol truIh` (ieIzschc I 979b. 5 I ). The rcsuII is Io
excIude rom experience Ihe unexperienced, or Ihe yeIIobe experienced, as
weII as Ihc strangc, Ihc uncanny, and thc ncw and Ihc immcasurabIc.
DeIeuze`s desire seeks Ihe experience or Iime thaI is noI a reIurn o Ihe
rcprcssed arcIurn oIIhe samc, as say, Ior campIc, in Frcud`s uncanny), buI
rather Ihe repeIiIion o Ihe uIure in its dilerence.
his cxplains why in his rcworking o rcud`s posiIing o a 'bcyond` o
Ihe pIeasure principle LeIeuze yranIs primacy Io Ihe phenomenon o
rcpcIiIion. Jhc dcaIh-drivc nccds Io bc rclaIcd noI so much Io dcsIrucIivc
Iendencies and ayyressiviIy, but more Io phenomena o repeIiIion. I Ihe
pIcasurc principIc is Iicd inexIricably Io apsychoIogicaI principIc IhaI oIhc
`bcyOnd s Inkcd ncCcssurIy IO u IrunsccndcnIuI rnCIc (LcIcu2c 9
994: ). !t is noI so much a qucsIion o drawing somcIhing ncw rom
repeIiIion as more a maIIer o makiny repeIiIion a noveIIy, IhaI is, IiberaIiny
Ihc willrom aII thaI binds iI by making cpcIiIion Ihc objccI owiIIing. 'Jhc
quesIion in each and every Ihiny. Lo you desire Ihis once more and
innumcrabIc Iimcs morc wouId lic upon your acIions as Ihc grcaIcsI
wcighI` (ictzschc 974: ccIion 4). Cn this rcading Ihc `subccI` ol this
wiIIiny in eIeaI reIurn is noIIhe seI!Iaken as an abstracI doer buIIhe !ieId
o inIcnsiIics and singulariIics, chancc cncounIcrs and lortuitous
circumsIanccs, IhaI iI linds iIseIlimpI icaIcd in.Assuch, Ihc dcmonic qucsIion
inviIcd bythc cIcrnaI rcIu sccks Io Iransorm mcrc acIion in thc worIdinIo
Ihc evcnI oIaworId,IhaI is, iI sccks Io cuItivaIe Ihc evcnI ( aIiIc`). LcIcuzc
ciIes Ihe oIIowing imporIanI passage rom a piece by Iossowski.
Ihe vehemenI osciIIaIions whichupseIIhe individuaIas Ionyas he seeks
onIy hisown cenIcr and docs noI scc thc circlc olwhichhchimscllis a
parI; or ilIhese osciIIaIions upseI him, iI is because each corresponds
Io an individuaIiIy oher Ihan IhaI which he Iakcs as his own rom Ihc
poinI o view o Ihe undiscoverabIe cenIer. ence, an idenIiIy i s
csscnIiaIIy orIuiIous Ihc innoccnce o becoming and a scrics
o individuaIiIies must be traversed by each, in order IhaI Ihe ortuiIy
makc Ihcm complcIcy ncccssary.
(LeIeuze I 969.209; I990:)
The experience o repeIiIion is never or Deleuze, as it is in Freud, simpIy
impIicaIcd ina 'rcgrcssion', such as ound in Ihc compuIsion Io rcpcaI which
deIermines IhedeaIh-drive.This wouIdenIail reduciny deaIh Io Ihe modeI o
apurcIy physicaI ormaIcriaI rcpcIiIion, Io whaI OcIcuzccaIIsa mcrcIy 'bruIc
rcpeIiIion`. The reason why Freud has Io consIrue Ihe deaIh-drive inIerms o!
Ihc sIcp backwards, a dcsirc Io rcIurn Io inanimaIc matcr, is bccausc o his
9S
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DIF!ERENCE AND REPETITION
commitmcnI Io a conccpIion o Ihc pcrsonaI uniIy and inIcgriIy o Ihc
orgunism. Cn Ihis modeI deuIh musI, IhercIore, ulwuys bc conceived us u
ncgaIivc spIiIIing and laIling aparI, a 'rcgrcssus` invoIving rcacIivc,
inIernuIized vioIence oI u scII upon iIseII. n Ihc repeIiIion oI reIurn,
howcvcr wc arccxposcd Io dcmonic powcr` IhaI ismorc complicaIcd, Iiving
Ietween Iile und deuIh, uI Ihe border, on Ihc cdgc oI chuos. 'I repeIiIion
makcs us iIl, iI aIso hcaIs us iit cnchains and dcsIroys us, iI aIso rccs us`
(LcIcuze I 96S0 I 9949). Deleuzc uIwuys nsisIs on Ihinking bcyond Ihe
dcaIh which is apodcicIic knowlcdgc (our scnsc othc mortaIiIy oIhc sclis
boIh cmpIy and absIract, hc mainIains) and pIaccs Ihc sIrcss On Ihc
importancc ol coming Io know thc 'cvcnI` o dcaIh IhaI always cnjoys an
open probIcmatic sIructurc (Ocleuzc 969.70, 990.45): 'LcaIh is. . thc
IasI orm o Ihc probIcmaIic, Ihc sourcc oproblcms and qucsIions, Ihc sign
o Ihcir pcrsisIcncc ovcr and abovc cvcry rcsponsc, Ihe Wherc and
Yhcn` VhCh dcsgnuIc Ihs (nOn)-bcng Vhcrc cVcry u!!rmuIOn s
nourished` (OcIcuzc 96S. 4S 994: 2).
Bclorc wc can uIIycxpIorcIhissupcriorrcpctiIion oicIzschc`s,andIhc
characIcr o LcIcuzc`s criIicaI rcading o rcud on Ihc rcpcIiIion ol dcaIh, it
isncccssary Io cxaminc in gcncraI Icrms Ihc manncr in which DcIcuzcstagcs
Ihc qucstionorcpcIition in Ihc IcxI olDi]erence cJReetition
HP QHPH0HPH0H 0 IPPII0H 8D0 IHP
IHYPP SjDIDPSPS 0 IHP
OcIcuzc's unoIding ol Ihc probIcmatic o rcpcIiIion in hapIcr II o
Dig erence unJReetitioi is convoIuted buI noI imprecise or indeIerminubIc.
ln acI, iI is bcsI approachcd in Icrms o Ihc doublc movcmcnI iI sccks Io
cIIccIuuIe. IirsI, Io show Ihut Ihe necd oIIhe orgunism druws on rcpeIiIon us
a passivc synIhcsis ol Iimc, and which Iinks iI Io Ihc plcasurc principlc; and
second, Io show IhuI repcIiIion, wheIher in hubiI or the pussive synthesis o
binding, is aIso invoIvcd in a `bcyond` o Ihc pIcasurc principIc. Indccd,
OeIczc wanIs IocIaim thaI iIis thchabiIolapassive synIhcsisIhaIprcccdcs
Ihc pIcasurc principlc and acIually rcndcrs iI possiblc.
hc opcning scnIcnce o hapIcr I! o Di}}erence cnJ Reetiricn
('cpcIiIion or lIscI`), which is conccrncd wiIh Ihc qucsIion o whcthcr
rcpcIIon changes anyIhing n Ihc obccI IhaI is rcpcatcd or simpy produces
a di!lcrcncc into Ihc mind IhaI conIcmpIatcs, rcIurns us Io Ihc IrcaImcnI o!
mc and crgson on repcIition lirst broachcd n thc 6 essay. hcrc
DcIcuzc noIcs IhaIor Bcrgson dicrcncc i sinIroduccd inIo Ihc phcnomcnon
orcpcIiIion as iIs spiriIuaI componcnI, producing a 'conIracIion` as wcII as a
'usion` and an 'inIcrpcncIraIion` as Ihc vcry movcmcnI o spiriI LcIcuzc
956:02).
n Ihc I96S IcxI LcIcuzc IocaIcs in umc`s 'conIracIiIc` powcr o! Ihc
imaginaIion noI simpIy Ihc opcraIions o mcmory or ol human undcrsIanding,
99
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DIF!ERENCE AND REPETITION
buIIhcormation oasynthcsis oIimc.JhcrcpcIiIionoascucnccsuch as
Ihc paIIcrn oIA,AB, A, cIc.produccs somcIhing ncw nIhc mind, akind
o originary subjccIiviIy`, so Ihat whcnA appcars wc cxpccI Ihc arrivaI o B
and wiIh a Iorcc IhaI corrcsponds Io Ihc uaIiIiIaIivc dimcnsion oI aIl Ihc
conIracIcd ABs. t is Ihis scnsc o anticipaIion IhaI Icads Io thc lormaIion o a
s,nthesix oIIimc in Ihc mind:
A succcssion oI instanIs docs noI consIiIuIc timc any morc Ihan iI
causcs iI Io disappcar iI indicaIcs only iIs consIanIIy abortcd momcnI
o birIh Jimc is consIituIcd onIy in Ihc originary synIhcsis which
opcratcs onthcrcpcIiIion olinsIanIs.
(OcIcuzc 96S.97 99.7)
Jhc synIhcsis oIimc conccrns a Iiving prcscnI in which pasI and uIurc do
nOI dcsgnuIc scuruIc nsIunIs buI ruIhcr dmcnsOns O! u rcscnI IhuI urc
involvcd in conIraction. OcIcuzc strcsscs Ihc 'passivc` characIcr o Ihis
synIhcsisbccausc, inspiIcoiIs consIiIuIivccharactcr, iIisnoIcarricd out by
Ihc mindbut raIhcrIakcs pIacc 'in` it prior Io mcmory and rcIccIion. !Iimc
is subjcctivc Ihcn iIs subccIiviIy bcIongs Io a passivc subjccI, a subjccI IhaI
conIracIs maIIcr, and movcs Iikc Ihc arrow o Iimc asymmcIricaIIy rom pasI
Io uturc in Ihc prcscnI IhaI conIracts iIs bcingprcscnI.
owcvcr, such a passivc subjccI is aIrcady going bcyond iIscI! and iIs
parIicuIar prcscnI sincc thc pasI is no Iongcr simpIy thc past o rctcnIion buI
aIso thaI ol rcIIcxiviIy and IhcIuIurc is no Iongcr simpIy IhaI oI anIicipaIion
but aIso Ihat ol prcdicIion. Jhcsc arc Ihc 'acIivc synIhcscs` ol mcmory and
undcrsIanding which arc boIh supcrimposcd upon, and supporIcd by, Ihc
passivc synIhcsis o Ihc imaginaIion. Now cxampIcs ol scnsibIc and
pcrccptuaI synIhcscs rcIcr us back Io a morc primary scnsibiliIy IhaI
cxprcsscs itscI in Ihc orm o 'organic synIhcscs` IhaI consIiIuIc thc
cIcmcnIaI ground oIIiving lorms: 'Wc arc madc oIcontracIcd waIcr, carIh,
IighI and air` prior noI only Io Ihcir rccognition buI aIso prior to Ihcir bcing
scnscs. vcry organismis a sum oconIracIions, rcIcnIions, and cxpccIaIions
so IhaI aI Ihc IcvcI o a primary viIaI scnsibiIiIy` it is Ihc Iivcd prcscnI o
nccd IhaI consIiIutcs Ihc synIhcsis o timc. ccd is Ihc organic orm o
cxpccIation, whilc ccIIular hcrcdiIy accounIs or thc pasI IhaI is aIways
rcIancd. hcn coupcd wiIh Ihc pcrccptua synIhcscs IhaI arc builI upon
Ihcm Ihcsc synIhcscs bccomc parI o! Ihc acIvc synIhcscs o! a `psycho
organic mcmory and an inIcgcncc thaI takc Ihc lorm oI insIincI and
Icarning. LcIcuzc wiIl now rclcr to umc in ordcr Io atIack Ihc iIIusions o
psychoIogy IhaI wouId inIcrprcI Ihc opcraIions o habiI rom thc pcrspccIivc
oacIion, raIhcrthan IocaIing habiI inIhc morcprolound conIcmpIations o a
conIracIingorganic Iic: '!Iis simuIIancousIy through conIracIion Ihat wc arc
habiIs buI Ihrough conIcmpIaIion IhaI wc conIract` ( I S:l I ; I 94:74 scc
umc I9S57Sl.). II is in Ihis conIcxI o Ihc conIcmpIaIivc organic Iilc IhaI

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DIF!ERENCE AND REPETITION
DcIcuzc approachcs a pIcasurc principIc, noIiny Ihat whiIc pIcasurc i s
invoIvcd in contracIion, Icnsion, and Ihc proccss oI rcIaation, iI can onIy
scrvc as Ihc principIc` ol biopsychic Iic by noI rcduciny iI Io a mcrc
Iunction wiIhin such IiIc. This is Ihc 'bcaIiIudc IhaI can bc associaIcd wiIh
Ihc passivc synIhcscs, spcakiny o a primary Narcissus in rcIation to Ihc
pIcasurc thaI is IulIiIIcd in conIcmpIaIion.
Thc oryanism, Ihcrcorc, is a lic constituIcd Ihrouyh Ihc cxprcssion o
nccd, habiI, and conIcmpIation. lt is madc oIcIcmcnIs and cascs oIrcpcIiIion
(contcmpIaIcd and contracIcd waIcr, nitroycn, carbon, cIc.). 1! is nccd IhaI
marks Ihc IimiIs o a variabIc prcscnI and which coincidcs with thc duraIion
o a conIcmpIaIion. cpcIiIion and nccd arc incxIricabIy linkcd sincc it is
onIy Ihrouyh Ihc rcpcIiIion ol an insIancc IhaI nccd cancxprcss iIscIas Ihc
or-iIscI o a cctain duraIion. II is onIy Ihc nccd o Ihc prcscnI which can
imparI siyns Io Ihc pasI and Ihc uturc as siyns in nccd o inIcrprcIaIion and
aCIOn. LcIcu2c dOcs nOI, hOVcVcr, IcI us nOIc, nVOkc Ihc IIusOn O! u
pcrpctuaI prcscnI. hc acI IhaI Ihc prcscnI is consIiIuIcd Ihrouyh nccd and
synIhcsizcd IcmporaIIy Ihrouyh acIs oIrcpcIiIion mcans IhaI Ihcrc can bc no
prcscnI which couId bc co-cxIcnsivc wiIh imc. hc oryanism cxists ouIsidc
itscIl prcciscIy bccausc iI is consIituIcd ' in` Iimc. AcIion is consIituIcd,
Ihcrcorc, onIy throuyh Ihc conIracIion o cIcmcnIs o rcpcIiIion. uch
contracIion, morcovcr, takcs pIacc noI in an acIion iIscI but onIy in a
conIcmpIaIivc 'scI!` IhaI scrvcs Io doubIc any aycncy Dclcuzc Ihus insisIs
IhaI undcrncath Ihc scI o acIion Ihcrc is to bc lound Ihosc IarvaI scIvcs
moIccuIar scIvcsIhaIconIcmpIaIc and Ihat rcndcrpossibIc Ihc acIions oIan
acIivc subjccI. his rcsuIIs in Dereuce cuJ Reetition in a siyniicanI
rcworkiny oI anIs modcI oIIhc scIlIound in thc Crtue o}Fure Reuson,
yrantiny primacy noI to Ihc rcccptivc capaciIy IhaI rcccivcs imprcssions and
cxpcricnccs scnsaIions buI Io Ihc conIractiIc powcr oI conIcmpIaIion IhaI
consIiIuIcs Ihc oryanism bcorc iI consIiIuIcs Ihc scnsaIions IhaI accI iI. Thc
scII is a muIIipIiciIy noI on thcordcroIrcprcscnIaIion, orcvcn scnsaIion, buI
on thc IcvcI o Ihc passivc synIhcscs pccuIiar Io conIcmpIaIion. A scl docs
noI undcryo modiications simpIy bccausc i I is noIhiny oIhcr Ihan a
modiicaIion.
his aIIcnIiontoIhcmuIcwiIncsscsochanycandbccominyIcadsDcIcuzc
Io a hiyhIy novcI conccption oIhc 'activiIy` ol nccd, which or him is not
simpIy, in lacI noIaI aII, aIIcd to a Iack or a ncyaIvc. ccd aIrcady conIains
dcsirc wiIhin iIscI! as an cxpcrimcntaIion o Ii!c Ihrouyh Ihc cxpIoraIion o!
possibIIics, hcncc adapIaIion on Ihs modcI can ncvcr smpIy bc a mcrcIy
mcchanisIic proccss: 'ccd cxprcsscs Ihc opcnncss o a qucsIion bcorc iI
cxprcsscs Ihc non-bciny orabscncc o arcsponsc` (96S. 06, 994:7S).
ln his anaIysis orcpcIiIion so ar Dclcuzc has inIroduccd onIy Ihc irsI
synIhcsis o Iimc associatcd wiIh Ihc timc o Ihc prcscnI as a Iimc o 'nccd'.
owcvcr, hc now impIicaIcs Ihis !irsI synIhcsis in anothcr Iimc, in ccct, a
sccond synIhcsis IhaI Ihc irsI must prcsupposc. Jhc timc o Ihc prcscnI is
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5
DIF!ERENCE AND REPETITION
undamcnIaIIy paradoxicaI sincc in ordcr Io bc 'prcscnI' iI musI noI bc scI
piesenI, IhuI is, iI musI puss, und iI is Ihe pussing oI Iime IhuI pievenIs the
prcscnI lrom cvcr bcing cocxtcnsivc with timc abiI is Ihc domain o Ihc
I|isI synIhes|s, IhuI ol Ihe pussing Iime. uI iI is memoiy IhuI piovides Ihe
'yround` on which habiI assumcs a oundation or iIscI as a synIhcsis o
Iime. emoiy is Ihe condiIion oI possibiliIy oI hubiI. Theie is uigues,
OcIcuzc a 'proound` passivc synIhcsis IhaI can bc idcnIi!icd wiIh mcmory
consIiIuIing Ihe 'being` oIIhe pusI us IhuI whichpieciseIy ulIows Ihe piesenI
Io pass. Thc pasI is ncvcr simpIy 'iI was` buI cnjoys a virIuaI cocxisIcncc
wiIh Ihc prcscnI. Oclcuzc` sargumcnI is conusing aIpoinIs sincc iI speaks o
mcmory as boIh acIivc and passivc synIhcsis. Thc disIinction is bcIwccn
mcmory as Ihc synIhcsis olrcprcscnIaIion and as a synthcsis IhaI invoIvcs Ihc
'purc past`, IhaI is, a producIivc unconscious o Ihc pasI IhaI cxcccds Ihc
caIcuIaIions o prcscnI nccds and habiIs (it is Ihe discovcry o Ihis purc pasI
VhCh mukcs BcrgsOn' s Mu!!cr J Mcmur| suCh u grcuI bOOk, urgucs
OcIcuzc). hc paradox o this purc pasI is Ihis: Ihc prcscnI can onIy pass
bccausc Ihc past is conIcmporancous wiIh IhcprcscnIIhaI iI was. Thc pasI is
noI simpIy pasI bccausc a ncw prcscnI arrivcs. Morcovcr, thc whoIc oIhc
pasI cocxisIs with thc ncw prcscnI buI it assumcs onIy its mosI contracIcd
sIaIc. II is orIhis rcason IhaI Ihc pasI can bc said Io bc somcIhing morc Ihan
a dimcnsion o Iimc and dccIarcd Io bc iIs truc passivc synIhcsis. hc
'ground` oltimccanncvcr, as such,bc rcprcscnIcd. nsIcad LcIcuzcsays IhaI
it can bc granIcd a kind o `noumcnaI characIcr`, so IhaI 'whaI wc Iivc
empiiicuIIy us u succession oIdiIIerenI piesenIs lrom Ihe po|nt oIview oI
acIivc synIhcsis is aIso the everincrec:in coei:tence o} IeveI: o} the c:t
withinussive xynthesis' ( 9S. I I J I994.SJ. This Ieuds OeIeuze Io draw u
disIincIion bcIwccn Iwo kinds ol rcpctiIion. Thc irsI hc namcs a 'maIcriaI`
iepeIiIion IuI is, in eIIecI the repeIiIion oI iepresenIuIion, Ihe iepetition oI
an acIivc synIhcsis which is conccrncd aImost cxcIusivcIy with conscrvaIion
und cuIcuIuion. The second, howevei |s numed a spiiiIuuI` iepeIiIon, und
Ihis is a rcpcIiIion IhaI unolds in Ihc bciny o thc pasI indcpcndcnIIy o Ihc
idcnIiIy o Ihc prcscnI in rcIccIion and, morcovcr, is unabIc Io assumc Ihc
orm o a mcrc rcproducIion in thc prcscnI Ayain, onc sccs Ihc criIicaI orcc
o OcIcuzc`s working ouI o Ihc imporIancc o Bcrgson` s noIion ol virIuaI
duraIion, namcIy, Ihat iI invoIvcs acIuaIizaIion as invcnIion, ncvcr simpIy
rcproducIon.
From Ihis wc can pcrhaps bcsI apprcciaIc Ihc characIcr o! OcIcuzc`s
rcworing ol anI and Ihc think IhaI is Iully impIicaIcd and compicaIcd
'in` timc. anI` sdccisivc brcak wiIh Lcscartcs`s coito consisIs in showiny
IhaI Ihc undctcrmincdcxisIcnccothc 'I am' can onIy be dcIcrmincd wiIhin
Iimc as thc cxisIcncc o a passivc, rcccptivc, and phcnomcnaI subjccI IhaI
aIso appcars wiIhin Iimc. Jhis mcans IhaI Ihc sponIanciIy o Ihc scIl cannot
bc conccivcd us Ihc aIIribuIc o! any subIunI|uI bcing, buI rathcr onIy as Ihc
'accIion` oapassivc scIIhaI cxpcricnccs iIsown IhoughIIhc inIcIIigcncc
02
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6
DIF!ERENCE AND REPETITION
which aIIows | I Io say '!'as bcing cxcrciscd in |I and upon iI buI noI iI.
The seII, IheieIoie, DeIeuze decIuies, uIwuys Iives iIselIus IrucIuied und us
othcr on accounI o Ihc purc and cmpIy orm o timc`. Again this is, or
DeIeuze, Ihe discoveiy oI Ihe 'IiunscendenIul ` . DescurIes cun onIy suve Ihe
'` by compIcIcly cxpclIing Iimc or by rcducing Ihc coito Io an 'insIant and
enIiusIing` Iime thuI beIongs Io Ihe oeiuIion olucieution munuIucIuied und
conIroIlcd by God, Io Ihc cxtcnI thaI thc idcnIiIy o Ihc ` ` has iIs onIy
guuiunIee inIheuniIyoIsuch uGod.Ccourse, untgoes on in ritiue
o] Fure Recson Io savc Ihc worId o rcprcscnIaIion lrom thc powcrs o this
racIurcd scIand iIs worIdolIimc, covcring up Ihc cvcnI olIhc 'spccuIativc
dcaIh o God` and thc disappcarancc oboth raIionaI IhcoIogy and raIionaI
psychoIogy 9S 7 994S7). Cnc o Ihc principaI ways Ihis is donc in
ant`s Critique or LcIcuzc is by giving primacy IoacIivc synIhctic idcnIiIy,
which aIso cnIaiIs concciving passiviIy as a simpIc rcccptiviIy Iacking in
nIhi.
It is Ihc ordcr oIhcpurc, cmpIy orm oIimc (purc bccausc iI is rcc o
any impcriaI dcsigns o an acIivc, loundaIional subjccI, and an cmpIy orm
bccausc iI involvcs thc movcmcnI o dilcrcncc and rcpcIiIion) which brings
DcIcuzc Io cxpounding Ihc Ihird and !inaI synIhcsis o! Iimc, Ihc timc IhaI is
'ouI oljoinI`.Jhis is aIimcIhaI ccascsIobe 'cardinal` (scrial) and bccomcs
'ordinaI` (inIcnsivc). II is Ihc Iimc o thc cacsura. hc paradox pccuIiar Io
Ihis ordcr o! Iime is IhaI Iime is no longcr subordinaIcd Io movcmcnI buI i,
iIscI, Ihcmost radicaI orm olchangc as a orm IhaIdocs noIiIscIchangc.
DeIeuze cuIIs iI, sIiungeIy erhus, u 'IoIuIiIy oI Iime`. BuI Ihis |s IoIuIiIy
onIy in Ihcscnsc oicIzschc giving Ihc namc o 'ctcrniIy' Io his momcnI'.
lt |s IotuI only Io the exIenI thuI iI diuws IogeIhei in Ihe cuesuru Ihe beIoie
and Ihc aIcr. I is Ihc cvcnI 'o` Iimc which crcaIcs Ihc possibiIiIy or a
IemoruI series Io be |nsIunI|uIed. l I | s, suys DeIeuze, the time oI Ihe
Cvcrman ( 96S: 2 99:9). Thc Ihird ordcr o Iimc invoIvcs a rcpcIiIion
by excess, u ieeIiIion ol the luIie us eIeuI ieIuin. lI is u Ioim oI Iime
which introduccs inIobcing a rcvcIaIion olIhc ormIcss, thc ordcr ochaos
and mcIamorphosis, and in which Ihc ground oIimc (mcmory) issupcrscdcd
by 'aunivcrsal ungrounding which Iurns upon iIscIand causcs onIy Ihc ycI
Io-comc Io rcIurn` [' ecnJenent` iniver:elqii roie ei lii-nne et ne}cit
reveitir que l `venirj ( 2J 9).
hc criIca and cinca ucstion conccrns how iI spossibc Io ivc this
Ii!c as Ihc cvcnI and Io livc !or iI. Wc arc rcmindcd o icIzschc`s
cxhorIaIion Ihs world is w Io powcr and noIhng bcsidcs nd you
yourscIvcs arc Ihis wiII Io powcr and noIhingbcsidcs ` Thc 'cIhicaI` momcnI
oOcIcuzc`sIhinking oldilcrcncc and rcpcIiIioncmcrgcs aI Ihis poinI, buI iI
is pcrhaps morc rcadiIy visibIc and inIcIIigibIc in 7he Ioic o} Sense. Thc
Ihird ordcr ol Iimcthc Iimc 'o' Ihc uIurccxcccds Ihc mcasurc o whaI
wc arc, hcncc iIs ovcrhuman characIcr. In Di erence cnJ Reetirion his
cxccssivc Iimc o rcpcIiIion, which comcs rom Ihc uIurc Iikc a shock, is
03
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7
DIF!ERENCE AND REPETITION
rcIaIcd Io icIzschc's docIrinc o cIcrnal rcIurn as a IhoughI `bcyond good
und evil` Ihut enIu|ls u susension oI eIhics`. BuI Iheie is no contiudiction
hcrc bctwccn Ihc suspcnsion o cIhics in Ihc onc IcxI and Ihc airmaIion o
eIhics in Ihe oIher. This is simIy becuuse Ihe eIhics` Deleuze is seeI|ng Io
articuIaIc in 7he Ioc o]Sen:e arc, howcvcr paradoxicaI, o an ovcrhuman
eisuus|on. They uieun eIhics oIIhe evenI.
Bcorc wc can luIIy cxpIorc Ihc characIcr o Ihis cIhics wc nccd Io Iook
ut Ihe way in wh|ch DeIeze`s sIiess on Ihe excess oI ieeIiIion invoIves u
rcworking o Ihc iguraIion ol dcaIh in Frcud`s aIIcmpt Io Ihink Ihc
beyond` o Ihc pIcasurc principIc OcIcuzc hoId> IhaI Iic bccomc>
`poisoncd` by moraI caIcgorics, caIcgorics o good and cviI, bIamc and
mcrit, sin and rcdcmption !n >horI, moraIiIy i>IoIaIly lacking in a Ihinking
o Ihc cvcnI Io thc cxtcnt thaI it can onIy inIcrprcI Ihc signs o Iic
nonviIaIIy as commands and puni>hmcnIs. In ordcr to cuIIivaIc oyuI
ussOns und urICuIuIc Ihc 'guy sCcnCc O! Ilc, it s ncCcssury IO dcnOunCc
aIsiication> ol Iic, incIuding Ihc vaIucs through which Iic gcts
disparagcd. Lowc Iivc rarc wcmcrcIy cxisIing wiIhin Ihc scmbIancc o
a Iilc Why do wc car dcaIh so much MighI iI bc Ihis car whichcxpIains
why civiIizaIion has onIycvcrbccnconccivcd in tcrms ol iIs `disconIcnIs`
as thc hisIory ohumaniIy (or >hould ! say 'man`) bccn guidcd by Ihc
pursuiI o a sccrcI dcaIh wor:h II i s ouI o thcsc pinozisI and
icIzschcan conccrns thaI wc can, l cIicvc mosI ruiIuIly cxplorc
DcIcuzc`s criticaI cncounIcrwiIhIhcrcudian dcaIhdrivc.
HE UE8IH-UIVE: IEUUS YEW0IKH 0 ESH8DD
ln Dg erence ciiJ Reettoii DcIcuzc IocaIcs in Frcud`s idca o a working
Ihiough oI memoiy in oidei noI Io ieeuI Ihe usI un imoiIunI conIiibuIion
Io a thinking odicrcncc andrcpcIiIion. Thc compuIsion Io rcpcaI contains
u demon|coweiIhuIneeds Io be IinIed not simIy Io regiession, Io u deuth
IhaI wouIdbc IhcrcaIizaIion oidcnIiIy and scIlprcscncc, buI Io Ihc moving
orward, IhaI is, Io Ihc lrccdom o Ihc uIurc. rcud, uI Icast on OcIcuzc` >
rcading mainIains or Ihc mosIparI, andcspccialIyi nhisposiIing oladcaIh
drivc Ihc modcI o a bruIc rcpctition. hi> u purcIy matcriaI modcI in which
Ihc movcmcnI odcsirc is impIicaIcd soIcly in rcgrcssion as inIhc dcsirc Io
rcturn Io nanmaIc maIIcr n conIrasI Io a matcra modc OcIcuzc pIaccs
sIrcss on Ihcdicrcncc produccd by rcpcIiIion in which iIsvariations cxprcss
dIIcrcnIal mcchanism> thaI bcIong Io Ihc orgn and csscncc oI IhaI
which is rcpcaIcd. cpcIiIion is always disguiscd, aIways covcrcd by masks,
>incc iI invoIvc> Ihc pIay o>imuIation and simuIacra. II is in Ihc disguiscd
scIccIion o rcpctiIion IhaI wc ind conjoincd Ihc bcsI and Ihc worsI, boIh
good and cviI, boIh Icrror and rccdom iI is on Ihc basis ol thi> insighI IhaI
DcIcuzc will producc his rcading o modcrn IiIcraIurc, incIuding Ihc Iikcs o
ardy, aka, awrcncc, and oIa).
04
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8
DIF!ERENCE AND REPETITION
owcvcr, morc is aI sIakc in DcIcuzc's cncounIcr wiIh Ihc dcaIhdrivc
Ihun simpIy showing Ihe monsIious powei oI repeIiIion. ecuuse iI |s so
cruciaI or yraspiny Ihc dcIaiIs ol his rcsponsc Io Ihc Wcismannian Icgacy l
wunI Io expIoie uI IengIh Fieud`s own iewoiI|ngoIWeismunn in BeyonJihe
!leu:ure !rincile. I I i s rom undcrstandiny this cncounIcr, and Ihc
uIIeuIive model oIdeuIh OeIeuze deveIops, Ihut wc wiII bcabIcIoguinIhc
ncccssary insiyhI inIo how rcpcIiIion is to bc Iinkcd Io thc movcmcnI o Ihc
'Iiving beyond`. The uim, |n shoiI, is Io seeI Io undeisIund Ihe oveihumun
characIcroIhc vcnI o Iimc. This rcquircs, aI Ihc vcry IcasI, undcrsIandiny
dcaIh as Ihc purc, cmpIy orm o Iimc iI>cI. !I is aIways importanI or
DcIcuzcIo cnyayc wiIh Frcud`s posiIiny oIhc dcaIhdrivc simpIybccausc in
iI> biophiIo>ophicaI aspccI> iI canbcsccn to bcdiamctricaIIy opposcd Iohis
aIIcmpIIoundcakcIhcIask othinkiny `dilcrcnccandrcpcIiIion`.
In eycnJ the !lec:ure !rincile (irsI pubIishcd in 92) Frcud
aprOaChcs Ihc COmuIsOn IO rccuI !rOm IVO angIcs: namcIy, IhOsc Cascs n
which i I uItimaIcIy conorms Io thc plcasurc principIc (as i n Ihc crtJc `
yamc o Ihc chiId, Ihc rcpcIiIion olwhich Iransorms a passivc siIuaIion inIo
onc in which shc pIays an acIivc parI), and Ihosc cascs in which Ihcrc is
icvcaIcd a stranyc `bcyond` o!IhcpIcasurciiniIc.Tryiny Io dctciminc Ihc
characIcr o Ihis 'bcyond` Iakcs us Io Ihc hcarI o Frcud's biophiIosophy.
rcudnoIcsIhaIpsychoanaIysis wasdcsiyncd as `irsI and orcmost anarIo
inIeiicIing` in whih Ihc hic! cmphSis is upon Ihc icsisIuncs o! Ihc
paIicnI. Jhc `arI` now shiIs Io uncovcriny Ihcsc rcsisIanccs and ycIIiny Ihc
uIienI Io give Ihem u. ndei unuIysis u uI|ent w|II ieeut Ihe reiessed
maIcriaI, which i s morc oIcn Ihan noI rcpcaIcd as a conIcmporary
expeiience und demonstiuIe IhuI iesisIunce emunuIes noI Iiom Ihe
unconscious buI raIhcr rom Ihat hiyhcr sIraIa o Ihc mind which iniIiaIIy
underIooI the iepiessionIhe conscious or iuIhei, Io be moie piecise suys
Frcud, Ihc `cohcrcnI cyo`. WhaI inlorms and moIivaIcs thc rcprcssion, notcs
Fieud, is IheIeusuiepiinciIe. seeIing Io uvoid Ihe unpIeusuie which wouId
bc produccd iIhc rcprcsscd conIcnIwas IibcraIcd. ndcr Ihc compuIsion to
rcpcaI wc wiIncss many insIancc> IhaI dcy Ihc pIca>urc principIc owcvcr
incIudiny rccoIIccIions o pasI cxpcricnccs, and Ihcir conIcmporary
rcpcIition, thaI incIudc no pos>ibiIiIy o pIca>urc Frcud Ihcn ocrs Ihc
hypoIhcsis IhaI Ihis compulsion Io rcpcaI rcvcaIs a 'dcsIiny` Ihut is morc
ccmcnIary, morc primiIivc and insIincIua Ihan thc principlc oI pca>urc iI
ovcrridcs` . lI is aI IhsjuncIurc in his aryumcnt thaI Frcud cnIcrs thc rcaIm
oI whuI hc ca> Iar-IcIchcd >pccuaIion. I i> imporIanI Io apprcciaIc IhaI
Ihcic i s no lixcd coniyuraIion o Ihc dcaIh-drivc in Frcud`s spccuIaIions, Io
Ihc cxIcnI Ihat iI is noI cIcar IhaI hc docs, in acI, and as OcIcuzc aIIcycs,
subscribc to amcrcIymatcriaI or `bruIc` modcI olrcpcIiIion. IIisclcarrom
Ihc abovc, lor cxamplc, in rclation Io Ihc phcnomcnon o rcpcIiIion, IhuI
iecIiIion, inIuding Ihe deuIh-diivc, is invoIvcd in un emuniuIion o! Ihc
>ubccI rom iIsown rcprcssivc characIcr.
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9
DIF!ERENCE AND REPETITION
hc poinI o dcparturc or psychoanalyIic spccuIaIion i s said Io bc Ihc
discoveiy IhuI, on Ihe busis ol un exuminuIion oI Ihe piocesses oI Ihe
unconscious,consciousncss is not thcmosIunivcrsaI aItributc oIhcmcnIaI
ieuIm buI onIy u puiI|cuIui IuncIion oI iI. onsciousness is impl|cuIed in
pcrccpIions o cxcitaIions IhaI cnIcr rom Ihc cxIcrnal worId and i s
ussociuIed wiIh IeeIings oI pIeusuie und unpIeusuie Ihut uiise lrom wiIhin
Ihc mcnaI apparaIus iIscI.Thc 'spacc` oIhis pcrccpIivc consciousncss is
Ihut oI u 'boideiI ine` beIween Ihe ouIside und inside, Iuined Iowuids Ihc
cxIcrnal worId and cnvcIopiny Ihc oIhcr psychicaI sysIcms. Frcud sccks Io
buiId Ihis undcrsIandiny o consciousncss on Ihc back ol work in ccrcbraI
anaIomy which IocaIcs Ihc 'scaI` o consciousncss in Ihc ccrcbral corIcx,
dcincd as Ihc 'ouIcrmosI, cnvcIopiny Iaycr o Ihc ccnIraI oryan` . WhaI
inIcrcsts Frcud, howcvcr, is why iI shouId bc IhaI consciousncss is Iodycd
on thc suracc o Ihc brainrathcr Ihan bciny 'sacIy houscd` in Ihc inmosI
nIcrOr. Hc Iuys arICuIar sIrcss On Ihc mpOrIancc O! Ihc `crmuncnI
Iraccs' (mcmoryIraccs) IhaI arc Ict bchind by Ihc cxciIaIory proccsscs in
Ihc psychic sysIcms. This is Ihc oundaIion` o mcmory IhaI is ormcd
indcpcndcnIIy o any proccss o bccominy-conscious. Bcorc wc can yrasp
Ihc siyni!icancc o! Ihis !or Frcud wc nccd Io undcrsIand Ihc picIurc hc
olcrs o thc Iiviny oryanism.
In its mosI simpIilicd orm, rcud aryucs, a Iiviny oryanism can bc
dcscribcd as an undierenIiuted vcsicIco!a subsIancc IhaI is susccpIibIc Io
sIimuIaIion` (99 :297) II is Ihc 'suracc` o Ihis subsIancc IhaI is Iurncd
Iowuids the exIeinuI world in Ieims oI iccciviny sIimuIi IhuI consIituIes Ihe
dicrcnIiaIcd cIcmcnI.WcmaynoIc IhaI Ihis is Ihc irsIdisIincIivc lcaIurc o
Ficud`s biophiIosophy oIIhe oigunismIhuI diIIeienIiuIion ieIuIes noI Io Ihe
'subsIancc` buIIo Ihc 'subjccI`. lt is Ihis caIurc IhaILcIcuzc`sbiophiIosophy
conIesIs, uIony w|Ih oIheis pecuIiur Io Fieud`s posiIiny oI u deuIh-diive, n
Dierence uiiJReetition. Frcud rcvcaIinyIy uIiIizcs rcscarch in cmbryoIoyy
Ihioughout Ihe essuy. Cn Ihe two notubIe occus|ons he diuws on iIs ieseuich
hc rccrs Io iI as Ihc thcory o 'rccapiIuIaIion` o dcvcIopmcnIaI hisIory,
showiny cIcarIy IhaI hc adhcrcs Io Ihc Ihcory criIiqucd by OcIcuzc (and now
widcly rcluIcd by conIcmporary cmbryoloyy) that onIoycncsis simpIy
rccapiIuIaIcs phyIoycny.I Ihis momcnI in Ihc unoIdiny o hisaryumcnt hc
rccrs Io cmbryoIoyy Io lcyiIimizc Ihc vicw IhaI Ihc ccntraI ncrvous systcm
has ts oryins n Ihc ccIodcrm. Ihc yrcy maItcr oI thc corIcx rcmains a
dcrivaIivc o! thc primiIivc supcrcial laycr o! thc oryanism and may havc
nhcrtcd somc oIIs csscnIa propcrtics 7). noIhcrwords thc advanccd
compIcxity olanoryanic Iilc IhaIcnjoys a ncrvoussysIcm rcmains cauyhIup
inIhcprimitivc cxciIaIory licoIhc morc cIcmcnIaI Iic lorm rom which iI
owcs iIs oriyins. Thc dcsIiny ol Ihc Iiviny oryanism, Ihcrcorc, rcsidcs in iIs
primiIivc past. hc principaI aryumcnI rcud sccks to susIain aI Ihis poinI is
IhaI iI is proIccIion ayainsI sIimuIi raIhcr Ihan Icception o! iI, which
consIiIuIcs Ihc mosI imporIanI uncIion or any Iiviny oryanism. Jhc
06
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DIF!ERENCE AND REPETITION
rcccpIivc corticaI Iaycr providcs such a proIccIivc shicId, withouI which iI
wouId bc kiIIcd by an ovcrwhclming inlIu oI sIimuIaIion IhaI couId bc
nciIhcrdisIribuIcd nor dissipaIcd and organizcd. Thc Iiving subsIancc cvoIvcs
by acquiring Ihis shicId and dcvcIoping iI as an inorganic maIcriaI, which
Ihcn comcs Io uncIion as a spcciaI cnvcIopc or mcmbranc Ihat ocrs
rcsisIancc Io sIimuli: 'By its dcaIh, Ihc ouIcr laycr has savcd aII Ihc dccpcr
oncs rom a simiIaraIcunIcss IhaI is Io say, sIimuIi rcach iI which arc so
sIrong Ihcy brcaI Ihrough IhcproIccIivc shicId` 9S9). Frcud acInowIcdgcs
Ihat in morc complcx oryanisms Ihc rcccptivc corIical Iaycr has bccomc
cnloIdcd wiIhin Ihc dcpIhs o Ihc inIcrior o Ihc organismic body, Ihough
porIionsoiIrcmainbchindonthc surlacc inIhc orm olscnscoryans whosc
Iask iI is Io dcaI wiIh smalI quanIiIics ol cxIcrnal sIimulaIion and rcguIatc
Ihcir impacI Ihrouyh sampIiny
hc ncxI sIagc in rcud's argumcnI is Io noIc thaI Ihc scnsiIivc corIcx is
nOI OnIy cxOscd IO cxIcrnaI sImuIaIOn buI aIsO sImuIaIOry cxCIaIOns !rOm
wiIhin. II is hcrc IhaI thc Iiving organism Iacks a proIccIivc shicId and IhaI
ccIinys opIcasurc andunpIcasurc prcdominaIc ovcr aII cxIcrnal sIimuIi. n
addiIion, howcvcr, rcud noIcs IhaIany inIcrnal cxciIaIions IhaIproducc Ioo
much unpIcasurc yc IrcaIcd as Ihouyh Ihcy wcrc acIiny noI rom insidc b
rom ouIsidc, and dccncc mcchanisms arc crccIcd againsI thcm, which is
said Io bc Ihc oriyin o Ihc projccIion Ihat pIays such a kcy roIc in Ihc
causation o! paIhoIogicaI proccsscs. owcvcr, so !ar wc rcmain within Ihc
cIcmcnI olthc plcasurc principIc whcn Ihc Iaskis Io Ihinkits `bcyond'. II is
in Icrms oIIhc 'ordcr' oIinsIincIs Ihat Frcud now approachcs Ihc ucstion,
noIingIhaIiI is Ihc insIincIs oan organismIhaIconsIiIuIc iIsmosI abundanI
sourccs oI inIcaI cciIaIion. Frcud noIcs IhaI in Ihosc insIanccs whcn Ihc
manicsIaIions o Ihc compuIsion Io rcpcaI cxhibit a high dcgrcc o
instincIuaI characIcr, and whcn Ihcy appcar Io acI conIra Ihc plcasurc
principlc, thcn Ihcrc is aI work somc dacmonic orcc` . rcud is cspcciaIIy
kccn Io comprchcnd thosc cascs whcrc Ihc compuIsion Io rcpcat dcIics Ihc
insiyhI Ihat wouId claim IhaI a condiIion o cnjoymcnI is novcIIy, or
pcrpctuaIcrcaIiono Ihc ncw. crtainkinds orcpcIitionas Ihc rc-cxpcricncc
o Ihc idcntical, mosI noIiccabIc in Ihc pIay ol chiIdrcn as wcII in Ihcir
sociaIization, can bc said Io bc sourccs ol pIcasurc. Jhc paIicnI undcr
anaIysis who is undcryoiny painuI cxpcricnccs lrom chiIdhood, howcvcr, is
cIcarIy dwcIIng 'bcyond' pIcasurc and shows signs oIbcing in posscsson oI
Ihc dacmonic powcr.
I s at Ihis ponI in his argumcnI, and Ihc aIIcmpI Io comprchcnd Ihc
insIincIuaI basis o Ihc compuIsion Io rcpcaI, IhaI Frcud introduccs his
spccuIaIivc idca that organic lic is ormcd by Ihc instincI and urgc Io
rcsIorc an carlicr condiIion. This, says Frcud, is a condiIion IhaI Ihc Iiviny
organism has bccn 'obIigcd Io abandon` only owing Io Ihc prcssurc o
cxtcrnaI circumsIanccs, sch as cvoIution. Thcrc is, hc adds, a Iaw o!
'incrIia' inhcrcnI inorganic Iic. Jhis is pcrhaps thc mosI rcvcaIing momcnI
07
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DIF!ERENCE AND REPETITION
in Ihc unolding o rcud` sargumcnI sincc iI is cIcar IhaI hc is abIc Io posiI
Ihe deuIh-drivethe lacI that organic IiIe is driven by u desire Io reIurn Io
Ihc primitivc conccivcd as a condiIion o sIasisonIy by consIrucIing a
reiIied duuIism beIween Ihe organism and iIs exIernuI circumsIunces, thuI is,
spcaking oIhc organism as iwc couId say IhaI iI cxisIs indcpcndcnIly o
iIs evoIuIion. I I is noI surprising, IhereIore, IhuI his urgument shouId geI
cnIangIcd in somc unIcnabIc posiIions, mosI noIabIy disrcgarding Ihc mass
ol evidence Irom Ihe IiIe sciences IhuI demonstrate IhuI sexuuI reproducIion
(and wiIhit,dcaIh) isa IaIc acuisition in IhccvolutionolIicon Ihc pIancI,
and so posiIing a primordial deaIh-drive that is said Io be presenI, i onIy
Iatcntly so, in thc vcry irsI orms ol Iic. rcud conccdcs thaI his vicws
necessariIy IeadIo IhecIaim that theessenIial nature oIheIiving subsIance
is a 'conscrvaIivc` onc. Thcorganism has norcaI dcsircto cvoIvc, andi IcI
Io iIseI iI wouId noI. II is onIy on accounI o Ihe conIingencies o exIernaI
CrCumsIanCcs, suCh as Ihc cnVrOnmcnI IrcaIcd by Ihc IhcOry O! naIuraI
seIecIion, IhaI iI is compeIIed Io adapt and become more complex. Jhis
mcans or FrcudthataIIhough insIincts cvoIvc and organisms can bcshown
Io acquire new traiIs that enabIeIhemIo surviveIhrough adapIaIion, whaI is
ncvcr cvolvcd ouI o! is Ihc primordiaI instinctaI dcsirc within aII organic
Iile Io reIurn Io the irsI sIages ol maIIer (reud provides an enIireIy
unconvincing accounI in Ihcsc Icrms o divcrsc phcnomcna such as Ihc
Iaborious migraIions o! !ishcs uI spawning Iimc Io Ihc migraIory !lighI
paIIcrns ol birds). crhaps whaI is most imporIanI Io notc, howcvcr, is Ihc
eIenI Io which his udherence to the Iheory oI regression reIies on Ihe
adopIion o dubious and dispuIcdmosI wouId now say whoI I y
discrediIedIheories oIherediIy und embryoIogy, noIabIy the recupiIuIuIion
doctrinc which conIcnds IhaI in Ihc coursc ol iIs onIogcncsis Ihc 'gcrm` o
Ihe organism hus Io recupiIuIaIe Ihe embryologicuI sIrucIures ol uII Ihe
orms oIic rom which iIhas sprung ( I 99I : J09). lI is noIIhaIrcuddocs
noI consder Ihe empiricuI Iuct, und the IheoreIicuI claims IhaI uim Io
supporI iI, IhaI Iic is charactcrizcd by Ihc producIion o ncw orms; raIhcr,
he wishes Io mainIain IhaI progress or deveIopmenI in evoIuIion does noI
scrvc Io canccI out Ihc primordial and instincIuaI Icndcncy to rcsIorc Ihc
earIier sIaIe ol Ihings. Cne cruciaI dillerence beIween Ihe reudian accounI
and Ihc Lclcuzian onc (sharcd by conIcmporary complcxiIy Ihcory) is IhaI
reud wshes Io expain organic deveopmenI amosI excusivey n Ierms oI
Ihc accidcnIs o! what hc caIIs `cxIcrnaI disIurbanccs` and ` divcrIing
inIIuences (JI 0). Iis worIh quoIing reud on IhspoinI.
In the IasI resorI, what has Iet iIs mark on Ihe deveIopmenI o
organisms musI bc Ihc hisory o Ihc carIh wc livc in and iIs rclaIion
Io the sun. very modiicaIion which is Ihus imposed upon Ihe
coursc ol Ihc organism`s li!c i s acccpIcd by Ihc conscrvaIivc orgunic
insIincIs and sIored up or urIher repeIiIion. Jhose instincIs are
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DIF!ERENCE AND REPETITION
Ihcrclorc bound to yivc a dcccptivc appcarancc o bciny orccs
Iendiny Iowurds chunye und proyress, whiIsI in lucI Ihey ure mereIy
scckiny Io rcach an ancicnI yoal by paths aIikc oId and ncw.
Moreover iI is possible Io specily Ihis IinuI youI oI uII oryunic
sIriviny.wouIdbcinconIradicIion IoIhcconscrvaIivc naIurc oIhc
insIincIs iIIheyouI oIIiIe wereu sIuIe oIIhinys which hudneveryet
bccn aIIaincd. n Ihc conIrary, iI musI bc an olJ staIc ol Ihinys, an
iniIiuI sIuIe Irom which Ihe liviny enIiIy hus aI one Iime or other
dcparIcd and Io which iI is sIriviny Io rcIurn by Ihc circuiIous paIhs
aIony which its dcvcIopmcnI Icads.
(ibid.)
Frcud`s conccpIion o an insIinctuaI dcsirc lor dcaIh is onIy susIainabIc on
account o Ihc priviIcycd sIaIus accordcd Io Ihc oryanism. his conccpIion o
a CurOus `crcaIVc cVOIuIOn' (CrcaIng ncV aVcnucs O! I!c n Ordcr IO !nd
IhcroadbackIothccarIicr sIaIc oIhinys) wiII bc criIiqucdby OcIcuzc inhis
work in a numbcro ways. by athinkinyorcpcIiIion 'and` dicrcncc, by a
rcconliyuraIion o Ihc dcaIh-drivc or dcath-insIincI (Ihc ambiyuity ovcr iIs
prccisc !ormuIaIion as an insIinct or drivc is in rcud), by a rhizomaIic
conccptionocrcaIivc cvoIuIioninvoIuIion IhaIdocs noI Iakc Ihcoryanismas
'yivcn`, and by an apprcciaIion o Ihc arbiIrary characIcr o IimiIiny Iic Io
Ihc dcsircs or pcrspccIivcs o! Ihc oryanism. As !ar as Dierence oiiJ
Reetition is onccrncd onc o Ihc principaI movcs OcIcuzc makcs, and
which leuds him Io u non-Freudiun position, is IhuI oI exposiny Ihe
IransccndcnIaI ilIusion ol cnIropy. hc imporIancc ol this movc is IhaI iI
conIesIs Ihe view, urIicuIuIed by Freud in Ihe ubove passuye, thuI Ihe
cvoIuIion o Iiviny sysIcms is duc csscntialIy Io Ihc conscrvaIion and
dissipuIion oI eneryy. DeIeuze does noI neyIecI Ihe imporIunce oI soIur
cncryy and radiation in acIivaIiny Iic onIhc pIancI but hc rcuscs Io makc
Ihe evoluIion oI Iiviny sysIems reducibIe Io exIernul circumsIunces und
accidcnIs alonc. cncc his sIrcss on Ihc vitaI roIc pIaycd by individuaIion
and Ihc cndoycnous powcrs o oryanisms, as Ihcy cvoIvc into cvcr morc
compIcx inIcrior sysIcms, csIabIishiny Ihcir condiIions o possibiIiIy
rcIaIivcIy auIonomousIy in rcIaIion to Ihc cnvironmcnI, andtoIhc cxIcnI IhaI
Ihcir rcpcIiIions arc noI simpIy Ihc subjccI o, and subjccI Io, thc cxoycnous
mcchansm olnaIuraI scIccIon.
Bcorc moviny on Io cxpIoriny how DcIcuzc rccon!iyurcs a dcaIh-insIincI
in rcIation Io ictzscc, and also in Icrms oI a rcadiny oIoIa, Ihcrc is a
urIhcr aspccI o Ihc cssay BeyonJthe Fleu:ure Frincile l wanI Io cxaminc.
Jhis conccrns Ihc way in which rcud rcsponds to Wcismann`s thcory olIhc
ycrm-pIasm. At onc poinI Frcud spcaks ol Ihc 'sIrikiny simiIariIy` bctwccn
Wcismann` s disIincIion o soma-pIasm and ycrm-pIasm and his own
scparation ol thc dcath insIincIs !rom Ihc IiIc insIinCIs, noIiny IhaI
Wcismann's IrcaImcnIoIhc 'duration oIic andthcdcaIh ooryanisms' 1S
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DIF!ERENCE AND REPETITION
o Ihc grcaIcsI inIcrcst Io psychoanaIysis (99: J S, J22). rcud suggcsIs
IhuI iI mighI be possibIe Ior hi m Io provide u 'dynumic coroIlary` Io
Wcismann`s morphoIogicaI Ihcory by disIinguishing two kinds o insIincIs
withintheIivingsubsIance: IhedriveIowards deuIh in Ihe Iivingund Ihedrive
Iowards Ihc pcrpcIuaI rcncwaI oIic. is imporIant Io apprcciaIc, howcvcr,
IhuI whuI causes Freud Ihe greaIesI probIem is noI deuIh buI liIe. I, us he
wishcs Io discIosc Io us, Ihc aim ol aII Iiving is dcaIh, Ihcn how is l]e
possible Fred responds Io Ihe chuIIenge impIiciI inWeismunn`succounI o
organismic Iic, which strcsscs Ihat dcaIh is a IaIc acquisiIion in cvoIuIionary
Iie, pecuIiar Io muIIiceIIuIarorganisms and noIcharacIerisIico proIisIaso
IhaI dcaIh is noI a drivc or an urgc buI simpIy a maIIcr o cxpcdicncy, 'a
maniesIaIion oadapIation Io Ihe exIernaI condiIions ol lie`by asserIing
IhaI such a dcaIh, dcaIh as a IaIc acquisiIion, appIics onIy Io iIs 'nun]e:t
phenomena` and does not, Ihereore, render impossibIe 'Ihe assumpIion o
rOccsscs Icndlny IOVards I (322). Th CrcaIVIy O! cVOIuIOn (varaIiOn,
viIaI dierences, divergence) is seen by reud Io amounI Io a circuiIous
dcIour rom Ihc paIh odcaIh, whcrc Ihc organism ulliIs its dcsirc or scl
preservaIion by aIIaining perlecI, seI-suicient sIasis (iI is Ihis which
inIorms DcIcuzc`s cIaim thaI Frcud` s modcI oI dcath is individuaIist,
soIipsisIic,andmonadic). omatIer howmuchIie diverges rom its originaI
uniIy as subsIancc through Ihc compIcxiIy and crcaIiviIy o cvoIution i I
remans Ihc samc subjccIIhc ic IhaI dcsircs dcuIh (JI l ) This i show iI i s
possiblc or rcud Io sIaIc Ihat Ihc scIprcscrvativc insIincts arc noIinsIincIs
oI IiIe buI ruIher, uIIimateIy, ones ol deuIh, Io be regurded us componenI
insIincIs whosc uncIion' is simpIy `Io assurc IhaI Ihc organism shaII ollow
iIs own puIh Io deaIh, and Io wurd oII uny possibIe way oI reIurning Io
inorganic cxisIcncc oIhcr Ihan Ihosc which arc immancnI in Ihc organism
iIseII` (ibid.). This insighI epIains Ihe puradoxicul behuviour oI uIl Iiving
organisms who sIruggIc cncrgcIicaIIy againsI cvcnIs IhaI icmbraccd wouId
heIp Ihem Io uchieveIheirIie`s goul quiIe rupidIy 'by u kind oshorI-circuiI
( Jl 2). Wc arc, Ihcn, granIcd Ihc rccdom and digniIy Io dic in ourown way
und Io Iake our Iime in doing iI
l I is on Ihc basis o Ihis priviIcgcd Iic and dcaIh accordcd Io Ihc
organismIhe reedom Io die in iIs own ashionIhrough Ihe proIongaIion o
IicIhat Frcud judgcs gcrminaI Iilc (Ihc Iic o Wcismann`s gcrm-ccIls).
IearIy, eismann s accounI oI Ihe germ-ceIIs oIIers Ihe greaIesI chaIIenge
Io Frcud` s Ihcory simpIy bccausc Ihcy suggcsI Ihat Ihcrc is a ` I i lc`
nJeenJent oIIhe nstincIs oIIhe organism and iIs desire Io reIurn Io Ihe
inanimaIc. Frcud acknowIcdgcs IhaI Wcismann`s Ihcory suggcsIs Ihcsc ccIIs
operpeIuaI Iie are compIemenIed in Iheir originaI sIrucIure by 'inheriIed
and lrcshIy acquircd instincIuaI disposiIions` IhaI lcad a scparatc cxisIcncc
rom Ihe organism as a whoIe (99l . Jl 2). owever, in working againsI 'Ihe
dcaIh oI Ihc Iiving subsIancc` Ihc germ-ccIIs do noI inIroducc any ncw IiIc
but mereIy gain lor Iiea Iemporaryreprievelrom Ihe naI execuIion, simpIy
0
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DIF!ERENCE AND REPETITION
aIIaining 'a IcngIhcning o Ihc road to dcaIh` (3). Any `rcsh sIarI` in Iilc,
IheieIoie, is Io be IieuIed us more Ihun u pioIonguIion oI Ihe ouiney, since
aII throws o thc dicc Icad to Ihc samc aIc. All movingorward or
piogiession wheIheius deviuIion degeneiuIion, oi vui|uIion, ucoinucopiu oI
good and bad, Ihc monsIrous iIscI, rcmains implicaIcd in Ihc uIIimaIc
moving-buckwurd (iegression). 'Fresh vtcl J erence:' exisIIo be 'livedoII .
The dom|nuting tendency ol menIuI IiIe, und peihups oInervous IiIe in
gcncraI, is Ihc corI to rcducc, Io kccp constanI or to rcmovc inIcrnaI
Icnsion duc Io sIimuIi. . . a Icndcncy which inds cxprcssion in Ihc
pIcasurc principIc; and our rccogniIion o Ihat acI is onc o our
sIrongcsI rcasons or bcIicving inIhccxisIcncc odcaIh insIincIs.
(Frcud I 99I :J29)
Frcud musI rcIan dcuIh as u lundumcnIaI CausaI nsInCI Or drVc aI II COsIs
inordcr Io susIain his argumcnI IhaI iI opcraIcs rcgrcssivcIy as thc dcsirc to
'rcIurn` Io Ihc carIy, norganc sIaIc lrom which aII Iic has cvoIvcd.
owcvcr, whiIc insisIing IhaI modcrn bioIogy docs noI aI aII conIradicI Ihc
Ihcory o! Ihc dcaIh insIints, and hiIe opcnIy sIating IhaI his argumcnI
couId bcnciI rom morc inormaIion on Ihc origin o scxuaI rcproducIion
and on Ihc scxuaI insIincts in gcncraI, hc concIudcs Ihc cssay by spcaking o
bioIogyas u Iand o! 'unIi mited possibil|Iies' hih uI somc poinI in Ihc neur
uIurc may 'bIow away thc whoIc o our arIilicial sIrucIurc ol hypoIhcscs`
( I 99 .JJ4). BuI in Ihe essuy on Ihe pIeusuie piincipIe, und eIsewheie, Freud
insisIs upon aII ncwIic,cvidcnccd, hcnoIcs, in Ihc proccsscs olcmbryoIogy
und geiminuI-ceIIului IiIe, being meieIy u sIru|ghIIoiwuid iepeIition oI Ihe
'bcginnings o organic Iic`incIuding, and cspccially, a rcpcIiIion o Ihc
oiiginuI enIropic desiie oIoigunic IiIe (J9 see uIso 99I b. I J9I in Ihis
cssay on `AnxicIy and nsIincIuaI ilc` rcud mainIains IhaI cvcryIhing IhaI
is desciibed us Ihe muniIesIuIion oI insIincIuuI behuviour in unimuIs, Iiom
Ihc spawning migraIions o ishcs Io Ihc migraIory IighIs o birds, Iakcs
pIacc 'undcr thc ordcrs o Ihc compuIsion Io rcpcaI`, mcaning IhaI aII
instincIs cxprcss an csscntiaIIy conscrvaIivc naIurc). c rcmains kccn
IhroughouI, Ihcrcorc cvcn Ihough iI provcs so dil!culI, Io ascribc Io Ihc
scxuaI instincIIo Ihat which kccps aIivc Ihc 'viIaI dicrcnccs` and makcs
ilc ivc onIhc rcpcIiIon-compuIsion IhaI so sccurcIy puIs us 'on Ihc
Irack o! Ihc dcah insIincIs` . Thc dcpicIion o! Ihc dcaIh-drivc as an
insIincIuaI Icndcncy oI organic Iilc rcsIs on a priviIcging oI Ihc cgo
nsIincIs` ovcrIhc scxuaI nstincIs.This mcans, n shorI, IhaIIhc organism is
anIi-lic (in Ihc scnsc ol a crcaIivc cvoIuIion), bcing a undamcnIaIIy
conscrvativc subsIancc IhaI dcsrcs Io rcmain, abovc alI, a consIanI and
cohcrcnI uniIy in iIs scI-samc, scl-prcscnI idcnIiIy, Io thc cxtcnI IhaI Ihc
desiie !or deuIh umonIs to u ompIeIe exIeuIiuIion o! muII|pIiiIy,
hcIcrogcnciIy, and dicrcncc rcud has noI providcd a sIraighIorward

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DIF!ERENCE AND REPETITION
`dynamic coroIIary` Iocismann` smorphoIoyy buIraIhcr inIroduccd inIo iIs
concepI|on oI Ihe Iiviny subsIunce u theoiy oI Ioices IhuI piivileges Ihc
insIincIs ol dcaIh (Ihc cyo) ovcr Ihosc o Iic (scxuaI rcproduction). (lt is
peihups inteiesIing Io noIe IhuI uI onc poinI FieudcomescIose Io Ihe Iheoiy
o Ihc `scIish ycnc` whcn hc accuscs Ihc ycrmccIIs ol bchaviny in a
compIeIeIy nurc|ssisIic Iushion` (323) . As Freud himseIliecognizes, iI is
on Ihc qucsIion o dcaIhon iIs mcaniny and siyniicanccIhaI Ihc
uppeuiunce oI uny coiiespondence between hi s IhinIing und IhuI oI
cismann` s disappcars. hcrcas cismann`s accounI o Ihc oriyins o
scxuaIiIy and dcath is sIrictIy cvoluIionary, rcud`s is noI buI rcscmbIcs
most, as hc himscIacknowlcdycs, Ihc mcIaphysics o5chopcnhaucr.
In a rcccnI rcadiny o the dcaIh-drivc, as it ligurcs in rcud and acan,
5Iavoj izck Iakcs Ihc drasIic sIcp o divorciny iI lrom Ihc unconscious
aIIoycIhcr, markiny iI as Ihc siIc ol Ihc symboIic ordcr. On Ihis rcadiny Ihc
drVc s nOI IO bc dc!ncd in Icrms O! smIc OOsIOn bcIVccn I und
dcaIh sincc iIs spacc is occupicd by, on thc onc hand Ihc monsIrous spIiI
wiIhin Iic iIscIbctwccn ordinary or normaI Iic and 'horrilyiny undcad
Iic` , and, on Ihc oIhcrhand IhaI wiIhin dcaIhbcIwccn Ihc ordinary dcadand
Ihc undcad` machinc. ic DcIcuc and GuaIIari in Anti-OeJiu:, izck
wishcs Io scparaIc Ihc rcudian dcaIh-drivc rom any cidcyycrcan 'bciny
IowardsdcaIh` , buI mainIains IhaI, aIIhouyh Ihc drivc iIscI is `immortaI,
cIcuI, ndcud (Ihc unnih| IuIion touids hch Ihc dcuIh-dr|vcIends is noI
dcaIh as hc unsurpassabIc IimiI o man quu niIc bciny) dcaIh bcIonys,
uIong wiIh moiIuIiIy, Io the domuin oI consciousness. Foi Ihe unconscious
Ihcrc is no dcaIhanxicIy sincc such anxicty bcIonys onIy Io consciousncss
(izeI I 997. S9. Isewheie he hus sIuIed IhuI Ihc deuIh-diive is noI u
bioIoyicaI ac buI dcincs lu conJition ncine' ( I 9S9.4). acan himscI
hcId Ihe Iheoiy Io be ne|Ihei Iiue noi IuIse, simpIy suspecI (ucun
I992:2I ) .
izek`s move succeeds i ndiuwing uIIenIion Io the cuiious ioIe occup|ed
by Ihc dcathdrivc in rcud` spsychoanaIysis. ByassociaIiny Ihc drivc and
iIs anxicIy wiIh consciousncss wc bcyin Io apprcciaIc Ihc cxIcnt Io which
Ihc drivc is posiIcd in Frcud rom Ihc pcrspccIivc o oryanismic Iilc, in
which cvcn Ihc unconscious is noI rcc rom thc scI-dcsIructivcncss IhaI
marks thc consciousncss ol Ihc oryanism. This is cIcar in rcud` s rcmarks
on hs 'aIIiIudc Iowards dcaIh , whch providcs Ihc conIcxI in whch to Ihin
Ihrouyh Ihc paradoxcs and compIicaIions o! Ficd`s posiIion, a conIcxI l
Ind Iaciny in ics novcI accounI and aIso iynorcd or downpIaycd by
osc i n hcr anaIysis o Frcud, rcpcIition, and dcaIh, I 992 I 0 I I 0,
cspcciaIly l07).
Frcud wriIcs Ihis cssay, cnIitIcd 'ThouyhIs or Ihc Timcs on ar and
Ocath` ( l 9I in ordcr Io ovcrcomc' , or work throuyh, Ihc scnsc o
disiIIusionmcnI thuI hus uompun|cd Ihc onsct oIuiumong Ihosc ho uic
noI combatanIs and coys n Ihc huyc machinc o war. ow couId Ihc
I I 2
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DIF!ERENCE AND REPETITION
uncxpcctcd, Ihc worsI, happcn in Ihc midsI o uropcan civiIizaIion ow
couId Ihc worId-dominuIing nuIions oIhc whiIc rucc rcgrcss Io such IribuI
insIincIs and bruIaIiIy Thc aim is Io Icarn somcIhing ancicnt and buricd
ubouI dcuIh rom Ihis dcsIrucIivc cxpcricncc. c urc Io discovcr IhuI wur
yivcs way Io disiIIusionmcnI onIy bccausc iI is Ihc rcsuII o a undamcnIaI
illuxion rcgurding IhcrcuI churucIcr oIic, uIruIh hiddcn Io us by Ihc vcnccr
ociviIizaIion lnIhiscssay rcud docs noI simpIydcclarcthc unconscious Io
bc ignorunI o dcuIh, buI ruIhcr uscribcs Io iI u IusIor unnihiluIion und wur.
Cn Ihc onc hand, rcud says, Ihc unconscious docs noI bcIicvc in its own
dcaIh buI considcrs itscIIobcimmortaI. Jhc dccpcsI sIrataoourmindsIhaI
is madc up oonIy socaIIcd 'insIincIuaI impuIscs` is said Io know 'noIhiny
ncgativc. . . no ncgaIion` (rcud 9S7:S5). In this dcniaI odcath dccp wiIhin
our unconscious Ihcrc rcsidcs, spcculaIcs rcud, thc 'sccrct` and iIIusion o
hcroism. n Ihc oIhcr hand, Ihc unconscious houscs Ihc dcsircs ol Ihc
uIImaIc paranOd mOnad IhaI s !uII O! dcaIh-Vshcs IOVards sIrangcrs and
ouIsidcrs. In our unconscious impuIscs wc Ihus daiIy and hourly gcI rid o
anyonc who sIands in our way. . . . Thc cxprcssion DcviI Iakc him . . . which
rcaIIy mcansOcaIhIakchim,isinourunconsciousa scrious andpowcruI
dcaIh wish` (86}. Cur unconscious, says Frcud, murdcrs ovcr IriIcs and can
bc comparcd Io thc Ihcnian codc o Oraco which knows onIy dcaIh as Ihc
punishmcnI or somc pcrccivcd crimc (in Ihis casc, Ihc crimc o bcing
sIrangc, a sIrangcr, Io Ihc unconscious`). II is such un insighI` which Icads
rcud to dcclarc thaI `i wc arc Io bc udgcd by our unconscious wishuI
impuIscs, wc ourscIvcs urc, Iikc primcvuI mun, u gung ol murdcrcrs` ibid..
II is on Ihc basis o Ihcsc claims Ihat rcud Ihcn arrivcs aI his socallcd
posiIivc` or uirmaIivc conccpIion odcuth.ur, Frcud IcIIs us, sIrips uway
rom us Ihc aIcr accrcIions o civilisaIion` , so laying barc bcorc cach and
cvcry oncous our rcuI primcvuI scI. orcovcr, iI compcIs us to bc hcrocs
who cannot bcIicvc in our own dcath; it sIamps stranycrs as cncmics, whosc
dcuIh is Io bc broughI ubouI or dcsircd` (SS).Thc issuc or Frcud, Ihcrcorc,
is noI onc o aboIishiny war buI, on Ihc conIrary, adapIiny ourscIvcs Io iIs
incscapabIc andposiIivcrcaIiIyunda!irmingIhcprimcvaI pIcasurcs iIaIIows
Ihc scI Ihat risks Iic Io induIyc in (Ihc dcsIruction o whaI is outsidc and
sIrangc Io iIscIl). Jhis, rcud noIcs with duc crucI irony, amounts Io a
o:itive rere::ion (warbrinys abouI an invoIuIion` (74, onc which aI IcasI
has IruIh on iIs sdc. hc iIIusion IhuI wc can vc Iic wIhouI us aIl bcing,
aI somc poinI in Iimc, mass murdcrcrs is whaI makcs li!c inIoIcrabIc, rcud
chalIcngcs.
ccannowscc why iIis imporIanI or Dclcuzc IocnyaycwiIh Frcud and
Io arIicuIatc a di!crcnI modcl o dcaIh (somcthing hc docs in aImosI cvcry
IcxI). rcud` s conccpIion o oryanic Iilc runs counIcr Io Ihc dccpcsI
Icndcncics o OcIcuzc`s Ihinking o dillcrcncc and to his airmaIion o
univocal Bcing us J rence. II is Io NicIzschc und his Icaching ocIcaI
rctu IhaI OcIcuzc turns in ordcr Io gcncraIc a dicrcnI modcI oldcath Ihan
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7
DIF!ERENCE AND REPETITION
i s cncounIcrcd wiIh rcud whcrc Ihc tel. o Iic i s porIraycd i n
IundumcnIuIIy cnropic Icims und whcic rcpcIiIion is condiIioncdbyu diivc
IhaIinvoIutcs simpIy inIcrmsorcyrcssion. LcIcuzc is not posiIiny a dcsirc
Ioi Ihc nonoryunic buI scckiny Io show how in liIc Ihcrc is w cicuIivc
cvoIuIion IhaI involvcs a consIanI pIay bcIwccn thc oryanismic and Ihc
nonoiyunismic. Cn IhchumunpIuncIhis invoIvcs upIuybcIwccn IhcscIIund
Ihc icId oinIcnsiIics and sinyulariIics iI !inds itscIimpIicaIcd in and which
picscnI iI wiIh ncwpossibiIiIics olcxistcncc. DcuIh isnoI, IhcicIoic mcicIy
IhcncyaIionoIic buIa siyn o Ihc viIaI Iic Ihat arrivcs lrom thc uIurc and
which sccks Io cmancipaIc oryanic Iic lrom thc ixcd and rocn orms
which cnIrap iI. Cryanic Iilc is inviIcd Io opcn iIscIup Io Ihc opcn sysIcm o
Ihc 'ouIsidc, noI Io rcsisI Ihc tcmpIaIion o Ihc dcmonic and Ihc monsIrous
but Io cncountcr Ihosc dark piccursors` Ihc dicrcncc in IsclI which icIaIc
hcIcroycncous sysIcms and Ihc disparaIc.
HP HPP0] 0 HP C8CK uH0 PZ5CHP5 5UQPI0 PIUIH
In amcdiIaIion on oIa and Ihc crack` IhaI appcars as onc oIhc appcndiccs
Io 7he Ioic o] Sense LcIcuc diaws a distincion bcIwccn two Iypcs o!
hcrcdity: thc onc smalI, hisIoricaI, and somaIic Ihc oIhcr cpic and ycrminaI.
hcrcdiIy o thc insIincIs and a hcrcdiIy o Ihc crack or auItIinc. hc
somaIic hcicdiIy miyhI incIudc u phcnomcnon such us uIcohoIism bciny
passcd downIhcycncraIions lromoncbodyIoanoIhcr(Ihc cxampIc yivcnby
oIuhimsclIin Bte Huuine whcn wiitinyoIthc hcicdiIuiy ciuck). This
kind ol Iransmission rcproduccs thc rcIurn olIhcsamc. haI is novcI abouI
DcIcuzc`s icudiny oI Iu i s Ihc uItcmpI Io i mpIi cuIc Ihc somuIic
Iransmission in a dilcrcnt crack; whcrc onc kind ol crack IransmiIs
somcIhiny wcII-dcIcimincd, rcproduciny whuIcvci is IiunsmiIIcd, Ihc oIhcr
communicaIcs i n Icrms o a viIaI and virIuaI IopoIoyy (dcaliny wiIh
IhicshoIds I i miIs, IiunsIoimuIions, conncctions und disconnccIions
impIicaIions and compIicaIions, cIoscdandopcn sysIcms) lnIhc casc o Ihc
hcrcdity oIhc crack 'iIisnoI Iicd Io accrtain instincI, Io an inIcrnaI, oryanic
dcIcrminaIion, orIo an cxIcrnaI cvcnI thaI couId lix an obccI`. lI is Ihus abIc
Io 'trci:cenJle-:tyle:` (my cmphasis). Jhc movcmcnI olIhc hcrcdity oIhc
crack is loi LcIcuzc 'impcrccpIibIc and 'siIcnI. Thc crack cannoI bc
rcpIcatcd sincc iIs modc oI transmission is diIIusc and inchoaIc, I
piocccds via an obIiquc Iinc, bciny icady to chanyc dircctions and Io aIIcr
iIs cvas (cIcuc I99.J7`. 990.J2). hc crack, Ihcn, IransmIs onIy thc
undcIcrmincd ciack. iIh Ihc hcicdity ol Ihc crack characIciistics arc noI
simply acquircd buI havc Io bc invcnIcd and aic orccd Io undcryo
IiansmuIaIion. Thc ciack 'oIIows` onIy iIscIl, likc a runaway Iiain dcsIincd
or dcraiImcnI. Cn Ihc Iracks ol Ihis ycrminaI Irain o Iic Ihcrc is nciIhcr
bcyinniny noi cnd, nciIhcr a yivcn ycncaIoyynor a yivcn tcIcoIoyy, buI onIy
Ihcbrokcn middIcs IhaI aIIow or novcl inIcrsccIions, cross-conncctions, and
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8
DIF!ERENCE AND REPETITION
unprcdicIablc yrowIhs, consIiIuIiny a cornucopia o yood and bad. hc crack
cnoys a capaciIy lor scII-ovcrcominy, maIiny possibIc crcaIvc 'cvoIuIions` ,
i nwhich Ihc crcaIion involvcd ocrs noI a simpIc rcdcmpIion buI alIows or
Ihc ycrminaIiIy oIIhc mosI dcsIrucIivc incIinaIions and Icndcncics. cIncw
IhaI aII his Iic hc had bccn wrcnchiny aI Ihc ramc oIilc Io brcak iI aparI.
And now, wiIh somcIhiny oIIhc Icrror oIa dcsIrucIivc chiId, hc saw himscII
on thc poinI o inhcriIiny his own dcsIrucIion` (awrcncc 99522). or
DcIcuzc, Io inhcrit onc`s own dcsIrucIion is Io inhcriI onIy Ihc cc oI IhaI
dcstrucIion.
In Ihc cruciaI chaptcro thc novcl Doctcr!c:ccl(Ihc !inalbookin acycIc
o IwcnIy) cnIiIIcd 'Thc cncaIoyicaITrcc` oIa has Ihc docIor Iay ouI
bcorc himscIand thc youny woman IoIildc Ihc cnIirc ycncaIoyicaI Ircc o
Ihc ouyon-Macquart amiIy in ordcr Io prcscnt hcr wiIh a 'IcrribIc Icsson in
Iic` (oIa 995: 09). BuI Ihis Ircc sIrctchcs way bcyond and ovcr Ihis
urICuIur !umIy, cnCOmussng Ihc sIruIu Ol ruCcs und CVI2uIOns !rOm Ihc
dawn o Iimc Io Ihc prcscnI and branchiny out cndIcssIy inIo unknown
uIurcs ( 26). This is `Ihc whoIc monsIrous lIorcsccncc o thc human Ircc`
( J ). Morcovcr, Ihis ycncaIoyy is prcscnIcd i n Ihc Icrms o a hiyhIy
compIcx, crraIic, and unprcdictabIc, monsIrous dcsccnI, a dcsccnI subjcct, Io
cmpIoy OcIcuzc` s laIcr tcrms, Io pcrpctuaI dcIcrritoriaIizaIion and
rctcrriIoriaIizaIion. oIa is imayinaIivc in dcpicIiny Ihc unloIdiny o Ihis Ircc
oIhuman Iilc in Icrms oIacompIicatcd cnIanyIcmcnI oIsicIncss and hcalIh,
odcaIh andrcncwaI, aviIaliIy oIic Iha iscauyhIup indcsIrucion, dccay,
and dcycncraIion. For cxampIc, ascal asIs: oncc Ihc IIoodyaIcs havc bccn
opcncd by thc ovcrowiny rivcr oIic (crcaIivc cvoIution as monsIrous), and
as dcIccIcd by Ihc cmcrycnI scicncc oIhcrcdiIy (as Ihc scicncc oIdiIIcrcncc
oJ rcpcIition), Ihcn is iI possibIc Io say Ihat amony thc wccds and Iowcrs
on Ihc banIs Ihcrc aIso minylcs and IIoaIs byyoId ( 32). This is, says
ascaI, a world bcyond yood and cvil`. Thc chaptcr concIudcs by askiny
whcthcriI is ncccssary Io burn Ihc Ircc oIycncaIoyy orwhcthcrIhis canonIy
bca maIIcrothcuIurc as iIs a!air.
In Ihc novcI oIaprcscnIsOrascaI`s work on Ihc ncw scicncc ohcrcdiIy
moviny Ihrouyh Darwin`s conluscd Ihcory olpanycncsis, Ihc pcriycncsis o
rnsI acckcI (whosc works wcrc avidIy rcad by icIzschc), Ihc cuycnics o
aIIon (aIso rcad by icIzschc), inaIly arriviny aI an inIuiIion o
cismanns maor Ihcsis on Ihc conIinuity ol thc ycrm-plasm in which a
porIon o! Ihis `dccaIc` and `compIcx` subsIancc is hcId n rcscrvc and
passcd on withouI variaIion or muIaIion rom ycncraIion Io ycncraIion (oIa
9S9:36). ascaI, howcvcr, docs noI sIop Ihcrc, which is whaI makcs his casc
cspcciaIIy inIcrcsIiny. c propounds his own Ihcory, which hc caIIs Ihc
ai Iurc o Ihc cclIs Ihcory`, which consisIs in yranIiny a hiyh dcyrcc o
rccdom and novcIIy Io pIasmic cvoIuIion. II is noI atavism thaI ascaI
priviIcycs buI `pcrpctual chanyc`, Ihc chanyc thaI dcnoIcs 'an incrcasiny
IransormaIion, duc Io IhaI transmiIIcd strcnyIh and corI, IhaI pcrIurbation,
5
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9
DIF!ERENCE AND REPETITION
which imbucs maIIcr wiIh lic, and which is, indccd, Iic iIscl in an absIracI
sense` (3S). I n shoiI, Iheie |s no pIusmic IinuIiIy und iI is ut Ih|s point IhuI
oIa is abIc Io rcsist thc bioIoyicaI nihiIism oWcismann`s conIinuiIy Ihcsis.
lt is in Ieims oI such u nihiIism IhuI Weismunn is uppiopriuIed in urdys
Irayic icIion whcrc Ihc anomalous and Ihc abcrranI (thc 'uniI`) arc noI
ulIowed Io suivive but musI luce exIerminuIion Tess, ude eIc.). This
bioIoyicaI nihiIism amounIs, in shorI, IorcpcIiIion wiIhouI di!lcrcncc, IoIhc
eIeinuI ieIuin oI Ihe sume, since Ihe geim-pIusm |s pos|Ied us cvolviny
compIcIcIy indcpcndcnIly opcrIurbaIions (OcIcuzc`s 'crack`) and lrcc oIhc
cndoycnous powcrs ol Ihc oryanism iIscI which may ccrI an inIucncc on
Ihc characIcr o cvoIuIion.
In OcIcuzc`s rcadiny o oIa, Wcismann`s disIincIion bcIwccn Ihc Iwo
pIasms, soma and ycrm, opcratcs as a disIincIion bcIwccn a Iovc or a body
Ihat dics and a movcmcnI IhaI crcaIivcIy 'cvoIvcs` Ihrouyh ycrminaI
nIcnsIy. 1hs s u mOVcmcnI !rOm Ihc Orgun2cd bOdy O! Ihc Orgunsm IO
Ihc 'body wiIhouI oryans` which involvcs Ihc rcIcasc o sinyuIariIics and
inIcnsiIics rom cnIropic conIainmcnI (Oclcuzc I 969.3S4; I990:33 I ). BuI
IhcIwocisIin impIicaIion and compIication, Ihis is IilcanddcaIh livcd and
dicd !rom 'wiIhin Ihc !oIds` or 'on Ihc train` as in ola`s In Be Hunuiiie
(pubIishcd in S90 as Ihc scvcnIccnIh othc twcnIy novcls IhaI makc up Ihc
ouyonacquart cycIc), whcrc thc machinc uncIions as thc purc dcaIh
insIincI: 'Thc insIincIs or IcmpcramcnIs no Ionycr occupy Ihc csscnIiaI
posiion. hcy swarm abouI and within Ihc Irain, buI thc Irain iIscI is Ihc
ep|c iepiesenIution oIIhe deuIh-insIincI (DeIeuze I99:3S I 990.33 I ) . I n
Ihc novcI Ihc Iraini sundoubIcdIy dcpicIcdi nIcrms olthcdcmonic powcr o
u deuIh-di|ve:
Ihe Iiuin wus Qa8sm_, u uIl iIs sIoimy vioIence, us |I it mighI sweep
away cvcryIhiny IhaI lay in iIs paIh. . + . 1 was Iikc somc huyc body, a
giunI cieuIure Iuid ouI on Ihe giound. . . pusI iI wenI, mechunicuI,
IriumphanI, hurtIiny Iowards Ihc uIurc wiIh mathcmaIicaI riyour,
dcIcrmincdIy obIivious Io Ihc rcsI o human Iic on ciIhcr sidc, lic
unsccn and ycI pcrcnniaI, wiIh iIs cIcrnaI passions and iIs ctcrnaI
cmcs.
(oIa I 996.44)
nIikc Ihc murdcro!Ihc husband in rse uquin, commiIIcd by Thrsc
und aurcnI smpIy bccausc hc stands n Ihcir way and s un nconvcnicncc,
oIa`saim in IuBe Hunuii:ewas to Iink murdcrwiIh an ancicnI hcrcdiIary
impulsc buricd by Ihc scdimcnIcd Iaycrs o civiIizaIion, to show Ihc
'cavcman` dwcIIiny dccp wiIhin IhcciviIizcd manomodcrniIy, as hc puI iI
in a Icttcr Io a OuIchournaIisI !n Ihc novcI Ihc 'hcrcdiIary crack` is noI
simpIya maIIcro! ill-hcalIh buI is said Io bc invoIvcd in Ihose 'sdden Iosscs
o conIroI` IhaI Iic dccp wiIhin our bciny ' Iikc racIurcs, holcs` throuyh

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DIF!ERENCE AND REPETITION
whichIhc scIsccks cscapc, Iosiny iIscl `inIhc midsIoa kind olIhickhazc
IhuI benI everyIhing ouI oIshupe (oIa 996:5J). AI such moments us Ihese,
whcrc Ihc scl is no Ionycr Ihc masIcr o iIs own body but Ihc obcdicnI
servunI ol iIs muscIes und Ihc rubid beusI wiIh|n, iI is cusI inIo puying bucI
an ancicnI dcbI:
payiny or Ihc oIhcrs, or thc aIhcrs and yrandaIhcrs who had drunk,
Ior Ihe yencruI|ons ol drunIurds, oI whose bIood he wus Ihe corrupt
issuc. . . payiny thc pricc o a yraduaI poisoniny, o a rclapsc inIo
primiIivc savaycry IhaI wasdrayyiny himbackinIoIhcorcsI.
(oIa I996. )
Thc cxtcnI Io which a`s novcI, wiIh iIs strcss on a hcrcdiIary rcyrcssion
and aIavisIic insIincts, anIicipaIcs boIh rcud` s conccpIion o dcaIh ( I 9I 5)
und hs OsIng O! Ihc dcuIh-drVc ( 920 by scVcruI dcCudcs s ndccd
rcmarkabIc. Cn LcIcuzc`s rcadiny, howcvcr, Ihc compIicaIcd invcsImcnI o
Ihc croIic insIincts in dcsIrucIivc oncsa`s novcl was rcad in Ihc prccisc
Icrms o Ihis compIicaIion on iIspublicaIioncxprcsscs noI simpIy thc noisc
o!primaI insIincIs cauyhI up inan |nvoIIion buI raIhcr Ihc silcnIcchocso!a
rcpcIiIion Ihat drivcs us cvcr lorward and upward Jhis is why or him Ihc
kcy acIor or aycnt in Ihc novcI is Ihc Irain iIscI (a icld o acIion, a body
wiIhoI orguns disIributiny inIensities und produciny IranslormuIions). Thc
Irain is a crcaIion omodc civiIizaIion buI iI is aIso Ihc crack whichdcraiIs
iI, muI|ng sure IhuI iI |s the 'yreuI heuIIh` wh|ch Iives on | n humunity Ihe
dissoIuIions o Ihc novcI, iI shouIdbc noIcd, Iakc pIacc ayainsI thc backdrop
oI Ihc dying duys oI Ihe econd mpire). MicheI erres |s incisive in
dcIccIiny ina`s cpic scrics o novcIs wiIh iIs cyclc o dcsIrucIion, wasIc,
d|spersion, irreversibIe ebbing Iowurds deuth, disorder, und degeneruIion,
rcvoIviny around in Iu Bte Hncue a vcriIabIc thcrmodynamics o Ihc
Iruin, un 'epic oIenIropy (see erres I 975:7S I9SJ. J9Il.). uch un insighI,
howcvcr, discIoscs on LcIcuzc`s rcadiny onIy haI o Ihc sIory. LcIcuzc`s
conccpIion o ycrminaI Iic aims Io dcmonsIraIc IhaI cnIropy is ncvcr Ihc
inaI word. Thcrmodynamics aIways nccds to bc Iinkcd up with yood scnsc
sincc Ihcy sharc Ihc samc characIcrisIics. Ihc sinyIc dirccIion rom Ihc mosI
Io Ihc lcasI dilcrcnIiatcd, rom Ihc sinyuIar to Ihc rcyular, and rom Ihc
rcmarkac Io Ihc ordinary, so oricnIaIny thc arrow oI Iimc Irom pasI Io
!uIurc, accordiny Io Ihis dcIcrminaIion` (LcIcuzc 969:94; I 99.76).
n his rcadiny ol liIcraIurc, Ihcrcorc, clcuzc s proposiny a viIaI
rcworkinyohcrcdiIy, in which iIis shown IhaIiI is nothcrcdiIy Ihat passcs
Ihrouyh Ihc crack, which wouId !ix dcsirc to a morbid anccstry, buI IhaI
hereJity ix the cck itxe. cncc Ihc cIaim: 'ln iIs truc scnsc, thc crack (lu
lre) is noI a crossiny or a morbid hcrcdiIy, iI aIonc is Ihc hcrcdiIary and
Ihe morbid in iIs cnIireI LeIcuzc I 969J7J; I990 J2I ) . For Dclcuzc
cvcryIhiny dcpcnds on yraspiny Ihc siyniicancc oIhis paradox, conusiny
I 7
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DIF!ERENCE AND REPETITION
Ihis hcrcdiIy wiIh iIs vchicIc, IhaI is, Ihc `conusion o whaI is IransmiIIcd
wiIh iIs Irunsmission` (Ihe Irunsm|ssion which IrunsmiIs onIy itscII). This is
what hc mcans whcn hc dcclarcs Ihc `ycrmcn` Io bc Ihc crack uuJ nothiny
but Ihc cruck.
Thc way LcIcuzc Iinks Ihc hcrcdiIy o thc crack wiIh Ihc dcaIhinsIincI
is cruciuI since it wunIs Io implicuIc deuIh in Ihc dimens|on oI dilIcrcncc
and rcpcIition`. This cxpIains Ihc momcnIous roIc icIzschc`s cIcrnaI rcturn
comes Io pIuy in DeIeuze`s rcworIiny oI Ihc dcuIh-drive, subecIiny uII
qucsIions o dcsccnI and hcrcdiIy (oriyin and ycncaIoyy) Io
dcIcrriIoriaIization (a chanyc oorm and unction). !n rcud Ihcdcsirco
Ihcoryanism Io rcIurn to inanimaIc maIIcr assumcs IhaI Ihcrc is an oriyinaI
modcI oldcaIhIo bc rcIurncd Io (Ihc Cnc dcaIh, thc sinyIc IruIh odcaIh).
As such, Ihc dcaIh-drivc is a dcsirc or idcnIity (Nirvana). 5o ar as Ihc
possibiIiIy odillcrcncc enoyiny iIs own conccpI, as opposcd to bciny Iaid
OuI undcr Ihc dOmnOn O! a COnCcpI n gcncraI IhaI aIrcady prcsuOscs a
oundiny idcnIiIy, icIzschc`s IhouyhI-cxpcrimcnI o Ihc ctcrnaI rcturn
amounIs Io somcIhiny o a 'opcrnican rcvoIuIion`. ldcnIiIy now opcraIcs
as a sccondary powcr and spcaks onIy o dilcrcnccs quO dicrcnccs (iI
spcaks o rcpcIiIion). `Thc Iruc subcct o Ihc ctcrnaI rcIurn` , LcIcuzc
conIcnds, arc thc inIcnsiIics and sinyuIariIics which rclcr Io Ihc mobiIc
individuaIiny lacIors thaI cannoI bc containcd wiIhin a scl, and in which
Ihc Cnc docs noI rcrn (IhuI which aspircs Io rcccntrc Ihc uccnIrcd or
dcccnIrcd circIc ol dcsirc). athcr, what rcIurns is Ihc divcrycnI scrics and
incIusived|sjuncIions: In Ihc c| rcIeoIOionysus, hrist wiII noI reIu Ihe
ordcr o Ihc AnIichrisI chascs Ihc oIhcr ordcr away` ( 99. 4S9;
I 990. 30I ). Thc sysIem ol Ihe AnIichrist convuIses u worId where Ihe
idcnIiIy ol Ihc scIis losI`noI Io Ihc bcnciI o Ihc idcnIiIy o Ihc Cnc or
Ihcunity oIIheWhoIe, buIIo theudvunIuge oIun inIensemulIipIicity und u
powcr o mcIamorphosis` (45 297). Thus iIhcrc is an `csscnIiaIrclaIion`
Io be encounIered beIween eIernul reIurn and deuIh iI is becuuse thc
rcpcIition ocIcrnaI rcIurn impIics IhcdcaIhoIhaIwhich isonc `onccand
or aII` . ikcwisc, i iI cnoys an csscntiaI rclation wiIh Ihc luIurc it is
bccausc Ihc uIurc is Ihc cxpIicaIion and compIicaIion ol Ihc muIIipIc, Ihc
dicrcnt, and thc orIuiIous, 'or IhcmscIvcs and or aII Iimc` (Oc Icuzc
9S 52 994. 5). Thc ctcrnaI rcIurn Ihus sclccIs ayainsI Ihc Cnc,
ayansI IhaI wchwi noI scccI
Thc crack is noI invoIvcd in amovcmcnIthaI wouId cnsurc Ihc rcpcIiIion
oI Ihc samc sincc I ovcrcomcs itscI by aways cxcccdny Ihc drccIons I
invcnIs. DcaIh cccIs Ihc IransmuIaIion o insIincts, Iurniny dcath ayainsI
iIscI, so crcaIiny 'insIincIs` IhaI do not invoIvc simpIy a rcpctiIion o Ihc
samc buI arc aIIowcd Io Iivc and yrow ycrminaIIy. Cn DcIcuzc`s rcadiny
oIa`s sociaIisI opIimism dcrivcs lrom Ihc rccoyniIion IhaI thc proIcIariaI
mukcs iIs way orward and onward Ihrouyh Ihc crack. lI is in Ihc Iinding a
way Ihrouyh Ihc crack IhaI iI bccomcs cndowcd wiIh Ihc uIurc. Jhis is Io
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DIF!ERENCE AND REPETITION
rcad Oarwin and :ociul Oarwinism ayainsI Ihc yrain so IhaI Iic now scrvcs
noI thc sIronycst conccivcd soIcIy by mcans by hcrcdiIy, buI is a swarm Ihat
ycIs crcaIcd cpicaIIy throuyh rcvoIuIionary chanyc by a ncw ycncraIion. As
IaIhcauIhor dramatizcs.
as Darwin riyht, Ihcn, was Ihis worIdnoIhiny buI a sIruyyIc in which
Ihc sIrony dcvourcd thc wcak so IhaI Ihc spccics miyht advancc in
sIrcnyIh and bcauIy ..iI onc cIass had Io bc dcvourcd, surcIy Ihc
pcopIc, viyorous and youny, musIdcvour Ihc clcIc and IuxuryIoviny
bouycoisc . . n Ihs cpccIaIion o a ncw nvason o barbarians
rcycncraIiny thc dccaycd naIions o Ihc oId worId, hc rcdiscovcrcd his
absoluIc aIh ina cominy rcvoIuIon. . . whosc !rcs wouId casI Ihcr rcd
yIarc ovcr Ihc cnd o Ihis cpoch cvcn as Ihc rsy sun was now
drcnchny Ihc sky n blood.
(I 9446
Thc crack announccs a scrics o!oIts IhaI wiII assaulI bourycois socicIy and
Icad Io its dissoIuIion and IransormaIion
Jhis Iimc thcir old, toIIcriny socicty had rcccvcd a oII and Ihcy had
hcard Ihc yround crack bcncaIh Ihcir ccI buI Ihcy cII othcrolIs on
Ihc way und ycI oIhcrs, and so iI wouId o on unIil Ihc oId cdi!icc was
shakcn Io picccs and coIIapscd anddisappcarcd inIothc carIh . . . a bIack
avcnyinyhosI was sIowIyycrminaIiny in Ihc lurrows,IhrusIinyupwards
or Ihc harvcsIs o uturc aycs. And vcry soon Ihcir ycrmination wouId
cracIthc carIh asundcr.
(497 499)
or Dclcuzc, Ihc cpic novcls ol Ia providc Ihc crcaIivc cvoIuIion o Iic
wiIh Ihc opcn, payan spacc IhaI is bcyond Iraycdy (LcIcuzc 969.3S46
990). LcIcuzc uIiIizcs a`s appropriaIion o work on hcrcdiIy,
whch dcnI!ics Ihc 'dilcrcncc` bcIwccn a homoloyous and dcIcrmncd
hcrcdiIy and a dissimiIar or IranslormaIionaI hcrcdiIy, in ordcr to rcndcr
mpossibIc any stabIc duaIiIy o Ihc hcrcdIary and Ihc acqurcd. OcIcuzc
conccdcs Ihat Ihc smaII Iypc olhcrcdiIy may wcIl indccd transmiI acuircd
characIcrstcs, simpIy bccausc thc IormaIon oInstncIs s nscparabc Irom
a sociaI cId and hisIoricaI condiIions BuI in Ihc casc ol thcyrand hcrcdiIy
Ihc acurcd characIcrsIcs arc brouyht nIo a quIc dcrcnt rcIaIonshp
sincc hcrc wc arcdcaIiny wiIh a `di!lusc poIcnIialiIy` (77; 25). Morcovcr:
iiI is Iruc Ihat Ihc insIincts arcormcdand !ind Ihcir obccI only aIIhc
cdyc o Ihc crack, thc crack convcrscly pursucs iIs coursc, sprcads ouI
iIs wcb, chanycs dirccIion, and is acIuaIizcd in cach body in rcIaIion Io
Ihc insIincIs whch opcn a way or I, somcIimcs mcndiny I a IIIIc,
9
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DIF!ERENCE AND REPETITION
somctimcs widcniny iI, up Io Ihc naI shaIIcriny. . . . hc Iwo ordcrs arc
IighIIy oincd IogeIher, IiIe u riny wiIhin u Iurger ring, buI Ihcy ure
ncvcr conuscd.
Thc crucI is simpIy Ihc empIiness, Ihc greuI void iI is deuIh'Ihe deuIh
insIincI` [l `ii:tiiict Je Mortj (J7S; 26). or aII Ihc noisc` Ihcy makc, Ihc
swurming insIincIs cunnoI hidc Ihe lucI IhaI Ihcy beIong Io Ihis more
proound siIcncclrom whichIhcy bursI orIh and to which Ihcy rcIurn. Whcn
dcaIhhappcnsIhc sIiIIncssinIhcroom issuchIhaI onc canhcar a 'ly buzz`,
iIis `IikcthcIiIIncss inIhcAirBcIwccn Ihccavcs olIorm` (Lickinson
969:3)JhcdcaIhinsIincI is 'tnereI\onein:tiictcncn other:, butIhc
crack iIscIaround which aII o Ihc insIincs conyrcyaIc` (LcIcuzc I969.J7S;
990:36). Cn Ihis modcI o lic cnIropy is ncvcr Io bc aIIowcd Ihc inaI
VOrd Or Ihc IasI say, raIhcr, Is `IransCcndcnIaI IIusOn' musI aIVays bc
cposcd. OcIcuzc wanIs Io aryuc IhaI Ihc dcaIhinsIinct consIiIuIcs Ihc
compIicatcd `yrand hcrcdity` ol Ihc crack (iI`s noI trayic buI cpicaI, sincc iI
conccrns rcvoluIionary movcmcnI). BuI Ihc dcaIh-insIincI is rcIricvcd rom
any yIobaI cnIropi dcIcrminaIion or tcIos:
Is iI possibIc, sincc it Ihc dcaIhinsIincI or drivc absorbs cvcry
insIincI, IhaI iI couId uIso cnuI Ihc IrunsmuIution o! thc insIinIs,
Iurniny dcaIh ayainsI itscIWould iI noIIhcrcby crcaIc insIincts which
wouIdbeevoIuIive ruIher Ihun uIcohoI ic, erotic, or IinunciuI.. .
( 969.3S5; 99032)
or LcIcuzc iI is cnouyh IhaI wc dissipaIc ourscIvcs `a IiIIIc`, 'IhaI wc arc
ubIe to be ut the surIuce, IhaI wc sIreIch our sI|n IiIe u drum`, libcruIiny
sinyuIariIics IhaI arc ncithcr ycncraI nor individuaI, nciIhcr pcrsonaI nor
universuI, lrom Ihcir imprisonmcnI tn Ihe seII und Ihe ` . 'AIl oI Ihis is
Iravcrscd by circuIaIions, cchocs, and cvcnts which producc morc scnsc,
morclrccdom,and morc sIrcnyIhIhanmanhascvcr drcamcd o, orGodcvcr
conccivcd` ( 9699 ; 9907J). n rcud Ihc `dacmonic powcr` o Ihc
'bcyond` o Ihc pIcasurc principIc (Ihc compuIsion Io rcpcaI thaI
characIcrizcs masochism and Ihcdcath-drivc) is Ioo rcadiIy domcsIicatcd by
bciny rcduccd to an CcdipaI dcIcrmnaIion and arIcuIaIion, namcIy Ihc
in!Iucncc o! carIy inanIiIc cpcricnccs which arc invariabIy uscd Io cpIain
Ihc apparcnI maIynanI atc wc lccI posscsscs us, drvny us on and
Iormcntiny our minds. DcIcuzc`s rcadiny o oIa cndcavours Io rcmovc Ihc
dcaIh-insIincI rom rcud`s trayic modcI in ordcrto opcn iI up Io Ihc payan
spacc oIhc eo:. Thccrack comcs rom Ihcluturcas a siyn o]IhcuIurc. n
Ihc 'cayycraIion` o Iilc as composcd by Ihc yrcaI wriIcr or artisI,
inspiraIion comcs noI lrom Ihc loo: buI Ihceo:, whichdisIoses Ious IhuI
wc can ncvcr yo lar cnouyh in thc dirccIion ol 'dccomposition`, 'sincc iI is
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DIF!ERENCE AND REPETITION
ncccssary Io yo as ar as Ihc crack Icads` (JS5 JJ). ArI is, Ihcrcorc,
impIicaIcd in dcycncraIion. iviIizaIion is haunIcd by iIs disconIcnIs and
maIconIcnIs. DcycncraIionanddccay noIonIydisclosc siynsoIhcuIurcbuI
show IhaI Ihc IuIurc is onIy possibIc Io Ihc cIcnI IhaI iI yrows out oI Ihc
yrcaI hcaIIh (thc hcaIth Ihat has incorporaIcd Ihc crack as IhaI which aIIows
Ior rcpctiIion unJ diIIcrcncc). oIa`s puIrid IiIcraIurc` is a IiIcraIurc oI Ihc
uIurc: oIa`s opIimisIic IiIcraIurc i s noI anyIhiny oIhcr Ihan his puIrid
IiIcraIurc. II is in oncand Ihc samc movcmcnI` (JS5 JJ2).ThcdcaIh-insIinct
on Ihis modcI is not a manilcsIaIion ol buricd rcprcsscd dcsircs, a primcvaI
IusI or murdcr, buI is Io bc rcad as siyns ol Ihc uIurc, o ncw Iic, ncw
accIs, and ncw bodics odcsirc.
In lcarniny to wilI Ihc cvcnI onc undcryocs a voIiIional inIuition and
IransmuIaIion` ( I 969:I76 I990:I 49). Cnc docs noI wiII euctl, whaI occurs,
but raIhcr wiIIs erniicI\, wiIIiny somcthiny `i thaI which occurs` and as
`sOmcIhng ycI IO cOmc. 1hs s sad IO bc a VIIng O! I!c IhaI s Onc `VIh
Ihc sIruyyIc o rcc human bcinys` . A Ihinkiny o Ihc cIcrnaI rcIurn as Ihc
Iimc o Ihc cvcnI sccks Io makc comprchcnsibIc, Ihcrcorc, much o Ihc
paradoxicaI aspccI oIhc docIrinc, such as how, lor cxampIc, iI invoIvcs an
airmaIion o cvcryIhiny as iI is buI ycI cnIaiIs no 5Ioic rcsiynaIion.
araIhustra` s 'Jhus I wiIIcd i I ` is abovc aII, on OcIcuzc`s rcadiny, a
baIIIccry, noI anacccpIancc oIhc pasI buIanairmaIion oIhcarrivaIoIhc
uIurc. crhaps it is in Ihc IhouyhI ol Ihc cvcnI IhaI wc can discovcr and
invcn Ihc `mcaniny` o icIzschc`s crypti and cniymaIic staIcmcnI IhaI in
ordcr Io undcrstand anythiny at aII oI his 'araIhusIra` onc musI havc onc
ooI IeyonJ lqenoI onc ooI in thc yravc buI, I wouId suyycsI, onc ooI in
IhccvcnI.
or Dclcuzc Ihc cruciaI ucsIion pcrIaininyto IhcacIuaIizaIion oIhc cvcnI
conccrns Ihc possibiliIy oI susIaininy its non-uciuuluton. I s iI possibIc Io
wiII Ihc cvcnI wiIhouI aIso noI wiIIiny iIs ulI acIuaIizaIion in a corporcaI
miturc lI Ihc surIacc is cracIcd how can iI noI ouI oIncccssiIy brca iIscII
up in wanIon dcsIrucIion, Iosiny Iic iIscll in Ihc proccss s iI possibIc Io
maintain Ihc inhcrcncc` o Ihc incorporcaI crack whiIc noI incarnatiny iI in
Ihc dcpIh o Ihc noisy body s iI possiblc, LcIcuzc asks, and risks askiny
(Iakiny thc risk o makiny oncscl appcar as a phiIosophicaI ooI), Io Iivc,
Iovc, and dic a IittIc aIcohoIic` , `a IiIIIccrazy` , `a IittIc suicidaI`
hI8@D@ IHP PVPDI
Thc cIcrnaI rcIurn, LcIcuzc aryucs, is noI a thcory o quaIiIics buI ol purc
cvcnIs. Bcorc wc can comprchcnd Ihc mcaniny and siyniicancc o this
major cIaim wc nccd IoundcrsIand bcIIcr boIh thc conccpIion ocIhics and
Ihc noIion o Ihc cvcnI hc is workiny wiIh.
n!heIoc o]Sen:e LcIcuzc dcploys IhcIhouyht oIhc cvcnI Ihrouyh a
rcadiny o 5Ioic docIrinc, as wcII as Ihc phiIosophy o cibniz, in which iI
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DIF!ERENCE AND REPETITION
scrvcs Io dcnoIc nciIhcr an aIIribuIc nor a quaIiIy o subjccI buI raIhcr Ihc
incoipoieuI piedicuIe oI u subect ol Ihe pioposiIion (so insIeud oI suying
`Ihc Ircc is yrccn onc would say `Ihc Ircc yrccns`). ln !he Icic o] Sen:e
events urc prcscntcd in teims ol u Ioic theoiy oI bodies. lI uII bod|es uie
causcs inrcIaIion to cach oIhcr, and causcs orcach oIhcr, Ihcn iI is possibIc
on Deleuze`s ieudingolIoicdocIiine Io suy IhuI Ihe eIIects oIIhesecuuses
arc not bodics buI incorporcaI cntiIics. Thcsc cntiIics arc noI physicaI
quuIiI|es und piopeiIies, Ihinys oi IucIs, buI evenIs IhuI do noI exisI buI
raIhcr subsisI and inhcrc. Thus, thc Ihickncss o bodics can bc conIrasIcd
wiIh Ihc incorporcaI cvcnIs IhaI pIuy on Ihc suracc o bodics and animaIc
Ihcm, such as 'yrowiny` , 'bccominy smaIIcr, and 'bciny cut`. 5uch cvcnIs
havc bccomc lrcc o Ihc sIaIcs o allairs Io which Ihcy arc rcduccd whcn
Ihcy arc onIy mixIurcs IhaI cxisI dccp insidc bodics. OcIcuzc yocs on Io
aryuc IhaI iI i s Ihc worId o incorporcaI clccIs which makcs Ianyuayc
OssbIc, druVng sOunds !rOm Ihcr smIc sIuIc O! COrOrcuI uCIOns und
passions. urc cvcnts arc said Io 'yround` Ianyuayc in Ihc scnsc thaI Ihcy
cnoy a sinyuIar, impcrsonaI, and prc-individuaI cxisIcncc insidc Ihc
Ianyuayc which cxprcsscs Ihcm. In oIhcr words, cvcnIs cnjoy an
indcpcndcncc o!cxprcssion in rcIation Io Ihcir actuaI incarnaIion in bodics
and staIcs o aairs. 5ounds do noI bcIony Io bodics as physicaI quaIiIics
buI acquirc Ihcir `scnsc` siyniicaIion, dcnoIaIion, cIc.) onIy as cvcnIs. As
auI aIIon noIes !or DeIeueIhis mcans IhaI Ihc rclaIion bcIwccn Ianyuayc
and Ihc worId is no Ionycr onc o rcprcscnIation buI o clccIiviIy, wiIh
Iunguuge diiecIIy inteiveniny in Ihe woiId und cieuIing iI in noveI wuys
(aIton 99 ; scc aIso oucauII 97772).
ln his book onIhe 'FoId DeIeuze uIIempIs to unloIdIhe meuning` olIhe
cvcnI onccayaininIcrms ocibniz` s chicprincipIcs, namcIy,Ihc principIc
oI suIIicienI ieuson und Ihe piincipIe oI Ihe idenIiIy oI indisceinibIes. e
sccks Io show Ihat Ihc prcdicaIc is, abovc aIl, a rcIation and an cvcnI.
iedicuIion is noI uttiibuIion buI iuIhei u movement und u chunge: 'That Ihe
prcdicaIc is a vcrb . irrcducibIc Io Ihc copuIa and Ihc aIIribuIc, marks Ihc
very basis othc cibnizian conccpIion o Ihc cvcnI [l`evnnent|` (OcIcuzc
9SS7 ; 99J:5J). Thc prcdicaIc, OcIcuzc aryucs, is Io bc Ihouyht as an
'cxccuIion otravcI` (u movcmcnI and a chanyc), and noI a sIaIc ol IravcI.
5uch a conccpIion ol IhouyhI and cvcnI ncccssarily Icads Io a major
rcworkiny oI Ihc notion oI subsIancc, sncc I no Ionycr dcnoIcs Ihc subjccI
o! an aIIribuIc but raIhcr thc inncr uniIy o an cvcnI and Ihc acIivc uniIy o!
chanyc. ubsIancc i s hcrc bciny conccivcd as a doubIc sponIancIy
invoIviny movcmcnI as cvcnI and chanyc as prcdicaIc. Badiou noIcs IhaI or
OcIcuzc Ihc cvcnI dcnoIcs 'an immancnI activiIy ovcr a backyround o
IoIaIiIy, a crcaIion, a novcIIy ccrtainIy, buI thinkabIc wiIhin Ihc inIcrioriIy o
Ihc conIinuous. / Icn vitnI (Badiou 99460). OcIcuzc yocs so ar as Io
deiibe Ihc worId iIscI!us un cvcnt and as an incorporcaI prcdicaIc thuI an
bc includcd in cvcry subjccI 'as a Ic:i: lrom which onc cxIracts Ihc manncrs
22
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DIF!ERENCE AND REPETITION
IhuI corrcspond Io iIs poinI o vicw` (DcIcuzc 9SS: 7; 99J:5J) (or othcr
rcudinys oIcibniz on subsIuncc und prcdicuIion scc usscII I992:42lI., und
WooIhousc 99. 54. lor LcIcuzc on usscIl`s rcudiny scc 9SS: 72;
I 993534).
DcIcuzc`s rcudiny ol Ihc cvcnI in Ihcsc tcrms is ur rom bciny cnIircIy
idiosyncruIic. Wc muy noIc IhuI uI Ihc sumc Iimc us LcIcuzc pubIishcd he
Ioc o] Seii:e (which, us uuI uton hus noIcd, could cquuIIy huvc bccn
cuIIcd 7he Loico] ) DonuId LuvidsonpubIishcd in I 969 un cssuy
on Thc lndividuuIion ovcnIs`, which souyhI to chuIIcnyc Ihc cluim IhuI
Ihc cuIcyory ol cvcnts is conccpIuuIIy dcpcndcnIon Ihc cuIcyory oobjccIs
undIhuIIhcrc isno symmcIricul dcpcndcncc Ihc oIhcrwuyround (uposition
hc uIIribuIcs Io .5truwson). !n chulIcnyiny Ihc vicw IhuI objccIs urc morc
undumcnIuI Ihun cvcnIs Duvidson uryucd Ihut u cruciuI insiyhI rcsidcs in
sowiny IhuI Ihc cuIcyory o subsIuncc und thc cuIcyory o chunyc urc
nCOnCcVabIc VIhOuI cuCh OIhcr, cVcn IhOugh hc s unCIcur, us hc rcadIy
udmiIs, 'whuI subsIuncc iI is IhuI undcryocs Ihc chunyc` (scc Ouvidson
I9S. I 74). IcurIy, DcIcuzciswunIiny Io yo much urIhcr Ihun Ihis boIh in
yrunIiny primucy Io dynumic prcdicuIion us consIiIutiny Ihc subjccI und in
concciviny Ihc cvcnI in Icrms o! Ihc incorporcuI und virIuuI. ln oIhcr words,
DcIcuzc holds thuI onc cunnoI cvcn Ihink o u subsIuncc indcpcndcntIy o
Ihc inncr uniIy o un cvcnI und Ihc ucIivc uniIy o chunyc. DcIcuzc's
Ihinkiny on Ihc cvcnI is disIinyuishcd !rom mosI o!Ihc IiIcruIurc IhuI hus
bccn ycncruIcd on Ihc subjccI in Ihc Iust cw dccudcs in IhuI iI docs noI
muc Ihc 'cvcnI` rcducibIc or cuivuIcnI to Ihc sIuIc oI uIIuirs` (Ior u
hclpuI ovcrvicw oIhis body o work scc omburd 99S). ct us now movc
on to scc how Ihis conccpIion oIIhc cvcnt, which ycts workcd ovcr in Ihrcc
muorIcxIs oLcIcuzc 7heIoic o]Seii:e, 969, 7he IolJ, 9SS,und (wiIh
uuIIuri) Whut is Philosohy, 99I ), und cuch Iimc ycts rccombincd wiIh
ncw cIcmcnIs undpIuccdundcr ncw cmphuscs, isworkcd Ihrouyh inrcIuIion
Io Ihc qucstion olcIhics.Wc shulI thcn ucnd Io Ihc diIiculIics oIDcIcuzc`s
conccpIion ocvcnIs.
'iIhcr cIhics (lu noruIe) mukcs no scnsc uI uII` DcIcuzc wriIcs in 7he
Ioico]Seii:e, orIhis iswhuI iImcuns und hus noIhinycIscIo suy: noIIo bc
unworIhy o whuI huppcns Io us` ( 969 745 990: 49). his, suys
DcIcuzc, is cIhicuI Iic bcyondIhcre::eitneiitoIhccvcnI, inwhichwcusc
moru noIions likc usI und unusI, mcriI und IuulI immoruIIy by rcndcriny
Ihcm pcrsonuI. Thc cvcnI i s yrccIcd by rcscnImcnI whcncvcr wc IrcuI
whuIcvcr huppcns Io us us unusI und unwurrunIcd. 'hcrc is no oIhcr iII
wiII`, DcIcuzc suys, Ihun Ihis rcvcnyc uyuinsI Iimc iIscIl, Iimc`s 'iIwus`. Thc
cvcnI is Ihc cvcnI o Iimc (Ihc momcnI) IhuI boIh huppcns Io us und which
Iivcs bcyond us (cIcrniIy): `Thc cvcnI is noI whuIoccurs (un uccidcnI), it is
ruIhcr insidc whuI occurs, Ihc purcIy cxprcsscd. !I siynuIs und uwuiIs us`
(ibid). curniny Io Iivc Ihc cruck (und cruck-up) us thc cvcnI rcuircs
pcrcctiny onc`s compIcx inhcriIuncc, boIh iIs misorIuncs und iIs promiscs,
3
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DIF!ERENCE AND REPETITION
bccominy whaI onc is as a piccc o ncccssiIy and aIc. vcry cvcnI can bc
suid Io huvc u doubIc sIiucIuic. Cn Ihc onc hund, Ihcrc is ncccssuiiIy Ihc
prcscnI momcnI o iIs acIuaIizaIion: Ihc cvcnt `happcns` and ycIs cmbodicd
in u stutc oI uIIuiis und in un individuuI ('Ihc momcnI hus comc`). cic Ihc
Iimc o Ihc cvcnI, iIs pasI and uIurc, arc cvaluaIcd rom thc pcrspccIivc o
Ihis dcIiniIivc pcscnI und ucIuuI cmbodimcnI. Cn Ihc oIhci hund, thc cvcnI
continucs Io `Iivc on` , cnjoyiny iIs own pasI and uIurc, haunIiny cach
picscnI, muIiny thc picscnI icIurn us u qucsIion oIIhc picscnt, und Iicc oI
Ihc IimiIspIaccdupon iIby any yivcn sIaIcoaairs. MyIicappcars as too
wcaklormc, slippiny awy aI Ihc prcscnI insIanI, or Iappcaras Ioo wcakor
Iic, Ihc lic Ihat ovcrwhclms mc, IhcIilc IhaI scaIIcrs sinyuIariIics alI around
mc withouI any rcIation to what !takc Io bc mc myscIlI (Ihis is Ihc Iic, says
DcIcuzc, ain to BIanchot`s dcaIh Ihat has two accs: Ihc dcath IhaI has an
cIrcmc and dciniIc rcIaIion Io mc, yroundcd in my mortal coiI, and Ihc
dcuIh IhuI hus nO rcIuIOn IO mc uI uII, bcng ncOrOrcuI und mcrsOnuI,
yroundcd onIy in iIscI!.
Thc conccpI othc cvcnI is noI Io bc conuscd wiIh any acIuaIizcd sIaIc o
aairs, buI raIhcr rccrs Io Ihc 'shadowy or sccrcI parI` IhaI can aIways bc
subIracIcd !rom or addcd Io an acIuaIizaIion as an 'in!iniIc movcmcnI` which
yivcsIic ccn:i:tency. his isIhc 'virtual` . noI a chaoIic virtual buI onc IhaI
has acuircd consistcncy. And whiIc Ihc cvcnI may ueur transccndcnI Io
Ihc sIuIc o! uuirs Io which iI rcIuIcs, iI msI bc conccivcd Io bc an cnIircIy
immancnt movcmcnt [' I`iienent e:t innuriel, incororeI, iiivivuule. lu
ure .verve```. IionicuIIy, iI is Ihc sIuIc oI uIIuiis in which Ihc cvcnI
bccomcs acIuaIizcd thaI is transccndcnI, as wcII as 'IransdcsccndcnI` . hc
Iimc IhuI is impIicuIcd in Ihc bccominy oI thc cvcnI is not Ihut ol Ihc
dcIcrminaIion oisoIabIc poinIsorIhc mcasurc odiscrcIc instanIs, buIIhaI
oIIhc 'mcunwhiIc` (un entre-tens), Ihc Jure oIIhc inIcivuI oi 'dcud Iimc`.
Thc cvcnI namcs noI Ihc passiny oIimc buI Ihc vccIoriaI passayc otimc:
'WhcnIimcpusscsund IuIcsIhc insIunI uwuy, Ihcic isuIwuysumcunwhiIcIo
rcsIorc Ihccvcnt` (DcIcuzc and uattari 99 : 0 994.5S).Thc ycrminaI
Iic cnoycd by Ihc cvcnI rccrs to a bccominy IhaI Iakcs thc baIIlcicId and
Ihc wound as componcnIs and variaIions IhaI Iivc in cccss o Ihc subjccI`s
own body, includiny iIs rapporI wiIh oIhcr bodics and Ihc physico
mathcmaIicaI !icId IhaI dctcrmincs thcm.Thc 'diynity` o Ihc cvcnI is Iivcd
and ovcr-vcd by philosophy and iIs cIhic oIuncr]ut onaccounI oIIhc IacI
IhaI phiIosophy bccomcs cual Io Ihc cvcnI by bciny abIc Io 'discmbody` iI
as a sIaIc oaairs Ihat is, Iorcc I or aycrminal csIcncc. aradocay,
i I is onIy Ihrouyh Ihis discmbodimcnt IhaI Ihc cvcnI can bccomc IruIy
enucJieJ (50, 59). Jhis is how, or camplc, iI is possibIc Io trcaI`
dcaIh as an cvcnt: 'LcaIh may bc assimiIaIcd to a scicntilically dcIcrminabIc
sIaIc o aairs, as a uncIion olindcpcndcnI variabIcs or cvcn as onc ol Ihc
Iivcd sIaIc but iI ulso uppcurs us u purc cvcnI whosc variaIions uc
cocIcnsivc with Iic` ( 5J, 6 ). OcIcuzc makcs an imporIanI disIinction
4
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DIF!ERENCE AND REPETITION
bcIwccn action and cvcnI in ordcrIo libcraIc action lromIhc cmbodicd sIatc
oI uIIuirs. othiny more cun be suid, und no more hus ever been suid: Io
bccomcworIhyowhaIhappcns Io us, andIhus Io will and rcIcasc Ihc cvcnI,
Io become un oIIspring oI one`s on evenIs, und Ihereby Io be reborn, Io
havc onc morc birIh, and Io brcak wiIh onc`s carnaI birIh . ` (LcIcuzc
I 99:I 75 I 990:I 495). n 'becom|ngwhaIone |s` IheIusk is Io become
Ihc o!spriny o onc`s cvcnIs and noI onc`s acIions, sincc Ihc acIion is
produced onIy by Ihe oIIspr|ng oIIhe evenI.
ln his cncountcrs wiIh itzycraId andArIaud, DcIcuzc wants Io know, as
aIrcady indicaIcd, whcIhcr iI is possibIc Io mainIain Ihc siIcnI tracc o Ihc
incorporcal crack aI thc suracc withouI IcIIiny iI dcsccnd compIcIcIy, whcrc
iI is IosI lorcvcr in a bIack hoIc into Ihc oayuIaIiny Ihickncss o Ihc noisy
body. 5urcIy i wc arcIo yo Io Ihc ouIcr IimiIs wc musI yo aII thc way and
ncvcr comc back Oocs Ihc philosophcrnoI ind himscI! danciny cIoscIo Ihc
cdgc O! rdCuIOusncss, scakng !rOm Ihc sa!cIy O! Ihc shOrc` Yhy nOI ]usI
Iakc yaIIons oaIcohoI and havc donc with aII Ihis uIiIc phiIosophiziny on
macrs o Iic and dcaIh Locs noI Ihc IruIh o FiIzycraId spcak rom Ihc
dcpIhs o aIcoholic cccss and docs noI Ihc IruIh o ArIaud spcak rom Ihc
dcpIhs oI sclI-muIiIaIion and Ihc abysmaI piI and pcnduIum oI
schizophrcnia owcvcr, Io Iakc usI thc onc casc, iI is noI a ucsIion o
saviny icIzschc rom madncss or Ihc rcason thaI ictzschc savcd himscI
Irom compIctc dcsccnI inIo iIs bIack hoIc, yiviny himscII ovcr to u IuIurc
ycrminaI lic by makiny surc thaI hc wouId bc Io c:thunou:l,.
hc cIcrnaI IruIh o Ihc cvcnI i s yraspcd onIy i Ihc cvcnI is also
inscribed in the IIesh. BuI euch Iime e musI double Ie puinIuI
acIuaIizaIion by a counIcracIualizaIion contreeectuuton| which
IimiIs, moves, und IrunsIgures it.WemusI uccompuny ourselvesIirsI,
in ordcrIo survivc, buI Ihcn cvcn whcn wc dic. ounIcractuaIizaIion is
noIhing, iI beIongs Io u buIloon hen it operuIes uIone und preIends Io
havc Ihc vaIuc o whut coulJ huve hueneJ. BuI, to bc Ihc mimc o
hure]ecrively cccur:. . . like Ihc Iruc acIor and danccr is Io yivc Io Ihc
IruIh o Ihc cvcnI Ihc onIy chancc o noI bciny conuscd wiIh iIs
incvitabIc acIuaIization. II is IoyivcIhccrack Ihc chancco!Iyiny ovcr
iIs own incorporcaI suraccarca, withouI sIoppiny aIIhcbursIiny within
cach body I is linaIIy, to yvc I5 Ihc chancc Io yo Iarthcr Ihan wc
wouId havc bcIcvcd possibIc.
(99. 990:490)
It is impossibIc simpIyIo opI or Ihc yood hcaIIhy Iic wiIh iIs dcniyration o
Ihc consuminy passions ol bodiIy Iic AIIcnIion must bc drawn Io Ihc
conusion olincs, o!IiyhI and dcaIh, oparanoia and schizophrcnia, 'Ihc
ccnIruI point oobscuriIy which aiscs cndIcsslyIhc probIcm oIIhc rcluIions
o IhouyhI Io schizophrcnia and dcprcssion` OcIcuzc 969. 2434,
25
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DIF!ERENCE AND REPETITION
990:209). AII Iilc invoIvcs a proccss o dcmoIiIion, cvcn and cspcciaIIy Ihc
spcculuIivc IiIc. Which isyrcutcr, Ihc morc monsIrous, Ihc morc cxIrcmc, Ihc
morc cxpcrimcnIaIcorporcaI, individuaI lic (somaIic Iic) or Ihc
incorporcuI IiIc oI Ihc cvcnI (ycrminul IiIc) l I` s u qucsIion oI bciny
supcriciaI outo]proundity, whichinvoIvcs haviny Ihc courayc IosIopaIIhc
surlucc, Io pluy uIIhc IoId. Thc dcpthsurcuIwuys Io bc nuviyuIcd inIcrms oI
a ycoyraphy othouyhI and cxisIcncc, or inIhc cntirc biopsychic Iic` it is
u qucstion ol dimcnsions, proccIions, ucs, roIuIions, und loIdinys. Which
way shouId onc takc Cn which sidc is cvcryIhiny yoiny Io IumbIc down, Io
oId or unoId (272, 2223). GcrminaI Iic docs noI Iivc and dic in Ihc
namc o vicIims, o Ihc IorIurcd, opprcsscd, and dcprcsscd; raIhcr iI yivcs
Ihcm Ihc Iiviny lincn: abrokcn Iinc. In dyiny wc comc Io know IhaI 'dcaIh
is nciIhcr Ihc yoaI nor Ihc cnd, buI IhaI, on Ihc conIrary, iI is a casc
o . passiny lic Io somconc cIsc` cvcn in dcsIrucIion, murdcr and Ihc worsI
OI 9 9S2.
Jo rcturn IoIhc ucsIion ocIcrnaI rcIurn asa Ihcory opurc cvcnIs. Jhc
probIcm o a 'Ioyic o scnsc` is, says, Lclcuzc, onc ol knowiny how an
individuaI is ablc Io 'Iransccnd` iIs lorm and its synIacIicaI IinkwiIh a worId
so as `Io aIIain Io Ihc univcrsaI communicaIion oI cvcnIs` (which invoIvcs
alirminy disuncIivc synIhcscs IhaI arc bcyond mcrc IoyicaI conIradic
Iions).Jhis invoIvcs Ihc individual Icarniny to rccoynizc iIscl noI in and
Ior-iIscIlbuI us Ihc IorIuiIous casc, ususI Iikc cvcryonc cIsc (pcrhaps us aII
Ihc namcs inhisIory).Jhis wouId amounIIo Ihc individuaI rccoynizinyiIscI
soIcIy us Ihc cvcnI, Ihc cvcnI IhuI is ucIuuIizcd within hcr us unoIhcr
individuaI yraIcd onIo hcr` ( 99:209; 997S). hc Iask o Ihc ctcrnaI
rcIurn is Io cIIccI Ihis IrunsIormuIion oI Ihc individuuIiIs quuIiIics und
actionsinIo Ihc cvcnI:
wc raisc cach cvcnI Io Ihc powcr o Ihc cIcrnaI rcIurn in ordcr thaI
Ihc individuuI, born oI thuI which comcs Io puss, uIIi rms hcr
disIancc with rcspccI Iocvcry oIhcr cvcnI As Ihc individuaI airms
Ihc disIancc shc oIIows and oins iI, passiny throuyh alI Ihc othcr
individuaIs implicd by Ihc oIhcr cvcnIs, and cxIracIs rom iI a
uniquc vcnI which is oncc ayain hcrscI, or raIhcr Ihc univcrsaI
rccdom.
(ibid.)
s Ihcrc anybasis inicIzschcs ownIcxIs or inIcrprcIiny thc ctcrnaI rcIu
in Icrms o a notion o cvcnIs Cnc couId cIaim IhaI thc noIion o thc cvcnI
impIiciIly inorms cvcry cruciaI arIicuIaIion icIzschc yavc o Ihc cIcrnaI
rcturn, such as in 7he Guy Scence and Zurutu.tru. BuI Ihcrc is onc cruciaI
passayc, daIcd Ih unc SS7, rom thc 'WiII Jo owcr` Nnln:: my
knowIcdyc ncvcr IrcuIcd in Ihc IiIcruIurc in rcspcct oI Ihc qucsIion oI Ihc
cvcntwhcrc ictzschc cxpIiciIIy makcs a Iink bcIwccn cIcrnaI rcIurn
2
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0
DIF!ERENCE AND REPETITION
(posiIcd as a `tcrriblc` orm o IhouyhI) and Ihc cvcnI. II Iakcs pIacc in Ihc
conIexI oIu Iong secIion in which Ihe eIeinul ieIuin is consideied us boIh un
cxprcssion o nihilism and as an inIcnsiicd soluIion Io iI (as Ihc scl
overcoming oI nihiIism). uny oI Ihe iemuiIs mude uie enigmuIic, so Ihe
cnIirc passayc rcuircs Ihc most aItcnIivc and cxact o rcadinys. CnIyccrIain
key uspecIs oIiI cun bedeciphered und piesenIed heie. lI |s, 1 would conIend,
onc o Ihc most siyniicant passaycs in NicIzschc`s IaIcr oeuvre (in Ihc
oiiginul Geimun Ihe pussuge beuis Ihe IiIIe ol 'uiopeun NihiIism` und |s
composcd o sixIccn numbcrcd sccIions, NicIzschc 9S7: oIumc 2, 2
7 inIhc nyIish IransIaIionby aumann, 7he WiII 7o !owe Ihcpassayc is
spIiI inIo5ccIions 4, 5, 55, and 4).
Jhc passayc bcyins wiIh NicIzschc rclccIiny on Ihc pccuIiar point aI
which nihilism cmcrycs and thc particuIar sIylc iI assumcs, namcly, as a
psychoIoyicalIy ncccssary alccI o Ihc dccIinc o bcIic in God. Jhc
dsIcasurc VIh cxsIcncc has nOI bcCOmc any grcuIcr Ihun n rcVOus Imcs,
iI is simpIy thaI wc modcrns havc comc to misIrusI any 'mcaniny` in
sucriny and in cxistcncc itscI. Cnc cxIrcmc posiIion is now succccdcd by
anoIhcr cuaIIy cxIrcmc posiIion, onc IhaI consIrucs cvcrythiny as iit wcrc
ii: vuiii. lI is Ihis `in vain`, und in parIicuIar iIs Iic with Jurution, which
consIiIuIcs thccharactcrol 'prcscnI-day nihiIism`or this, saysNicIzschc, is
whatrcuircs a dcmonsIration. hcprobIcm istwooId,Ihcrcorc iIinvoIvcs
u misIrusI oI uII prcvious vuIuuIions thut bordcrs on Ihc paIhoIogicuI (uII
vaIucs arc now sccn as Iurcs IhaI `draw out Ihc comcdy o cxisIcncc buI
wiIhouI biinging |I cIosei Io u soIuIion, und, second, 'duiution in vuin,
wiIhouI yoaI [7eI| purposc [7weck|, is Ihc mostparaIyziny idca`. !n shorI,
we undeisIund we uie being looled und yeI IucI IhepoweiiotIo be IooIed. 1
Iakc Ihis Io mcan IhaI wchavcbccomcIhc victims oancxccss olknowIcdyc
IhuI does not enubIe us Io orienI und comport ouiseIves in newIound
condiIions and wc currcnIIy Iack Ihc rcsourccs to crcaIc ncw modcs o
knowingund ucI|ng. ence we lind ourseIves Iiupped in puiuIyzing loims oI
nihiIism
It is Ihis quiIc spcciic siIuaIion IhaI Ihc cIcrnal rcturn is a rcponsc Io.
cncc NicIzschc`s ormuIaIion ol iIs cxpcrimcnIaI characIcr in Ihc oIIowiny
manncr. 'cI us Ihink Ihis Ihouyht in iIsmost IcrribIc orm. cxistcncc as iI is,
wiIhouI mcaniny or purposc, yct rccurriny incviIabIy wiIhouI any inaIc o
noIhinyncss the eteu rerrence Jie ewie WieJerehr . hc IhouyhI,
Ihcrcorc, isdcsiyncd asarcsponscIo,andarcsponsibiliIy in Ihcacc o, Ihc
problcm olIhc `in van by whichwcnownIcrprcI duration.hismcans IhaI
Iakcn away rom Ihc 'inaIc`, posiIcd wiIhouI Ihc aid o noIions o yoaI or
aim and purposc, wc arc IcI conrontcd wiIh Ihc noIhinyncss` and Ihc
prospcct o Ihc Si:iioxe rcIurniny cIcrnaIly. NicIzschc considcrs Ihis Io bc
Ihc mosI cxIrcmc lorm o nihiIism`. is a pcculiarIy Eueun lorm o
Buddhism, in hih uII Ihc enery knowlcdgc compcIs us Io uiiive uI this
posiIion. II is, Ihcrcorc, on Ihis IcvcI, 'Ihc most :cieic ol aII possibIc
7
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1
DIF!ERENCE AND REPETITION
hypothcscs. Wc dcny inaI goals [Sch::Ziele|. BuI Ihc aim is noI Io
cuIIivaIc a wiII inIo, or Ior, noIhingncss (onc cannot now maIc nothingncss
Ihc cnd goal oaII acIiviIy). NciIhcr is iIIo rcmain sIuck wiIhin Ihc horizon
oI nihiIism as somc absoIuIc horizon. aIhcr, onc mighI proposc, Ihc IasI is
onc o travcrsiny Ihc ncyaIiviIy o our currcnI condiIion, Ihc paIhos o
nihiIism and Ihc sIasis oI Ihc noIhingncss, in ordcr Io gcncraIc a ncw
posiIiviIy o bciny. This is Ihc linkIhaI nccds Io bc madc wiIh Ihc cvcnI.
NicIzschc`s Iurn Io Ihc cvcnI cmcrgcs in Ihis Iong passagc out oI a
considcraIion o Ihc probIcm o panIhcism and Ihc alirmaIivc posiIion o
pinoza. c asks whcIhcr iI wouId makc any 'scnsc` Io conccivc a god
`bcyond o yood and cviI`, which suyycsIs IhaI Ihc Iask is noI simply onc o
dcilying agodIcss worId, bccoming wiIhouIcndgoaIs and linaI purposcs,buI
o Iiviny cach 'momcnI` as i it wcrc consIituIcd by Ihc `cvcnt` . WhaI docs
Ihis mcan or icIzschc c noIcs IhaI pinoza`s cIhics invoIvcrcmovingIhc
rcprcscnIuIOn O! urOsc [Zwccvur!cluny| !rOm Ihc prOCcss und Ihcn
a!irmingIhcproccss inwhichsomcIhing is aIIaincd aIcvcry momcnIandas
aIways Ihc samc (Ihc bcatiIudc oIhcpcrccIion ocach momcnI). II is Ihis
idcaIhaIcachmomcnI posscsscs aIogicaIncccssity icIzschc argucs, which
providcd pinozawiIhascnsco!triumph ovcrIhcworId. icIzschc Ihcn says
IhaI pinoza`s casc is 'onIy a singlc casc` and now unoIds his Ihinking o
Ihc cvcnI:
vcry basic characIcr IraiI IhaI is cncounIcrcd aI Ihc boIIom ol cvcry
cvcnI, IhaI Iinds cxprcssion in cvcry cvcnI, wouId havc Io Icad cvcry
individuaI who cxpcricnccd i I as his own basic characIcr IraiI Io
wcIcomc cvcry momcnI oI univcrsaI cxisIcncc wiIh a scnsc oIIriumph.
9S7:24; 96S: cction 5, J6)
WhaIisthcIinkbcIwccn Ihis conccpIion oIhccvcnI andthc sinyIccasc` o
pinoza lI Iics, l suggcsI, in Ihc way in which Ihc IhoughIcxpcrimcnI is
bciny ocrcd by NicIzschc as a cuIIivaIiny thouyhI, onc Ihat cnjoys its own
'schoIarIy prcsuppositions` (activc nihiIism is sid Io prcsupposc a ccrIain
dcyrcc o `spiriIuaI cuIIurc`, whiIc our ccIiny ol spiriIuaI wcarincss IhaI has
cuIminaIcd in 'Ihc mosI hopcIcss skcpIicismrcgardingaII phiIosophy` isaIso
a siyn oourby no mcans low posiIion as nihiIisIs: Io bcanihiIisIisIo bc in
a wcII oII posiIion, spirIuaIIy and cuIIuraIIy spcakng). or icIzschc I s
noI a qucsIion o Ihc 'Iogical ncccssiIy` ol Ihc momcnI, or cvcn ol a
panIhcism (a god `bcyond good and cviI), but raIhcr a qucsIon o Ihc sIyIc
in which Ihc cvcnI is thouyht and consIiIuIcd as an cvcnI o bciny: iI is a
matIcro 'imprcssing' [uuuren| upon bccoming 'Ihc characIcro bcing`
as Ihc 'hiyhcsI will to powcr`, which is Io rccognizc Ihat bciny has no oIhcr
bcing Ihan Ihat o 'bccoming` (icIzschc 96S. ccIion 6 , 9S: oIumc
I 2 3 2). In Ihc passagc on thc cvcnIusI ciIcd wc nccd Io noIcIhc prccisc
Iinkbcing orgcd bcIwccn Ihc cvcnt and Ihc characIcr IraiI, namcIy, IhaI iI is
S
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2
DIF!ERENCE AND REPETITION
Ihc 'cvcnt`'in Iimc`which yivcs stylc Io Ihc Irait. !I is Ihis kind o pIay, I
wouId suyycsI, Ihut is inlorminy OeIeuze`s sIayiny oI Ihc ieIution bctwccn
Ihc acIion and Ihc cvcnI.
IeuI ieIu enoys u linI wiIh nihiIism simpIy becuuse iI uiises out oI
Ihc spccilic conIcxt o Ihc probIcm olIhc noIhiny and Ihc 'invain` (nihiIism,
NieIzsche insisIs, is u conseuence oI oui Jeul:n). Th|s expIuins why
icIzschc holds Ihat cIcrnaI rcIurn wi I I assumc dicrcnI lorms and
uiticuIuI|ons, impIicuIed in diIIeiing sIyIes oI nihiIism. lI nih|Iism is u
sympIom o Ihc physioIoyicaIIy undcrpriviIcycd who livc wiIhouI comorI,
and whosc horizon o bciny is dctcrmincd by a IusI or dcsIrucIion`, Ihcn
Ihcsc Iypcs wiIl cncounIcr Ihc cIcrnaI rcIurn as a cursc` (Ihcy wiII bc
conronIcd by IhcridicuIous characIcroIhis lusI). Jhis nihiIismcxposcs Ihc
wi I I Io dcsIrucIion as thc insIincI o scI-dcsIrucIion, `Ihc wilI inIo
noIhinyncss` [Wtllcn: tii: tct:|. his is Ihc uropcan sIyIc oBuddhism,
uCIuuIIy duny `NO u!Icr II cxsIcnCc hus IOsI `Is` mcunng jliIn|. ACIVc
nihiIism is rcIaIcd Io Ihc 'modcraIc` Iypcs who do not rcquirc 'cxtrcmc
articlcs o aiIh`.Thcy boIhconccdc and Iovc a air amounI o nonscnsc and
accidcnI and arc abIc Io Ihink o a rcduction in Ihc vaIuc o Ihc human
wiIhouIbccominy smaII andwcak IhcmscIvcs on Ihis account, or Iurniny Ihc
worId inIo somcIhiny uyIy and rcprchcnsibIc, and so unworthy o Iiviny in
Icrms othccvcnI.
L0DCUS0D! PPU7P DPj0DU PSH8DD 8D0 IHP
I0DPH 0 IDP PVPHI
DeIeuze hus ieconIiguied the Weismunniun Iegucy IhuI | nIoims
biophiIosophicaI modcrniIy i n a parIicuIar and hiyhIy novcI way. Thc
geiminuI IiIe is noI lixed toIhe conIinuiIy oIIhe geim-pIusm, buIuIlows Ior
cracks and lissurcs Ihrouyh which ncw Iic is possibIc and Ihc monsIrous
powci oI di IIeience and iepeIiIion uIIi ims iIseIl. GeiminuI I i Ie | 8
undamcnIaIIy anIicnIropic i nrcIation Io boIh Ihc cnIropy o Ihc rivcr o
O (Ihc conIcmporary rcndiIion o Ihc ycrm-pIasm) IhaI is immunc Io
cxIcrnaI pcrIurbaIions and thc cnIropy o Ihc rcudian dcaIhdrivc (boIh, in
cccI cxampIcs opoIcntialIy cIoscd sysIcms). OcIcuzc pIaccs Ihc sIrcss on
Ihc icId olprc-individuaI sinyuIariIics thaI aIlows or thc powcrs and lorccs
oIIIc Io cxprcss a crcaIvc cvoluIon bcyond cntropic conIanmcnI.
lJ coursc, onc can sIiIl pcrhaps dcploy in connccIion Io iI Ihc nco
arwnian lanyuayc o vchicIcs and rcpIicaIors oryansms and ycncs on Ihc
wcII-known modcl o ichard Lawkins), aIIhouyh Ihc drama o Iic and
dcaIh has undcryonc a undamcnIal rcconiyuraIion. In OcIcuzc's conccpIion
o ycrminaI Iic, lor cxampIc, oryanisms bccomc vchicIcs or Ihc
Iransmission and communicaIion o inIcnsitics and sinyuIariIics or
hucccciIics. 'The evenI docs not ieIuIe Ihc Iived Io u IransccndcnI
subccI5cI', hc writcs wiIhGuaIIari, 'buI, on IhcconIrary, is rcIaIcd IoIhc
9
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DIF!ERENCE AND REPETITION
immancnt survcy o a icId wiIhout subjccI` (Oclcuzc and uaari 99 :49;
I 994:4S) (thc noIion oI scII-survcy is taIcn Irom Ihc wor oI Ihc Frcnch
phiIosophicaI bioIoyisI aymond uycr). 5ubjccIs in this loyic o Iilc, Ihcn,
arcIhcbcarcrsoI sinyuIariIics and inIcnsiIics, crcaIcd byIhcm and dcsIroycd
by Ihcm. owcvcr, sinyuIariIics and inIcnsitics do noI subordinaIc Ihc
invcntion ol liIc Io ciIhcr a rcproducIion` oI Ihc samc or yuaranIcc Ihc
conIinuiIyoan unbrocn IincodcsccnI. CncinhcriIs onIyIhccrack. Thisis
Bcryson, Ior cxampIc, worIiny ouI Ihc rcIaIion bctwccn his conccpIion oI
crcaIivc cvoIuIion and Ihc lcyacy oWcismann:
Thcrc is no doubI IhaI lic as a whoIc is an cvoIuIion, IhaI is, an
unccasiny IransormaIio. BuI Iic can proyrcss onIy by mcans ol Ihc
Iiviny, which arc iIs dcposiIarics. lnnumcrabIc Iiviny bcinys, almosI
aIikc, havc to rcpcat cach oIhcr in spacc and in timc lor thc novcIIy
Ihcy arc VOrkng OuI IO grOV and maIurc . . . . HcrcdIy dOcs nOI OnIy
IransmiI characIcrs, iI IransmiIs aIso IhcimpcIus in virIuc ol which Ihc
characIcrs arc modi!icd, and Ihis impcIus is viIaIiIy iIscIl.
(Bcryson 962:2J2, 9SJ:2J )
Jhc siynilicancc oIhc thinkiny o thc cvcnI inOcIcuzc i s IhaI iIi s wiIhIhis
noIion IhaI hc aims Io sIccr a conccpIion o ycrminaI Iilc bcyond Ihc
probIcm o! hcrcdiIy This movc is consonanI wiIh his IaIcr aIIcmpI, Io bc
cxamincd aI IcnyIh in Ihc ncxI chapIcr, Io subccI qucsIions o ycncaIoyy
and IiIiaIion, as wcII as Ihc maIIcr oI naIaliIy, to proccsscs ol dcIcrriIoriali
zaIion and dccodiny. OcIcuzc uIiIizcs dcvcIopmcnIs in cmbryoIoyy and
cIhoIoyy Io providc insiyhI inIo Ihcnonoryanic IiIc and as a way oIshowiny
how individuaIs participatc in Ihis Iic Ihrouyh ycrminaI intcnsiIy. Thc
characIcr oI this proccss and thc naIurc oI thc participaIion wiII bccomc
cvcn cIcarcr in Ihc cxaminaIion oLcIcuzc`s IaIcr work Io bc pursucd in Ihc
ncI chapIcr.
Wc now nccd Io cncounIcr a sc o criIicaI probIcms rcyardiny LcIcuzc`s
Ihinkiny ol Ihc cvcnt. ow cohcrcnI is Ihc noIion o an cvcnI in Icrms o
naminy a rcaIm o incorporcaI IransormaIions Locs it makc any scnsc Io
dcclarc IhaI 'Ihc Ircc yrccns` wiIhouI rclcrcncc Io a Ircc IhaI i: yrccn Oocs
Ihis impIy IhaI cvcryIhiny is an `cvcnI` in LcIcuzc`s scnsc BuI icvcryIhiny
isan cvcnt, isIhisnotIodcprivcIhc cvcnI oIiIsycnuinc cvcnI-Iikc sIaIus and
characIcr Morcovcr, why do 'sinyuIariIics` noI bcIony Io Ihc mosI ycncraI
ordcr oI Ihinys thcrc is cyardny Ihis IatIcr poinI, cIcuzc himscII aryucs
IhaI whcn a prcdicatc is aIIachcd Io an individual subccI (such as a trcc IhaI
yrccns orandamwho sins) it docs noIcnjoyanydcyrcc oycncraIiIy sincc
Ihc ycncraIiIy o prcdicaIcs `bIcnd` wiIh Ihcir anaIyIic characIcr:
To havc a coIour is no morc ycncraI Ihan Io bc yrccn sincc iI is onIy
Ihis coIour IhaI is yrccn, and this yrccn IhaI has Ihis shadc, IhaI arc
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DIF!ERENCE AND REPETITION
rcIaIcd Io thc individuaI subjcct. hc rosc is noI rcd wiIhouI haviny Ihc
rcd coIour ol Ihis rosc. This rcd is noI a coIour wiIhouI aviny Ihc
coIour o Ihis rcd.
c can maIc this Icss diIIicuI by rccoyniziny IhaI LcIcuzc is noI so much
Ihinkiny in Icrms olconccpts and mcdiaIions, buI raIhcr in Icrms o an ordcr
oI mixIurcs IhaI cocxist and bccomc Ihrouyh succcssion. c wriIcs, Ior
cxampIc, `AnaIyIic prcdicaIcs do not ycI impIy loyicaI considcraIions o
ycnus and spccics or o propcrIics and cIasscs Ihcy impIy onIy Ihc acIuaI
physicaI strucIurc and divcrsiIy which makc thcm possibIc insidc Ihc mixturc
oIhc body` (ibid.).
ln csscncc, LcIcuzc is aIIcmpIiny Io rcIhink Ihrouyh Ihc noIion o Ihc
cvcnI cibniz`sdocIrinc olIhc worId as ac::iIle worId. Jhc aim isIo show
IhI Ihcrc i n dcIcrmncd I ih !xcd snguIarIcs, b nI Ihc
aIcatory poinIolsinyuIarpoinIsandIhcunIiucu: siynosinyuIaritics.Jhis
mcans thaI Ihc prcdicaIcs uscd Io dc!inc a subjccI arc uIIimaIcIy synIhctic
oncs IhaI opcn up dicrcnI possibIc worIds and individuaIitics (anAdam who
sins, an Adam who docs noI sin). This rcadiny is susIaincd and conIinucd
urIhcr in rcIaIion Io cibniz in OcIcuzc`sbookol 9SS on 7he IcIJ. Cnc o
Ihc mosI tcIIiny momcnIs in Ihc tcxt is whcn OcIcuzc brinys inIo cncounIcr
cibnizs qucsIion about Ihc worId wiIh Ihc qucsIions raiscd by Ihc likcs oI
Bcryson andhiIchcad rcyardiny anopcncndcd cvoIuIion. OcIcuzc suyycsIs
IhaIinposinythc qucsIion oIIhc worId Ihc aim is noIIo arrivc aIcIcitybuI
rathcrdcIcrmincthc conditions undcr which Ihc obccIivc world aIIows or a
suIectiveroJuction o]noveIiy. This is a production which, in shorI, aIIows
or a creutive `cvoluIion`.
usIin Icmcns has qucsIioncd LcIcuzc`s scparaIion oI IacI and cvcnI, or
whaI wc miyht dcsiynatc as Ihc objcctivc worId and subjccIivc worId
(Icmcns I997. I SS). This isaIsoa maor conccrn oIAIainBadiou,Iorwhom
Ihc cvcnI docs noI comc inIo bciny rom thc worId, whcIhcr idcaIIy or
maIcrially, buI rom noI bciny aIIachcd Io it. Jhc cvcnI is an 'inIcrrupIion
IhaI is aIways scparaIc rom Ihc world. lnstcad o a worId dcincd by
'crcaIivc continuiIy` Ihcrc is Ihc 'loundiny brcak (adi 994.65, 6S). In
his rcccnI book on Dclcuzc, Badiou oncc ayain disIanccs hisown Ihinkinyon
Ihc cvcnI and Ihis Iimc in thc conIcxt oIaIrcatmcnI oI Ihc docIrinc olcIcrnaI
rcturn (Badiou I997: 0I I 6). Thc impIicit criIicism bcny madc by Badiou is
IhaI cIcuzc is noI, in acI, Ihinkiny thc cvcnI sincc Ihc airmaIion o
rcIurn is aIways Iakiny pIacc as an arIiculaIion o Ihc conIinycncy o Ihc
'Cnc` (ciny as univocaI). orBadiou, howcvcr,Ihc conIinycncy oIhccvcnI
bcIonys Io euch even. hcrc or DcIcuzc chancc is Ihc pIay ol aII Ihinys
[7cut|, 'tccur: re-cu teIquel`, or adiou Ihcrc is onIy thc 'muIIipIiciIy
and rariIy oIchancc and iI is only Iycuce Ihat wccomcIo thc chancc oI
an cvcnI, and notaccordiny Io Ihccxprcssion oa univocaI Cnc( 5).
3
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DIF!ERENCE AND REPETITION
Badiou, howcvcr, aiIs Io undcrsIand Ihc work bciny donc wiIh OcIcuzc`s
conception oI Ihe evenI, numeIy, thaI iI seeIs Io provide un uccounI ol how
rupIurc anddisconIinuiIyarccxplicabIc and possibIc. Badiou`s poinI IhaI wc
need Io consider udiIIerenI question Io DeleuzewhutureIhe condI|onsoI
an cvcnI or uInc:ticthinto bc ancvcnIis as misyuidcd as Ihc charyc o
IuIon|sm he brinysuguinsI Deleuze is mispIuced Au]ciiJ, le JeIeuisne est
% Iutcii:ne rcntu, 99742). Thc cvcnI is both acIuaIizcd unJ
posseses u virIuuI reuIiIy (iI enoys u germinuI IiIe. lt is the dimension oI
Ihc virIuaI IhaI i s missiny rom Badiou`s accounI, such as momcnIs o
Icnsion, inacIiviIy and incrIia Ihat havc incorporcaI poIcnIiaI. Jo simply
dccIarc IhccvcnI Io bc thc rupIurc oa conIinuous sIaIc is noIonIy Io yranI
an unwarranIcd normaIivc staIus to thaI staIc, buI also to posiI Ihc brcak wiIh
iI in tcrms IhaI arc boIh bIindand IransccndcnI, simpIy bccausc onc docs not
have inacI, a Ihcory oIhc cvcnI
LIcmcns argucs IhaI n COIIasng Ihc dsInCIOn bcIVccn !aCIs and cVcnIs
OcIcuzc has dcprivcd thc 'mcaniny` o Ihc cvcnI o any luncIionaI
ccctivcncss. ot onIy is Ihis criticism Ioo harsh iI, Ioo, aiIstocomprchcnd
Ihc naIurc o OcIcuzc`s Ihinkiny o Ihc cvcnI. or OcIcuzc any opposiIion
bcwccn Ihc sIaIco! a!!airs and Ihc cvcnt is mcaninylcss simpIy bccausc iI is
Ihc mcIa-physicaI (thc cxIra-Bciny) IhaI his thinkiny on Ihc cvcnI aims Io
show as lundamcnIaI Io Ihc bccominy o Bciny. hc worId onIy bccomcs a
`world on accoun ol Ihc incorporcaI cvcnI Ihat subsisIs ovcr andabovchc
dcpIhs o individuaI bodics. In turn Ihis mcans Ihat Ihc cvcnI bccomcs Ihc
unuIyIic predicuIe oI u subecI buI onIy us u synIheI|c evenI und u possibIe
worId. o yrccn`, OcIcuzc says, indicaIcs a 'sinyuIariIycvcnt` IhaI subsisIs
in Ihe vic|niIy oI which Ihe Iree is consIiIuIed. lndividuuIs, therelore, ure
consIiIuIcd wiIhin Ihc vicinity o sinyuIariIics IhaI Ihcy cnvcIop.
ln Ih|nIing Ihe evenI quu u IieId oI ind|viduution und pre-|ndiv|duuI
sinyuIariIics OcIcuzc is scckiny to movc IhouyhI bcyond thc Icrrain
esIubIished by phenomenoIoyy+ As FoucuuII nt 'Loique Ju se cun bc
rcad as Ihc most aIicn book imayinabIc rom 7he FhencnencIcy c]
Ferceticn' ( 977. 7). In Iurn, in his own book on oucaulI, OcIcuzc
dcvcIops a rcadiny ooucauII bcyond` phcnomcnoIoyy. c aryucs Ihat Ihc
noIion o 'inIcnIionaIiIy` was dcviscd by phcnomcnoIoyy as a way o
surpassiny naIuralism and psycholoyism, buI iI onIy rcsuIIcd, hcconIcnds, in
rcsIorny a psychoIoysm IhaI synIhcszcd conscousncss and siynilcaIons
and in a naIuraIism IhaI appcaIcd Io a `savayc cxpcricncc` o Ihc Ihiny. n
shorI, hc aryucs, Ihc phcnomcnoIoyicaI ecche aIcd, n Is brackcIinyouIo
Ihc worId, Io aIIain Ihc even o IhouyhI and Bciny, Ihc cvcnI IhaI cxisIs
bcyond subjccI and objcct, bcyondIhinys and sIaIcs oIhinys. sIaIcmcnI`,
or cxampIc, is nciIhcr rcducibIc Io Ihc cxprcssivc capaciIics oa subjccI nor
cxpIicabIc with rclcrcncc Io a sinyIc objccI athcr, sIaIcmcnts rccr onIy Io a
`Ianyuayc-bciny` Ihat cnoys is own indcpcndcnI cxisIcncc, and which
produccs subjccIs andobjccts lor thcmscIvcs as somanyimmancnI variabIcs.
32
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DIF!ERENCE AND REPETITION
Any and aII inIcnIionaIiIy, Oclcuzc aryucs, coIIapscs in Ihc yap Ihat ycIs
opcncd up in Ihc icIuIion bcIwccn scciny` und spcuIi ny`. wc do noI scc
what wc spcak abouI and nciIhcr do wc spcak abouI whaI wc scc (c.y.: in Ihc
sIuIcmcnI 'Ihis is noI u pipc` inIcnIionuliIy cun bc sccn und shown Io dcny
iIscl!).
ln Ihc pioducIion ol u sIuIcmcnt iI is noI u qucsIion oI oiiyins in which
onc wouIdIracciIbackIo acc itoorIransccndcnIal subjcct. athcr, dilcrcnI
individuuIs cun inIcivcnc in cuch cusc Io thc cIcnI IhuI u sIutcmcnI
`accumuIaIcs` intoa spcciic objcct,whichisIhcn prcscrvcd, IransmiIIcd, and
rcpcaIcd. Jhis complcx producIion ol an objccI Ihrouyh sIaIcmcnIs, and
rcmovcd rom Ihc domain o oriyins, is comparcd by DcIcuzc Io Ihc
'crysonian mcmory` in IhaI a sIatcmcnI canbcsaid IoconsIiIuIc iIscIlin iIs
own spacc as a spacc IhaI boIh 'cndurcs` and ycIs rcconsIiIuIcd ancw. Any
yroup oramiIyo sIaIcmcnIs is ormcd by ruIcs o chanyc and variaIion IhaI
guaranIcc IhuI Ihc ' !am I` cxsIs nI as a mcdum l dscsn and
hcIcroycnciIy, and ncvcr or homoycnciIy (a thouyht o rcpcIiIion and
dil!crcncc, ayain). l! cvcryIhiny is `knowIcdyc` , and i cvcrythiny has Ihc
sIaIus o an cvcnI`, Ihcn thcrc can bc no savayc or bruIc cxpcricncc. Jhc
cIaims o! InowIcdyc and o!Ihc cvcnI bccomc, Dclcuc yocs on Io aryuc, Ihc
'csscncc` o Ihc Iask o Ihinkiny or Ihc IaIcr cidcyycr and crIcau-onty,
in whichIhc standpoinIoIhc inIcnIionaliIy obciny ycIs surpasscd in avour
o!un opcnncss Io Ihc `!oId o! Bciny` . `Iwus McrIcau-onIy who showcd us
how a radicaI, vcrticaI visibiIiIy was loIdcd inIo a cIlscciny, and rom
IhuI poinI on mudc possiblc Ihc hoiizonIul icIution bcIwccn u scciny und u
sccn` (Dclcuzc 9S6: 7 9SS: ). OcIcuzc wiII insisI, howcvcr, thaI
FoucuulI icmuins Ihc moic rudicuI sincc in his woi Ihcrc is no dcsirc Io
rcound inIcnIionaIiIy and thaI, i n Ihis rcyard, hc was riyhI Io rcproach
cidcyyci und MciIcuu-onIy.
miyhI bc aryucd IhaI probIcms stiII rcmain wiIh OcIcuzc`s Ihinkiny. As
u Ihcory ol puic` bccominy, onc miyht uiyuc thuI Ihc IhinIiny ol Ihc cvcnI
docs not acknowIcdyc Ihc pccuIiar vioIcncc iI inIicIs upon individuaIs and
wish Io criIicizc iI or dcpriviny Ihcm o Ihcir sinyuIar cmbodimcnI. caI
aIcohoIicsand addicIs, as wcIl as ycnuinc schizophrcnics (or whom OcIcuzc
had IiIIIc Iimc considcriny Ihcir conIaminaIion to bc ol an insidious kind),
bccomc porIraycd as mcrc vchicIcs Ihrouyh which Ihc phiIosophcr is abIc Io
dcvisc aconccption oIycrmnaIIiIcIhaI aIIows Ior thc cxpcricncc oI 'lviny
on` aI Ihc cdyc o! chaos (noI dcsccndiny inIo Ihc murIy dcpIhs or !aIIiny
sIraiyhI inIo a black hoIc). or cIcuzc howcvcr, iI is Ihc pcculiar vocaIion
and rcsponsibiIiIy o Ihc philosophcr Io show IhaI iI is possibIcIo yo urIhcr
in Iilcand dcaIhIhan wc IhouyhI possiblc (comparc ictzschc 966:
ccIion 2| 2). Thc issuc o Iiviny a 'IiIIIc` aIcohoIic, a 'liIIIc` suicidal, and a
'IiIIIc` crazy, isno doubI boIh abravc and ooIishonc Io raisc. Jhc diicuIIy,
howcvcr, Iics in Ihc uIIcmpI Io urIiculuIc an cIhics o! ycrminuI Iic, o! Ihc
cvcnI, around Ihc noIion o mcasurc, and iI i s hcrc, as OcIcuzc uIIy
33
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7
DIF!ERENCE AND REPETITION
rccoynizcs, IhaI Ihc phiIosophcr risks appcariny ooIish. Ocpcndiny on Ihc
conccption onc hus oI iI, onc cun uccusc LcIcuzc cithcr oI conccdiny Ioo
much Io Iilc or o noI conccdiny cnouyh.
Thc phiIosophcr Iinds himscII on uwIwurd, iI noI pcriIous, yround in
Iryiny Io olIow Ihc Iinc o Ihc crack Why docs shc noI simpIy admiI,
rcspccIIulIy, Ihut Ihcrc is uIundumcnIuI diIIcrcncc in nuIurc bcIwccn Ihc Iwo
proccsscs, Ihc impcrsonal and pcrsonaI, and abandon Ihc nccd or any
uIIcmpI to worI throuyh Ihc rcIuIion bcIwccn thcm cI us considcr briclIy
an cxampIc IhaI inspircs OcIcuzc, IhaI o Ihc crackup dcpictcd by 5
iIzycraId. 'II raIhcr inhuman and undcrnourishcd isn`I iI WcII, IhaI,
chiIdrcn, is Ihc Iruc siyn o crackiny up` (iIzycraId 95:4). But whcrc
cxacIIy is Ihc crack o Ihc crack-up Io bc ound, iIzycraId asks: insidc or
ouIsidc Thc bIows which sIrikc onc down sccm to comc rom thc outsidc;
but IhcnIhcrc`sa Ircmcndous bIow which comcs rom wiIhin, Ihc onc which
COmcs IOO IuIc !Or yOu IO dO unyIhng ubOuI, und Ihcn yOu rcuI2c `wih
inaIity IhaIin somc rcyard you will ncvcrbc asyoodaman ayain` (39).Jhc
IwcnIics yo by in abIissuI iynorancc, but by Ihc mid Io IaIc Ihirtics Ihc dark
sccrcts bcyinIo cxposc IhcmscIvcs, Ihc cursc oamiIy madncss, Ihc probIcm
o! Ihc smaII hcrcdiIy, caIchcs up wiIh onc, and onc Iinds oncscIl scriousIy
aIictcd (40). Cnc has simpIy catcn up aII onc`s 5pinoza (4). II is a Iic
bascd on puncIuatcd cquiIibria, aminc or casI, Ihc boom and busI o Ihc
azz Ayc(5)As uwrcnccusks, is noI Ihis cycIca morclcIicitous rcndiIion
o Ihc movcmcnIs o Iic Ihan Ihc wcary, IwisIiny ropc o `imc and
voIuIion` IhuI rcquircs Ihc rcvoIviny hooI oIucuusu su. `! IiIcIothinI oI
Ihc wholc show yoiny busI, and noIhiny buI biIs ol chaos Iyiny
ubout. Thcn ouI oI Ihc durI, ncw IiIIlc IwinIlinys rcviviny Irom nowcrc,
nohow` (awrcncc 9S:0). iIzycraldhimscIinsisIs upon bciny abIc Io
scc Ihinys us Ioih hopcIcss und ycI rcmuininy dcIcrmincd Io muIc Ihinys
othcrwisc. Dyiny as Ihc artoIiviny, bcarinytcsIimony Io an cxccution, IhaI
oI Ihc disinIcyruIion oI onc`s pcrsonuIity, buI in which Ihc Ius hus bccomc
onc o a ycrminaI Iic: Io ind Ihc crack wiIhin Ihc crackup (iIzycrald
95:4).
Thc dcsccnI inIo aIcoholism rcvcaIs Ihc ambiyuous powcr oaII insIincts.
or whiIc thc insIincI is ncvcr Io bc conuscd wiIh Ihc crack, iI is aIso Ihc
casc IhaI an aIcohoIic insIincI passcs on a compIcx, `ouI ernen so
brnyiny abouI an mporIanI nkayc with Iccrack IscI. nsIincIs,such as
Ihc aIcohoIic insIincI, bccomc whaI Ihcy arc in hisIoricalIy dcIcrmincd
cnvronmcnIs. hcymay cxprcss, or cxampc, wuysolcopny and survviny
in an cnvironmcnI IhaI is unavourabIc and aIicnaIiny, cvcn iIhcir practicc
cnIails dcsIrucIion. OcsIrucIivc insIincIs, such as aIcohoIism, pcrvcrsions,
sIyIcs o masochism, and so on, scrvc Io coi.erve cxisIcncc, cnabIiny an
individual Io wiII nothinyncss raIhcr Ihan noI wiII aI aII. hcsc sociaIly
mcdiuIcd und hisIoricuIIy in!ormcd insIincts csIubIish vuriubIc rcIaIions wiIh
Ihc crack, aI Iimcscovcrinyovcrand mcndiny iIIhrouyhIhc rcsiIicncc oIhc
34
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8
DIF!ERENCE AND REPETITION
body, aI oIhcr timcs widcniny Ihc crack and yiviny iI a ncw oricnIaIion. !n
euch cuse |I |s never simpIy u quesIio oI cuusuI|Iy uI uIwuys u muIIer oI
ycoyraphy and IopoIoyy. or Lclcuzc thc probIcm bcyins whcn thcrc
deveIops u compIeIe idenIiIicuIion wiIh Ihe oecIs oIhorror or compussion.
As iIzycraId commcnIcd on his own bouIs o alcohoIic dcprcssion, such
idenIiI|cuIion signuIs IhedeuIh oIuIl uccomplishmenI, wh|ch is nothiny shorI
othc dcaIh olIimc. ldcnIicaIion is noI so much a rcaction Io Ihc Ioss oan
obecIwheIher IhuI oecI e Iove, Iume, IorIune, or nuIive Iundus Ihe
vcry dcIcrminaIion o Ihat loss.
or OcIcuzc Ihcrc can e no uIIimatc philosophy o suicidc, o druys, or
cvcn oIic and dcaIh, buI onIy phiIosophicaI Icarniny abouI thcsc Ihinys, a
Icarniny Ihat or phiIosophy Iakcs pIacc in Ihc cncounIcr with Ihc cvcnI o`
Iimc. ThouyhI and Iic arc nciIhcr innaIc nor acquircd but `ycniIaI`
dcscuaIiscd and drawn rom IhaI rcIu which opcns us onIo cmpIy Iimc`
(lcIcu2c 9S 994 4. IIuIVuys rcmuncd Ihc Cusc IhI !Or Oclcu2c
onIy phiIosophy couId assumcIhc rcsponsibiIiIy or Ihis visionandriddIc o
ycrminaI Iic. crminal Iic, howcvcr, docs not issuc commands or
impcraIivcs, cvcnIs arc siyns o accrtain viIalism inwhichonc can only havc
Ihc ]reeJon Io bccomc whaI onc is. Cnc musI insist upon Ihc poinI IhaI
OcIcuzc`s cIhics o Ihc cvcnI in no way rcproduccs Ihc moraI Iaw. his is
what OcIcuzc mcans whcn hc wriIcs `My wound cisIcd bcorc mc' ( 997b:
6).ThcwounddocsnoIrclcr simpIyIouncmiriCuI dcIcrminaIion buIIoIhc
cvcnI oa Iilc. icIzschc's `Ihus ! wiIlcd iI ' siynaIs noI a Ioic rcsiynaIion
but u butIlecry. I I does noI mereIy uccepI` Ihe pusI buI gives time Io Ihc
uIurc. ! rcsiynation is onIy anoIhcr arIicuIaIion o re.:eiiinet, Ihcn unor
]uI is Ihe sIruggIe oI Iree humun eings. lndeed DeIeuze wiII descrie Ihe
baIIIc as Ihc vcry csscncc oIhc cvcnI, and hc scIccIs Icphcn ranc` snovcI
7he ReJBuJe o] Courue ( I S95), wiIh iIs expIoraIion oI demonic imugery
and iIs naviyaIion o a baIIIccId o intcnsiIics, as Ihc mosI imporIanI book
on Ihe cvcnI. lt is Ihis wiII` uIIirmed y NieIzsche, und creuIed Ihrough Ihe
cvcnI, whichyivcs cprcssion Io thc 'cIcrnaI IruIh` o Ihc cvcnI.
In onc o his lasI picccs o wriIiny OcIcuzc namcs Ihc Iilc o immancncc
as alico `bcaIiIudc` Ihat is bcyondcphcmcraIiIy. Cncc ayain, hcrcturnsIo
Ihc issuc ol Ihc IransccndcnI and IransccndcnIaI. IransccndcnIaI cId is Io
bc disIinyuishcd rom Ihc rcaImocpcricncc inIhatiIinvolvcs no rccrcncc
Io an 'obccI and docs noI bcIony to a 'subccI. I docs, howcvcr, ueur as
an 'a-subjccIivccurrcnIoconsciousncss` buI Ihis is aconsciousncss `withouI
scl, cnIircIy mpcrsonal and prc-rcIcivc, iI s a quaIitaIvc duraIion
wiIhouI bcyinniny or cnd ( I 997b: 3). LcIcuzc inssts Ihat Ihis is sIiII a
IransccndcnIaI enirici:n cvcn Ihouyh iI has no rccrcncc Io an obccI or a
subjccI. ndccd, iI is Ihc vcry Iack o rccrcncc IhaI makcs Ihis cmpiricism
wild and powcruI ` . c urIhcr insists IhaI Ihc rclaIion o Ihis !icId to a
consciousncss is onIy Jeure, urguing IhaI whaI makcs tJe]ucto is whcn u
subccIisproduccd thaI thcnrcIaIcs iIscIIo an obccI(Ihc poinI at which Ihc
35
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DIF!ERENCE AND REPETITION
IransccndcntaI i s said Io bc rcndcrcd `IransccndcnI` ) . hc `truc`
consciousncss Ihut is co-cxtcnsivc wiIh Ihis icId is suid Io wiIhdruw iIscI
rom `aII rcvcIaIion`. WhaI is Ihis `consciousncss`
ltis noIhiny oIhcr thun Ihc movcmcnI ou pIunco immuncncc` (unoIion
wc arc abouIIo cncounIcr undcxplorc aI IcnyIh inIhc ncxI chapIcr), inwhich
immuncncc cnoys iIs own cxistcncc us movcmcnI wiIhouI bciny immuncnI
ciIhcr in` somcIhiny or `Io` somcIhiny. mmancncc is noI `immancncc Io
Iic` but spcus onIy ol ' u Iic`. This is Io rccr Io un ubsoluIc immcdiutc
consciousncss whosc vcry acIiviIy no Ionycr rclcrs buck Io a bciny buI
ccuscIcssly posiIs iIscl in a Iic` (OcIcuzc 997b:4). Jhis, says, Oclcuzc, is
Ihc immuncncc o Ihc laIc ichIc, a ichIc, iI is cIaimcd, who `rcinIroduccs
5pinozism inIo Ihc hcarI o Ihc philosophicuI opcraIion` (Ihc IcxI o ichtc` s
DcIcuzc rccrrcd Io i s Die Ai:wei un seiei: IeIen, oJer uuc Jie
ReIiicn:lehre ol S6, appcariny in rcnch as nitiuticn Q lu vie
Iieheree). II s Ihc mcrsOnaI buI snguIar I!c O! Ihc ndVduuIn
huecceity(Ihc 'bcaIiIudc` inIhcIiIlcoichIc`s work).hisisaerniHul Iic
sincc iI is noI positiny Iic in a `simplc momcnI` conlronIiny a 'univcrsaI
dcaIh` , buI raIhcr a Iilc IhaI is 'cvcrywhcrc`, conIaincd in all Ihc momcnIs`
IhaI u Iiviny subccI pusscs Ihrouyh` , a Iic o virIuaIiIics, cvcnIs, and
sinyuIuriIics (5).
In thc `cvcnI` Ihc lilc o Ihc individuaI yivcs way Io Ihc Iic thaI is
impcrsonul andycIncvcrIhcIcss sinyuIar. I invoIvcs rcIcusinyIhcpurc cvcnI`
rom Ihc accidcnIs o corporcaI Iic, `rom Ihc subccIiviIy and obcctiviIy o
whuI huppcns` (DcIcuzc I 997b. ). This is Ihc Iic o u 'hucccciIy`, which
spcaks o a Iic o purc immancncc IhaI is `bcyond yood and cviI`. !I is onIy
Ihc subccI which incuuIcs this hucccciIy in Ihc worId IhuI mucs it ciIhcr
yood orbad, in Ihc scnsc IhaI thcsc catcyorics aimIo !ixand dctcrminc Ihinys
oncc und or uII. I is cruciuI, Ihcrcorc, IhuI Ihc Iwo rcuIms or pIuncs bc cpt
scparaIc; IhaI is, aIIhouyh thcrc is acocxisIcncc olIhc sinyulariIics ola `Iic`
und uccidcnIs o Ihc 'corrcspondiny lic`, Ihc Iwo do noI comc IoycIhcr und
shouId noI bc conluscd. DcIcuzc providcs Ihc cxampIc o smaII chiIdrcn to
iIIusIraIc his poinI, noIiny how aIIhouyh Ihcy uII rcscmbIc onc anoIhcr and
Iack individuaIiIy, Ihcy ncvcrIhcIcss arc Iravcrscd by sinyuIariIics which
animaIcbuIdo noI inhcrc inIhcma smiIc, u ycsIurc, uyrimacc, andso on.
Thc rccrcncc Io FichIc in Ihis IaIc cssuy wiII sIrikc many rcadcrs o
Occuzc us probIcmutic. I isccrIainIy odd IhuI cIcuzc shouId locaIc n Ihc
Iatcr FichIc u rcnaissancc o `5pinozism` yivcn FichIc`s own dccIarcd
hosIiliIy Iowards pinozu andhisinucncc(scc ichIc 4:S, whcrc hc
aryucs IhaI 5pinoza couId noI huvc bcIicvcdin hisownphiIosophy, buI couId
onIy havc 'Ihouyht` iI). cvcrIhcIcss, inthis scrics o popuIar Iccturcs ichtc
docs prcscnt Bciny in Icrms ain to 5pinoza`s immancnI subsIancc as IhaI
which i: absoIutcIy Ihrouyh itscI, by iIscIl, and rom iIscI.. . u scI
comprchcnsivc, scI-suicicnI, and absoIutcIy unchunycabIc niIy
(ii:erIeiheit) (96:5J, S4S:4S9). Jhc dcscripIion olIhis uniIy und bciny
J6
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DIF!ERENCE AND REPETITION
as 'unchanycabIc` shouId noI dcccivc or Icad us asIray. his is duraIion in
DcIcuzc`s scnsc IhaIhasnciIhcrbcyinninynorcnd, und iIonIycvcr bccomcs
what iI 'is`purc bccominy.
Thc spiriIual IiIc oI blcsscdncss Ior FichIc is Ihc IiIc IiIIcd wiIh
consciousncss, Iovc and scIcnjoymcnI (Ihc Iacr bccomcs an imporIanI
Icaturc oIIhc aryumcnIon IhinIinyBcinybcyond phcnomcnoIoyy in Whut.v
Fhlo:oh, I Iis Ihrouyh Ihc Iawso rcIccIion which yovcrn iIs opcraIions
IhaI consciousncss crcaIcs a sysIcm oI scparaIc and indcpcndcnt individuaIs
and so conronIs iIscI wiIh numcrous paradoxcs conccrniny Ihc rcaIiIy o
Iimc and chanyc. ichIc`s tcxI is bound up in Ihc movcs iI makcs wiIh
cIassicaI mcIaphysics, cvidcnI in Ihc disIincIion iI draws bcIwccn a 'Iruc
worId` (IicbIcsscdncss) and an 'apparcnI world` (dcaIhunblcsscdncss), buI
Ihis is a disIincIion Ihat ycIs carricd ovcr inIo LcIcuzc` sairmaIion o Iic as
purc immancncc in conIrudistincIion toIhc human, aII Ioohuman saIisacIion
VIh Ihc chcmcruI und guOIdun~u I!c IhuI s, uIImuIcIy, bcyOnd dcuIh.
Jhis is a disIincIion thaI ichIcprcscnIs as onc bcIwccn Ihc mcrcIy scnsuous
worId and thc hiyhcr suprascnsuous worId IhaI is availabIc Io, and aIIainabIc
only by, 7houht. (!I is ccIurc !II which is Ihc mosI phiIosophicaIIy
scrious and which wouId bc Ihc dccisivc onc !or sIayiny an cncounIcr
bcIwccn ichIc and OcIcuzc, 962:l22. , S4S. 44 .) In Ihc ocutioi o]
Mun bcaIiIudc is rcIaIcd Io Ihc achicvcmcnt ol supcrscnsibIc dcaIh n lie
und thuh l]e`which spcuks olIhc praxis o! u raIionaI scIlus iIs pccuIiur
'subIimc vocaIion` hc scIcxprcssivc lic o Ihc spiriIual is onc in which
Ihc univcrsc can no Ionycr bc IhouyhI in Icrms oI thc circlc rcIuiny Io
iIscI, IhaI cndIcssIy rcpcaIiny yamc, Ihat monsIcr which dcvours iIscI so as
Io yivc birIh Io iIscII ayain as it aIrcady was`, raIhcr, Ihcrc is consIanI
proyrcss Io yrcaIcr pcrcction in a straiyhI Iinc which yocs on Io in!inity`.
This isbccausc AIIdcuIh in naIurc isbirIh. . . indyiny docs Ihc uuymcnIaIion
o Iic visibIy appca. . . I Iis noI dcaIh which kiIIs, buI raIhcr a morc Iiviny
I i Ic which, hiddcn bchind thc oId IiIc, bcyins and dcvcIops` (FichIc
9S7:22). M, dcaIh can onIy bc a csIivc passiny. I I is noI, Ihcrcorc, or
ichtc a qucsIion o Iiviny 'accordiny Io naIurc` simpIy bccausc Ihis is noI
cvcn whaI naIurc docs. Thc onIy 'Iaw o Iic` is, in icIzschc`s aImosI
ichtcan Ianyuuyc 'scl-ovcrcominy` (on Ihc worId asa 'monsIcrocncryy`,
'wiIhouI bcyinniny or cnd` but as ccascIcss Iransormation, a worId o
rcpcIIon and diIlcrcnccthc oy ol thc circIc as thc ony yoaIcompurc
NicIzschc 96. 67, 97, oIumc I I , p. 60).
n Ihis piccc oI I99J ( I 997l) clcuzc has pcrhaps drawn Ihc IoyicaI
concIusions !rom thc posiIion hc advanccd in Ihc IcxIs ol Ihc Iatc 960:
alirminy a quasi-cismannian worId o haccccitics and individuaIions
bcyond Ihccmbodicd subccI, a worId bcyond yood andcviI, Ihccxprcssion
o thc rcpcatcd sinyuIariIy o Ihc Cnc [I`/n|. OcIcuzc, Ihc phiIosophcr o
univocaI bciny o! Ihc worId as pcrpcIuaI dil!crcncc und rcpcIiIion Ihc
ininiIc pIay o simuIacra, is kccn Io avoid Iwo thinys. onc, dcnaIuriny Ihc
37
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DIF!ERENCE AND REPETITION
IransccndcnIaI and Ihcrcby rcdupIicaIiny Ihc cmpiricaI; and Iwo, rcduciny Ihc
IiunsccndcnIuI Io thc ucIiviIy oI u subccI thaI synIhcsizcs Ihinys und
consIiIutcs Ihc worId. Cnc miyht conIcst IhaI Ihis `dcsIrucIion` raiscs Ihc
sIukcsoIycrminaI IiIc Io a IcvcI IhaI is Ioo hiyh and Iha iIpciIorms iIuI Ioo
yrcaI a cosI, so thaI Ihis Ihinkiny o Ihc cvcnI docs noI chanyc us as wc arc
but simpIy CruShCS us. Foi DcIcuzc, howcvci, iI is onIy cvci a ucsIion oI
Ieconn thosc IhaI wc arc, a piccc o ycrminaI Iilc. ln 7he Ioc o]Sen:e,
which scIs ouI Io Ihink Ihc cvcnI bcyond boIh thc bunaIitics oIcvciyduy IiIc
and Ihc surinys o madncss, Ihc aIIcmpt is madc, howcvcrphiIosophicaIly
ooIish`, Io Ihink Ihc rcIaIion bctwccn thc impcrsonaI and Ihc pcrsonaI . Jhc
ocus o Ihc ncxI chaptcr is on A 7hou.unJ Fluteuu., a work IhaI is pcrhaps
OcIczc`s mosI innovaIivc in showiny how a novcl Wcismannianism can bc
madc Io work in tcrms o brinyiny inIo rcIaIion thc ycrminaI Iic o Ihc icId
oinIcnsiIics and tc cmbodicd lic ol Ihc subjcct, owhaI now ycIs pIaycd
OuI as Ihc `bOdy VIhOuI Orguns' und Ihc urgansm.
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PPIHh I 1
1HIhI^1^
rOm crcalIvc cvOIulIOn lO crcalIvc clhOIOyy
hC 1nIIJu CCuCnIuIj CVCnI8 VhJCh GQCn IhC Vuj IG CVGBIJGn In IhC
InICn8Cj CGn8CIVuIIVC 8j8ICu8 CuCU 1VIn_ DCIn_8 uIC uICIG8CGQIC,
IrIiIus, and crIy wiIhuI rcIaIi \O whaIcvcr m8j bc Ihcir
ccI nIcIci IIiin.
(Mnod I97 I . I I8)
lI I8 u QGGI ICCIQC 1GI QIGduCIn_ mGn8lCI8 IG uCCBuuuIC hCICIGCIIC
dCICImInuIIGn8 GI IG GVC1-UCICIuInC IhC unImu. I I8 DCIICI O IuI8C BQ
lhC _IGBnU unU UI88GVC IhC 1GIm . . . . hCIC 18 nG GIhCI 8In Ihun IuI8In_
lhC _IGunU und UI88GVIn_ IhC !GIu.
(cIcuzc I968.44, I994.28-9)
DI00UC0H
o movc Irom Oclcuzc's `Bcrysonism' and Ihinkiny oI dilIcrcncc and
rcpcIiIion Io Ihc rhizomaIics oIA !hou:onJFluteuu: (abbrcviaIcd hcnccIorIh
IoA!!) is Io Iravcl somc disIancc. his is not Io say, howcvcr, Ihat Ihcrc arc
not imporIanI conIinuiIics in DcIcuzc`s Ihinkiny. Thc sccds oI LcIcuzc`s
aIIcmpI Io map ouI Ihc IicId oI nonoryanic IiIc wiIh GuaIIari in Icrms oI
rhizomatic bccominys can bc sccn Io aIrcady cxisI in a dormant sIatc in Ihc
work ol Ihc IaIc 960s, as Ihc abovc ciIaIion lromDieree unJReetition
shows. LcIcuzc rcmains prcoccupicd wiIh Ihc IranslormaIion oI subsIanccs`
and Ihc 'dissoIuIion ol Iorms in which Ihcrc is ' apassayc Io thc IimiI` in
VOUI OOC0S IHI I0 !U1U nUIID0 S1I0 OWHICD ID0I0 1S W1n0SS0C Ih
incorporcal powcr o IhaI inIcnsc maIcr` LcIcuc and uaIIai I980. I 38,
9SI 09. Jhi i HC1 tha ind iIIlnvId innin vaiaIi
and cauyhI up in an absoIuIc dcIcrriIoriaIizaIion, whcrc Ihc 'absoIuIc`
indicaIcs nciIhcr pcrIccIion nor undiIIcrcnIiaIion. LiIlcrcnccs `inIiniIcIy
smaII nowcomc Io mattcr.
crhaps most siyniIicanIIorIhc Iask oIundcrsIandiny Ihc dcvcIopmcnIs in
OcIcuzc` s IhouyhI is thc aItcmpIcd novcI rcconsIrucIion oI 'crcaIivc
cvoluIion` IhaI is puI lorward in Ihc 'Bccominy-nimaI` pIaIcau oI A!!
39
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THE MLMORIE3 O! A BERG3ON IAN
undcr Ihc hcadiny Mcmorics [:oenr:| o a Bcrysonian` . Wc nccd Io Iry
und undcrsIund whuI Ihcsc 'mcmorics` urc und whcIhcr Ihcy urc, in !ucI,ust
mcmorics and oncs IhaI OcIcuzc wishcs Io casI o. I cannot bc wiIhouI
siyniIicuncc Ihut OcIcuzc hcrc no Ionycr spcuks oI crcuIivc cvoluIion` buI
insIcad prccrs Io spcak onIy o crcativc nvoIuton`.This indicaIcs, Ihink,
IhuI noI onIy is Dclcuzc kccn Io disIancc himscIIIrom u possibIc Durwinian
cvoluIionism buI cually rom a Bcrysonian onc wiIh iIs rcsiduaI humanism
und pcrccIionism. Ihink a dccisivc IacIor uI pIuy in Ihis complicuIcd und
problcmaIic movc is Ihat OcIcuzc`s `5pinozism` has chanycd iIs characIcr,
noIabIy in iIs cIhoIoyic dimcnsion. Jhis is noI wiIhouI siyniicancc, I
bcIicvc, lor undcrsIandiny Ihc kind o cIhoIoyicaI cIhics` nonhuman
bccominys oIhc human) Ihat OcIcuzc now wishcs IopuIinIo cccI inA7F.
Whcrcus in Ihc l96S IcxI on 5pinoza and cIhics Ihc aim wasIodcmonsIruIc a
'supcrior human naIurc`, and which madc iI hiyhIy compatibIc wiIh
LcIcu2c's BcrgsOnun cndcuVOur I Ih nk cyOnd Ihc human COndIOn, y
Ihc Iimc oA7F 5pinoza`s cIhoIoyy is bciny dcpIoycd Io aIIack Ihc yiyantic
mcmory o 'man` and Io dcsIraIiy Ihc human oryanism as a parIicuIar kind
o sIratilicd oryanization. BuI somcIhiny morc is aI sIakc and has bccn puI
into play, and Ihis conccrns Ihc inIroducIion, bcyinniny wiIh Ant-OeJu:
and conIinuiny i n A 7hcu:cnJ FIctecu:, aIbciI wiIh somc siyniicanI
modiicaIions IhaI cannoI bctraccd hcrc, oa nuchnc Ihinkiny.Why is this
siyni!icunI !or an undcrsIandiny o!thc IuIcr DcIcuzc and !or undcrsIundiny
his brcak rom Ihc Bcrysonism IhaI charactcrizcs Ihc work o Ihc 90s
ts siyniIicuncc Iurycly rcsidcs in thc Iuc thuI, in his colluboruIivc work
wiIh GuaIIari, OcIcuzc is no Ionycr addrcssiny Ihc `bccominy` o Ihc human
us u qucsIion oI iIs 'cvoluIion` us un individuuIcd Iioloicul orunsn (uny
aIIcmpI Io appIy Ihc charyc o bioIoyism Io his work is bascd on a coIossaI
misundcrsIundiny und Ihc mosI cuvuIicr ol rcudinys). Thc humun` is now
undcrstood soIcIy and sIricIIyin Icrms oiIbciny a componcnI in a machinic
usscmbIayc. cI mctry und cIuriIy Ihis, und Ihcn suy somcIhiny on why this
miyhI bc said Io amounI in somc kcy aspccts Io a dcparIurc rom thc carIicr
Bcrysonism.
DcIcuzc and uaIIari criIiquc Iwo possibIc rcductions o Ihc qucsIion o
Ihc machinc. FirsI, Ihcy aIIack psychoanaIysis or IrcaIiny machincswhich
Ihcy oIIcn conccpIuaIizc in Icrms o thc compound 'dcsiriny-machincs`as
phanIascs, nwhc raymcnIs ol 'rcaI machincs arcmadc adapIabIc Io, and
con!ormabIc wiIh, symboIicaI proccsscs. 5ccond, Ihcy aIIack Ihc Marxian
assumpIion oI an absIracI cvoIuIivc Iinc in whch man liyurcs as Ihc tooI
mukiny animuI ur excellence and whcrc Ihc machinc dcrivcs rom Ihc tooI,
Ihc IooI, in Iurn, is madc dcpcndcnI on Ihc bioIoyicaIoryanism and iIs nccds,
and, IinaIIy, Ihc machinc is posiIcd as cvoIviny morc andmorcindcpcndcnIIy
oiIsmakcrordcsiyncr(man). IIisIhcIaIIcrIhaII wiII ocus aIIcnIiononor
now, sincc cxamincIhc churacIcr o! IhcirquarrcI wiIh psychounaIysis IuIcr
in Ihc chapIcr and aI somc IcnyIh whcn Iook at Ihcir conccpIion o
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THE MLMORIE3 O! A BERG3ON IAN
`bccominysanimaI ` OcIcuzc and Guaari insisI on IrcaIiny thc IooIuIcnsiI
and Ihc machinc as a diIIcicncc oI naIuic l 973.465 995. 2. This is a
cruciaI movc Io makc or Ihcm simply bccausc Ihcy wanI to show IhaI Ihc
machinc cnjoys a piimacy ovci thc IooI and IhaI Io commiI Ihc ciioi oI
privilcyiny Ihc Iacr is Io makc impossibIc thc movc Io a machinic, and
nonanIhropoccnIric or nonhumanisI, modcI oI 'cvoluIion` . This is cvidcnI in
Ihc Marxian approach, which movcs rom IooIs Io machincs and wiIhin
which Ihc human mcans oIpioducIion impIy sociaI icIaIions oIpioducIion
IhaI arc hcld Io bc mcrcIy cxIcrnaI` to Ihc mcans and arc said Io consIiIutc
Ihcir 'indcx`.s arcsuII, sociaI rcIaIions musI ncccssariIy appcar as cxIcrnaI
Io Ihc IooI and Ihc machinc, boIh o which havc had imposcd upon Ihcm an
absIacI bioIoyicaI schcma IhaI iscIaIcd soIipsisticaIly Io Ihc 'nccds` o Ihc
isoIatcd human oiyanism.
Jhis approach has a numbcr o IimiIaIions and probIcms aIIachcd Io iI.
FrsI, I s Iracd VIhn a rcrcscnIaIOnaIsI mOdcI O! IcChnCs and
machincs in Ihc scnsc IhaI Ihcy arc bciny rcduccd Io Ihc Icvcl o cxIcnsions
and projccIions oI Ihc liviny bciny. 5ccond, Ihc cvoluIion o Ihc human ycIs
conyurcd on Ihis schcma as iiI couId bc simply undcrsIood in tcrms o a
scI-dirccIcd cvoIuIion, Ihc rcaIizaIion o!an csIranycd csscncc thaIrcsIson a
naivc naraIivc ol rccdom conccivcd as Ihc scI-rcaIizaIion o Ihc spccics
bciny o Ihc human.hird, and !inaIly, suchanapproach bIocks oacccss Io
Ihc 'machinic phyI um` , IhaI which iadicaIIy undcrmincs thc absIracI
humanismoIhcaxian approachandwhichis by nomcanspccuIiar IoiI.
Thc idca oI thc machinic phyIum` pIays vaiious ioIcs and scrvcs a numbcr
ol luncIions in OcIcuzc and Guaai. dciniIion can bc povidcd hcic,
which is Ihc onc Ihcy yivc, buI iIs 'mcaniny` and siyniIicancc wiII onIy
bccomccIcarcras thc conccrns and anaIyscs olIhischaptcrunoId. Inamcs
a sinyIcphyIoycncIic Ii ncaycIhaIcanbc saidIo bc 'idcaIIyconIinuous` sincc
iI conccrns `maIcrialiIy`, whcIhcr naIuraI or aIiliciaI, and rcqucnIIy boIh
This maIciiaIity in Iu spcaks oI a maIIcr IhaI is in 'movcmcnI` and !Iux,
and thc subjccI ol `conIinuous variaIion` . l I is maIIcr as a `convcyo o
sinyuIariIics` 9S0:509, 9SS409). 5uch an 'opcraIivc and cxpcssivc
Iow. . . is likc Ihc uniIy ohuman bcinysand NaIuc` (506; 406). Thcrc is, in
addiIion, a rcIaIion olposiIivc ccdback bcIwccnthc (machinic) asscmbIaycs
and Ihc machinic phylum, sincc whiIc Ihc asscmbIaycs cut up thc phyIum
nIo disIincI diIIcrcnIaIcd lincaycs, Ihc machinic phyum cuIs across thcsc
Iincaycs and makcs Ihcm cocxisI. I shouldbc cvidcnI IhaI Ihis conccpIiono!
Ihc machinic phyum s rcaIIy a rcworkny oI cysons conccpton oI
ccaIivc cvoIuIion.
'machinic` approach, Ihcn, wiII noI IcaI machincs as projccIions oIhc
human buI iaIhci in Icrms o `monsIrous coupIinys` invoIviny hctcioycncous
componcnIs that 'cvoIvc` i n Icrms o rccurrcncc and communicaIions
( 'ciyonomics`, Ihcy notc, comcs closc Io Ihis posiIion in noI IrcaIiny Ihc
rcIaIion bctwccn human and machinc as simply a ucstion o adapIaIion).
4
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THE MLMORIE3 O! A BERG3ON IAN
umans arc both componcnI parIs o a machinc and combinc wiIh oIhcr
Ioims oI oigunic und nonoigunic IiIc Io consIiIuIc u muchinc (oi, bcIIci,
machinic asscmbIayc sincc Ihcrc cxisIs no isoIatcd and monadic machinc).
Thc diIlcicncc bcIwccn thc IooI und Ihc muchinc is IhuI onc IuncIions us un
`aycnt ocontacI` and Ihc oIhcras a acIoro communicaIion`.Thc machinc
cnoys u primucy in Ihc scnsc Ihut wc cun onIy undcisIund ho humun und
IooI bccomc, and alrcady arc, disIincI componcnIs o a yrcaIcr machinc by
icIciring Io un ucIuuI nuchiiiicugcncy. Thcy Ihus uigucIhuI Ihc qucsIion oI
Ihc machinc nccds to bc poscd not in Icrms o thc cvcnI o Ihc human as a
bioIoyicaI oryanism but raIhcr as dirccIly conccivabIc in rcIaIion Io a uII
sociaI body, and iI is Ihis body IhaI acIs as an 'cnyinccriny aycncy` (or
cxumpIc, Ihc uII body o Ihc sIcppc, Ihc uII body oIhc Grcck ciIystatc, Ihc
uII body oIhc indusIriaI acIory, and so on).Thc aIIracIion Io Ihc 'machinc`
isIhaIiI allows or Ihc idcaoan 'cvoIuIion` procccdiny inIcrmsIhaIdonoI
rc-]udgc VhuI CunsIIuIcs Ihc ChuruCIcr u! ucn IVng sysIcms, VhCh s
cusIomariIy doncbypriviIcyiny i na priori ashion oryanismic conccpIions o
uniIy and IoIaIiIy.
ow Ihis docs ncw 'machinic` approach bcar on Ihc maIIcr o OcIcuzc` s
carIicr Bcrysonism In spiIc o! his supcrior IrcaImcntIhc sIrcss on Ihc
virIuaI and invcnIivc characIcr oa crcaIivc cvoluIion o Ihcsc IcchnicsIhc
criIicism IhaI OcIcuzc and GuaIIarimakcoMarxcan aIso bc IcvcIIcdayainsI
Beryson, nameIy, IhaI his sIayiny o! qucsIions conccrniny bioIechnics in
Icrms o Ihc sIandpoinI o consciousncss, in ordcr Io `privilcyc' Ihc human,
ulbcit in u nuunccd und complcx munnci, icmuins Ioo cvoI uIionisI, Ioo
bioIoyicaI, and Ioo humanisI. Bcryson`s schcmaIics ocrcaIivc cvoIuIion arc
insuIlicicnIIy muchinic in thcii uppicciuIion oI Ihc dcIciiiIoriuIizcd und
IransvcrsaI movcmcnIsomoIccuIarmaIIcr. WhaIrcmainsBcrysonianin Ihcir
uppiouch is Ihc cIuim IhuI muchinic` bccomings puiIicipuIc in u modc oI
`crcaIivc cvoluIion` in Ihc scnsc IhaI Ihcy cnjoy a capaciIy ouvor| or a
poIcntiuIIy 'unIimiIcd [liiiiii numbci oIconnccIions, incvciy scnsc und in
alI dirccIions` 97J. 69 995 26). I n oIhcr words, Bcryson` s virIual,
dynamical and duraIionaI conccpIion o 'crcaIivc cvoIuIion` is now bciny
modcIIcd aIonydccidcdIy `machinic` Iincs.
Wc shouId aIso notc urIhcr Ihat Oclcuzc`s atIcmpI Io disIancc himscI
rom his ormcr Bcrysonism, whi ch is ncvcr cxpIiciIIy sIaIcd or
acnowIcdycd nhs laIcrwrIinys,cannotbc Iacn Io amounI Io a compIctc
brcak simply bccausc in thc IcxIs hc pubIishcs undcr his own namc in Ihc
0s, such as thc two innu books, onc inds arcIurn Io, and Ihc rcIurn
o, Ihis carIicr Bcrysonism. In somc instanccs Ihc Ianyuayc uscd in Ihc
Cinc books isidcnIical Io ormuIaIions and cxprcssions ound inthc 966
IcxI on Bcryson Morcovcr, iI is in Ciinu thaI Lclcuzc appcaIs Io
Bcryson to cIariy Ihc characIcr o Ihc pIanc o immancncc, pcrhaps Ihc
pivoIaI IhouyhIexpcrimcnI o! his work wiIh uaItari Bcryson`s ciiIique o!
mcchanism is uIiIizcd as a way o mappiny cIoscd and opcn systcms. Jhc
42
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THE MLMORIE3 O! A BERG3ON IAN
pIanc o immancncc is dcpicIcd as Ihc `accI o movcmcnI` IhaI ycIs
csIabIishcd bcIwccn onc sysIcm and anothcr and which ciosscs aII sysIcms,
so prcvcnIiny Ihcm rom bccominy absoIuIcIy closcd DcIcuzc 9S:S7
I 9S6. 59). n an impoiIanI IooInotc in Ihis woik DcIcuzc jusIilics Ihis
rcadinyoBcrysonasa Ihinkcrolopcn sysIcms byaryuiny IhatIhcpIanc is
iIscIl mobiIc in Ihc spcciIic scnsc IhaI iI has duiaIion as a vaiiabIc
movcmcnI S7 226). FurIhcrmorc, in his book o 9SS on cibniz wc aIso
wiIncss a icIuin Io Ihc qucsIion o Ihc oiyanism thaI wouId appcai Io bc
quitc dicrcnI Io Ihc dcstrucIion` o Ihc oryanism cxccuIcd in A7!. This
invoIvcs OcIcuzc rcturniny Io Ihc qucsIion o thc irrcducibIc characIcr o
Iypcs ooIdinys in which hc dccIarcs IhaI 'wccannoI bc surc iprcormism
docs noI havc a uIurc`. !n dccidcdIy crysonian ashion, howcvcr, hc aIso
spcaks o Ihc unity o movcmcnI` mcnIioniny Bcryson in acI in Ihis
rcyard) and noIcs Ihat 'whcIhcr oryanic or inoryanic, aII macr is onc.
dcIaIcd anuIyss O! Ihs IcxI CannOI bc undcrIukcn hcrc, rcgrcIIabIy, snCc I
would takc us Ioo lar aicId rom thc locus o Ihc prcscnt sIudy. 5omc
saIicnI caturcs o DcIcuzc` s rcIurn Io Ihc oId wiII, howcvcr, bc dcaII wiIh
inIhc concIusion olIhc sIudy. I shaIl scck Io show in whaIoIIowsthaIIhc
cIhoIoyicaI movc o! DcIcuzc`s IaIci rhizomaIics is consonanI wiIh his caiIici
Ihinkiny iiIis unoIdcd carcuIIy andcriIicaIIy, andtakcn as excnJin Ihc
horizons ol our conccpIion o a possibIc incrior` and supcrior` human
bccominya bccominy IhaI invoIvcs boIh Ihc 'Icss` Ihan human and Ihc
morc` Ihan human.
Wc can noIc oIhcr Iincs oI conIinuiIy in DcIcuzc`s piojccI. Bciysons
pIuraIism, invoIviny Ihc dicrcncc bcIwccn dicrcnccs ol kind and dcyrcc)
is, in IacI, DcIcuzc aiyucs, a monism. II thc dcyiccs oIdiIlcicncc cxisI in a
sinyIcnaIurcIhaIcxprcsscsiIscIdicrcnIiaIIyinIcrms okinds and dcyrccs
Thcsc dcyiccs cocxisI in a sinyIc Iimc Ihat can bc sccn Io bc naIuic iIscII.
Now Io a ccrIain cxtcnI Ihis is whaIA7!aIso sccks Io show buI Ihis Iimc by
concciviny naIuic in Icims oI a ' machinic phyIum that cschcws any
ridicuIous cosmic cvoIuIionism` and sccks Io rcvcaI Ihc dcIcrriIoriaIizcd
dancc o Ihc mosI disparatc Ihinys. !t wouId appcar Ihat iI is no Ionycr
possiblc or dcsirablc or DcIcuzc Io appcaI Io a sinyIcprincipIc olcvoIuIion,
such as thc Icn vitcI, in which Ihc virIuaI acIuaIizcs itscI aIony Iincs o
divcrycnccIhaI conIinuc Iodivcrycand ccct ahiyhdcyrccocIosurc lor Ihc
bccomny oIIhc virIua t is as iI OcIcuzc bcsIows so much siyniIicancc on
bccominys-animaI IhaI procccd viaIhc Iiansvcrsal communicaIion o! aIccIs,
and in tcrms oI Ihc csIabIishmcnI oI rhizomaIic rcIaIions, as a way oI
combaIIiny Ihc Icndcncy wiIhin naIurc Io piocccd via rcilicd orms o
dicrcncc and divcrycncc on thc IcvcI ooryanisms and spccics.
n Dierence ui:JReetition DcIcuzc`s strcss is aIways on a pIuraIiIy o
modcs ocvoIuIion Io Ihc cxIcnI thaI an oryanism can bc dcincd indilcriny
ways, incIudiny ycncIicaIIy in Icrms o! Ihc dynamisms IhaI dctciminc an
inIcrnaI miIicu, and ccoIoyicaIIy in Icrms o Ihc 'cxtcrnaI movcmcnIs` Ihat
43
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THE MLMORIE3 O! A BERG3ON IAN
inlorm iIs consIiIuIion in an cxIcnsivc icId In addiIion, OcIcuzc noIcs Ihc
impoiIunce ol u I|neIics olpopuIution` thuI udo|ns, buI does noI iesembIe,
Ihc kincIics o Ihc cyy. n othcr words, a proccss o spcciation Ihrouyh
geogiuphic isoIuI|on cun be us IoimuIive oI u species us inIeinuI geneIic
variaIions (OcIcuzc l 98:280; 994:27).nd in onccruciaIrcspccIA!!
is continuouswiIh Di]ereuce unJ Reetition, in thuI Ihe dissoIuIion oIIorms
and luncIions is vicwcd as a ncccssary and inIcyraI parI oany conccpIion o
creuIive 'evoIuIion` When iepiesenIuIion discoveis Ihe inIiniIe wiIhn iIselI,
iI no Ionycr appcars as cruncrcprcscnIation but as cru:tic rcprcscnIaIion:
iIdiscovcrs wiIhin iIsclthc IimiIs olIhc oryaniscd, IumulI, rcsIIcssncss and
passion bcncaIh apparcnI caIm. lI rcdiscovcrs monstrosiIy [e on:tre|` (
4). Jhis conccrn wiIh thc monsIrous conIinucs in A! ow, howcvcr, Ihc
monsIrous invoIvcs 'anIi-naIuraI` coupIinys, such as symbioIic compIcxcs
and anomalous animaI bccominys, IhaI comc lrom naIurc buI throuyh which
nuIurc Cun bc sccn IO b VOrkng ugunsI IscI!. l Iukc Ihs CIam IO mcun IhuI
naIurc has a Icndcncy Io producc rciicd orms olic. Jhccmphasis placcd
on 'unnaIuraI parIicipaIion` inA!! is dcsiyncd Io cxposc sIyIcs obccominy
IhaI scrvc Io rcinIroducc novcl aspccIs into cvoIuIion this prcoccupaIion
wi th novcIIy in ' cvoIuIion` rcmains !undamcnIaIIy Bcrysonian in
inspiraIion). 5uch monsIcrs aIrcady iyurc in Oarwin` s accounI ocvoIution
but Ihcy arc aIways uscd as cxampIcs Io iIIusIratc Ihc characIcr o naturaI
scIccIion. For cxampIc, in his work on Thc arious onIrivanccs by which
British and orciyn Crchids arc crIiIizcd by Insccts and on Ihc Good
IIecIs oIlnIeiciossing` oI l 82, Lurwin uigues IhuI iI is u uuiver:ul Iuwo{
nuture IhaI `oryanic bcinys rcquirc an occasionaI cross wiIh anoIhcr
individuul` (Luiwin 99J. 24II.). onsIiosity, IheieIoie, is an essenIiuI
componcnI oIhc compIcx machinc caIlcd `naIuraI sclccIion` ow radicaI,
IheieIoie, is Dclcuzc und GuutIuri ` s sIress on monsIious couplings und
symbioIic complcxcsWc may noIcIhaIthcyuIiIizcIo yrcaI clccI Ihc wasp
oichid symbios|s in oidei to iIIusIiuIe Iheii ponts, but Ihis is Ihe exumpIe
cxamincd aI IcnyIh by Darwin himsclin his 82 cIaboraIion occrIain iII
undcrsIood aspccts oIhc Ihcory onaIuraI scIccIion. Jhc dicrcncc is Ihat
DcIcuzc and Guatari usc Ihc cxampIc in ordcr to show how Iiviny macr
can cvadc or Iransorm 'scIccIivc prcssurcs` , whcrcas lor Oarwin such
cvoIuIions aIways scrvc Io conirm Ihc powcr ol naturaI scIccIion. Thc
mporIanI poinI Io noIc, howcvcr, is IhaI thc novcl alanccs crcaIcd Ihrouyh
symbioIic compIcxcs do noI Iakc pIacc in Icrms o simpIc, prcdicIabIc
addiIions buI invoIvc noncumulaIivc ncw lormaIions i n which Ihc
`cxIraordinary composiIc` docs noI rcscmbIc cach ol Ihc parIs o orms o
Iic lrom which iI has bccn ycncraIcd scc MaryuIis and 5ayan l995: l 4,
who discuss Ihc cxampIc o Iichcns, which arc Ihc rcsuII o cross-kinydom
coupIinys bcIwccn unyus andyrccn aIya or bIuc-yrccn bacIcrium). Whcthcr
Ihcrc is anyIhiny urthcr aI sIakc in Ihcir Iurn Io symbioscs is somcIhiny wc
shaII cxaminc bcIow.
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THE MLMORIE3 O! A BERG3ON IAN
Bclorc wc can adopI a criIicaI pcrspcctivc on Ihc cIhics oA! iI is irsI
necessury Io unIoId Ihc innovuI|onsOeIeuze undGuuIIuri uie seekingto muke
in Ihc domains o cvoIuIionary Ihinkiny and cthoIoyy ln Ihc !irsI casc this
invoIvesmoving uwuy Iiom geneulogicu undIiIiuive modeIsoIevoIuIion Io
rhizomaIic or machinic oncs. ln Ihc sccond casc iI invoIvcs a movc away
Iiom un eIhoIogy oI behuviour Io one oI ussembIuges. WhuI Ihese moves
mcan in morc prccisc Icrms, and how Ihcy rcIaIc Io currcnI dcvcIopmcnIs in
Ihe Iile sc|ences IhemseIves, wiIIbeexumined | ndeIu|I inIhischupIei. Now iI
miyhI bcIhouyhI IhaI l am makiny a spurious andnonDclcuzcan scparaIion
in hoIdiny aparI cIhoIoyy and cIhics sincc Ihc Iwo arc coniyurcd in OcIcuzc
in Icrms o an inIrinsicalIy immancnI rcIaIion as a qucsIion o accI.
owcvcr, I wanI IoinsisI onIhcnccd boIh IoapprcciaIc thc immancncc unJ
Io pIacc it in suspcnsion. II is prcciscIy Ihc manncr in which OcIcuzc staycs
his cIaims about Ihc possibiIiIy ol nonhuman bccominys o Ihc human IhaI
rcVcaI Ihc ncCcssIy IO munIun Ihc dsInCIOn. This wiII cnabIc us IO
qucsIion IhcnaturcoIhc Icap Ihat isinvoIvcd inmoviny rom aconsIrucIion
o naIurc as a pIanc ol immancncc and consisIcncy, which procccds in
accordancc wiIh Ihc IransvcrsaI communicaIion o moIccuIar allccIs, Io Ihc
arIicuIaIion o an cIhoIoyicaI cIhics Ihat conccrns nonhuman and animaI
bccominys oIhc human.
L0HQPXIj uH0 IHP 0IuDSH
DeIeuzes reIuIion Io Weismunn und Io Ihe Ouiwin|un IiudiIion is highIy
compIcx. IlOcIcuzc isin somc undamcntaI scnsc a Bcrysonian Ihinkcr, Ihcn
he is close Io Weismunn simpIy becuuse, us wus shown in huptei I , Ihe
`ycrminaI Iic` Dclcuzc dcvcIops rom hisrcadiny oBcrysonhasiIs oriyins`
in Ihe iecept|on oI Weismunn we Iind in Beigson` s Creurive Evolution.
Bcryson is IypicaIIy IrcaIcd asparIothcIradiIionoviIaIism which, aIIcasI
in one ol Is piincpuI uspecIs, muinIu|ns thaI ' IiIe` is irreduc|ble Io Ihe
mcchanisms olphysics and chcmisIry. BuI, as wc havc sccn, Ihis conccpIion
o Bcryson as a straiyhIorward viIalisI ncyIccts Ihc cxIcnI Io which his tcxI
on crcaIivc cvoIuIion is inconccivabIcwiIhouIthcinIucnccand inspiraIiono
Ihc irsI nco-Oarwinian rcvoluIion pcrormcd by Wcismann. ikc Ihc
Wcismannian tradiIion, boIh Bcryson and DcIcuzc yivc primacy in Ihcir
phiosophics oliIc noIIoIhcoryanism orIhc spccics butIoIhcIlowsolvitaI
intcnsIcs an Ihc bccominy o durationaI orccs. owcvcr, Dclcuzc ncvcr
subscribcs Io aycncIic dcIcrminism, whcIhcr inIhc shapc o Ihc conIinuiIy o
ycrm-pIasm or Ihc inccssanI and impcrIurbabIc rivcr o ONA. Morcovcr, or
him 'cvoIution` involvcs a yrcaI dcaI morc Ihan hcrcdiIary transmission and
rcproducIion. owcvcr, in airminy Ihc viIaIiIy o nonoryanic Iic and,
Ihcrcby sccminyIy dcmoIinyIhcoryanism inIhcmanncr olIhcWcismannian
IrudiIion OeIeue shows himscI, on onc Ieel aI lcasI, Io be in sympaIhy
wiIh Ihc modcrn rcvoIuIion ol nco-Oarwinism, ycncIics, and moIccuIar
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THE MLMORIE3 O! A BERG3ON IAN
bioIogy And, as wc shaII scc, in A!! OcIcuzc and GuaIIari do draw hcaviIy
on Ihis posI-Bcigsoniun IiudiIion inoidciIo piomoIc u rhizomuIics. BuI Ihcy
aIso havc an imporIanI rcIaIion Io compIcxity Ihcory and its aItcnIion Io
issucs ol scI-oigunizuIion. Wc nccd to undcisIund bctIci how Dclcuzc und
Guatari rccIy draw on Ihcsc dilcrcnI IrajccIorics in bioIogy.
5IuIcd in vciy gcnciuI Icims compIcxiIy Ihcoiy dcnoIcs u movcmcnI
wiIhin contcmporary bioIogy IhaI has sought Io go bcyond thc aIlcgcd
gcncic icducIionism und dcIciminism o nco-Ouiwinism, in which Ihc
cmphasisis on Ihc `cocvoIuIion` oorganism and cnvironmcnI. ThcaIIcmpI
is madc Io dissoIvc Ihc opposiIion o Ihc 'organism` and thc cnvironmcnI`
and Iodcrciy iIas asubccIobjccIspIiI noIhcrwords,IhccIaimisthaIiIis
crroncous Io vicw Ihc organism as an cntiIy cnIircly scparaIc rom, und
cvoIving indcpcndcnI o, iIs cnvironmcnI, or Io rciy Ihc cnvironmcnI by
IrcaIing iI as somcIhing givcn and ixcd, and which iI is allcgcd, produccs
OnIy u `pussVc mOdcI O! uduIuIOn. Orgunsms CunnOI bc IrcaIcd us CIOscd
sysIcms simply subjccIcd Io cxIcrnaI orccs and dcIcrminaIions, rathcr, Ihcy
havcIo bc undcistood in morc dynamical Icrms as opcn sysIcms IhaI undcrgo
conIinuaI Iux. Jhc proccss o 'adapIing` invoIvcs, Bcrgson argucd
anIicipaIing Ihis approach, noI a mcrc `rcpcaIing` buI an acIivc `rcpIying`
[rliquer| (Bcrgson 962:5, 93:5). Cn Ihc modcI onaturaI scIcction iI
is Ihc cnvironmcnI which simpIy scIccIs Ihc organism, cxIcrminaIing thc iII
iIIcd und picking o Ihc liIIcr oncs. CnIhcmodcI oco-cvoluIion howcvcr,
iI is cquaIIy Ihc casc IhaI an organism `scIccIs' iIs cnvironmcnI. Brian
Goodwin, u Icuding iguic inIhcscso-cuIIcd 'post` Ouiwiniun dcvcIopmcnts,
argucs IhaI organisms havc Ihc poIcnIiaI or cccIing appropriaIc rcsponscs
Io Ihcii cnvironmcnI, wiIh Ihc icsulI IhuI Ihc variuIion uvaiIubIc oi
cvoluIionary changc and adapIaIion cannoI bc sccn as simpIy arising rom
iundom gcnctic muIution, buI iuIhci iom Ihc inIiinsicuIIy icguIuIivc und
pIastic rcsponscs o Ihc organism to Ihc cnvironmcnI during iIs IiccycIc`
(Goodwin I 994: 05). Cigunisms oi Goodwin urc ugcnIs ol 'immuncnI,
scIgcncraIing, or crcaIivc powcr` Ihat parIicipaIc acIivcIy in a Iowing
uniIy, a crcaIivc rivcr o Iic` (0S). Gcorgc ampis, anoIhcr compIcxiIy
IhcorisI, argucs IhaI il onc adopIs a cocvoIuIionary vicw, in which Ihc
rcIaIionship bcIwccn an organism and an cnvironmcnI is sccn Io rcsI on a
scrics occdback Ioops, thcn iIhas Io bcrccognizcd Ihat thc probIcms Io bc
soIvcd y cvoluIionary adapIaIion arc IhcmscIvcs producIs oan cvoIuIonary
proccss (Ihis is an csscnIiaIIy Bcrgsonian poinI abouI eutive cvoIuIion). In
othcrwords, thc proccss and iIs producIs arc mcanngul only wIh rccrcncc
Io onc anothcr (ampis I 99I : I 6). ampis conIcnds IhaI nco-Oarwinism
rcmains wcddcd Io thc transormaIionaIism ol Oarwin`s thcory ol naIuraI
scIccIion, in which cvoIuIion is conccivcd as Ihc unolding o subscqucnI
sIagcs IhaI aIrcady cxist, scparaIcIy rom Ihc proccss, rom Ihc bcginning on
und dcIcrmincd by un iniIiuI sct olprobIcms poscd by an 'cnvironmcnI` oncc
and lorcvcr.
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THE MLMORIE3 O! A BERG3ON IAN
1I is aIso possibIc to scc Bcrgson`s sIaIcmcnI in Mutter uiiJ Mencr, IhaI
the bruin is purI oIIhe muIeriuI worId the muIeriuI worId is noI purI oI Ihe
brain` as bcing in communicaIion wiIh Ihis Iinc o thought. This is noI Ihc
metuphysicuI opposiIion us |I mighI lirsI uppeur on un |nitiuI reud|ng. For
Bcrgson Ihc body is an aggrcgaIc o Ihc maIcriaI worId, an `imagc` in his
Ierms,whichboIh receivesundgivesbucI movemenI und which iscupubIe oI
:electici:. `Cur pcrccpIion o maItcr is, Ihcn, no Iongcr ciIhcr rcIaIivc or
subecIive. . . iI ismerely d| ssevered by he mulI|pIicityoIourneeds` (Bergson
959:49 99 : 50). Thc moIccular movcmcnts o Ihc `ccrcbraI mass` IhaI is
Ihc brain arc bound up inscparably wiIhIhcrc>IoIhc maIcriaI world.Jhisis
why hc argucs Ihat D ask whcIhcr Ihc univcrsc cxists only in ourhcads or
ouI>idc o Ihcm is Io posc an insoIublc probIcm or our>cIvc>. Jhc Iiving
bodycan bc consIrucd as a kindo`ccnIrc` buInoIin tcrms omaIhcmaIicaI
poinI, such a body docs noI mcrcIy rccct acIion rom wiIhouI buI aI>o
sIruggIcs VIh und ubsOrbs I (Ihs s Ihc buss O! Ihc dsInCIOn hc mukcs
bcIwccn pcrccpIion and acction) (scc 557, 56S).
Thc 'ncw` bioIogy, Ihcrcorc, cmphasizcs Ihc acI IhaI an cnvironmcnI
cannoI bc >cparaIcd rom whaI organisms arc and whaI Ihcy do (scc aIso
WhiIchcad 97S, ori y naI I y 927S, hapcr Crganisms and
nvironmcnI`, II., or ancarly conccpIion o this vicw). ranciscoarcIa,
onc ol thc Icading Ihinkcrs o Ihc school o auIopoicsis, has argucd IhaI
Iiing beings and cnironmcnIs sIund in rcIuIion Io onc unoIhcr Ihrouyh Ihc
acIiviIy o `muIuaI spccilicaIion' and `codctcrminaIion` (arcIa et ul.
I 995: I 9S). Cnepromising |deuinIheseurch Ior u purudigm oI 'compIexiIy`,
onc commcnIaIor wriIcs, is Ihc noIion thaI compIcxiIy odynamic sIrucIurc
increuses Ihe more iI | s 'endogenousIy` driven, wiIh Ihe resuII IhuI chunge
cannoI bc simpIy IocaIcd in cxIcrnal compulsions (Wcsson 99 : 6). lt is
precisely such un undersIunding oI compIexiIy IhuI DeIeuze wus seeIing Io
arIicuIaIc in Dg erence oJ Reetiticii in 96S (noIc again IhaI Ihc word
'evoIuI|on` is pIuced in scure quoIes):
WhaI is Ihc ormula or Ihis cvoIuIion Jhc morc compIcx a
systcm, Ihc morc Ihc ulue:eculiurto inlicuticii appcar within iI.
Jhc prcscncc o Ihcsc vaIucs i> whaI aIIows a judgcmcnI ol Ihc
compIcxiIy or compIicaIion o a sysIcm, and dcIcrmincs Ihc
prcccding characIcrisIcs o bioIogical sy>Icms. . . wc cIaim IhaI
compIcx sysIcms incrcasingIy tcnd Io inIcriorisc Ihcir consIiIutivc
dcrcnccs.
(OcIcuzc I96S.J29; I 9942556)
ThisvicwisIakcn up i nIhc IaIcrwork whcrc Ihcword 'compIcxiIy` hasbccn
rcpIaccd by Ihc noIion, which wc shaII cxaminc morc cIoscIy IaIcr on, o
dcIcrr|Ior|uI|zuIion`. `Thc morc inIcrior m|Iicus an orgunism hus on iIs own
>IraIum, assuring iIs auIonomy and bringing iI inIo a scI olaIcaIory rcIaIions
47
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THE MLMORIE3 O! A BERG3ON IAN
wiIh Ihc cxIcrior, Ihc morc dcIcrriIoriaIizcd iI is` (OcIcuzc and GuaIari
I 9S070 I 9SSJ).
ln airncss Io Oarwinism, howcvcr, iI shouId bc noIcd, Ihc idca IhaI iI is
onIy wiIh Ihc urrivuI ol compIcxiIy Ihcory IhuI thc co-implicuIion ol Ihc
oryanism and cnvironmcnI has bccn rccoynizcd wiIhin bioIoyy is crroncous
und mslcudiny. 5uch u vicw constiIuIcs un csscnIiuI clcmcnI oI onod`s
Chuice uiiJ Nece::ity, a book IhaI cxcrIcd a subsIanIiaI inIucncc on
DcIcuzc`s undcrsIundiny oI biophi Iosophy. As u commiIIcd Darwiniun
Monod rcbuIs Ihc idca IhaI Ihc Ihcory ol scIccIion pIaccs Ihc cnIirc
rcsponsibiliIy lor >cIccIion upon chanyc> inIhc cxIcrnaI cnvironmcnI. Monod
insisIs IhaI 'scIcctivc prcssurcs` cannoI bc said Io cxist indcpcndcnIIy o
>pcciic inIcracIions o dilcrcnI oryanism> wiIhin simiIar ccoIoyicaI nichcs.
Thc oryanism is said Io pIay an `cIccIivc` roIc in Ihcsc inIcracIions,
dcIcrmininy inparI, IhcnaIurc andoricnIaIion oIhcscIccIivc prc>surcs Ihat
n!Orm Is bchaVOur. !n addIun, Ihc urcnIaIOn u! scIcCIun s sud IO
bccomc yrcaIcr Ihc hiyhcr Ihc lcvcI o auIonomy an oryanism aIIains wiIh
rcspccI Io an cnvironmcnI (Mond 97 l 26). n his insiyhIs inIo Ihc
>ubIcrrancan and molccuIar' cvcnIs and inIcnsiIics IhaI cxisI aIonysidc and
indcpcndcnIly ol Ihc IcIconomic activity o! conscrvaIivc Iiviny sysIcms, as
wcII as 'bcncaIh' Ihc macroscopic IcvcI ol naturaI sclcction, Mond aIso
makcs possibIc and inspircs Ihc IrajccIory IhaI OcIcuzc and GuaIIari wiII
pursuc in boIh Aiiri-OeJiu: and A !hou:unJ Fluteuu:.
A 'compIcxiIy` vicw o Ihc rapporI bcIwccn an oryanism and iIs
cnvironmcnI i s urIicuIuIcd Io yrcut cIIcct in OcIcuzc's oII-ciIcd und
ccIcbraIcd cssay on pinoza and s`, whichuIiIizcs Ihc idcas o cxkll in
ordcrIo unIoId undcnIold IhcpIunc oI nuturc usu pIunc oIimmuncncc Ihut
disIribuIcs alccIs and which cannoI bc conccivcd as opcratiny in tcrms oan
urbiIrury distincIionbctwccnnuturcund urIiIicc. Cn IhiscIholoyicuI modcI un
animal can ncvcr bc madc scparaIc rom iIs rcIaIions wiIh Ihc worId sincc
'Thc inIcrior is onIy u scIccIcd cxIcrior, und Ihc cxIcrior, a projccIcd inIcrior`
(Oclcuzc 9S : 6S; 9SS: 25) (iI is Ihis insiyhI IhaI cchocs Ihosc o
McrIcau-onIy`s, drawn rom cxkII mcnIioncd inhapIcr l ). owcvcr, in
A!F Ihc compIcxiIy o Ihc oryanism is mappcd ouI in Icrms o a
dcIcrriIoriaIizcd movcmcnI o a>>cmbIayc> which >iyniicanIIy rcconiyurcs
our apprcciaIion o Ihc oryanism as an auIopoicIic aycnI. lnoIhcr words, onc
oIhc cruciaI issucs aI sIac > prcc>cy how Ihc oryan>m is Io bcconccivcd
in Icrmso! its boundarics and iIs boundcdncss as wclI as iIscomponcnts. Thc
vicw IhaI rhzomaIics Iacs Io Ia>k i> Ihc conccpIion oI Ihc oryani>m,
idcnIiiabIc in ant and wiIhin Ihc rcccnI Ihcory oauIopoicsis, which posiIs
in a priori Icrms Ihc unity, sIabiliIy, and idcnIiIy ol Ihc oryanism. Cn this
modcI thc whoIc is supcrior Io Ihc parIs or componcnIsIhc parIs cxisI or
Ihc sakc o Ihc whoIcand Ihc oryanism is positcd hoIisIicaIIy as a scl
rcyuIuIiny und scl!-pcrpcIuaIiny uniIy und inIcyriIy. Thc problcm wiIh this
conccpIion is Ihat it prc-udycs qucsIions o cvoluIion and invoIuIion by
4S
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THE MLMORIE3 O! A BERG3ON IAN
individuaIing organisms wiIhout duc rcgard lor Ihc `compIcxiIy' ol Ihcir
bccoming, such as, Ior cxampIc, ignoring Ihc cxIcnt Io which Iiving sysIcms
cnoy dynamicaI boundarics subjccI Io constanI pcrIurbaIions and muIations,
and incorporaIing diIIcrcnt sIrucIurcs, and IiIc-cycIcs, oIoIhcr lorms oI liIc.
BoIh Ihc boundarics and actuaI componcnIs o oryanisms arc subccI Io
machinic modcs oI communicaIion which calI inIo qucsIion thc Iind oIuniIy
and inIcyriIy aIIribuIcd Io liviny sysIcms by thc IradiIion oauIonomy rom
ant to autopoicsis.
is onIy in rcccnI ycars, IarycIyas arcsuIIoIhc shiIs brouyht abouIby
compIcxity Ihcory Ihat Ihc organism has, in acI, bcgun to bc Iakcn scriousIy
within IhcorcIicaI and invcsIiyaIivc bioIoyy: thaI is, IrcaIcd as a scI
organizing sysIcm in which 'Iic` cannoI bc madc rcducibIc Io a phcnomcnaI
Icvcl and so IrcaIcd purcIy cpiphcnomcnaIIy (say as a dirccI cxprcssion o
O scqucnccs, a manicsIaIion o primary sIrucIurcs which prcsupposc a
smIc Onc-IO-Onc rcIuIOnsh bcIVccn rcIuIOnuI, !unCIOnuI Orgun2uIOns
and Ihc sIrucIurcs which acIuaIizc Ihcm scc oscn 99 :2S0). !n othcr
words, Iilc and bioIoyy arc noI rcducibIc to physics or chcmisIry, at IcasI as
IypicaIIy conccivcd. aIhcr, Ihc lc pccuIiar Io organisms is sccn Io bc an
cmcrycnI propcrty o! complcx atopoicIic sysIcms invoIviny nonIincar
ccdback proccsscs. Goodwin conIcnds Ihat or nco-Oarwinism organisms
havc no agcncy sincc thcy arc noI IrcaIcd as 'rcaI cnIiIics` in Ihcir own righI
buI rcduccd Io an cxpcssion o! ycncs and Ihci producIs ( I 994: I 59).
ompIcxiIy Ihcory, by conIrasI, sccks to show IhaI organisms dispIay
innovaIivc capacitics Ior sclI-organizaIion and scII-rcguIaIion IhaI nccd
cxplaining. hc crcaIivc Iic oorganisms cannoI bc undcrstood in Icrms o
modc` mcchanisIic conccpIions oI causaliIy sincc Ihcsc havc bccn shown
Io bc cIcarly dclicicnI or any adcquatc mapping o Iiving sysIcms. For
compIcxity IhcorisIs Ihis cnIaiIs a numbcr oIIhings. onc, IrcaIing organisms
as naIuraI kinds and not as hisIoricaI individuaIs; Iwo, pIaciny thc cmphasis
in bioIogy on morphogcncsis in which compIcx ordcr in spaccand Iimc is Io
bc undcrsIood as an cmcrycnI propcrty Ihat ariscs lrom oryanizaIionaI
principlcs o an csscnIiaIIy simpIc knd (7J). ic is noI O buI 'a rch
ncIwork olaciIiIaIiny rcIaIionships` (74). Thc naturc anduncIion olycncs
arc noI disrcgardcd in compIcxiIy, raIhcr, Ihc cmphass is pIaccd on
undcrstandiny Ihcir acIiviIy wiIhinIhc dynamic conIcxIoIhcmorphoycnctic
icId a cId that s to bc grantcd a hgh dcgrcc o rcIaIivc auIonomy n
rcIaIion Io ycncIic acIiviIy and moIccuIar li!c. obcrI oscn has oIIowcd Ihc
compIcxity Iurn and soughI Io compIcIcIy nvcrI Ihc cismannan modcI by
cIaiminyIhaIIhc qucsIion can onIypcrIain Io Ihc somaand Ihc oryanism: Iic
i: noIhing oIhcr Ihan an cmcrgcnI phcnomcnon o compIcx systcms,
cmcryiny Ihrouyh a proccss omorphoycncsis (Ihcsc sysIcms arc rcIaIionaI
and invoIvc 'cnIaImcnI`) (oscn 99:275).Jhis mcans or him thaI whlc iI
is rclaIivcIy casy Io conccivc Ii!c and biology wiIhouI cvoIuIion, Ihc samc is
noI Iruc i wc Iry Io Ihink o cvoIuIion wiIhouI Iic. In oIhcr words, Iiving
49
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3
THE MLMORIE3 O! A BERG3ON IAN
Ihinys do no simpIy in:tontiote cvoIuIionary proccsscs; raIhcr Ihcy and Ihcir
speciulized somuIic ucIiviIies piovide Ihe conditions ol possibiIiIy Ior
cvoluIion (2).
The piobIem wiIh Ihe Weismanniun uccount is IhuI iI reilies Ihe iole oI
Ihc ycrmpIasm, or oDNA, in thc various cycIcs Ihat inorm Iic. DNA, or
exumpIe does noI IuncIion us un independenI 'iepIicutoi` buI is dependenI
on Ihc cnvironmcnI providcd by Ihc dividiny cclI. 5imiIarIy, Ihc rcplicaIiny
moIecules, IhuI is Ihe nucIeic ucid IempIuIes, need un eneiyy souice, Ihe
buiIdiny bIocks providcd by Ihc nucIcoIidc bascs, as wcII as an cnzymc, Io
aciIiIaIe Ihe process o poIymerizaIion which is invoIved in Ihe seI
copyiny o Ihc IcmpIatcs (scc Goodwin I99:J4). Goodwin aryucs thaI in
uII uniceIIuIar oryanisms and pIanIs, as weII as in many species oanimal,
Ihcrc is no scparaIion o ycrm pIasm rom somatopIasm, mcaniny IhaI
Ihere is no 'herediIary essence` , such as Ihe yerm or ONA, which i s
rcsOnsbIc !Or Ihc rcICuIOn Ol I!c." 1hc ncV bOIOgy O! COmpIcxIy
Iheory aryues Ihat Ihe moIecuIar mechanisms which make upDNA enjoy a
vcrsaIiliIy, makiny iI a Iuid raIhcr Ihan a sIablc poIymcr (J). AII Ihc
moIecuIar componenIs o ceIIuIar Iie, such as Ihe DNA, Ihe NA, and
proIcins, undcryo a `moIccuIarIurnovcr` in which IhcirconstiIucnIparIs ycI
repIaced (ibid.). Jhe herediIary materiaI o Iie, Ihereore, pIays an
imporIant roIc in sIabiIiziny ccrIain aspccts o Ihc spaIiaI and IcmporaI
ordcr ol Ihc dynumic licId in which Ii!c cvoIvcs und invoIves For
complcxity IhcorisIs such as Goodwin, howcvcr, whaI is dccisivc is Ihc
'yenerutive Iield` which piovides the dynumicuI contexI in which the
oryanizaIion oIhc cyy ccII or Ihc oryanismIakcs pIacc. Notc Ihc cmphasis
is noI on u physicuI 'essence` buI on u dynumicol Ioices. II is noI Ihe
acIuaI naIurc ocomponcnIs invoIvcd in a physicaI licId, such as molccuIcs
undceIls,IhuI isdecisive inthepioduction oIspuIiuI puItes,buIiuIheiIhe
manncr oinIcracIion wiIh onc anothcr in Iimc (Ihc kincmaIics oIhc cyy)
und in spuce (theii reIuIionuI oidei: IhuI is, how the sIuIe ol one ieyion
dcpcnds upon Ihc staIc olnciyhbouriny rcyions) (Goodwin I99.49). `udc
DNA` , thereore, does noI repIicuIe iIseI buI requires a compIex
asscmblayc oprotcin cnzymcs: `thcccIIuIardancc ismcdiaIcdbyahosIo
proIein enzymes` (auman I995. J9).
DcIcuzc and GuaIIari aIIack OA doyma and myIhoIoyy in both Anti
UeJiu: and A hcu:nnJ Plntenu:. n the Iatter, Ior exampIe, Ihey suyyesI
IhaI ycncIic Iincarity is abovc alI spaIiaI cvcn Ihouyh Ihc scymcnIs arc
consIrucIed successiveIy. I is besI not Io compare Ihe yeneIic code Io
Ianyuayc, Ihcy aryuc, sincc iI has nciIhcr cmiIIcr nor rcccivcr, and conccrns
redundancies and surpIus vaIues raIher than comprehension and IransIaIion
(OcIcuzc and GuaIIari I9S0: SI ; I9SS. 62) (on Ihc ycncIic codc and Ianyuayc
see acob I 974: J06). As a proIein moIecuIe thaI reorders moIecuIar
componcnts ONA cunnoI besuidto `tiansIuIc` inIhe way Ianyuuyc IrunsIatcs
oded within Ihe yenetic maIeriaI is a scheme by whichparIicuIar sequences
I 50
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THE MLMORIE3 O! A BERG3ON IAN
o nuclcoIidcs (Ihc our bascs o adcninc, cyIosinc, guaninc, and Ihyminc)
correspond to specilic umino ucids. BuI us Br|un Mussumi noIes Ihe
IransormaIions clccIcd as a rcsuIIoDA mcchanisms arc 'not a uncIion
oIIhe code iIseII, buI oIIhe successive synIheses iIs reorderingsuretuIen up
by`, such as mcIaboIism, naIuraI scIcction, rcproducIion, and viraI Iranscr
(ussumi 99. S7).
CrIhodox bioIogy wouId conIcsI Ihcsc cIaims by poinIing IoIhc invarianI
churucIer oILA replicuIion und reproduction. Deeuze und GuuIIuri uccepI,
o coursc, IhaI invariancc is noI simpIy a caIurc o moIar organizaIions buI
consIiIuIcs Ihc csscnIiaI naIurc o nuclcoIidcs and nuclcic acids whosc
`cxprcssion` is indcpcndcnt omoIccuIcs ol 'conIcnI`, such as proIcins, and
oany dircctcd acIion in an cxIcrnaI miIicu.Ithc samc Iimc protcins can bc
sccn Io bc cquaIIy indcpcndcnI ol nucIcoIidcs in Ihc orm and subsIancc o
Ihcir 'conIcnt`. !n Ihc Iincar dcIcrmination o anucIcic scqucncc 'cxprcssion'
Iakcs On u !Orm IhaI s rcIaIVc IO 'COnIcnI', und nVOIVcs u '!OIdng ba
upon iIscI o Ihc proIcin scqucncc ol amino acids`, Ihus yicIding Ihc
characIcrisIic Ihrcc-dimcnsionaI sIrucIurcs. owcvcr, Ihc critical poinI
OcIcuzc and Guaari insisI upon i s IhaI whiIc Ihis coniguraIion o
cxprcssion and conIcnIdcIcrmincsan organism`scapaciIy or rcproducIion, iI
aIso cnhanccs Ihc capaciIy or Jeerritcrinlinticn. Jo quoIc Ihcir kcy point
again: `hc morc inIcrior miIicus an organism has. . . assuring iIs auIonomy
und bringing |I inIo u scI o uIcutory rcIutions iIh Ihc cxtcrior, Ihc morc
dcIcrritoriaIizcdiI is' (Oclcuzc and GuaIari 9S0:70 9SS. 5J)his is a
rudicuI inversion ol sIundurd Duriniun dogmu since recogniIion oI Ihc
invarianI sIructurc o DNA docs noI ncccssariIy Icad Io a rciicaIion o
reproducIion oIIhe species us Ihe elo: oIIile, buI ruIher |s ubIe to poinI ouI
IhaI rcproducIion is dcpcndcnI upon a primary dcIcrriIoriaIizaIion (scc 778
5960). II reproducIion |s uIuys insepurubIe Irom deIerriIoriulizuI|on Ihcn
`cvolution` musI invoIvc somcIhing morc Ihan Ihc simplc rcproducIion o
species QuO species. 1 codings ure insepurubIe lrom inIrinsic und exIrinsic
proccsscs odccoding (Ihrough suppIcmcnIaIion and `sidccommunicaIion`),
and i IcrriIoriaIiIics arc cquaIIy involvcd in thcsc proccsscs, thcn Ihc kcy
insighI is IhaI iI is ouluton: IhaI arc Ihc `subjccI` o Ihcsc mutuaIly
impIicatcd proccsscs o coding, dccoding, and dcIcrriIoriaIizaIion. Cn Ihis
modcI 'cvoluIion` docs noI simpIy cnIaiI Ihc passagc lrom onc prc
csIabIishcd Iorm oIIiIc toanothcr, invoIvingonIyIhcIransIaIon oIonccodc
into anoIhcr. aIhcr, thcrc arc Ihc phcnomcna ol muIaIions, gcncIic dri!I,
and thc IranscrraI o ccIIs ol onc spccics Io anoIhcr IhaI Iacs pIacc noI n
Icrms o`IransIaIion` buIin raIhcr in Icrms oa surpIusvaIucocodc('sidc
communicaIion`) (viruscs, lor cxamplc, do noI IransIaIc codc buI sidc
communicaIc via ragmcnIs ocodc) IIimatcIy, Ihis signaIs a brcak rom
Ihc moIar norms o orIhodox Oarwinian Ihcory with iIs cmphasis on Iargc
numbcrs und sIatisIicul uggrcgaIcs, uIlowing lor unomuIous unimaI
bccomings, and aording a signiicanI insighI inIo how OcIcuzcandGuaIIari
5
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THE MLMORIE3 O! A BERG3ON IAN
arc abIc Io brcak lrcc o thc grip o Wcismann' s gcrmpIasm. Cn a
rhizomuIic modcI iI is noI so much a qucsIion oI 'cvouIion` , wiIh iIs
pcrccIionisI and progrcssivist vaIucs, but morc a qucsIion o passagcs,
bridgcs, und IunncIs u qucsIion nciIhcr oI rcgrcssion norol progrcssion buI
o `bccomings`: Thcrc is no pIasmic inaIiIy. . . . ic knows no inaIity, no
Iinishcd crysIuIIi suIion`uwrcncc I993. I S).
HP D00] WIH0UI 0uH5 uH0 IHP 0uH5H
Givcn Ihc proximiIy o a grcaI dcaI o OcIcuzc`s crgsonism` whcIhcr o
I 9 or I 9S) Io Ihc argumcnts o compIcxiIy Ihcory, and givcn thaI inA!!
OcIczc and GuaIari can bc sccn Io bc dcvcloping a rich conccpIion o scl
organizaIion, why do Ihcy i n A!! lay so much sIrcss on aIIacking Ihc
organism !n short, why inA7! do Oclcuzc and Gattari sccm Io havciIin
!ur Ihc urgunsm` `Jh cncmy', h dcCIurc, 'i h urgunsm' ( 9SI9
I 9SS: 5S). Jhis is noI Io ask altcr in an absIracI lashion Ihc naIurc o
DcIcuzc`s sIrangc aIIraction IoIhc `powcruI` and `inIcnsc` Iic thaI or him
is anorganic, buI raIhcr Io ask criIically whcIhcr Ihc phiIosophy ol gcrminaI
IiIc adumbratcd in A!! rcsuIts in an unmcdiaIcd opposiIion bcIwccn
organismic lic and nonorganic lic, as wcII as a mcrcIy absIracI ncgaIion o
Ihc organism. !nA!! Ihc organism appcars to bc IrcaIcd as somcIhing IhaI is
inIrinsiculIy moIar, Irupping IiIc in IormuI orgunizution, und cIIcting
sIraIicaIion and rigidi!icaIion on thc anorganic Iic in which Ihc viIaI and
virIuuI powcr oI Ihc disparuIc und thc dcmonic, as IhaI which haunIs Ihc
organizaIion o Iiving systcms, is nuIIiicd: `Jhc uJenent o] GoJ . . . the
IhcoIogicuI sysIcm, is prcciscIy IhcopcraIion olc who maIcs an organism,
an organizaIion o organs caIlcd thc organism` ( I 97 IS). lndccd, iI is
oIIcn noIcd, as wcII as bcing cIcarIy sIaIcd by DcIcuzc and GuuIIari
IhcmscIvcs, IhaI thcir curious noIion o `Ihc body wiIhouI organs` is poorIy
phruscd n IhaI thc uIIucI s noI on Ihc orguns us such buI on Ihcr
organizaIion by Ihc organism.
OcIcuzc and GuaIari `s conccpIion o Ihc organism as a highIy straIi!icd
moIar organizaIion is noI, in acI, cnIircIy idiosyncraIic or pccuIiar Io Ihcm.
Cn Ihc conIrary, a simiIarconccpIion ol Ihc organism has bccn advanccd by
Ihc ccIcbratcd oundcrs oIhc contcmporary Ihcory o auIopoicsis, umbcrIo
MaIurana and rancisco arcIa. Ihc lormcr onc o Ihc worId s lcading
bioIogiss, Ihc IaIcr onc o!Ihc worId`s Icading ncuroscicnIisIs. Thcy arguc
IhaI considcrcd as a mcIasysIcm Ihc organsm is madc up o componcnIs
IhaI cnjoy onIy a minimum autonomy. Bccausc thc organism is drivcn by Ihc
dcsirc Io prcscrvc iIscIas a uniIy in Ihc cnvironmcnI iI Icnds Io cvoIvc as a
highIy conscrvaIivc systcm. Thcy comc vcry closc Io Dclcuzc and GuaIIari
whcn Ihcy arguc IhaI 'Jhc organism rcsIricIs Ihc individuaI crcativiIy ol iIs
componcnI uniIics, us these uuities eist]or the oruuisn` (MuIuruna and
arcla I992: I 99, my cmphasis).
I 52
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THE MLMORIE3 O! A BERG3ON IAN
I wanI to puI lorward Ihc argumcnI, howcvcr, thaI in A!! OcIcuzc and
GuuIIuii ne|Ihei ubsIiucIIy neguIe Ihe orgun|sm noi d| sieguid Ihe iIuI
conIribuIion iImakcsIo `Iic`.ThcwayinwhichIhcrcIaIionship bctwccn Ihc
body wiIhouI oiguns und sIiutiIicution geIs conliguied ut Ihe ouIseI oI Ihe
platcau siyniicanIIy IiIIcd `Thc coIoyy o oraIs` is imporIanI in this
iegurd. The 'body wiIhouI oiguns` ieIeis Io Ihe 'body` oI Ihe eneigies und
bccominys o thc arIh IhaI ycIs pcrmcatcd by maIIcrs which arc hiyhIy
unIoied undunsIubIe, chaiucIeiized by Iiee-moing IIows, 'Iree inIensities
and `nomadic sinyuIariIics`. OcIcuzcand uatari Ihcn aryuc IhaIIhcrc aIso
orms on Ihc pIancI, aI Ihc samc Iimc, Ihcphcnomcnono 'sIraIi!caIion` IhaI
can bc rcyardcd, in Ihc clccI iI has o providiny Iic wiIh oryanizaIion and
dirccIion, as boIh 'bcnciciaI` and 'unorIunaIc`. II isIhc sysIcm o sIraIa Ihat
providcs maIIcrs with orms, imprisons inIcnsiIics inIo sysIcms o
rcdundancy, and organizcs smaII and Iargc moIcculcs inIo 'moIaraggrcgatcs`
(scc nOIc 3 Or nsghI nIO Ihc dsInCIOn bcIVccn mOIcCuIar and mIr).
Jhcsc sIrata, ranging rom Ihc cncrgctic, thc physico-chcmicaI, and Ihc
ycoIoyicaI, Io thc sociaI and cuIural, uncIion Iikc acIs and apparatuscs o
'capIurc` and opcraIc in Iwo principaI ways: codiny and IcrriIoriaIizaIion. Jhc
problcm oIorui:ic straIiicaIion is IhaIohow to makc Ihc body`Ihc body
as consIiIutcd by rcc inIcnsiIics and nomadic singuIariIicsinto an
organism. It is Ihis probIcm IhaI is Iaid ouI and addrcsscd by Monod, in
which naIuruI sclccIion draws Ihc inIensiIies oI lilc oI oI Ihe ieuIm oI
chancc and opcratcs as a orcc o ncccssiy on hc macroscopic IcvcI o
oigunisms (onod I 97 I : I I S37). We do noI need to IoIIow in uny luiIher
dcIail Ihc rich conIours ol OcIcuzc and uaari`s carIography. any o Ihc
ciuciuI expiessions und IoimuluIions Ihey come up wiIh, such us Ihe 'pIune oI
consisIcncy` , 'dcIcrriIoriaIizaIion` , cIc., wiIIbc cxpIorcd in morc dcIaiI as Ihc
chupIei progiesses. eI us simpIy noIe u ciuc|uI uspecI Io Iheii piesentution
o Ihc problcm ol Ihc oryanism in rcIaIion Io Ihc body wiIhout oryans.
numeIy, Ihut iI is u question oIundeisIunding how Ihc oigun|sm isIoimed on
Ihc IcvcI o an oryanic sIraIum, how iI works, whaI uncIions iI pcrorms,
what dcIcrritoriaIizaIions and dccodingsiIisimpIicaIcd in, and whaI wc may
makc with iIas Ihc aair and praxis oaycrminaIlic. Iis cruciaI, Ihcrclorc,
how wc consIruc Ihc 'cIhics` invoIvcd in Ihc compIcx rclaIion bcIwccn Ihc
body wiIhouI oryans and Ihc oryanism.
Occuzc and GuaIari sIrcss IhaI Ihc 'body wiIhouI organs', Ihc immancnI
cId IhaI is 'dcsirc` produciny and disIribuIiny inIcnsitics, docs noI simpIy
comc bcorc thc organism, as iiIwassomckindoprcorganic, amorphous
soup; raIhcr, iI has Io bc IhouyhI as adjaccnI Io thc oryanism and as
'conIinually in Ihc proccss o consIrucIiny iIscI` ( 9S0:202J, 9SS: 4).
ThcprobIcm is compoundcd by IhcacI IhaIor OcIcuzc and uaIIari hcrc is
noI usI Ihc onc Iypc o body wiIhouI organs buI scvcraI. Jhc principaI
conIrasI, howcvcr, which is designed Io havc criticaI import, is bcIwccn Ihc
body wiIhouI organs IhaI constiIuIcs Ihc 'gIaciaI rcaliIy` whcrcthc oIdings,
5J
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THE MLMORIE3 O! A BERG3ON IAN
scdimcnIaIions, and coaguIaIions invoIvcd inIhc composiIion o an organism
Iukc pIucc, und thc orgun|sm Ihut constiIuIcs Ihc sIrutum cxisting on Ihis
body, imposing upon iI orms, luncIions, hicrarchizcd organizaIions, and
Irunsccndcnccs ( I 97 I 59). cIcuzc und GuuIIur|, hovcvcr, insisI IhuI no
absIracI opposiIion is to bc scI up bcIwccn Ihc straIa and Ihc Iody withouI
orguns. This is Ior Ivo rcusons. firsI, Ihc lody viIhouI orguns comcs inIo
pIay both in Ihc straIa and on Ihc dcstrati!icd pIanc o consisIcncy. This
mcuns IhuI in Ihc cusc of Ihc orgunism conccivcd us u sIruIum onc Iinds u
body wiIhouI organs which opposcsIhc rigid organization olorgans, buI aIso
IhaI Ihcrc is a body wiIhouI organs c the crnni:n thnt Ielcn: tc it:
:trntun. Thc aim is noI, Ihcrcorc, Io ncgaIc Ihc organism buI Io arrivc aI a
morc comprchcnsivc undcrstanding o iI ly siIuaIing iIwiIhin Ihc widcr cId
oorccs, intcnsiIics,andduraIions thaIgivcriscIo iIandwhich donot ccasc
Io invoIvc a pIay bcIwccn nonorganic and sIraIiicd Iic. rcaIivc proccsscs
n!Orm hnth Ihc bOdy VIhOuI Orguns und rOCcsscs O! sIruI!CuIOn.
5IratiicaIion, or cxampIc, is saidIoinvoIvc crcaIing ordcr ouI o chaos, and
artisIs, in whosc work Ihis proccss bccomcs visibIc, arc comparcd to `God`,
making a worId by organizing orms and subsIanccs, codcs, miIicus, and
rhyIhms, and producing a harncssing o! cosmicizcd !orccs ( l 980. 627;
988:502). By conIrast, thc 'bccoming` olbodics wiIhouI organs invoIvcs a
pIay o individuation Ihrough hacccciIysinguIariIy, a `producIion o
inIcnsiIics Icginning aI a dcgrcc zcro` (6JJ; 507). This is Ihc 'povcrIuI
nonorganic lic` IhaIcscapcs Ihc sIraIaandisimpIicaIcd in IransvcrsaI modcs
oI communicution, vh|ch urc modcs Ihut cuI ucross Ihc cvoIuIion of disIincI
phyIcIic Iincagcs. Jhc organism IhaI OcIcuzc and GuaIIari arc aIIacking, I
vouId conIcnd, |s noI u ncuIruI cnIiIy IuI ruIhcr Ihc orgunism consIrucd us u
givcn hicrarchizcd and IransccndcnI organizaIion. I can only bc rcprcscnIcd
i n such Icrms Iy lcing uIsIrucIcd from iIs moIccuIur und rh|zomuIic
conditions olpossibiIiIy.
s |I poss|blc Io undcrstund this compIcx vorking out oI Ihc orgun|sm us
impIicaIcd in a body withouI organs Ihat is aIways adjaccnI Io iI in oIhcr
Ihan cthicaI Icrms Jhc ucsIion 'hov do you mukc yourscI a lody
wiIhout organs` is addrcsscd Io Ihc organism as an cIhicaI ucsIion in
5pinoa` s scnsc IhaI knowing whaI a lody can do can ncvcr bc
dcIcrminabIc oncc and or aII sincc it invoIvcs an cxpcrimcnIaI bccoming.
On my rcadng Ihc cIhca ucston is Ihc onIy vuy Io makc scnsc o
OcIcuzc and GuaIari `s staIcmcnI thaI `dismanIIing Ihc organism has ncvcr
mcant klIng yourscI. hs s bccausc Ihc pont s noI a moral onc,
invoIving somc cnIircIy abstract ncgaIion o Ihc organism. Thc cIhicaI
ucsIion conccrns thc Ihcory and praxis o opcn ng up Ihc body Io
connccIions and rclaIions `IhaI prcsupposc an cntirc asscmbIagc` madc up
o 'circuiIs, conuncIions, IcvcIs and IhrcshoIds, passagcs and disIribuIions
o inIcnsiIy, und tcrriIorics and dcIcrriIor|uIizaI|ons` ( I 980.I 98; I 988. I 60.
OcIcuzcand GuaItari` s cmphasis on caution, inwich Ihcy warnagainsInoI
54
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THE MLMORIE3 O! A BERG3ON IAN
dcsIraIiyinyIoo wiIdly, is cnIircIy consonanI wiIh thiscIhics IhaI has Io do
viIh u knovIcdgc oI thc disIr|IuIion und opcruIion oI inIcnsiIics. Whcn
Ihcy aryuc IhaI `sIayiny sIraIicdoryanizcd, siynilicd, subcctcdis noI
Ihc vorsI IhuI cun huppcn`, sincc thc vorsI invoIvcs coIlupsing Ihc sIrutu
inIo somc dcmcntcd or suicidaI staIc, wc arc rcmindcd othc cIhics oIhc
cvcnI (Ihc cvcnI oI u gcrinuI IiIc) IhuI IcIcuzc vus sccking Io urIicuIuIc | n
7he Ioic o] Sen:e. iIIiny oncscI as an oryanism docs noI amounI Io
'di smunII iny` Ihc orguni sm, IhcrcIorc. Iut, ironicu!Iy, prcscrvcs and
mummiics iIis a ucsIion olbccominy an inIcnscbody andolindiny
potcnIiaI movcmcnIs odcIcrriIoriaIizaIion c:cn crcni:n (Ihis is Ihc yrcaI
5pinozisI paradox o Ihc book).
BuI wc also nccd Io noIc Ihc proIcms aIIcndant on any aIIcmptto simpIy
or straiyhIorwardIy appIy insiyhIs yaincd rom Ihc cvoluIion o bioIoyicaI
popuIaIions, and rom thc bccominys-animaI impIicaIcd in cIhoIoyicaI
usscmbIugcs, IO Ihc !cId Ol 'nOnhumun bcCumngs u! Ihc humun. Jhc
problcm stcms rom Ihc acI thaI wc arc dcaIiny wiIh inordinaIcIy IcnyIhy
ycoIoyicaI Iimcscalcs and hiyhIy compIcx cvoIuIionary proccsscs. This is, in
act, a undamcnIaI probIcm wiIh OcIcuzc and GuaIIari`s aIIcmpI Io rcwriIc
cIhics wiIh a 'eoloy o! moraIs` (in Ihc plaIcau cnIiIIcd I0,000 ycars H.L..
GcoIoyy olMoraIs` thc datc namcs as an 'cvcnI` Ihc cndoIhc IasI Icc
yc and Ihc acccIcraIcd proccss odcorcsIaIion IhaI marks iI).
H8I S u HUIQCIj WEI_S0DSH uH0 Dc0-uIWHSH
hcrc isonc issuc on which OcIcuzc's uIilizaIion oBcrysonrcmainscnIircIy
Ihc sumc lcIvccn Ihc vorks oI I 966S und A! und Ih|s is Ihc issuc oI
muIIipIicity. ln Ber:oni:n DcIcuzc aryucs thaI Ihcusayc ol muItipIiciIy in
Bcryson | s noI purI oI Ihc trudiIionuI vocuIuIury oI ph|Iosophy vhcn it is
Iakcn Io dcnoIc aconIinuum.orBcryson, hc insisIs, iI isncvcraucsIiono
oppos|ng Ihc onc und thc mulIipIc IuI oI druving u disI|ncIion und u
dilcrcncc bcIwccn Iwo kinds o muIIipIiciIy, namcIy, bcIwccn a dicrcIc
muIIipIiciIy thaI can bc rcprcscnIcd spaIiaIIy and a uaIiIaIivc muIIipliciIy
IhaI can onIy bc conccivcd duraIionaIIy LcIcuzc I966:J0I ; I9SS: JS; and
scc Bcryson I 960: I 2I3 or a cIcar prcscnIaIion ol thc two Iypcs) In
Ber:oii:n Ihc dicrcncc bctwccn Ihc Iwo is prcscnIcd as onc bcIwccn a
diIIcrcncc indcyrccand adIcrcncc in kind. hc cruciaI diIIcrcncc isIhat in
Ihcrstcasc muIIipIiciIy isbcinyrcprcscnIcdpurcIy cxIcnsivcIy in tcrms o!a
homoycncous ordcriny iI issIricIly numcricaI, in Ihc sccond casc, howcvcr,
Ihcrc is an inIcrnal lusion and hcIcroycnciIy Ihat cannot bc madc subjccI Io a
simpIcnumcraIion. onccivcd purcIy as a uniI oariIhmctic, OcIcuzc aryucs,
Ihc numbcr is aIways IhaI which dividcs wiIhouI chanyiny in kind. By
conIrasI, aconIinuous or duraIionaI muIIipIiciIy aIways chanycs in kind whcn
iI dividcs und so can bc considcrcd Io bc nonnumcricuI (onc can spcak o!
'indivisibIcs` buI onIy aIcach sIaycoIhcdivision)crc numbcr docs cxisI
I 55
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THE MLMORIE3 O! A BERG3ON IAN
but onIy as a `poIcnIiaIiIy', mcaniny IhaI iIs duraIion is ol Ihc ordcr oIhc
virtunI IhuI musI dividc in kind Ihrough diIIcrcnIiuI ucIuuIizuIion.
Thc notion o muItipIiciIy consIiIuIcs a cruciaI componcnt o LcIcuzc`s
Hcrgsonism und uIIicd criIiquc oI d|uIccIics. To mup u 'Iccoming` in Icrms oI
an opposiIion bcIwccn Ihc onc and Ihc many is noI Io rcach muIIipIiciIy,
sincc, iI i s urgucd, onc docs noI uIIuin thc concrctc by comI|ning Ihc
inadcquacy ol onc conccpI wiIh Ihc inadcuacy o iIs opposiIc (a proccdurc
Iuscd on Ihc illusion IhuI uIsIrucI mcdiution rcsuIts in rcuI dcIcrm|nuIion). lI
is noI or LcIcuzc a qucsIion osayiny IhaI a subjccI or scIis onc and aIso
scvcral, rcsuIIiny in a uniIy ol Ihc muIIipIc, nciIhcr is iI a qucsIion o
dcclariny Ihc onc Io bc aIrcady muIIipIc. ulIipIiciIy docs not, Ihcrclorc,
dcsiynaIc a combinaIion oIhc onc and Ihc many, buI onIy an oryanizaIion o
Ihc hcIcroycncous IhaI docs noI rcquirc an ovcrarchiny uniIy in ordcr Io
opcraIc as a sysIcm. !l vc Iakc Ihc oryanism as an cxampIc, whcIhcr
COnsdcrcd us Onc Or us muny, Vc Cun suy n Ihc Icrms O! Lccu2cs
Bcrysonism thaI iI is consIituIcd by, and impIicaIcd in,anasscmbIayc madc
up ohcIcroycncous componcnIs. This asscmbIayc uncIions as an accnIrcd
muIIipIiciIy IhaI is subjccI Io conIinuous movcmcnI and variaIion. OcIcuzc
wiII yo on Io insisI in connccIion Io sysIcms Ihinkiny IhaI Ihcrc arcIypcs o!
muIIipliciIics and thaI Ihcsc dillcrcnI Iypcs cnjoy an immancncc Io cach
oIhcrthc poinI bciny IhaI Ihcrc cnii Iakc pIacc in maIcriaI tcrms an
arboricaIion oI muIIipliciIics, usI as a rhiomc can bccomc subjccIcd Io
scymcnIation and sIraIilicaIion. rhizomc ncvcr cxisIs in somc `purc`
rhizomuIic stuIc buI ruIhcr osciIIuIcs lcIvccn gcncuIogicuI Iincs IhuI scgmcnI
and sIraIiy and `Iincs o IiyhI` and thc disscminaIion thaI rupIurc Ihc Ircc
Iincs (on muIIipIiciIy conIru diuIccI|cs compurc Icrridu I 9S7. 5 vhcrc
disscminaIion is discusscd in Icrms o an irrcducibIc and enerntve
muIIipIiciIy`).
Thcrc isor OcIcuzc, Ihcrcorc, a `IopoIoyyomuIIipliciIics` whichmarks
thc cnd oI diuIccIics` sincc Ihc muIIipIc is nov uprooIcd from iIs sIuIc us u
mcrc prcdicaIc and has bccomc a noun (muIIipIiciIy` ) . Thc imporIanI
dicrcncc is now conccivcd as a dilcrcncc bctwccn 'disIanccs` and
`mayniIudcs ` , with Ihc ormcr bciny inscparabIc rom a proccss o
conIinuous variaIion and Ihc IaIIcr always distribuIiny consIants and variabIcs
LcIcuzc and GuatIari 9S060J6; I9SS4S5) n intcnsiIy, or cxampIc,
s not madc up oaddabIcand subIracIabIcmaynIudcs, in which iI wouIdbc
possiblc Io dcscrbc a IcmpcraIurc as thc sum o Iwo smaIIcr tcmpcraIurcs,
jusIas aspccd cannoIbc dcscrbcd as Ihc IoIaI oIIwo smaIIcr spccds. athcr,
an inIcnsity is a `dicrcncc`, and whiIc dicrcnccs can orm an ordcr o
smaIIcr and Iarycr dicrcnccs thcy arc cnvcIopcd in onc anoIhcr in such a
way IhaI iIis noI possibIc IojudycIhcir cxacI maynitudcs.
mulIipIicity is noI Io bc undcrsIood cxIcnsivcly, say in tcrms o Ihc
cIcmcnIs IhaI composc iI in a ccrIain spacc buI raIhcr inIcnsivcIy by Ihc
Iincs and dimcnsions iIcncompasscs in intcnsion
,
Oclcuzc and GuaIari
I 56
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THE MLMORIE3 O! A BERG3ON IAN
J98:99: J988:4). muIIipIiciIy is aIways poIcnIiaIIy subjcct Io
muIuIion or IrunsIormution simpIy Iccuusc oI u chungc | n Ihc d|mcnsions
IhaI dcIcrriIoriaIizc iI wc havc noIcd that iI cxisIs as accnIrcd). l Ihc
d|mcnsions chungc, vhcIhcr Ihrough Ihc Ioss oI u dimcnsion or Ihc guin oI
onc, Ihcn Ihc muIIipIiciIy wiII changc. MuItipIiciIy is anoIhcr word lor
bccomi ng wiIh no ccnIrc oI un|IicuIion und |s simpIy dcIinabIc by Ihc
numbcr odimcnsions iI cnjoys:
5incc iIs variaIions and dimcnsions arc immancnI Io iI, it unount: to
the :nne thin tc :ny thnt ench nuItiIicity i: nIrenJy ccnc:eJ c}
heteroeneou: tern: in:ynuio:i:, unJthut u nultilicity i:continuully
trnn:}crnin it:eI} intc n :tri c} nuItiIicitie: ncccrJin tc it:
thre:holJ: oJJoo:.
(. 49}
Jhc muIIipIc can onIy bc thoughI as a bccomingmuIIipliciIy, IhaI is, as a
subsIanIivc and not aprcdicatc oa subjcct (such as Ihc `Cnc`). lI is ncvcra
qucsIion o a subccI bringing a muIIipIiciIy back homc inIo iIscl simpIy
bccausc Ihc subccI, conccivcd as an acI o consciousncss which gaIhcrs
and uniics maIIcr, is ncvcr thc ground or sourcc o iIs condiIions o
possibiIiIy.
lI is Ihc noIion o muIIiIiciIy which informs cIcuzc and GuaIIari`s
conccpIion o Ihc rhizomc. hc cmcrgcncc ol novcI modcs o `cvoIuIion`
prcsupposc communicuIion is Iuking pIucc IcIvccn lodics und muIcriuI
orccs IhaI arc aIrcady madc up olhctcrogcncous componcnIs. n cmphasis
on Ihc composiIc churucIcr oI Iiving cntiIics inIorms Iynn MurguIis`s vork in
symbiogcncsis, which has much in common with Ihc sIrcss pIaccd on
rhizomuIic sIyIcs oI cvoIut|on in cIcuzc und GuuIIuri, cspcciuIIy in iIs
chaIIcngc Io sIandard gcncaIogics o cvoIuIionary Iic and iIs ocus on
IrunsvcrsuI usscmllugcs i n vh| ch gcncs urc sccn Io cross Iuxonomic
boundarics `bccausc LN IravcIs casiIy in Ihc lorm o smaII rcpIicons
pIasm ids, viruscs, transposons, and so orIh` (MarguIis in MarguIis and
csIcrJ991 :9}. 5imiIarIy, inDcIcuzcand Guaari`s mapping ogcrminal Iic
u rhizomc unctions Ihrough IransvcrsaI communicaIion and scrvcs Io bring
abouI crcaIivc and novcI links across phyIctic and inormaIionaI Iincagcs. A
rhzomc isanundcrground sprout, such as abub(which sbcsI thought oIas
a sIcm, noI a rooI), in which parIs consIantIy dic o in Ihc samc mcasurc as
Ihc rhzomc conccivcd as amulIpIiciIy rcuvcnaIcsitscII. I is a subIcrrancan
`ncIwork o mulIipIc branching roots and shooIs, wiIh no ccnIraI axis, no
uniicd poinI o origin, and no givcn dirccIion ol growIh` (Grosz 199:J99}.
ln cccI, Ihc rhizomc consIiIuIcs Ihc surpIus vaIuc o cvoIuIion, always
coming inIo bcing wiIhouI origin, and onIy conccivabIc whcn cvoIuIion is
undcrsIood as uncIioning IransvcrsaIIy IhaI is as cuIIing across disIincI
Iincagcs.
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THE MLMORIE3 O! A BERG3ON IAN
A rhizomc rccrs Io an asscmblagc o hcIcrogcncous componcnIs, a
muIIipIiciIy which IuncIions bcyond thc opposiIion oIIhc onc und Ihc many.
l I is nciIhcr a Cnc which bccomcs Two which wouId bc to prcsupposc
cvoluIion us invoIving I|IIIc morc Ihun a Iincur uccumuIation) nor a muIIipIc
IhaI |s ciIhcr dcrivcd rom a Cnc or Io which Cnc miyhI bc addcd: ` lI | s
composcd noI oI uniIs buI oI dimcnsions, or rathcr dirccIions | n moIion
LcIcuzc and uaIIari I980: J I ; I 988: 2I ). Thc rhizomc is `antiycncaIoyy`
sncc |I opcruIcs in Ihc 'middIc` wiIhouInrche orieIox, opcratingnoI Ihrough
iIiaIion or dcsccnI buI v| a 'variaIion, cxpansion, conucsI, capIurc,
olshooIs` (ibid.). II is Ihc rhizomc Ihat can bc said to providc Ihc mosI
invcnIivc domain ol `crcaIivc cvoIuIion` simply bccausc itluncIions in Icrms
ou poIcnIialIy ininiIc opcn sysIcm.
lI i s on Ihc issuc o muIIipIiciIics IhaI a rapprochcmcnI bcIwccn
Bcrgsonism and nco-Oarwinism (popuIaIion Ihinking) can bc csIabIishcd.
LcIcu2c und LuaIIar CrcdI Ihc IaIIcr VIh u `dOubIc dcccnng O! bOIOgy
consisting o, on Ihconc hand, an attcnIion IopopuIaIions as mulIipIiciIicsin
Ihc Bcryson|an scnsc, and, on Ihc oIhcr hand, ancuaIIy |mporIanI attcnIion
Io dcgrccs o dcvcIopmcnI in Icrms o spccds, ratcs cocicicnIs and
diIcrcntiaI rcIaI|ons DcIcuzc and uaIIari I 980.6J4; I 98848). Takcn
IogcIhcr, thcsc conIribuIions movc hcIp Io movc bioIogy in Ihc dirccIion oa
nomadoIogy or 'scicncc o muIIipIicitics`. In Ihc ormcr casc, it mcans IhaI
Iorms oI I i Ic cannoI bc Iakcn Io prc-cxist a population. Thc morc a
popuIaIion assumcs divcrgcnI orms, Ihc morc iIs muII|pIiciIy div|dcs inIo
muIIipIicitics oIdiIIcrcnI nuIurc` (ibid.). n IhccascoI subsIiIuting aIcs Ior
dcgrccs Ihc cccI isto show IhaIIhc dcgrccs o dcvclopmcnI do noIprccx| sI
und awaiI pcrIcction Ihrough aproccssolrcuIizuIion (us inuny conccpIion oI
prcormaIion |sm, buI raIhcr luncIion as gIobaI and rcIaIivc cuiIibriums
wiIhin Ihc conIcxI oIhc advunIagcs Ihcy bcsIow on purticuIur muIIipIiciI|cs
opcratiny wiIh a parIicuIar variaIion inparIicuIar m|I|cus. This mcans
Dcyrccs arc no Ionycr mcasurcd in Icrms olincrcasing pcrccIion or a
dilcrcnciaIion and incrcasc in Ihc compIcxiIy oIhc parIs,buI inIcrms
o dicrcnI|aI rcIaIions and coclicicnIs such as scIccIivc prcssurc,
caIaIyIic acIion, spccd o propagaIion, raIc o growIh, cvoIution,
muIaI|on, cIc.
(ibid.)
hc uIiIization oInco-arwnism inA hc:cnJlnr: cxIcnds cIcuzcs
rcadiny o Darw|n in Dg erence oiiJ Reetition, whcrc DcIcuzc souyhI Io
cnIisI naIuraI sclccIion in support o a phiIosophy o inIcrnaI dicrcncc by
Iransorminy iIs moIar arIiculaI|on as a Ihcory ospccics. Now, howcvcr, Ihc
rcading o Oarwin is conducIcd IargcIy in Icrms o Ihc modcrn synthcsis o
nco-Larwinism and Ihc introducIion olpopuIaIion Ihinking.As wc saw in Ihc
prcvious chapIcr in Di]erence cnJ Reetiticn Ihc uIiIizaIion o von Bacr`s
I 58
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THE MLMORIE3 O! A BERG3ON IAN
work in cmbryology olIows Ihc discussion ol Darwin, buI in A !hu:unJ
Fluteu.v thc oidci is now rcvcrscd (LcIcuzc und GuuItuii 9S0: 62II.
I 9SS47. This shiI in cmphasis is noI wiIhout signiicancc or
undcrstunding Ihc compIcx movcmcnIs DcIcuzc und GuuIIuii uic Ioiging in
rcIaIion Io modcrn biology. Thc atIracIion is sIiII Io a noleculur rcading o
Duiwinism (u 'moIui` Duiwinism is onc whichgcIs IixuIcd on IhcqucsIionoI
:ecie:), buI now it is madc cIcar Ihat Ihc ncoDarwinism ol popuIaIion
IhinIing is ubIc Io Ihink u wuy ouI o Ihc problcm o whaI Ihcy cuII Ihc
'irrcducibiliIy oIhc orms oloIding` . ll orms oIicarcirrcducibIc, as Ihc
workovon Bacrand his discipIcs suggcsIcd, Ihcn how can wc cxpIuin novcI
bccomings such as crcaIivc invoIuIions and communicaIions IhaI Iakc pIacc
ucross phyIctic Iincagcs hc answcr lor LcIcuzc and GuaIIari Iics in Ihc
insighI IhaI iI is Ihrough populaIions IhaI onc is oimcd and assumcs orms.
Jhc suggcsIion isIaI onc can onIy undcrsIand a molar popuIaIion, suchus a
scCcs, n Icrms u! a dl|crcnI knd u! uuIaIun, a muIcCuIar unc, VhCh s
Ihc subccI olIhccccIs o, and changcs in, coding. JhismoIccuIarizaIiono
a popuIaIion isobviousIycontingcnI sincc iI is dcpcndcnt upon Ihc abiIiIyo
a codc Io propagaIc in a givcn miIicu or crcaIc or iIscI a ncw miIicu in
which any modiicaIion is caughI up in a proccss oI popuIation movcmcnI
( I 9S0:69 I9SS:52). 'hangc`, Ihcrclorc, cannoI bc conccivcd as Ihc passagc
rom onc prccsIabIishcd lorm Io anoIhcrbuI raIhcr in Icrms o a proccss o
dccodin. To supporI Ihis vicw Ihcy uppcuI Io Ihc 'modcrn thcoiy oI
muIaIions` and iIs cIaim IhaI a codc cnjoys a margin o dccoding thaI
piovidcs supplcmcnts which uic capubIc oIIicc vuiiuIion. oicovci, und us
alrcady noIcd, innovaIion in cvoIution Iakcs pIacc noI simpIy Ihrough
'tiunsIuIion` bctwccn codcsbuI cquuIIy inIcims oIthc phcnomcnon oI whuI
Ihcy caII, drawing hcaviIy on Ihc work oranois acob, Ihc 'surpIus vaIuc
oIcodc oi 'sidc-communicuIion`.
uIUIP uS u QuHP 0 C0HSSIPHC]
Jhis pIanc is ncithcr onc o organizaIion nor o dcvcIopmcnI, buI rccrs to a
quiIc dicrcnI modc o 'cvoIuIion` which has Ihc characIcr oa bccoming` .
uch a bccoming` invoIvcs nciIhcr Ihc dcvcIopmcnI ol orms nor Ihc
consIiIuIions o subsIanccs and subjccIs, buI iaIhci modcs o individuaIion
IhaI prcccdc Ihc subccI or Ihc organism his pIunc is said Io conssI onIyoI
absIracI` and nonormaI` clcmcnIs, such as icIaIions o!spccd and sIowncss
bcIwccn Ihcm and Ihc composiIion oI ntcnsivc aIccIs. ccomings IhaI Iakc
pIacc wiIhin it aic rhizomaIic, Iaking pIacc nongcncaIogically in Ihc
middIc`, and as such, do not rcquirc or thcir comprchcnsion principIcs o
inaIiIy.
hc cmphasis on an anIi-nupIiaI naIurc` Ihrough anomalous animaI
bccomings` cxpIuins why |n A !hou:unJ !luteuu: LcIcuzc conIinucs as hc
had donc in Derence uJ Reetiticn, to sidc wiIh Gcoroy ainI-iIairc
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THE MLMORIE3 O! A BERG3ON IAN
ovcr his grcaIrivaI uvicr: cvcn onIhc IcvcI oIhcoIdings iI is aqucsIion o
Monxter.v (DcIcuzc und GuuIIuri I9S0.62 I9SS:47). Thc conIrusI bcIwccn
Ihc Iwo is prcscntcd as onc bcIwccn a IopoIogicaI conccpIion o Ihc loId in
GcoIIroy und uucIidcun conccpIion o spucc inuvicr,buIIhccrciuI poinI
o dicrcncc is thaI onc alIows us Io gain acccss Io naIurc as a planc o
consistcncy und Ihcothcrdocsnot(sccuIsoLcIcuzc I 96S.2JS9 I994: I S4
5). uvicr rcsIricIs biological dc!iniIions Io a Iogic o organs, o Ihcir
rcIuIions und Iunctions. Cn his schcmu Ihc uniIy oI thc pIunc oI nuIurc can
onIy assumc thc characIcr o a uniIy olanaIogy, a IransccndcnI uniIy which
'rcaIizcs` itscIby rugmcnIing inIo disIincI brunchcsandIincugcs,andwhich
Ihcn cvolvc in Icrms o irrcducibIc and uncrossabIc hcIcrogcncous
composiIions. ByconIrusI, Gcoroy gocs bcyond organs and uncIions IoIhc
absIracI` anaIomicaI cIcmcnIs, Io naIurcas an immcnsc absIracI machinc, in
which Ihc kcy opcruIions and cvoIuIions urc 'purc muIcriuls` cnIcring inIo
COmbnuIOns und rcCOmbnuIOns. ln Ihs sChcmu, Ihcrc!Orc, I s sccds und
sIowncsscs, rcIaIions ol movcmcnI and rcsI, IhaI assumc prioriIy ovcr Ihc
orms o sIrucIurc and ovcr typcs o dcvcIopmcnI. As LcIcuzc and GuaIIari
noIc in Iinc wiIh ncw rcscarch dcvclopmcnIs incrIiIiIy, as in oIhcr cxampIcs
such as scx-hormonaI dcIcrmination it is lcss a qucsIion o orm and
uncIions andmorcaqucsIion ospccd: 'do IhcpaIcrnaI chromosomcsarrivc
carIy cnough Io bc incorporaIcd inIo Ihc nucIci` (DcIcuzc and GuaIIari:
I 9S0: JI 2 I 9SS. 255 lI isIhis mappingoIhc pIunconuIurc` us a pIanc o
consisIcncy IhaI providcs vaIuabIc insighI inIo Ihc naIurc ol Ihc 'body
wiIhouIorguns`.This is u plunc oIimmuncncc in which Ihc moIcculur ordcr
onaturc is onc ocomposiIion (oparIicIcs and Ihcirspccds) as much as iI is
u moIur onc oI orgunizuIion (oI lorms und IuncIions). 5uch u plunc is
populaIcd by aIIkinds osucccsscs and laiIurcs, byjumpsandrits bcIwccn
usscmbIugcs noI bccuusc oI somc csscnIiuI Iormul or IuncIionuI
irrcducibiIity, but prcciscIy bccausc Ihcrc arc always cIcmcnIs IhaI arc sIow
or luIc Io urrivc. Thc pIunc oI consisIcncy, thcrcIorc, is uI onc und Ihc sumc
Iimc a planc, or IaI muItidimcnsionaI suracc, ol absoIuIc movcmcnI and
ubsoluIc immobiIity, which gcIs 'Iravcrscd by non ormuI cIcmcnIs (elenent:
iornelx) o rcIaIivc spccd IhaI cnIcr Ihis or IhaI individuaIcd asscmbIagc`
(Jl2J 255).
Thc planc oimmancncc markcd by IransvcrsaI communicaIions providcs
un alIcrnuIivc modcI oI 'crcativc cvoution Io Ihc gcncaogica or IiliaIvc
modcI thaI is dominanI in modcrn bioIogy. Thc parIicIcs and spccds iI draws
our aIIcnIion Io arc noI Io bc conIuscd with aIoms smpIy bccausc aIoms
rcmain niIc cIcmcnIs stiII cndowcd with a lorm Ihat is Ioo dcIcrminaIc. As
DcIcuzc himscI asks: can onc cvcn spcak o aIoms as distincI rom worIds
and intcraIomic inIucnccs (LcIcuzc l9SJS6; I986:5S comparc icIzschc
96S: ccIion 6J6).hc parIicIcs orcIativc spccd do noI 'cxisI` inJeenJent
o] the lune o]conxixtenc, Cnc musI Ica Io Ihink Ihc immuncnI nuIurc o
Ihis pIanc: 'cach individuaI i s an ininiIc muItipIiciIy and Ihc whoIc o
60
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THE MLMORIE3 O! A BERG3ON IAN
NaIurc is a muIIipIiciIy opcrccIIy individuaIcd muIIipIiciIics` OcIcuzc and
GuuIturi I980: JI I I 988. 254). Thc pIunc o nuIurc cnoys us u lune o]
oii::teiy a rcaI uniIy, buI Ihis uniIy cncompasscs boIh Ihc animaIc and
inunimuIc, Ihc nuIurul und Ihc urIiiciul. Morcovcr, Ihc 'cvoIution` o Ihis
uniIy has noIhing Io do ciIhcr wiIh a dccpIy buricd ground or wiIh a
IrunsccndcnIcrcuIor, such us Ihc ugcncy oGodund principlcs odcsign.Thc
planc o naIurcarIiicc i s conccivcd as a pIanc o univocity in ordcr Io
combuI orms o modcrn cvoIutionism IhuI would rcsIricI nuIurc Io u modcI
o unuloy, wiIhin which anIinupIiaI naIurc, modcs o invoIuIion, and
IransvcrsaI communicaIions wouId bccomc unIhinkabIc and unmappabIc.
Dclcuzc and GuatIari insisI IhaI wiIhin Ihis pIanc ol immancncc and
consisIcncy Ihc univocuI i: Ihc mulIipIc: 'Jhc Cnc cxprcsscs in a singIc
mcaningaII oIhc muIIipIc` ( I 980.J I I ; I988.254. This is noI thcuniIy oa
subccI or a subsIanccIhc pIanc o naIurc is said Io bc pcopIcd onIy by
cnnnynu muIIcr~buI ruIhcr IhuI O! u OIcnIuI in!niIy O! mOd!CuIOns
and combinaIions oparIicIcs and orccs omatcrIhaIarcimpIicaIcd on this
uniuc pIanc.
LIP8VP DV0U0H
In A !hou:unJ!luteuu: Dclcuzc and GuaIari do noI placc Ihc cmphasis on
compIcxiicuIion Ihrough morc or Icss dilcrcnciuIion, buI on orms o
crcaIivc involution and modcs oIransvcrsaI communicaIion IhaIproducc un
'unIi-nupIiuI nuIurc` (' monstrous` coupIings) thuI invoIvc subIcrruncun
bccomings. hc mcmorics o a Bcrgsonian` in Ihc book hcrald, in acI, Ihc
'bccomings ussociutcd wiIh Ihis movc Io invoIuIion. Thc book rcsists uny
acmpIIoconccivc olcvoIuIion in Icrms oa Iogic osIagcs. 'IisdiiculI`,
IhcywriIc,
Io cIucidutc Ihc sysIcm o Ihc sIruIu withouI sccming Io inIroducc u
kind o cosmic or cvcn spirituaI cvoIution rom onc Io Ihc othcr, as i
Ihcy wcrc arrangcd in sIagcs and asccndcd dcgrccs ol pcrccIion.
NoIhing o Ihc sorI. . . Thcrc is no biosphcrc or noosphcrc, buI
cvcrywhcrc Ihc samc Mcchanosphcrc.
(LcIcuzc and Guaari. l98089; I988. 69)
Thc phyIum o Ihc planc o! consisIcncy is dcscribcd as machinic` parIIy
bccausc iI invoIvcs bccomings IhaI arc taking placc wiIhouI IidcIiIy Io
rcIaIions ospccics and gcnus. Thc pIanc oconsisIcncy` upon which Ihcy
wish Io map Ihcsc bccomings cIaims Io cschcw distincIions ol naIuraI and
arIiiciaI, o Iowcr and highcr, and ol dicrcnccs in IcvcI or ordcrs o
magnitudc.
lt is in Ihc pluIcuu cnIiIIcd 'Mcmorics o u crgsonian` IhuI LcIcuzc und
Guatari inIroducc Ihc noIion o 'bIocks ol bccoming` as a way o brcaking
I 6 I
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THE MLMORIE3 O! A BERG3ON IAN
ouI oIhc grip ocvoIuIionism whichcon!gurcs naIuraI hisIory in Icrms oa
grund mimology. WiIhin gcrminuI IiIc Ihcrc is u 'subtcrruncun` IcvcI oI
animal bccomings. As inIhc acIuaIizcd movcmcnI olthc virIuaI, aproccss o
bccoming invoIvcs ncithcr rcscmbIuncc nor imituIion. t is noI Ihcrclorc, u
qucsIion opIaying aI bcing orimiIatingan animaI sinccbccoming 'produccs
noIhing oIhcr Ihun iIscII` ( 9S0.29I ; I 9SS. 23S). In spcuking oI Ihis rcuIiIy
IhaI is spccilic to bccoming DcIcuzc and GuaIIari rclcr Io Bcrgson`s noIion
ol Ihc cocistcncc oI dil!crcnI duruIions which subsisI in communicuIion
ibid.. This is Io ingcniousIy bring BcrgsonismIhc cmphasis on virIuaI
Iimcs, muIIipIiciIics, cIcinto pIay with Ihc noncvoIuIionist licId o
IransvcrsaI communicaIion Bccoming is o a dicrcnt ordcr Ihan iIiaIion
simpIy bccausc it conccrns aIIianccs which cuI across phyIcIic Iincagcs. 'I
cvoluIion incIudcs any vcriIabIc bccomings, it is in Ihc domain o:ynuio:e:
IhaI bring inIo pIay bcings o toIaIIy dicrcnI scalcs and kingdoms, with no
ussbIc lIuIun' (bd.). 'OriginaIIy n ncucVuIuIunsm s IO bc mapcd
ouI as crcaIivc invoIuIion. !nvoIuIion has Io bc rcmovcd lrom iIs association
wiIh rcgrcssionrcgrcssion aIways invoIvcs a movcmcnI in Ihc dirccIion o
somcthing lcss dicrcnIiaIcd (as in rcud`s posiIing o thc involuIion o Ihc
dcaIh-drivc sccking to rcIurn Io simpIc inorganic maIIcr)and conccivcd in
Icrms o Ihc ormaIion ola bIock Ihat crcaIcs absIracI Iincs which alIow or
passagc bcncaIh any assignablc rcIaIions. hc domain o invoIuIion can bc
consi dcrcd Io bc 'crcaIivc` bccausc iIs icld ol producIion i s noI
dicrcnciaIion (whcIhcr morc or Icss buI Ihc ormaIion o bIocks which
crcaIc Ihcir own Iincs oI invcnIion und which uIIow Ior non-liIiuIivc
bccomings. !nvoIuIion produccs a dissoIuIion ol lorm and rccing ol Iimcs
und spccds und so mukcs possibIc ccrIuin Irunsvcrsul modcs oI bccoming
(J26 267). Ccoursc, an orIhodox or sIricILarwinian wouId claimthaI this
is onIy Io modiIy or cnhuncc thc modcl oI nuIuruI scIcction, in which Ihc
survivaI oIhciIIcsI bccomcs conigurcd intcrmsolthc survivaloIhc mosI
symboIic in purIiculur insIunccs. n oIhcr words, thcrc cxisI sIrong scIccIivc
rcasons as Io why Ihc cvoluIion oorganisms and spccics shouId Iakc pIacc,
in ccrIain cascs and conIcxts, in Icrm ol symbioIic compIcxcs. owcvcr, Ihc
'bccomings` taking pIacc on Ihc dcsIraIiicd planc ol consisIcncy arc doing
quiIc dicrcnI work or OcIcuzc, conIribuIingIo Ihc crcaIion oa nonorganic
Iic IhaI is n capIurcd by naturaI scIccIion and iIs vaIucs oadapIaIion and
survv (oIIhc IIIcsI).
ommunicaIion bcIwccn Iiving sysIcms, Ihcrc!orc, occurs noI simply
Ihrough lIaIvc rcIaIionshipsbuIaIso Ihrough IransvcrsaI modcs IhaIaIways
invoIvc hcIcrogcncous popuIaIions and asscmbIagcs. This is a poinI aIso
madc by ichard Oawkins, thc wcIl-known advocaIc o Ihc Ihcory o Ihc
scIish gcnc; namcIy, IhaI cvoIuIion cannoI bc rcsIricIcd Io individuaI
organisms sincc at Ihc moIccuIar Icvcl onc is dcaIing wiIh popIaIions o
gcncIic maIcriaI Ihc movcmcnIs oI which urc noI govcrncd or Iixcd by
organismicboundarics.JhisisIhconIyway Io undcrsIandhowcvoIuIion can
62
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THE MLMORIE3 O! A BERG3ON IAN
bccomc conIagious and cpidcmic (hcncc Ihc cmphasis on rhizomaIic modcs
o 'cvoIuI|on` und Ihc imporIunce ol v|ruscs lor Durwi n` s v|cw on Ihc
incxpIicabiIiIy o cpidcmics scc Larwin I 987:97). Thcsc phcnomcna
invoIve Icrms wh|ch urc heIerogcneous, suchusu humun bcing, unun|muI, u
bacIcrium, a virus, a moIccuIc microorganisms, and so on comparc acob
I 974:29I , J I I ) . 5uch combinuI|ons urc 'nciIhcr gcneIic nor sIrucIuruI` buI
raIhcr 'inIcrkingdoms` IhaI invoIvc `unnaIuraI parIicipaIion`, which Ihcy
clu|m is Ihc wuy nuIure operaIcs, numeIy, 'uguinsI iIseI` (LcIcuzc und
Guatar| I 980:296; I 988:242). opuIaIions arc noI Io bc IrcaIcd as incrior
sociaI orms, Ihcy arc allccIs and powcrs, i n short, invoIuIions and
muIIipIicitics (295; 24).
In his imporIanI coIIccIion o cssays cnIiIIcd 7he xtenJeJ !henctye
Dawk|ns conIcnds IhaI thccxisIcncc and characIcr o organisms nccds Io bc
IrcaIcd as a phcnomcnon mcriIing an cxpIanaIion (Oawkins I 983. 263). Joo
O!Icn I gcIs IrcuIcd unrObIcmuICuIIy us un ObVOus unI O! scIcCIOn VIh
Darwin himscl concciving naIuraI scIccIion as working or thc bcnciI o
cach indiv|duaI. Dawkins` s innovat|on is Io comc up wiIh Ihc noIion o
cxtcndcd phcnoIypc. c inIroduccs Ihc idca in Ihc conIcxI o Ihc cIassic
Darwin|an dcbaIc ovcr Ihc objccI ol cvoIut|on by naIuraI scIccIion, and
contcnds IhaI i iI is IcgiIimaIc Io spcak o adapIations as bcing abouI
bcnciIs, Ihcn Ihcsc accruc Io gcrmlinc rcpIicaIors and noI Io |ndividuaI
orgun|sms The mosI importanI repIicuIor is Ihe genc, or, to bc more
prccisc, Ihc gcnc ragmcnI or ncIwork. Wc nccd Io bcarin m|nd IhaI or Ih|s
modeI gcncs urc noI scIccIcd d|rccIly buI by proxy, Ihut is, by Ihcir
phcnoIypic clccIs. !I is onIy or rcasons o convcn|cncc IhaI wc Ihink o
Ihese cccts us bcing puckugcd or contuincd in discreIc bodics or cnI|Iics,
such as ind|viduaI organ|sms Lawkins, howcvcr, holds Ihat Ihc rcpIicator
shouId bc IhoughI o us huv|ng eteJeJ phcnoIypic cccIs which is mude
up o alI iIs cccts on Ihc worId, and not jusI on Ihc individuaI body in
which iI huppcns IobcsiII|ng(4.e is relcrring hcrc IoIhephcnomenon o
'gcncI|c acIion aIa disIancc` AII bodics arc madcup oparasiIcs, symbionIs
which iniIIratc Ihc sysIcms olIhc hosI. vcry similar Iinc oIhoughI Io Ihc
oncpursucd by Bcrgson and Lawkins canbc oundin rcgory BaIcson, who
argucd IhaI Ihc ncIwork o a systcm o Iilc is noI boundcd by 'skin` buI
includcs ' aI I cxtcrnal paIhways along wh| ch |normaIion can IravcI`
( 9.90). Oawkns hmscIwriIcs.
hcsc phcnotypic conscqucnccs arc convcnIonalIy IhoughI oI as
bcing rcsIricIcd Io a smaII icld around Ihc rcpIicaIor iIscI, | Is
boundarics bci ng dcincd by Ihc body waI I ol Ihc individuaI
organism in whosc ccIIs Ihc rcpIicator s| ts. BuI Ihc naIurc o Ihc
causaI inIucncc olgcnc on phcnoIypc is suchIhaI iI makes noscnsc
Io Ih|nk o the ieId ol inlIuencc us being I|miIcd t inIruccIluIar
biochcmisIry. We musI Ihink o cach rcplicaIor as Ihc ccnIrc o a
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THE MLMORIE3 O! A BERG3ON IAN
icId o inIucncc on thc worId aI Iargc. ausaI inIucncc radiaIcs
ouI Irom the repIicuIor, buI iIs power does noI decuy wiIh disIunce
according Io any simpIc maIhcmaIicaI Iaw. l I IravcIs whcrcvcr iI can,
Iur or neur, uIong uvuiIubIe uvenues, uvenues oI inIruceIIuIur
biochcmisIry, o intcrccIIuIar chcmicaI and physicaI inIcracIion, o
gross bodiIy Iorm und physiology. Through u vuriety oIphysicuI und
chcmicaI mcdia iI radiaIcs ouI bcyond Ihc individuaI body Io Iouch
obecIs in Ihe worId ouIside, inunimuIe urIeIucIs und even oIher
Iiving organisms.
(!9J:2J7-)
Oawkins siIuaIes Ihe whoIe biosphere on Ihe pIane o Ihis inIricaIe network
oI !icIds o inlIucncc, spcaking o a wcb o phcnoIypic powcr` (2J). Thc
key insighI is IhaI inIeracIions are Iaking pIace among noI only dilerenI
gcnc-OOIs, b IodHcrcnI hyIa and dUcrcnI kngdOms (24J). As IO Vhy
repIicaIive Iie assumes organismic orm, Oawkins answers. 'An organism is
IhcphysicaIuniIassociaIcd wiIh oncsingIcIilc cycIc. cpIicators IhaIgang
up in muIticeIIuIarorganisms achieve a reguIarIy recycling Iile hisIory, and
compIcx adapIaIions Io aid Ihcir prcscrvaIion, as Ihcy progrcss through
evoluIionary Iime` (29). he imporIanI insighI is thaI organisms need Io be
IrcaIcd as compIcx asscmbIagcs` (26J). BuI iI is Ihis conccption o Iic as
mude up oI 'usscmbIugcs` which is under-Ihcorizcd in Luwkins and which
aIsorcquircs cxtcnding urIhcr inordcr Io arIicuIaIc a gcncraI cthoIogy.
lt shouId be noIed IhuIIor LuwkinsIhe exIendedphenoIype is sIiII subecI
Io laws o naturaI scIccIion: voIution i s Ihc cxIcrnaI and visibIc
muniIesIuIion olIhe dilIerenIiul suvivuI oIuIIeuIive reIicuo:+ + . & Genes
arc rcpIicaIors; organisms and groups olorganisms arc bcsI not rcgardcd as
repIicuIors Ihey ure vehicIes in which repIicuIors IruveI ubouI (S2). et us
noIc, howcvcr, bcorc moving on, IhaI a Bcrgsonianinspircd criIiuc can bc
mude oILuwIins on thispoinI. Cne such criIue hus, in IucI, been ouIIined
by ampis, who bcgins by noIing Ihc paradox ol cvoluIion: cvoluIion can
onIy acI on Ihe phenoIype buI Ihe real subject ol evoIution is Ihe genoIype
thc disIincIion is simpIy bcIwccn Ihc gcncIic cndowmcnI or consIiIution o
an organismIhe genotypeand Ihe observabIe characIerisIics o IhaI
individuaI organismIhc phcnoIypcwhich rcsuII rom Ihc inIcracIion
beIween organism in Is environmenI and Is nherited genotype). ampis is
cIosc to Dawkins in his insisIcncc Ihat phcnoIypcs onIy cvoIvc n spccic
conIexIs, such as Ihe contexI provided by an ecosysIem. ere he uIiIizes Ihe
work o von cxkII and his cIaim thaI dilcrcnI spccics pcrccivc thc worId
dierenIIy, to suggesI IhaI iin apredaIorprey sysIem Ihe prey deveIops new
IraiIs IhaI arc noI pcrccivcd by Ihc prcdaIor, Ihcn noIhing happcns. owcvcr,
he goes beyond Oawkins in recognizing thaI a more sIrucIured appreciaIion
oI Ihc cvoIuIion oI Ihe phcnoIype ovcr Ihc rcducIivc view providcd by Ihc
cIassicaI one-dimensionaI concepI o iIness, does not provide one wiIh Ihe
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THE MLMORIE3 O! A BERG3ON IAN
Bcrgsonian insighI rcuircd. namcIy, IhaI Ihc propcrIics ol any givcn
componenI-sysIem, or ussembIuge, cannoI be de!ined 'i ndependenIIy rom
and prior Io Ihc orccs that rcaIizc Ihcm` (ampis I 99I :264) ln oIhcr
words, Ihe noIion o liIness IeIIs us IiItIe ubout Ihe creaIive d|mension o
cvoluIion, whiIc thc sIrcss on an ccoIogicaI apprcciaIion o Ihc phcnoIypc is
insu!!icient | |I expIuins Ihe becoming ol thuI phenoIype in terms o Ihe
IauIoIogous principIcoIhc survival oIhciIIcsI (asLcpcw and Wcbcr noIc,
I 996:327, il Ihe iI are by de!in|I|on Ihose ind|viduuIs IhuI prove Io be Ihe
mosI rcproducIivcly succcssuI, Ihcn thc idca is dcvoid o any cmpiricaI
conIent sinceiI wiII noI be veriied or aIsiied by reerring Io any acIs IhaI
mighIhavc bccn othcrwisc).
heimporIanceopopuIaIion Ihinkinglor OeIeuzeandGuatIari Iies inIhe
way IhaI iI movcs biology away rom a typolog|caI csscntialism |n which
individuaIsina speciesare not 'reaI` uImereIy variaIionsordeviations rom
an dcaI Iyc. A ErnsI Mayr has uI I. 'rIhc IyIi, Ih Iyc iJn
reaI and variationaniIIusion whiIeor the popuIaIionisI Ihe Iype (average) is
an absIracIon and onIy thc variaI|on i s rcal` (ayr l 994. I 58; or a
comprehensive introducIion Io popuIation Ihinking see 5ober I 994:I 6l 89)
Thcrc is no IypicaI mcmbcr o! any spcc|cs, sincc phcntyp|caI var|aIion
wiIhin popuIations is Ihe same in kind as phenoIypical variaIion beIween
spccics` (Dcpcw and Wcbcr I 996: 3 I 0) . 5pccics rclcr Io cnscmbIcs o
orgunisms thuI arc heId IogcIhcr by boIh gencIic and ecoIogicuI bonds, und
which populatc adapIivc Iandscapcs. hcsc Iandscapcs arc biogcographic
disIribuIions ol udupIed popuIuI|ons o orgunisms (popuIuIions IhuI inhubiI
Ihc pcr|phcraI poinIs ol a spccics` biogcographic rangc Icnd Io dicr mosI
radicuIIy rom Ihe other popuIuI|ons o Ihe group). Moreover, iI is noI so
much Ihc casc thaI with|n Ihcsc Iandscapcs spccics arc noI sIatic uniIs buI
sIuges in u process, buI raIher IhuI spec|es are Ihe rexuIt o geogruph|c und
ccoIogical proccsscs and ot Ihc :tue: oIhcm. To IrcaI spccics | nIcrms o
sIuges is Ioo IeIeoIogica, and runs Ihe riskomixingIhe reuIiIy olspecies u.v
ouIutioii: wiIh Ihc caIcgorics o Iaxonomy JI 2).
IniIsaIIempI IosIeer beyond the anIinomicaI poIes o organismic hoIism
and ncoDarwinian rcducIionism, Ihrough thc cmphasis on a rhizomaIics o
evoluIion, Ihe work o DeIeuze and Guattari comes cIose Io Ihe noveI ideas
cspouscd by ynn MarguI|s, irsI in hcr pionccring sIudy 7he Oriiit o{
uur\ctic Lcll: ( 90) (now pubIished as \nIic:i: ii Cell cluticn) and
Ihcn ovcr thc coursc o! Ihc IasI !cw dccadcs in a scrics o! originaI IcxIs.
MarguIis has never quesIioned Ihe IacI thaI naIuraI seIecIon pIays an
importanIroIcin cvoluIion in acIing uponvariaIion, buIshchas insisIcdIhaI
Ihe source ol variaIiona source o evoIuIionary innovaIioncannoI be
accounIcd or by sIandard nco-Darwinian Ihink|ng. cr radicaI Ihcsis o
symbiogenesis amounIs Io Ihe cIaim IhaI Ihe mosI signiicanI inheriIed
variuIion comcs !rom mcrgers und ussociuIions which spun ucross di!!crcnI
phyIa. 5uch a compIex, acenIred 'geness` invoIves Ihe incorporaIion o
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THE MLMORIE3 O! A BERG3ON IAN
microbiaI gcncIic sysIcms inIo progcniIors o animaI or pIanI cclIs. hc ncw
gcncIic sysIcm IhuI cvo!vcs ouI oI Ihis mcrgcr |s diIIcrcnI Irom Ihc unccsIruI
ccII thaI Iackcd Ihc m|crobc. 5hc conIcnds thaI symb|ogcncs|s | s Ihc maor
cvoluIionury innovuIor in uIl I i ncugcs oI Iurgcr non IucIcriul orgunisms.
ThcIhesis | saradicaI onc becausc | I is providing bioIogy wiIh something
iI hus Iuckcd s|ncc Ihc timc oI Iurvin, u scr|ous Ihcory oI spcciuIion, onc
which conIcnds thaI ncw spccics do noI simpIy arisc rom random muIaIion
und oIhcr rundom LNA urrungcmcnts such us rccomlinuIion und gene
dupIication. crhaps mosI worIhy o noIe about MarguIis`s work or Ihc
purposes o Ihis expIoration is IhaI iI resulIs in a reconcepIuaIizaIion o
popuIation Ih|nking. DcIeuzc and GuaIIari oIIow Margulis in noI making
'individuaIs` the uniIs o a popuIaIion mapping, since Ihese individuaIs are
IhcmscIvcs highIy hcIcrogcncous bodics II is worIh uoIing MarguIis aI
IengIhIo show howradicaI and lar-reaching herIhesisis:
Ihese Iessons rom symbiosis research and rom moIecuIar bioIogy
direcIIy conIradicI Ihc assumpIions o maIhcmat|caI biology (and iIs
sIepchiId sociobiology). . . Jhe `indvduaIs` handIed as uniIies in Ihe
populat|on euaIions are IhcmseIvcs symbioI|c complexes invoIving
uncounIed numbers o Iive enIiIies inIegraIed in diverse ways in an
unsIudicd ashion. In rcprcscnIaIions o sIandard cvoIuIionary thcory,
branches on amiIy trees` (phyIogenies) are aIIowed onIy Io b|urcaIe.
cI symbiosis anaIyscs rcvcaIs IhaI branchcs on cvoIuIionary Irccs arc
bushy und musI unustomosc, indccd, cvcry cukuryoIc, likc cvcry
Iichcn, has morc Ihan a singIc Iypc o anccsIor. uch analyscs aIso
rcvcuI rampant poIyphyIy (c&g& morc Ihun cighI indcpcndcnI origins oI
parasitism in dicoIylcdonouspIants . ). ThcacI IhaI |ndividuaIs`as
Ihc counIuIIc uniIics oI popuIution gcncticsdo noI cxisI vrcuks
havoc wiIh cIadisIics`, a sc|cncc in which common anccsIors o
compos|Ic bcings urc supposcdI y r|gorousIy dcIcrm|ncd. !uiIurc Io
acknowIcdgc Ihc composiIc naIurcoIhc organisms sIudicd invaIidaIcs
enIire 'ieIds` o sIudy.
(MarguIis in MarguIis and esIer I 99l . I0)
DcIcuzc`s rhizomaIic conccpt|on o cvoIution i s highIy rcIevant Io
conIemporary deveIopmenIs wiIhn Ihe !cd oIbioIogy where a numer oI
pracIiIioncrs arc adopIing an opcn sysIcms approach. ArcccnI sIudy by AIan
ayner sIresses Ihe imporIance oI an appreciaIion ol Ihe IIuid characIer oI
Iic in which cvoluIion is sccn Io Iakc pIacc w|Ihin 'dynamic boundarics`.
ayner reers Io an enIrenched IheologicaI Iradition, emanaIing rom
Auinas, |n which Ihc abiIiIy o I|ving Ihings Io prol|eraIc is vicwed as a
necessary eviI in an imperect worId where absoluIe boundaries cannoI be
mainIained. In oIher words, Ihere is a b|as wiIhin Ihe WesIern IradiIion o
onIoIheoIogy i n avour o seI-suiciency and cIosed boundaries (a
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THE MLMORIE3 O! A BERG3ON IAN
conccption o I i c Ihat i s not wiIhouI iIs poIiIicaI arIicuIaIions and
implicuIions). As uyncr poinIs ouI, howcvcr, ubsoIuIc boundurics urc
radicaIIy anIicvoIuIionary sincc Ihcy cnIaiI sIasis ayncr I997:67). An
upprcciuIion oI dynumicuI I i vi ng sysIcms, IhcrcIorc, rcuircs u
rcconccpIuaIizaIion olcIassical noIions such as adapIaIion, survivaI, yrowIh,
rcproducIion, Ihc orgunism, und so on. Cur conccpIions oI growIh` und
'rcproducIion` urc dcpcndcnI on Ihc dcliniIion wc producc othc conIcxIuaI
boundurics. Thc Iocus nccds Io bc on cnvironmcnIul hcIcrogcncity und
cvoluIionary indcIcrminacy, whiIc an cmphasis on Ihc dynamicaI movcmcnI
o boundarics musI rcsuII in an apprcciaIion o Ihc IimiIcd churucIcr o
sIandard sysIcms o classiication and Ihc mappiny o cvoIution in Icrms o
phyIogcncIic Irccs. Jhc cvidcncc o symbiosis and horizonIaI gcnc Iranscr,
Io yivc Iwo cxampIcs, shows Ihc cxIcnI Io which Ihc rcprcscnIation o!
cvoIuIion o spccics und Iurgcr groupings us u Ircc is highIy misIcading
Ruyncr Cumcs CIusc Iu suggcsIng IhuI Ircc mudcIs urc !ur Iuu muIur n Ihcr
mapping o cvoIuIion, showing onIy 'gross rcIuIionships bcIwccn major
yroups o oryanisms` (SS). WhaI has bccn IcI ouI o Ihc picturc is Ihc
occurrcncc within Iiving sysIcms o 'luIIy nomadic or lrcc-IoaIing
asscmbIuycs` (S5).
Jhis novcl conccpIionocvoluIion amounIs Ioa signi!icanI criIiquc oIhc
Wcismunnian tradiIion wiIhin modcrn biophiIosophy simpIy bccausc, in iIs
cmphusis on Ihc dynumicaI conIcxIs ocvoIuIion, iI chuIIcngcs thc dcpicIion
o cvoIuIion in tcrms o Ihc uncIioning o uIIy dcIcrminatc and discrctc
uniIs (whcIhcr gcncs or orgunisms) in which producIion is uIwuys bound up
wiIh anaIIcgcdrcproducIionoscIconIaincdgcncIic uniIs aIongprcormcd
cvoluIionury Iincugcs. Cn Ihc Wcismunniun modcI, cvoIution is rcduccd to u
prcdctcrmincd gcncIic programmc procccding via Ihc cIiminaIion and
cxIcrminuIion olIhcunIiI. ut such u noIionoIcvoIuIion isboundupwiIh u
parIicuIar conccpIion o individuaIs as dcIcrminaIc and discrcIc, uncIioniny
us cIoscd sysIcms. As uyncr notcs, such individuuIs urc 'incducubIc` wiIh u
buiItinobsoIcsccncc sinccIhcyarcunabIcto aIIcrIhcirycncIic) inormaIion
conIcnI i n rcsponsc Io novcI circumsIunccs. Jhcsc individuaIs arc Ihcn
dcpicIcd as acIiny as 'scIccnIrcd objccIs` or aycnIs cnmcshcd i n Ihc
OarwinianjungIc olIhc survivuI oIhciIIcsI Ihrough a ruIhIcss compcIition
which rcquircs Ihc mainIcnancc o cIoscd boundarics and cnIropic sysIcms.
his conccpIion rcsuIIs, noI surprisngly, n u rcilicd apprcciaIion oI noIons
Iikc adaptivc Incss` and opcratcs simuIIancousIy on Ihc IhcorcIicaI IcvcI
and Ihc poIiticaIdcoIogcaI IcvcI.
5ocictics arc Ihought Io bc organizcd mosI ccicnIIy around ccnIraI
adminisIrations. voIuIion is inIcrprcIcd as a caIcuIaIionaI proccss IhaI
uscs individuaIs Iikc bcads on un abacus or byIcs i n a compuIcr
progrummc, Io comc up uuIomuIicuIIy wiIh Ihc bcsI soIuIions Io
survivaI problcms. Gcncs arc casI in Ihc roIc opotcnIiaIIy immortaI
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THE MLMORIE3 O! A BERG3ON IAN
'ccnIraI controIIcrs` and bodics as Icmporary conIrapIions asscmbIcd biI
by biI (or byIc by byIc) according Io a stricI codc oIconduc
(ayncr I 997.70)
DcIcuzc and GuaIIari Iay importanI sIrcss on Ihc insighI thaI iI is ncvcr a
qucsIion in rhizomaIics o csIabIishing a duaIisI opposiIion bcIwccn Ihc
moIccuIar and thc moIar, buI raIhcr o providing an accounI o Ihcir co
cvoIuIion wiIhin any gvcn asscmbIagc (a sociaI machinc, an organizcd
mass). Morcovcr, a `rcIurn` Io Ihc `body wiIhouI organs` as Ihc siIc o
crcaIivc bccomings is noI a maIIcr o rcgrcssion, buI 'a rcsuracing o Ihc
virIuaI icId o inIcnsiIics and singuIaritics which ocr possibiIiIics or
brcaking ouI o rigidiicd sIrucIurcs and organizaIions. oI rcgrcssion.
invcnIion` (Massumi l9928).Thc uII body wiIhout organs which susIains
Ihc gcrminaI Iic oinIcnsiIy and individuaIion, as opposcd Io Ihc imploding
bOdy VIhOuI Orguns VhCh bcCOmcs VIrcOus Or CunccrOus, nVOIVcs u
dicrcnI composiIion, caughI up in BrowniansIyIcd moIion, i I can bc
conccivcd intcrms o a dcscrI popuIatcd bymoIccuIar muIIipIiciIics (IhaI is
muIIipliciIics which do not rcccivc Ihcir organizaIion rom Ihc ordcr o a
IransccndcnICnc). nshorI, Ihc aim o rhizomatics is noIto absIracIIy ncgatc
Ihc organism buI Io opcn up crcativc dimcnsions o 'cvoIuIion` Ihrough an
insighIinIoiIs machinic charactcr
UI0Q0cSS uH0 HuCDDC HcIcY0cDcSS
hc innovaIion othis rcworkcd Bcrgsonism canpcrhaps bcsI bc approachcd
by undcrsIanding whaI i s at pIay i n Ihc hybrid phrasc ' machi ni c
hcIcrogcncsis`. AIIhough Ihis phrasc has bccn dcvclopcd scparaIcIy by
Guattari i IisconsonanI wiIh Ihc machinism thaI characIcrizcs A7P. I I swiIh
Ihis notion IhaI iI is aIsopossibIc Iogain imporIant insighI inIo prcciscIy how
Ihis Ihining ol crcativc 'cvoIuIion diIIcrs rom IhaI lound in autopoicsis.
AuIopoicsis, which sIrcsscs Ihc acIivc roIc pIaycd by an organism in iIs
cvoIuIion, has disIincI phiIosophicaI anIcccdcnIs, incIuding, among oIhcrs,
cibniz, anI, cgcI, and cidcggcr and visibIc in Ihcir approachcs Io Ihc
qucsIion o Ihc organism. In its prcscnI-day manilcsIaIion ol complcxiIy
Ihcory i I is sccn by many Io providc an imporIanI corrccIivc to Ihc
rcducIonism and dcIcrmnism oI Ihc nco-arwnan paradgm which has
domnaIcd bioIogy in Ihc posIwar pcrod. As wc havc sccn, whaI makcs
cIcuzcs biophilosophy so compIcx isIhaIiI IrccIydraws onrcsorccs Irom
Ihcsc dicring IradiIions and so has aspccIs iI sharcs wiIh compIcxiIy Ihcory
and oIhcr aspccIs which owc a dcbI Io Ihc rcvoIuIion o ncoDarwinism
(noIably popuIaIion Ihinking). Thc rapport bcIwccn Ihc work oDcIcuzcand
Guatari and auIopoicsis nccds to bc consIrucd as having both sympaIhctic
und criticaI aspccIs. To apprcciaIc Ihis wc nccd Io bc cIcar whaI is inIcndcd
by Ihcir sIrcss on Ihc 'machinic` characIcr o cvoIuIion.
68
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THE MLMORIE3 O! A BERG3ON IAN
OcIcuzc and GuaIIari conIend Ihat Ihc cxisIcncc o `IransvcrsaI
commun|cuIion` beIween d|IfcrcnI I i ncugcs scrvcs Io 'scrumIIc gcncuIogicuI
Irccs` (Dclcuzc andGuaIIari I980: I 8; 988: I ). GcncaIogics cxisI, Ihcrcorc,
IuI Ihcy huvc \O lc vicvcd viIhin u widcr curtogruphy oI evoIuIion Iha
invoIves dierenI modes ol becominy. A yenealoyicaI series does not
consIiIuIc Ihc ground oI cvoIuIion IuI uIvuys |ssucs from u muchinic phylum.
The machinic phyIum yivesrise Io speci!ic animaI orms and species but aI
Ihc sumc I|mc, on ccounI of Ihc IrunsvcrsuI movemenI oI muIcriuI Iorccs,
yeneaIoyicaI Iineayes are constanIIy puncIuaIed by noveI becominys. These
are modes o becoming which cuI across arboresccnI schemas IhaI movc
rom Ihe IeasI !D Ihe more dierenIiated and unction no via iIiations buI
raIhcr Ihrough Ihc crcation o novcI alIianccs. A Iinc o bccoming is noI
de!ined in Ierms ol connectabIe points, or by the poinIs which compose iI,
sincc iI has onIy a 'middIc`.Jhis middIc docs noI pIay Ihc roIe oan avcragc
b ruIhcr scrVcs us Ihc mcuns b whh I!c cn)Oys 'Ihc ubsOIuIc sccd O!
movcmcnI` Jhus, a bccoming is neiIhcr onc nor Iwo, nor Ihc rcIaIion olIhc
Iwo; iI is the in-between, Ihe border or Iine o lIiyhI` IhaI runs perpendicuIar
Io boIh and which cnablcs an asscmbIage Io luncIion in a way Iha 'swccps
away seIecIive pressures` lure::ion :electie (J60 29J-). We havenoIed
IhaI Ihis conccpIion o a bccoming` wouId noI convincc Ihc orIhodox
Oarwinian in iIs cIaim rcyarding scIccIivc prcssurcs. WhaI iI docs do,
however, is Io draw our aIIenIion to Ihe compIex churucIer o! seIecIion,
namcIy, IhaI iI cannoI bc Ircated in rciicd Icrms indcpcndcnI oIhc acIiviIy
oI orgunisms Ihut urc implicuIcd in cIhoIogicuI usscmIIugcs.
his turn Iowards Ihc machinic asscmblagc is imporIanI or Ihc idca oa
'crcuIivc cvoIuI|on` Iccuusc iI Iroudcns Ihc conccpIion vc huvc oI Iiving
sysIems as open systems This can be brought ouI by making Ihe contrasI
viIh uutopo|csis. The key innovuIion cIIcctcd ly uutopo|csis i s to grunI Io
Iiviny sysIems a dynamicaI capacity or chanye Ihrouyh seImainIenance,
vhich mcuns, uI IcusI i n purI, Ihut such systcms musI IuncIion us opcn
sysIems only reIaIiveIy so, as we shaII see). The uncIioniny o Ihe
auIopoieIic organism or machine is noI rcducibIc Io its parIicuIar gcneIic
sIrucIure or composiIion. ln oIher words whaI are importanI are noI Ihe
componcnIs o Ihc sysIcm buI Ihc dynamic rcIaIions bcIween Ihem
AuIopoieIic entities enyender and speciy Iheir own oryanizaIion and Iimits
boundarics, IuncIioning as uniIary, individuaIcd, and closed to rcIaIions oI
inpuI and ouIpuI. 5uch enIities are undersIood as beiny oryanizaIionalIy
cIoscd, which docs noI mean IhaI thcy do noI inIcracI wiIh an environmcnI
but raIher IhaI such interacIion is aIways inormed and deIermined by Ihe
organiaIion o thc parIicuIar auIopoictic cnIiIy. An auIopoicIic organism
evolves by enyayiny in an endIess Iurnover o componenIs under condiIions
ol continuous pcrIurbaIions and compcnsaIion o Ihesc pcrIurbaIions. Any
inter!erence wiIh Iheir opcIation out:iJe Ihcir domuin o! compensaIions viII
rcsuII in disinIcgraIion (scc aIurana and arcIa 98.73.). Wc scc herc
I 69
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THE MLMORIE3 O! A BERG3ON IAN
IhaI Ihc Ihcory o auIopoicsis cuaIcs changc IhaI docs noI conlorm Io Ihc
inIeuI und seIl-direcIed orgunizuIion oI Ihe entity in quesIion wiIh
dcsIrucIion, dissoIuIion, and aboiIion.
For u macinic Ihinking auIopoiesis IuiIs Io uppreciuIe IheexIenI Io which
aI I Iiving sysIems and Iheir boundaries are caughI up in machinic
ussembIuges IhuI invoIve modes oI trunsversuI becoming. AIthough
auIopoiesis granIs ahighdegree o auIonomy Ioa Iiving sysIem iIulIimaIeIy
posiIs sysIems IhuI ure enIropicuIIy und inIormaIionuIIy cIosed. In deIining
what consIiIuIes the sysIem as `open` by pIacing Ihe stress on operaIionaI
cIosure, which cun onIy conserve Ihe boundaries o Ihe organism, iI bIocks
ol acccss Io an appreciaIion o Ihc dynamical and processuaI characIer o
machinic evoIuIion and is Ied IopresenIa sIarkchoice beIween eiIherenIropy
or maximum perormance. In pIacing the emphasis on Iiving sysIems as
guided soIeIy by concerns with survivaI and seI-mainIenance, even though
Ihcsc urc IO bc undcrsIOOd us cndOgcnOusIy drVcn and mOnIOrcd, Ihc IhcOry
o auIopoiesis Ioo much resembles Ihe Iheory i seeks !D supersede, nameIy
orIhodox Darwinism with iIs ocus on discreIe uniIs oseIection.
Machinic evoIuIion reers Io the synIhesis o heIerogeneiIies and invoIves
Ihe !ormaIion o! a consisIency` . A machinic assembIage connecIs and
convoIuIes Ihe disparaIe inIermsolpoIenIiaI!eIds and virIuaI eIemenIs, and
crosscs IcchnoonIoIogicaI IhrcshoIds wiIhouI !dcliIy IorcIations ogcnus or
species WiIh the noIion o! a machinic ussembIuge iI is important Io
apprcciaIc IhaI Ihc cmphasis is noI simpIy on Ihc bonds IhaI arc crcaIcd
beIween Ihe diIIerenI componenIs buI ruIher on the virIuuI dynumics which
consIiIuIc iI. hc dcparIurc rom auIopoicsis Iics in Ihc cmphasis pIaccd on
iIs muchinic churucIer (GuuIIuri 992:56 I995. J5). II Ihere is uuIopoiesis
Ihcn iI has Io be conceived as operating on Ihe machinic Ievel. This is Io
Ihink muchinic uuIopoiesis O3 muchinic heIerogenesis und Io inIroduce inIo
Ihc auIopoieIic modeI Ihe necessary disequiIibrium and arrom equiIibrium
condiIions required Ior u IruIy creuIive modeI oI evoIuIion, in wich
evoluIion does noI simpIy invoIve seIreproducIion through the dissipaIion
ol ouIside orces und nuIIi!icaIion o dimensions ol aIeriIy. Jhe reIaIion
beIwecn machinic heterogenesis and auIopoiesis shouId become cIcareronce
we have comprehended Ihe moves underIaken in OeIeuze and Guatari` s
conception o an eIhoIogy o assembIages.
Y0H 8D PD00@] 0 DPH8V0UY 0 8D PD00@] 0
855PHD8@P5
It is inIeresIing Io noIe IhaI one ol Ihe biologisIs now being rediscovered by
Ihose seeking a more embodied, conIexIuaIisI, and dynamicaI approach Io
inIeIIigence i s von exkII ( S64 944), preciseIy Ihe igure whose
reworking ol evoluIion in Ierms o!ethoIogy LeIeuze was uIIracIed Io (see
aIso eidegger 995 and MerIeau-onty 994). !n new work i n Ihe
70
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THE MLMORIE3 O! A BERG3ON IAN
phiIosophy o mind Ihc cmphasis is on disIribuIcd inIcIIiycncc wiIh dilcrcnI
cognitions Lc|ng cxpIu|ncd in Icrms oI d|IIcrcnI muIcriuI cons|sIcncics ruIhcr
Ihan in Icrms o an appcaI to rcprcscnIaIionalisI conccptions oaycncy. `Thc
mind is u Icuky oryun`,onc noIuLIc conIriLuIor toIhc phiIosophy oI mind hus
rcccntIy wriIIcn, consIantIy cscapiny iIs allcycd naIuraI conincs and
minyIiny shumcIcssIy vi Ih lody und vorId (Clurk I 997: 5J) . Thcsc
dcvcIopmcnts caII or a major rcconiyuraIion o cIhoIoyy sincc bchaviour
cun no Iongcr Lc IocuIizcd |n individuuIs conccivcd us prcIormcd homuncuIi,
buthas Io bcIrcaIcdcpiycncIicaIIy as auncIionolcompIcx maIcriaI sysIcms
which cuI across individuaIs (asscmbIaycs) and which Iravcrsc phyIctic
Iincaycs andoryanismic boundarics (rhizomcs). This rcquircs IhcarIicuIaIion
o a Ji:trihuteJ conccpIion oaycncy. Jhc chaIIcnyc is Io show IhaI 'naturc`
consisIs o a icId ol mulIipIiciIics, asscmbIaycs o hcIcroycncous
componcnts (human, animaI, viraI, molccular, cIc.), in which 'crcaIivc
cVOIuIOn can bc shOVn IO nVOIVc bIOcks O! bccOmng.
crc 'cIhoIoyy` loscs iIs cIassicaI locus on 'bchaviour` and bccomcs
conccrncd wiIh thcdirccIionaI movcmcnIoasscmblaycs. IhoIoyy can bc
uIiIizcd as a 'privilcycd nclordimcnsion` (my cmphasis) on accounIoIhc
acI IhaI iI shows how Ihc mosI divcrsc componcnIs, rom Ihc biochcmicaI
Io Ihc sociaI, 'crysIalIizc in asscmblaycs ]oencene: IhaI rcspccI
nciIhcrIhc disIincIion bcIwccn ordcrs nor thc hicrarchy oorms` (DcIcuzc
and GuaIIari l 980.4l 5; l 988. JJ6;comparc 6J0504). AccnIrcd and compIcx
adapIivc sysIcms arc hcId Ioycthcr by `Iransvcrsals' , which IhcmscIvcs arc
spcciuI k|nds oI componcnIs IhuI pluy Ihc roIc oI spcciuI|zcd vccIors oI
dcIcrriIoriaIization. hc conIcnIion is thaI iI is not Iincar causaI rcIaIions
IhuI hoId an asscmbIugc Iogcthcr LuI iIs mosI dctcrriIoriulizcd componcnI,
which is abIc Io cnsurc IhaI Ihc popuIaIion ol intcnsiIics and orccs which
inIorm iI rcmuins u muIIipIic|Iy (Ihc cxampIcIhcy givc is IhuI oI Ihc rcIruin)
4I4; JJ6):
Cnc Iaunchcs orIh, hazards an improvisaIion BuI to improvisc is Io
join wiIh Ihc WorId, or mcId wiIh iI. nc vcnIurcs rom homc on Ihc
Ihrcad o a tunc. AIony sonorous, ycsIural, moIor Iincs Ihat mark Ihc
cusIomary paIh o a chiId and yraI IhcmscIvcs onIo or bcyin Io bud
`Iincsodri!I` wiIh dicrcnI loops, knoIs, spccds, movcmcnIs, ycsturcs,
sonoriIics.
(JJ; J 2)
Bclorc procccdiny with an inuiry inIo Ihc naIurc oIhis movcIo an cthoIoyy
oasscmblaycs iIisrsIncccssary Io undcrstand Ihc work bciny donc byIhc
noIionodctcrriIoriaIization.
s uycnc oIIand has shown, Ihc Icrms dcIcrriIoriaIizaIion and
rctcrriIoriaIizaIion, dCrivCd iniIially rom acanian psychoanaIysis, scrvc Io
rcarIicuIaIc rcud`s Iibido and Marx`s noIion oIabourpowcr, rccrriny, in
I 7 I
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THE MLMORIE3 O! A BERG3ON IAN
Ihc irsI modc, Io Ihc rcciny up o Ihc Iibido rom iIs invcsImcnI in prc
csIulIishcd oljccIs (thc mothcr`s IrcusI, Ihc Ocdipul IriungIc) und, | n Ihc
sccond, Io Ihc rcciny o Iabourpowcr lrom parIicular modcs o producIion
(such us Ihc scigncuriuI pIoI oI Iund, Ihc usscmIly Iinc, cIc.) (HoIIund
I 9957S) Thc IibidinaI is cxpandcd Io incIudc an array o human and
nonhumun Iorms of invcsIcd cncrgy, i ncI udi ng physicuI, pcrccpIuuI,
coynitivc, and producIivc articuIaIionsocncryy. lnkcy rcspccIs Dclcuzc and
GuuIIuri ` s rcconIiguruIion oI I| I| dinul fIovs or dcsirc comcs closc Io
NicIzschc`s articuIaIion ol Ihc wilI Io powcr as Ihc maor principIc o a
'hisIorical mcIhod which sccks Io show how nonIincar chanyc is possibIc
duc to aIIIhinys, lrom physioIoyical oryans Io social cusIoms and arI orms,
cnoyiny a uncIionaI indcIcrminacy orm is Iuid, 'mcaning` cvcn morc so)
(scc icIzschc I994: ssay 2, 5ccIion I 2) . LcIcuzc and GuaItari arc noI
posiIiny, iI shouId lc notcd, an abstracI opposiIion IcIvccn 'Icrritory` and
`dcIcrrIOruI2uIun, smpIy bccuusc Ihcy munIun IhuI uny gVcn IcrrIury Or
cncIosurc ol a thiny cnjoys vccIors o dcIcrriIorializaIion and is, in acI,
consIiIuIcd by Ihcm u: u territory (inorminy Ihc bccominyowhaIiI is).
Itis Ihc aiIurcIoapprcciaIcIhispoinInamcIy, thc lacI thaI OcIcuzc and
GuatIari Iakc Ihc qucsIion o!IcrriIory scriousIy, say in Ihc casc o!Ihc animaI
and Ihc uncIion olarcrainIhaI miyhtcxpIain why IhccriIiquc BaudriIIard
has advanccd ayainst OcIcuzc isdi!cuIIIo sustain (audriIIard I 994:4I).
NoIh|ng is morc crranI and morc nomadic in ppcuranCc Ihan animaIs,
BaudriIlard noIcs, and ycI Ihcir Iaw is Iha oIhc tcrriIory (39). c Ihcn
mukcs thc chuIIcnging criticism IhuI viIh Ihc priviIcging oI dcsirc, oI
animaliIy, and o Ihc rhizomc OcIcuzc is simpIy proccIiny Ihc schcma o
dcIcrritoriuIizuIion IhuI consIiIutcs Ihc cconomic sysIcm oI cupiIuI us un idcuI
nomadism. uI in makiny Ihis criIicism BaudriIIard Ioo rcadiIy cquaIcs Ihc
dcIcrr|IoriuIizuIion ol IcIcuzc`s cIhologicuI rh|zomuI|cs vi Ih Ihc
dcIcrritorializaIion o capiIal. Hc is kccn to rccIaim Ihc IcrriIory or Ihc
unimul, und rcsisI Ihc rhizomuIic movc, lccuusc hc IcIicvcs IhuI Io dcpicI
animal bchaviour as naIuraIIy nomadic is Io bccomc compIiciIwiIh capitaI`s
disrcyard or animaIs and Ihcir tcrriIorics. c wriIcs, povcruIIy.
aIurc, Iibcrty, dcsirc, cIc.,donot cvcn cxprcss adrcamIhcoppositco
capiIaI, thcy dirccIIy IransIaIc Ihc proyrcss or Ihc ravaycs o Ihis
cuIurc, Ihcy cvcn anIicipaIc it, bccausc Ihcy drcam oI IoIaI
dccrritoriaIizaIion whcrc Ihc sysIcm ncvcr opposcs anyIhiny buI whaI
is rcIaIivc. Ihc dcmand ol 'IibcrIy is ncvcr anythng buI going IurIhcr
Ihan Ihc sysIcm, buI in Ihc samc dircction.
(audriIIard I 994:I 4 )
OcIcrriIorializaIion, howcvcr, i sdoiny raIhcr dicrcnt work in OcIcuzc and
GuatIari`s rhiZomaIics ln A !hou:unJ Fluteuu: dcIcrriIoriaIiZaIion is said Io
bccomc 'absoluIc` whcn iI cnhanccs 'Iincs ol IiyhI` Io Ihc powcr o a
I 72
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THE MLMORIE3 O! A BERG3ON IAN
ycrminal or vitaI Iinc o lic and draws a pIanc ol consisIcncy (Ihc
nondiuIecIicuI synIhes|soIheIeiogeneous und di spuruIe eIemenIs). lsewhere
iI is said Io namc a bccominy IhaI rcachcs aconIinuum oinIcnsiIics IhaI arc
vuluuble in IhemseIves: Ihut is, u woiId oI |ntensiI|es wheie 'uII Ioims come
undonc` (LcIcuzc and uaIIari 97524; 9S6 J). l n oIhcr words, Ihc
ubsoIuIe` denotes noI u quunIiIy (something IhuI exceeds uII ieIuIive
quanIiIics), buI a ccrIain modc ol movcmcnI thaI is hcId Io bc nciIhcr
IiunscendenI noi undiIIeienIiuIed. ln uddiIion, iIs ubsoIuIe chuiucIei is suid
noI to bc dcpcndcnt on Ihc asIncss oa spccd. Dclcuzc and uaItari aryuc
IhaI iI can bc rcachcd Ihrouyh rcIaIivc slowncss and dcIay, and Ihcy providc
ncoIcny or rcIardcd dcvcIopmcnI as an cxampIc. WiIh Ihc noIion o
dcIcrriIoriaIizaIion now cIarilicd IcI us rcIurn Io OeIeuzc and GuaIIari s
hiyhIy innovaIivc rcworkiny olcIhoIoyy.
hc IradiIion o cIholoyy, as iI dcvcIopcd in Ihc IwcnIicIh ccnIury in Ihc
VOrk O! Is mu]Or !gurcs suCh us LOrcn2 und 1nbcrgcn, hus !OCuscd
aIIcnIion on Ihc causcs ol 'insIincI` (or 'innaIc bchaviour`) ovcr Icarniny
proccsscs` (scc Tinbcrycn l 9692J).Thc noIion o 'rcIcx` scrvcs Io capIurc
Ihis cmphasis on Ihc innatc capaciIics o oryanisms, dcnoIiny a simpIc and
sIcrcoIypcd rcsponsc IhaIccnIrcs on IhcccnIraI ncrvous sysIcm and invoIiny
onIy aparIolIhcoryanism,bcinyarcsponscIo IocaIizcd scnsory sIimuIi(scc
horpc 979S9). or orcnz, who souyhI Io cxpIain insIincIivc bchaviour
noI wiIh Ihc noIion o an inIcaI drivc buI wiIh Ihc conccpI ol a 'rcacIion
spcci!c cncryy`, Ihc insIinctsor whaI hc aIso caIlcd 'movcmcnI lorms`
ure modes oI behuvioui IhuI uie usI us consIunI und Iixed us unuIomicuI
sIrucIurcs (scc Mcarland 996J90). hc scIccIivc rcsponscs Io cxIcrnaI
sIimuIi uie expIuined in Ieims oI un in-buiII mechunism which cun uccounI
or Ihc rccoyniIion osiyn sIimuIi caIIcd Ihc innaIcrcIcasiny mcchanism` or
M(see Tinbeigen I 969.42II., who oIleis M us u Iiee IrunsIuIion` oIIhe
crman Icrm dcrivcd lrom cxkII and orcnz o Ju: uiieoreiie
uuxlxeiiJe Schenu). The iesponse ieIeused by thc M is sIeieoIypicuI,
rcprcscnIiny a parI oIhc animal`s innaIc rcpcrIoirc oixcdacIion patIcrns.
or orcnz and inbcrycn Ihc movcmcnIs o ccrIain moIor patIcrns, which
arc sccn as uncIioniny in Icrms ol a riyid innaIcncss posscss siyniicanI
Iaxonomic vaIuc or thccIassiicaIionola speces_ agcnus, and cvcn awhoIc
phyIum. For Ihcm insIincIivc acIions arc disIinyuishabIc in Ihcir orm rom
uII rcccpIor proccsscs Ihcy arc noI onIy CisInguishabIe Irom cpcrcncc n
Ihc broadcsI scnsc ol Ihc word, buI aIso !rom Ihc sImuIi IhaI accI Ihc
oryansm duriny Ihcir opcraIion.
Morc rcccnI advanccs in cIhoIoyy havc shown IhaI thc ixity o bchaviour
paItcrns rcsuII noI simpIy rom Ihc riyidiIy and prccision wiIh which an
animal pcrlorms an acIion, buI dcrivcs morcrom thc conIroI o Ihc inIcnsiIy
oIhc acIion, invoIviny its Iiminy and iIs spccd (horpc 979:27, scc aIso
McrIcau-onIy I 9SS l 634) Cncc aItcnIion shiIIs Io Ihc muIuaI inIcraction
o animal and cnvironmcnI, Ihc ucsIion as Io whcthcr bchaviour is
73
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THE MLMORIE3 O! A BERG3ON IAN
prcdominanIIy innatc or Icarncd bccomcs IarycIy oIiosc, Icadiny onIy Io
erroneous conclusions and ruiIIess aryumenIs. For contemporary ethoIoyisIs
Ihc morc inIcrcsIiny qucsIionconccrns whcIhcr a yivcn itcm obchaviour is
environmenIaIIy sIabIe or environmenIaIIy IabiIe. Moreover, conIemporary
cIhoIoyisIs havc dcvcIopcd a much richcr conccpIion o animal adapIaIion,
aryuiny, or exampIe, IhaI processes invoIviny seIecIiviIy in responsiveness
nccd not bc purcIy innaIc but arc aIso inIucnccd by `Icarniny` (scc
McFarIand 996:392). urrenI research in eIhoIoyy seeks to demonsIraIe Ihe
variabiIiIy and pIasIiciIy o rclIcxcs, with onc showiny IhaI socaIlcd `!ixcd
acIion patterns vary i n duration and i n the sequence and number o
componcnts rom onc occasion to Ihc ncxI. Morcovcr, Ihcy arc rcyardcd as
subecI Io modiication duriny perlormance on Ihe basis o eedback rom
Ihcir Iarycts (scc Ihc work o G.BarIow discusscd in Taylorarkcr and Baars
990:76).
EVcry IcrrIOry cncOmasscs Or cuIs ucrOss Ihc IcrrIOrcs O! OIhcr
species. JhisyivesexpressionIowhaIOeIeuze andGuaIari caII,oIIowiny
Ihc work ol cxkII, `a mcIodic, poIyphonic andconIrapunIaI conccption o
naIure` (Oe Ieuze and GuatIari 99 . 75, 994: S5). xampIes o Ihe
musicaI charactcr o! compIcx cvoIuIion incIude birdsony, Ihe spidcr`s wcb,
Ihe sheII o Ihe molIusc which upon iIs deaIh becomes Ihe habiIat o Ihe
hcrmiI crab, and Ihc tick (on Ihc Iick comparc cidcyycr 995:2634 and
DeIeuze I 98 l . I 67; I 98S . I 245). This is Io replucc a teIeoIoyicuI conception
olnaturcwiIha mcIodic onci nwhichthcdistinctionbcIwccn arIandnaturc
(naIuraI Iechniue) is reveaIed as an arbiIrary one. I I is the reIationships o
`counIcrpoinI`, such as IhaI o Ihc shcII o thc dcad moIIusc and thc hcrmiI
crab, whic oins pIanes IoyeIher and orms compounds o sensaIions and
bIocs, which Ihcn can bc sccn to bc Ihc principaI in!Iucncc on `bccominys`
(Oeleuze and GuaIIari I 99 I . I 75 I994: I S5). he terriIory` o Ihe animaI
impIics not simpIy thc IranslormaIion o oryanic uncIions, such as
sexuaIiIy, procreaIion, eediny, and so on, buI eualIy Ihe emeryence o
`scnsibiIia` which ccasc Io bc mcrcIy uncIionaI and bccomc cxprcssivc
eaIures, makiny possibIe aIransormaIionouncIions` (74, S3). !I is Ihis
cmcrycncc o purc scnsory quaIiIics` IhaI OcIcuzc and GuaIari IabcI arI`.
Jhe animaI 'becominy as arI mes noIhiny Iess Ihan a crective mode o
cvoIuIion isaIpIayi nwhichIhcrc isan `ouIpouriny olcaturcs, coIours, and
sounds' (4 S4).
n conIrasI Io prcvai Iiny hisIorics ocIhoIoyy, Ihcrcorc, which construc
exkIIs work as beIonyiny Io Ihe cIasscaI IradiIon and wiIh Is stress on
insIincI, OcIcuzc and GuaIIari idcnIiy a morc musicaI` conccpIion o
eIhoIoyy in his work. Jhe mosI imporIant suyyesIion IhaI Ihey exIrapoIaIe
rom his work, and which thcy Ihcn dcpIoy Io novcI and ar-rcachiny cccI,
Iakiny it welI beyond Ihe domain exkII was anaIysiny, is Ihe idea IhaI
becominys-animaI invoIve noI onIy the seIecIion o! adapIive Iraits buI uIso
Ihe play o physico-chemicaI inIensiIies and zones o proximiIy thaI cuI
74
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THE MLMORIE3 O! A BERG3ON IAN
across phyIcIic Iincagcs, so invoIving a musicaI `bccoming` oIic OcIcuzc
und GuaIIuri adopI his noIion ol 'doubIc arIicuIation` but cxIcnd iI across
spccIrum o Iilc rom Ihc cncrgcIic and physicochcmicaI Io Ihc gcoIogicaI
und Icchnical sIruIa. ThcprobIcm in aIl cascs oI arIicuIuIion is thuI oI 'Ihc
oryanism`, IhaI is, how Io makc Ihc body an oryanism` (LcIcuzc and
GuaIIuri 9S0. 55 9SS: . owcvcr, Dclcuzc and GuuIIari mukc a kcy
movc which takcs Ihis rccon!iyuraIion o cIhoIoyy away rom a ocus on
'bchuviour` Io u conccnIraIion on 'asscmbIagcs` . II is an crror, Ihcy insisI, Io
ycI Iockcd inIo ruiIIcss dcbaIcs about naIurc and nurIurc or instincI and
Icarning aIhcr Ihc principal problcmatic in nccd o atIcnIion is IhaI o
`consisIcncy` , IhaI is, o how Ihc various componcnIs o a IcrriIoriaI
asscmbIagc, as wcII as Ihosc o dilcrcnI asscmbIagcs, hoId IogcIhcr !n
considcriny an answcr Io Ihis ucsIion Ihcy do noI acccpt Ihc rcsponsc o
IwcnIicth-ccntury cthologisIs sch as Jinbcrgcn simpIy bccasc Ihcy rcgard
I sIII hI p, in sIc Ihc shiI rm i I cIhOs, in Iinr,
hicrarchizcd, ccnIraIizcd, arborcsccnI schcma (403., 37l.). Cn Ihc modcI
olcIhoIoyydcvclopcd by Tinbcrycn, lor cxampIc, Ihc ocus is on thcccnIraI
ncrvous sysIcm in which a uncIionaI ccnIrc is scduccd auIomaIicalIy inIo
opcration, rcIcasiny an appctiIivc bchaviour in scarch o spcci!ic stimuli.
CIhcr ccnIrcs Ihcn acI Io rcIcasc ncw appcIiIivc bchaviours, inaIIy Icading
Io Ihc acIivaIion oloIhcrccntrcs obchavioursuch as ighting, ncsIing, and
courIshipThcprobIcm wIh Ihis modcI isthaIiI is consIructcd by ascricso!
binarics, such as inhibiIionrcIcasc and innaIcacquircd, and unabIc Io
upproach Ihc ucsIion oI consisIcncy on Ihc IcvcI oI u rhizomaIic
asscmbIagc. In spiIc ol cIhoIogy` s advancc ovcr cIhnoIogy, IhcrclorcIhc
udvancc` consisIs oI noI dividiny un indivisibIc Icrruin inIo Iorms oI
kingship, poIiIics, cconomics, cIc.it runs thc risk orcinIroducing `souIs`
und ccnIrcs` oI ucIiviIy simpIy by oricnIing bchuviour aIony Ihc uis oI
spurious binarics.
ForLcIcuzc and GuaItari bchuviourcannotbc modclIcd in Icrms oIIincar
or hicrarchical rcIaIions bctwccn ccnIrcs o acIivaIion raIhcr, iI bccomcs
ncccssary tothink o 'packcts orcIaIions Ihaarc 'sIccrcd by moIcculcs` , in
which thc coordinaIion o bchaviour may bc ethe posiIivc cr ncyaIivc buI
ncvcr in accordancc wiIh a dirccI, Iincar rcIation ( l 9S0.40J., 9SS. J7.).
Cn this modcI oa 'whoIc bchaviouraI-bioIoyicaI machinics ]nochinque
Iicciqc-ccncrtcncntnlc thc probIcm o consisIcncy s IrcaIcd as a
problcm o moIccuIar cnyinccriny and noI onc o! moIar !ormaIion (Ihc IaIIcr
bciny Ihc probIcm oIhow Io buiId an oryansm (40, S).hs is Io sIuatc
Ihc probIcm o Ihc 'innaIc-acquircd` in Ihc morc dynamic contcxI o a
rhizomc in which Ihc naIaI gcts dccodcd and Ihc acquircd is subccI Io
IcrriIoriaIizaIion. This, howcvcr, is to Ihink bcyond bchaviour` and movc in
Ihc dirccIion olIhc 'asscmbIagc`, in whichinany sysIcm IocaI opcraIions arc
coordinatcd and a yIobaI rcsuII is acIuaIizcd (' synchronizcd`) `wiIhouI a
ccnIraI agcncy` (, 7)
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THE MLMORIE3 O! A BERG3ON IAN
A uscuI way Io Ihink o Ihis is in Icrms o an 'auIocataIyIic scI` !n
chcmistry a caIaIysI dcnoIcs a moIcculc which scrvcs to spccd up or slow
down anoIhcr chcmical rcacIion, inhibiIing or promoIing a rcaction. lI was
Ihc 5wiss chcmisI Baron aIob BcrzcIius who in S36 gavc Ihc namc
'caIaIysis` tothctypcochcmicaI rcacIionIhaItakcs pIacc inIhcprcscncc o
ccrIain bodics, which hc comparcd Io hcaI scc acob 974: 9S). Is
innovaIion was Io poinI a way ouI ol a diicuIIy IhaI Ihc discovcrics o
avoisicr and apIacc had crcatcd conccrning whcIhcr thc dynamics o
oxidation and o chcmicaI rcactions in ycncraI wcrc Ihc samc in Iiviny and
inanimaIc maIIcr. BcrzcIiusshowcdIhaIcaIaIyIic orcc canbc uscd IocxpIain
rcacIions bctwccnchcmicaIs whcrcIhcrc is no a!iniIy buI onIy a prcscncc or
conIacI (or urthcr insighI scc Csborn 9 S. S67). uIocataIysis rclcrs Io
Ihc ccdback proccss whcn Ihc producI o a rcacIion caIaIyzcs iIs own
producIion, in which Ihc proccss o producIion and combinaIion invoIvcs
nOnIncarIcs. IhaI s, I Iakcs pIaCc n mOrc cOmpIcuIcd Vuys Ihan smpIc
addiIion (ovcncy and iyhicId 995:57. Jhc noIion o an autocaIaIytic
scI pIays a cruciaI roIc in 5IuarI auman`s spcculaIions on Ihc oriyins o
Iic, whcrciI is uIiIizcd inrcIaIion Io caIalyIic poIymcrs and IhccapaciIics o
such scIs Io cvolvc indcpcndcntIy o! a ycnomc (au!!man I993.2S5.). For
auman Ihc noIion o an auIocaIaIyIic scI olcrs Ihc mosI pIausibIc modcI
or undcrsIanding Ihc vcry 'origins' olIilc.
Cn a sysIcms modcl Ihcrc!orc, whaI maIIcrs mosIarc noI IhccomponcnIs
o a sysIcm buIIhc dynamic inIcracIionsbctwccn Ihcm. AsanIsch noIcs:
Anorganism is not dcincd by thc sum o Ihc propcrIics o its ccIIs. !n
chcmicaI rcacIion sysIcms ccrtain moIccuIcs which do noI parIicipatc
in Ihc rcacIion may acI as caIaIysts and Ihcrcby inlucncc Ihc ovcraII
dynamic sysIcm in a dccisivc way.
(antsch 9S:2 scc aIso J.)
ln bioloyy spcciic proIcins, Ihc cnzymcs, play a caIalyIic roIc, scrviny Io
cncouragc a sysIcm Io oIIow a ncw rcacIion paIh Jhc kcy poinI is
arIicuIaIcd by aullman: 'in a coIIccIivcIy auIocaIaIyIic sct, Ihcrc is no
ccnIraI dirccIing agcncy. Jhcrc is no scparaIc gcnomc, no O au!man
995275). aIhcr, Ihcrc is a moIccuIar cconomy` madc up o ccoIoyics o
compcIiIion, muIuaIism, symbiosis, and hosI-parasiIc rcIaIions. miIarIy, on
DcIcuzc and GuaIIari ` smodcI Ihcrc is no ccnIrc which is ormaIIyconIroIIiny
bchaviour, thaI is, Ihcrc is noI a Iop-down subcct or agcnI oI cvoIuIion
(whcIhcr a ncrvous ccnIrc or an homuncuIus), buI onIy a disIribuIcd
inIcIIigcncc IhaI cncompasscs brains, bodics, moIccuIcs and worIds, aII o
whichcxisIin Icrms oovcrIappiny IcrriIorics. lI is on Ihis poinI IhaIIhcy can
bc sccn \O dcparI rom thc iguraIion ol auIocaIaIysis in Ihc Ihcory o
auIopoicsisor scI!-organizaIion.AuIocaIaIysis is noI Io bc IocaIcd simpIy or
solcIy in auIopoicic Icrms wiIhin thc bounds o an organism, buI raIhcr
76
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THE MLMORIE3 O! A BERG3ON IAN
siIuatcd rhizomaIicalIy i n Icrms o an asscmbIayc undcrsIood as a
muIIipIiciIy. Thc 'rcIruin` u riiouelle iIscII, lor cxumplc, cun Icst bc
conccivcd as a crysIaI o spaccIimc` which boIh acIs upon Ihc sound and
I i yhI IhuI surrounds | I, cxIrucIing viIruIions, dccomposi Iions. and
IransormaIions, uiiJ uIiIs Ihc roIc o a cataIysI, scrviny noI simpIy Io
rcguIuIc Ihc spccd oI Ihc cxchungcs and rcuctions in iIs surroundings, buI,
morc importanIIy, assuriny IhaI indirccI inIcracIions bcIwccn cIcmcnIs Ihat
urc dcvoid oI 'so-cuIIcd nuIuraI uII|nity Iukc pIucc. 'Thc rcIruin is IhcrcIorc
oIhc crystaI orproIcin Iypc` (DcIcuzc and GuaIIari 984 98848).As
GuatIari noIcs, rcrains or riIorncIIos unction in rhyIhmic and plastic orms,
prosodic scymcnts, siynaIurcs and propcr namcs, as wcII as IransvcrsalIy
bcIwccn dilcrcnt subsIanccs (GuaItari 996:l62).
DcIcuzc and GuaIIari show Ihc cxIcntIowhichIhc invcnIion oIhc human
machinc is Ihc producI o an asscmbIayc madc up ol a numbcr o dilcrcnI
cOmpOncnIs and cVcnIs, such as rcIardcd dcVcIOmcnI (ncOIcny), a
syncryisIic dcIcrritoriaIizaIionooryans(such as Ihchand and Ihcoot),and
acorrcIaIivcdcIcrriIoriaIizaIion oIhcmiIicu(noIably dcorcsIaIion) (aIl such
dcIcrriIoriaIizaIions Ihcn yivc risc Io compcnsatory rcIcrriIoriaIizaIions). Jhc
IaIIcr provcs parIicularIy crucial sincc Ihc transiIion rom Ihc orcsI Io Ihc
sIcppcs cxcrIs a Ircmcndous scIcctivc prcssurc o dcIcrriIorializaIion on Ihc
body and IcchnoIoyy hc propcrtics ol Ihc human bciny, such as
IcchnoIoyy, Iunyayc rcc hund und suppIc Iarynx, eIc, arc producIs o a
ncw Ji:triIution (OcIcuzc and GuaIIari 980: 9; 988: 60). II i s onIy
zooccntr|sm vhich Icuds us to muinIuining IhaI iI is Ihc cmcrgcncc olhumun
bcinys which marksIhc absoIuIc 'poinI` ooriyinoIhis ncw disIribuIion. n
Ihc modcI oI Ihc rhizomc 'cvoIution` cun no Ionycr Ic churucIcrizcd by
'poinIs` ooriyin buI is Io bc approachcd inIcrmsothc disIribuIcd Icchnics
oI un usscmlIugc.
cccnI work incoyniIivc scicnccandmainsIrcamAI has bcyun Iomovcin
Ihc dirccIion oI un cIhoIoyy oI usscmllugcs in vhich Ichuviour onIy mukcs
scnsc whcn vicwcd as a componcnI in an asscmbIayc. As Andy Iark puIs iI,
Ihc 'ationaI OcIibcraIor` nccds Io yivc way Io Ihc dapIivc cspondcr`,
wiIh brain, body, worId, and arIiacI Iockcd IoycIhcr in Ihc hiyhIy compIcx
nctwork o cvoluIionary, inIcIIiycnI acIiviIy (Iark 99. 33). Jakiny his
inspiraIion rom cxkII and Mcrlcau-onIy, Iark notcs IhaI bchaviour,
bran acIviIy, and Ihc oryanisms bciny in thc world, Iakc pIacc via what hc
caIIs 'Ihc compIcx coopcraIivc dancc o! a varicIy o! inIcrnaI and cxtcrnaI
sourccs ol variancc . . is main poinI i s Io insisI IhaI Ihc
phiIosophy o mi nd must yivc up iIs discmbodicd, aIcmporaI, and
intcIlccIuaIisIvisionoIhc mind, andaIonywithiI,Ihc imayc oIhc mindas
a conIroIIcr o cmbodicd acIion. An individuaIisI, isolaIionisI, and
inIcIlccIuaIisI approach has scrvcd Iohindcr anddamayc Ihc dcvcIopmcnt o
innovaIivc cross-discipIinury rcscurch in boIh Ihc bioIoyicaI und coynitivc
scicnccs c noIcs, or cxampIc, thaI in Ihc cld obioIoyy Ihc majoriIy o

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THE MLMORIE3 O! A BERG3ON IAN
bioIogisIs havc scIccIcd as Ihcirocusostudy Ihc individual organism as Ihc
Iocus oIadapIivc strucIurc and bchavour.
ThcIask, say> Iark, is Io undcrsIand, IhroughIaboraIory work in roboIics
Ior campIc, how adapIivc bchaviours arc asscmbIcd in ways IhaI boIh
rcspond Io IocaI conIcxIs and rcvcal inIrinsic dynamics. This mcans IhaI Ihc
brain is as much in Ihc worId as iI is in Ihc hcad. uman rcasoncrs, hc
argucs, arc Ji:triuuteJ cogniIivc cngincs` which draw on cxtcrnaI rcsourccs
and aids (Icchnics) Io pcrIorm spcciIic computaIionaI Iasks ( 997 6S9). For
lark iI is crroncous, Ihcrcorc, Io aIIow individuaI brains Io Iakc aII Ihc
crcdiI or Ihc ow o IhoughI> and adapIivc rc>pon>c> >incc Ihcrc i> aIway> a
richcoIIaboraIionbctwccnbrainandworld.Ashc wriIcs inacruciaIpassagc,
'aIthough >pccic IhoughI> rcmain ticd Io individual brain> Ihc lIow o
rcason and thc inormaIionaI IransormaIions iI involvcs sccm Io criss-cross
brainand worId. . . . Jhisow counIs or morcIhan do Ihc >napshoI> providcd
b sngIc IhOughIs Or cxcrcnCcs' . In shOrI, Ihc cngnc O! rcusOn s 'bOundcd
nciIhcr by skin nor >kuII` (69). Iark righIIy noIcs IhaI Ihis ncw modcI o
Iiving sysIcms raiscs ncw ucsIions and probIcms or biology, mosI notabIy
conccrning how wc arc Io undcrsIand adapIivc succcss oncc iI is apprcciaIcd
IhaI IhaI succcss accrucs noI to individuaI brains buI Io muIIipIc `brain-body
coaIiIion> in ccoIogicaIIy rcaIisIic cnvironmcnI>` (9S). As wc havc sccn,
whiIcOcIcuzc and uaIIari cIcarIyacknowIcdgcIhc shaping inIucncc oIhc
prcssurcs cxcrIcd by scIccIion, Ihcy wish aI Ihc samc Iimc to cmphasizc Ihc
imporIancc o novcI bccomings which considcrabIy aItcr Ihc characIcr o
Ihcsc prcssurcs. 5cIccIivc prcssurcs musI bc sccn as working within spcciic
ccoIogicalconIcxts and richcIhoIogicaI dimcnsion>, whiIc `5cIcction` cannoI
bc IrcaIcd as somc uasi-IhcoIogicaI agcnI oI bioIogy thaI IuncIions
auIomaIicaIIy and indcpcndcnIIy oIhcbrains, bodics, Icchnics, andphysico
chcmicaI inIcnsiIics which makc up thc worId (scc LcIcuzc and GuaItari
9S0:400 9S.J2, on Ihc roIc pIaycd by 'inIcrasscmbIagcs` in modiying
scIccIivc prcssurcs).
Iark makcs an innovativc movc whcn hc consIrucs Ihc rapporI bctwccn
mind and worId in Icrm> oIhc mcdiaIion providcd by Icchnic>. Jhc lact IhaI
onIy now arc rcscarchcrs Iikc Iark Iaking Ihis dimcnsion ol cvoIuIionary
acIiviIy scriou>Iy >how> Ihc cxIcnI Io which cogniIivc >cicncc has bccn
rcIardcd by cmcrging rom ouI o Ihc background o a mcIhodoIogicaI
ndviduaIi>m and nIclIccIuaIi>m. n thc ca>c o Ihc human mind, lark
argucs thaI Ihc cxIcrnaI strucIurcs providcd by socal insIIuIions and
IcchnicaI ads scrvc Io boIh compIcmcnt ndivduaI cogniIvc proiIc> and
diusc human rcasoning across widcr and widcr sociaI and maIcriaI
ncIworks, and whosc coIIccIivc compuIaIion> cxhibiI Ihcir own spcciaI
dynamic propcrIics. As hcpiIhily andincisivcIypuIs iI. 'Wc usc intcIIigcncc
Io sIrucIurc our cnvironmcnI so Ihat wc can succccd wiIh lc:: inIcIIigcncc`
(997. S0) owcvcr wc wouId sIop shorI i! wc IhoughI iI was simply a
maIIcr o organi>ms and lic-sysIcms dcpIoying Icchnics Io mcdiaIc Ihcir
7S
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THE MLMORIE3 O! A BERG3ON IAN
cnvironmcnI, sincc such Icchnics aIso scrvc Io boIh modiy Ihc characIcr o
un cnv|ronmcnI und IrunsIorm Ihc bcing vho munipuIuIcs Ihcm.
PC0HH@5~8HD8 0 IHP HUH8D
AIIcr huving noIcd IhuI 'not uII iIc is conIincd Io thc orgunic sIruIu`, und
IhaI Ihc morc intcnsc and powcrluI Iilc rcmains anorganic, DcIcuzc and
GuuIIuri Ihcn conIcnd: 'Thcrc urc uIso nonhumun Bccom| ngs oI humun
bcings IhaI ovcrspiII Ihc anIhropomorphic sIraIa inaII dirccIions` ( 98.28
9SS 0J). I is importanI Io noIc IhaI Ihcsc moIccuIar and so-caIIcd
`nonhuman` bccomings rcmain arIicuIaIcd as bccomings pccuIiarandspccic
Io Ihc 'human`. What cxactIy arc Ihcsc bccomings Oo Ihcy rcst on an
unIcnabIc cxIcnsion oan cIhoIogicaI rhizomaIics
hc cIhoIogicaI approach sccks Io dcinc a body noI in Icrms o organs
and !uncIOns, and as characIcrsIcs scccs and gcnus, buI raIhcr n Icrms
o 'alccIs' whicharcnoI mcrc lccIingsor alccIions, but harmonics oIonc,
coIour, cIc.). AlccIs do noI bring about Ihc Iransormation o onc body inIo
anoIhcr, buI raIhcr somcIhing passcs rom onc Io Ihc oIhcr. AccIs
communicaIc on Ihc IcvcI o! bccomings, which invoIvc 'ncithcr an imitation
nor an cxpcricnccd sympaIhy. . . . II is noI a rcscmbIancc, alIhough Ihcrc is
rcscmbIancc. But it is onIy a produccd rcscmblancc` (Dclcuzc and GuaIIari
I 99 l . l 4; I 994 I 7J) . hi s i s scnsaIion conccivcd as a onc o!
indisccrnibiIiy or indcIcrminaIion in which `Ihings', such as bcasIs and
pcopIc, rcuch Ihc point IhuI prcccdcs uny 'nuIuruI d|IfcrcnI|uIion`, uchicving u
dissoIuIion ol orms. OcIcuzc and GuaIIari insist thaI mimicry is a bad
conccpI in bioIogy sincc |I docs noI cxpIuin vhuI is gcnuincIy novcI or
crcaIivc in bccomings. Mimicry is dcpcndcnI on a binary Iogic Iodcscribc
phcnomcnu IhuI invoIvc nc|Ihcr s|mpIc i miIuIion nor mcrc rcscmIIuncc.
cxkIl is imporIanIIothc arIicuIationoan cIhoIogy bccausc his accounI o
unimul worIds cun bc uscd Io d|scIosc Ihc uctivc und pussivc uIIccIs 'oI vhich
Ihc animaI is capablc in Ihc individuaIcd asscmbIagc owhich iI is a parI`
(OcIcuzc and GuaIIari 9S0J4, 9SS:27, Ihis is rom Ihc scction o Ihc
pIaIcau cnIiIIcd ` BccomingnIcnsc, BccomingAnimaI, Bccoming
ImpcrccpIibIc. . . ` whcrc OcIcuzc and GuaIIari cxpIiciIIy rcIatc cxkIIto Ihc
oIdcr Iradition o cIhoIogicaI cIhics, including 5pinoza). For cxampIc, Ihc
Ihrcc alIccIs oI thc tick onIy assumc gcncric characIcrisIics Irom Ihc
sIandpoinI o!physioIogy, whcrc Ihc !ocus is on organs and Ihcir !uncIions,
but noI rom IhaI o cIhology, whcrc whaI s imporIanI is Ihc movcmcnI o
IongiIudc (rcIaIions) and IaIiIudc dcgrccs) and Ihc rhyIhm o spccds and
slowncsscs (scc 5pinoza 9559 5pinoza`s attcnIion Io moIion and rcsI is
rcaIIy a way o IhinkingabouI sysIcms o cncrgy).
DcIcuzc and GuaIIari consIruc Ihc cxchangc o accIs on Ihc IcvcI o
human bccomings as noI invoIving somc dubious and highIy probIcmaIic
rctu Io origins, as ibcncaIh civilizaIion wc wouId rcdiscovcr, inIcrms o
79
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THE MLMORIE3 O! A BERG3ON IAN
rcscmbIancc, Ihc pcrsisIcncc ola bcsIiaI or primiIivc humaniIy`. aIhcr, Ihcy
cI ui m thuI i I i s ' viIhin our civiIizuI| on`s IcmpcruIc surroundings IhuI
cquatoriaI or gIaciaI zoncs, which avoid thc dicrcnIiation ol gcnus, scx,
ordcrs, und kingdoms, currcnIIy IuncIion und prospcr . . . vhuI is un|mul,
vcgcIablc, mincraI, orhuman in us is now indisIincI` (DcIcuzc and GuaIIari
I 99I : I4 994: I 74. ^n cthoIogicuI cth|cs oI Ihc humun is, in Iurgc purI,
dirccIcd againsI psychoanaIysis and iIs rcducIion o human dcsirc Io an
CcdipuI modcI. Hccomings-unimul urc noI to Lc conccivcd on Ihc ordcr oI
rcprcscnIaIion buIarc soIcIyaccIivc, so IhaI, or cxampIc, ahorsc or ittIc
ans, Ihc l909casc sIudy carricd ouI by rcud, docs noI rcprcscnI a mcmbcr
o a spccics buI is an cIcmcnI wiIhin a machinic asscmbIagc, such as 'draI
horsc-omnibus-sIrccI` (scc rcud l 990b:l 69. !n rcud` s narraIivc thc boy
ans is dcpicIcd as a liItIc Ccdipus` and his casc incIudcs noI only Ihc
phobia o horscs buI aIso, unsurprisingIy, girac phanIasicsIong nccks
bg `VddIcrs'. (Scc cspcCaIIy 2S9 !Or Frcuds dagrams O! Ihc hOrsc-CarI
asscmbIagcs and IrcaImcnt o Ihc dicrcnI kinds o horsc aI pIay in ans`s
phanIasics`.) DcIcuzcandGuaIIari insisIIhaI onIhclcvcI oabccoming iI is
noI aI aII a ucsIion omcrcIy subjccIivc rcvcrics. sychoanaIysis is rcbukcd
!or iIs inabiliIy Io scc Ihc rcaIiIy o! bccoming-animaI, IhaI iI is a!!ccI in
iIscI` (9S0. 3l7 9SS:9). !I isunabIcIo locaIc any Iincs olighI bccausc
iIs ocus is on animaIbccomings as rcprcscnIaIivcs o drivcs and ol CcdipaI
in!Iucnccs. Cn an cIhoIogicaI modcl Ihc composiIion o! spccds and al!ccIs
scrvcs Io bring inIo pIay ncw and dicrcnI modcs o individuation. Jhis
modc oI Lccoming is dcscr|Lcd in rovocuIivc Icrms us u sIylc of uiiuturul
nrticiutioii`. II is in Ihc bcIrayaI o naIurc, in Ihc invcnIion o nupIiaIs
ugainsI nuIurc, IhuI gcnuincIy 'crcuIivc` modcs oI cvoIuI|on cun lc urticuIuIcd
(LcIcuzc 9:; 9S:44). A bccomingmoIccuIar invoIvcs a bcIrayaI o
Ihc so-cuIIcd nuIuruI 'moIur` ordcr oI spccics und gcnus:
You lccomc unimul onIy moIccuIurIy. You do noI lccomc u Lurking
moIar dog, buI by barking, i iI is donc wiIh cnough lccIing, wiIh
cnough ncccssiIy and composiIion, you cmiI a moIccuIar dog. Man
docsnoI bccomc woI, or vampirc, as ihc changcd moIarspccics Ihc
vampirc and wcrcwoI arc bccomings o man, in oIhcr words,
proximiIics bcIwccn moIccuIcs in composiIion, rcIaIions omovcmcnI
and rcsI, spccd and sIowncss bctwccn cmIIcd parIiclcs.
(LcIcuzc I9. JJ; I9:2)
cprcscnIaIion is attackcd by DcIcuzc and GuaIIari or conccaIing a
cuIturaIism and a moraIism IhaI uphoIds Ihc uniuc irrcducibiIiIy o Ihc
human orm and ordcr. Thcy consIruc bccomings-animaI in tcrms o 'zoncs
oproximity` dcnoting Ihc co-prcscncc ol parIicIcs opcraIing wiIhin a zonc
IhaI is boIh IooIogicaI and uanIa. Thus, Ihcy arguc, Ihcrc is a rcaIiIy o!
bccoming-animaI, cvcn Ihough oncdocs noI in rcaliIy bccomc animal` ( 9S0.
S0
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THE MLMORIE3 O! A BERG3ON IAN
: J988:2). Jo bccomcanimaI in any IiIcral scnsc would bc Io aII inIo
Ihc Iiap oI rcprcscnIaIion, IimiIing Ihc body Io Ihc oidci oI oigans and
uncIions. ln parIicipaIing in a bccominganimaI iI is noI a ucsIion o
conIiucIing archcIypc buI iaIhci oI buiIding ncw IcvcIs oI cxisIcncc, uch
as zoncs o Iibcratcd inIcnsiIics` whcrc orms comc undonc and arc rccd
Iiom Ihc signiIicrs IhaI loimaIizc Ihcii conIcnI and cxpicion. In invoIuIion
Ihc kinydomoanimaIs isIransormcd inIo a body wiIhouI oryansdc!incdby
zonc oI nIcnsIy and piomIy (vibiaIons and movcmcnIs). cic Ihc
animal and Ihc chiIdccasc Io bccomc `subjccts` and arc bctIcrundcrsIood as
'cvcnIs` thaI arc caughI up in complcx asscmblagcs which comc inIo bcing
wiIhouI lidcIiIy Io noIions o spccics or ycncra (32: 22). Thc bccominy o
natuc n animal-worIds and human-worIds is inscparabIc rom milicus,
IcmpcraIurcs, cIimaIcs, and Iimcs (wind, scason, and hour), and Ihcsc
phcnomcna, Ioo, constiIuIc an csscnIiaI parI ol Ihc asscmbIagc. OcIcuzc and
LuuIIuri COnsIruc rcIuIOns O! suCc and Imc nOI us Ihc rcdCuIcs O! Ihc
Ihing but rathcr as Ihc dimcnsions o asscmbIagcs or muIIipIiciIics. Jhc
animal, or cxampIc, has Io invcnI, by mcryiny wiIh iIs cnvironmcnI or by
cnIcring inIo symbioIic compIcxcs, Ihc bccoming o Ihc cvcning` , say, or
cxampIc Io staIk aI !ivc o`cIock inIhc cvcniny.
OcIcuzc and Guatari acknowIcdgc Ihc phiIosophicaI wriIings ol Ouns
cotus c. J2-J8) as thc sourcc or Ihc word `hacccciIy` , whcrc iI
namcs 'individuaIing dicrcncc` (Luns 5cos J98.4, 1). Thc word can
aIso bc ound dcpIoycd in cibniz's `Oiscoursc on ctaphysics` o J8,
whcic iI namc individuaI ubsIancc Ihat can onIy bc Inown in Ihcii
conlete virIuaI orm by God (cibniz J9: J9). !Is dcpIoymcnI by
DcIcuzc and GuaIIaii i highly novcI incc iI has no rcIcicncc Io ciIhcr
subjccI or subsIancc on Ihc conIrary, it cndcavours Io dcprivc boIh oIhcsc
noIions oIIhcii cIIicacy in oidcrIo gianI piimacy Io amodcoIindividuation
IhaI is noI IhaI o a dciniIc pcrson, dcIcrmincd subjccI, or a ormaI
ubIancc.This modc iIhc huecceitux whch conccinIongiIudnaI icIaIion
ol movcmcnI and rcsI bcIwccn moIccuIcsparIicIcs and IaIiIudinaI capaciIics
ol alccI and allcctcdncss. Jhcsc absoIuIc individuaIs or hacccciIics rccr Io
dcyrccs and inIcnsiIics thaI combinc with othcr dcyrccs and inIcnsiIics, and
which, aIIhough irrcducibIc Io a subjccI, ncvcrIhcIcss composc an individuaI
(onIy thc `shimmcrincss` o thc proIopIasm is rcaI, 'Ihc shapc is a dcad
crusI.. . sorI oI disscmnaIcd conscousncss, Ihats aII Ihcrc is oI mc.
!ccI as i!my body wcrc Iiviny cmpIy, as wcrc in Ihc oIhcr Ihinyscouds
and waIcr, awrcncc 994: 8J. 2J2). or cxampIc, a dcgrcc ocaI is an
individuaIcd warmth IhaI is distinct rom Ihc so-caIIcd 'subjccI` that
consIituIcs iI. imiIarIy, IimcsandIcngIhsodayarc noI acIualIy cxIcnsions
buI raIhcr dcyrccs ormoduIaIions. 5ubjccIs cxisI only as popuIaIions within
a carIography o Ihcsc IongiIudcs o spccd and IaIiIudcs o accI. n Ihis
modcI spaIiotcmporaI rclations nccd Io bc IrcaIcd not as prcdicaIcs o! a
Ihing buI rathcr as dimcnsions o muIIipIiciIics. Jhc pIanc o naIurc can bc
J8J
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THE MLMORIE3 O! A BERG3ON IAN
said to cnoy a uniIy prcciscIy on account ol Ihc acI IhaI iI can bc mappcd
ouI in Ierms oI indivi duated mIIipIiciIies. This plane is popuIaIed by
`subccI Icss individuaIions` IhaI consIiIuIc colIccIivc asscmbIaycs and which
evoIve` Ihrouyh speeds and powersaIIecIs. 'aecceiIy` is, Iherelore, Ihe
domain o Ihc `propcr namc` which spcaks noI o a subccI buI raIhcr Ihc
ayent oI an inIiniIive. o speciIic, particuIar individuaI is desiynaIed by a
propcr namc on thc conIrary, Ihc namc rccrs Io Ihc opcraIion o a
'depersonaIizaIion` (ade-oedipaIizaIion), in which an individuaI opens iIseII
up Io Ihc mulIipIiciIics pcrvadiny and invadiny iI (DcIcuzc and uaIIari
9S0. 5 l 9SS. J7).
DcIcuzc and uaIIari insist IhaI iIis ncvcr a qucsIion oposiIiny a simpIc
opposiIion beIween moIecular becominys and moIar straIiicaIion, buI o
scckiny Io dcmonsIraIc thaI cvcry moIar ormation has a moIccular
unconscious (amuIIipIiciIyor apopuIaIion) whichboIh marksiIsIendency Io
dcCOmpOsc und haunIs Is OpcraIOn und Orgun2aIOn. MOrcOVcr, bcCOmngs
(moIecuIar, animal, inhuman) aIways involve a 'moIar exIension, a human
hypcrconccnIraIion, or prcparcs thc way Ior Ihcm` (DcIcuzc and uatIari
9S0:4S 9SS. J4). Jhe critiue o psychoanaIysis emeryes out o Ihis
insiyhI. sychoanalysis is Io becriIiucd !or rcduciny bccominys IoIhc OIIE
compIex, Ihe compIex o moIar determinaIion (Cedipus, casIraIion). Jhe
point is noI Io dcny IhaI an asscmbIayc odcsirc Ihat invoIvcs a bccominy
nonhuman o! Ihe human is devoid oIan CedipaI apparatus on the conIrary,
DcIcuzc and uaIari aryuc IhaI Ihcrc arc nuny CcdipaI sIatcmcnIs cnIaiIcd
in such a becominy (50 J6). We are invoIved in a sociaI lormaIion, and we
arc cauyhI up in Ccdipal rclaIions. rcud`s psychoanaIysis is criIiucd noI
onIy because iI reduces becominys soIeIy Io articuIaIions oI CedipaI desire,
but raIhcr lor cmpIoyiny Ihis cnunciaIion in ordcr Io dcIudc paticnIs with Ihc
beIieI Ihat throuyh Iherapy Ihey wiIl be abIe Io speak linally in Iheir own
namc as uniIary oryanisms: `o sooncr docs Frcud discovcr Ihc yrcaIcsI art
ol Ihe unconscious Ihis arI oI moIecuIar muIIipIiciIies, Ihan we Iind him
IircIcssIy aI work brinyiny back moIar uniIics+ + + the aIhcr, the pcnis, the
vayina` (J90 7).Wehave onIy Io Ihink oIhe case o theWoIMan, who
has Io Icarn Io acccpI Ihat Ihcrc arc noI scvcraI woIvcs buI onIy onc, and IhaI
Ihis is his aIher, or Iake Ihe case o Ihe IiIIIe boy rpad with his 'pouIIry
pcrvcrsion` pIayiny Ihc yamc o thc child as Ihc smaII chickcn and daddy as
Ihe biy cock. he evenIs in Ihe pouIIry-yard do noI simpy yratiIy Ihe youny
Iad`s scxuaI curiosiIy, bt Icach him a Icsson in hunun miIy-Iic` (Frcud
990: I 9I). hen there s the case ol Ihe doy phobia examined by who eIse
but 'Dr Wull` , in which car oI thc aIhcr is displaccd, as arc aII animaI
idenIi!caIions or reud, on Io doys. ' Ooyyie, !` I I be yood IhaI is, I
won`I masturbaIc` I SS). Indccd, iI wouId bc inIcrcsIiny Io cxaminc Ihc
exIenI Io which reud`s enIire anaIysis o toIemism in 'JoIem and Jaboo`
reduces Ihe rhizomatic animaI becominys conIained wiIhin, and consIrained
by, IoIemic pracIicesIo an CedipaI iIiaIive modeI.
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6
THE MLMORIE3 O! A BERG3ON IAN
A producIivc rcading o rcud wouId bc onc Ihat cIaimcd him or
popuIuIion Ihinking. Ficud wus Ouiwiniun, nco-Ouiwinian`, OcIcuzc und
GuaIari wriIc, `whcn hc said IhaI in Ihc unconscious cvcrything was a
piobIcm ol popuIuIions` ( 972:333 I9S4.2S). II is, howcvcr, u muIIci oI
Iwo ypcs o popuIations, o Iaryc ayyrcyaIcs and micromuIIipIiciics. BoIh
urc invcsIcd in ucoIIccIivcIicld oIsociuI icuIity, Ior cvcn u IoncparIiclchus
an associaIcd wavc as a Iow IhaI dclincs Ihc cocxisIing spacc o it:
picscnccs`. 'Tiunsvcrsc muIIipIiciIics` scivc Io convcy dcsiic us u moIccuIar
phcnomcnon, `as parIiaI objccIs and lows, as opposcd Io ayyrcyaIcs and
pcrsons` (ibid.). In Ihc unconscious Ihcrc cxisI onIy popuIations and micro
machincs IhaI uncIion on a pIanc o incxIricabIy Iinkcd orccs.
principaIIaskolschizoanalysis orrhizomaIics or OcIcuzc and GuuIIari
i s Io cxposc Ihc IransccndcnIaI iIIusion o mass phcnomcna and moIar
uggrcgaIcs by giving primacy Io Ihc moIccular mulIipIicitics which do noI
!unCIOn n uCCOrdunCc VIh Ihc supcrOr IuVs O! ruCc Or bIOOd, cnus Or
spccics. Jhis is Ihc 'domain o nondicrcncc bcIwccn Ihc microphysicaI and
Ihc bioloyical, Ihcrc bciny as many Iiviny bcinys in Ihc machinc as Ihcrc arc
machincs in Ihc Iiving` ( 972:30 9S2S6). AI Ihis moIccular IcvcI o thc
!ormaIion and dc!ormaIion o! machincs cvcn Ihc Iaws o! Ihcrmodynamics
wiIInoIbcobcycd simpIy bccausc 'Ihcchain oasscmbIy bcgins inadomain
whcrc by dciniIion Ihcrc arc as ycI no sIaIisticaI Iaws` ibid.) OcIcuzc and
GuaIIari hcrc arc making a ciuciuIIy imporIanI citaIion lrom aymond
uycr`s Iu en:e Je:]orne: vivi:e: o 95S. uycr`s poinI is thaI, no
muttci how Iuigc oi compIicuIcd, un oigunism rcmuins micioscopic`. Thc
onIy gcncsis o a machinc worth IaIking abouI scicnIiicaIly is IhaI o a
schioenexis, Ihut is,IoIocus L muchincs IhutcvoIvc by wuy oIbicuks und
Iows, moIccuIar bccomings which inducc acIion at a disIanccIransvcrsaI
communicuIions, inclusivc disuncIions, und poIyvocuI conuncIionsund
which producc and rcproducc onIy `scIccIions, dctachmcnIs, and rcmaindcrs`
(3I 2S7). o mutIci how sIiucIuicd und sIiuIiIicd u muchinc bccomcs, suy
Ihrouyh thc imposiIion o a sinylc obcct on a molccuIar mass, or Ihc
producIionoan organismasasingIcsubjcct,Ihcsc moIarmunicsIaIionsand
sIaIisIicaI dcIcrminaIions can ncvcrthcIcss sIiII bc IrcaIcd as Ihc samc`
machincs as Ihc dcsiring-mucincs. IhaI is, as organic, IcchnologicaI, and
sociaI machincs IrcaIcd in Ihcir mass phcnomcnon. Thcsc arc thc samc
machincs undcr dctcrmnaIc condiIons onc bcing Ihc scIccIvc prcssurcs
cxcrIcd by naIuraI scIccIion). 'Thcrc is onIy dcsirc and cnviionmcnIs, cIds,
Iorms, ol hcrd insIincI. owcvcr, iI is ncccssary to apprccaIc IhaI Ihc rcaI
cnyincciiny o dcsirc onIy takcs pIacc aI Ihc submicroscopic lcvcl o Ihc
dcsiriny-machincs. Jhis is simpIy bccausc aII 'moIar uncIionaIism` is laIsc
`sincc Ihc oryanic or sociaI machincs arc noI ormcd in Ihc samc way Ihcy
uncIion, and Ihc IcchnoIogicaI machincs arc not asscmbIcd in Ihc samc way
Ihcy urc uscd` (342; 2S8). This mcans IhaI Iargc !ormuIions or aggicgaIcs
uncIion in a moIar ashion buI owc Ihcir producIion to a moIccuIar
S3
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7
THE MLMORIE3 O! A BERG3ON IAN
asscmbIiny. JhcyarcaIsc, oriIIusions, Ihcrclorc, bccausc Ihcy scparaIcIhcir
ovn proccss oI producIion Irom Ihc|r disIincI producI. Thcsc moIur
ormations comc to siyniy andrcprcscnt Ihinys and, in Ihc proccss, divorcc
what is produccd, such us rciIicd pcrsons und Ihings, Irom Ihcir moIccuIur
conditions o producIion. is or Ihcsc rcasons Ihat OcIcuzc and GuaIIari
cnIist Ihc supporI oI 1ucqucs Monod`s mupp|ng oI Ihc IicId oI IioIogy in
Icrms o a microscopic cybcrncIics in which aIIosIcric proIcins, or
cxumpIc, urc sccn us spcciuIizcd producIs of u kind oI moIccuIur cng|nccring.
Ihcy cnabIc inIcracIions, posiIivc or ncyativc, bcIwccn compounds withouI
chcmicaI ainiIy, so subordinatiny any rcacIion IhaI comcs abouI Io Ihc
intcrvcntion o compounds which arc chcmicaIIy orciyn and indilcrcnI Io
Ihis rcaction (scc Monod 97 :62l). !I is, Ihcrcorc, Ihc vcry
`yratuiIousncss` osuch ccIIuIar sysIcms which yivcs moIccular cvoIuIion an
aImost 'IimiIIcss cId or cxpIoraIion and cxpcrimcnt` (Dc Icuzc and GuaIari
!9'2.343, ! 94.2-9).
Jhis is noI Io dcny thaI or Ihcm Ihc ormation o moIariIics is withouI
siyniicancc and rcaI clccI. Molar ormaIions clccI a uniicaIion and
IotaIizaIionoIhcmoIccuIarorccs, whcIhcrIhis uniIy bcabioIoyicaI spccics
or a socius. lI is onIy in rcIaIion Io Ihis ncw ordcr ol uniIy Ihat thc parIiaI
objccIs o a molccuIar disordcr now appcar as a Iack: '!n Ihis way aII dcsirc
wiII bc luscd Io lack` (OcIcuzc and GuaIIari 972:409 9S4:342). In
psychoanaIysis, or eXampIc, onc is no Ionycr dcuIing wiIh thc posiIivc
dispcrsion inamoIccuIarmuIIipIicitybuIsoIcIywiIh 'larycvacuoIcs` thaIarc
Ihc sulccIs oI u gIoluI dcIcrm|nuIion, such us Ihosc oI ncurosis und
casIraIion Iypcs. !Iis this wcIdiny o dcsirc IoIack which yivcs dcsirc cnds,
gouIs, und inIcnIions, vhcthcr dcIincd und urIicuIutcd pcrsonuIIy or
coIIccIivcIy. WiIh Ihis conqucsI o Ihc moIccuIar bythc moIar, dcsirc is no
Iongcr Icing conccivcd in Ihc 'rcuI ordcr oI producIion`, vhcrc iI lchuvcs us
a moIccular phcnomcnon dcvoid o yoaI or inIcnIion. 5uch sIaIisIicaI
uccumuIuIion Iy molur uggrcguIcs is noI, hovcvcr, Io Ic modcIIcd uIong Ihc
Iincs ochancc, as Ihc rcsulI oa purcIy random rcsuII aIhcr, iI is Ihc `ruiI
o a scIccIion` which cxcrIs iIs nonrandom prcssurcs on Ihc cIcmcnIs o
chancc. Cn accounI o his insiyhI inIo Ihc cntropic and moIar characIcr o
naIural scIccIion OcIcuzc and Guaari riyhIIy crcdiI icIzschc wiIh
inauyuraIiny a 'undamcnIaI inIuiIion` IhaI provcs dccisivc or modcrn
IhouyhI. icIzschc suyycsIs IhaI Iaryc ayyrcyaIcs and numlcrs 'do not cxsI
priorIoa scIccIivcprcssurc IhaI miyhI cIiciIsinyuIarIincs !rom Ihcm` raIhcr,
such ayyrcyaIcs arc Ihc producI oI this scIccIivc prcssurc whch crushcs and
rcyularizcs thc sinyuIaritics o microcvoIution (4I0; 42 or ictzschc
'conIraOarwin` , sccictzschc 9S: 5ccIions S45). 5IaIisIics, Ihcrcorc, is
ncvcr uncIionaI buI aIways structuraI, scrviny Io cxIracI rom moIccular
brcaks and Iows rcyuIariIy o uncIion and purposc ol poIcnIially chaotic
behaviour. II conccrns chains o phcnomena which scIcct|on hus uIrcudy
pIaccd in a condiIion o parIial dcpcndcncc (suchas Ihc arkov chains) (scc
S4
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THE MLMORIE3 O! A BERG3ON IAN
aIso Oclcuzc 9S6: 25 9SS 7). or lurIhcr insighI into thcsc chains scc
rigoginc und 5Icngcrs 9S5.236S, 2736). n u gcncticcodc, IorcxumpIc,
Ihc orms o grcgariousncss arc ncvcr indilcrcnI buI rclcr back to Ihc
quuIiIicd Iorms IhuI producc Ihcm by crcuIivc scIcction` (Dclcuzc and
Guatari 972:40 9S4:4). MoIar and grcgarious aggrcgaIcs musI ncvcr
bc vicwcd us Ihc ground oI, buI alwuys us Ihc re:ult oI, u proccss oI
scIccIion
tH DP u0VuHIu_PS uD0 0Su0VuDu_PS DIPPU7PS
IPu0H_ 0 l
cI us now aItcnd Io thc probIcms o this coniguraIion o nonhuman
bccomings oI Ihc human. II may bc hclpIuI Io rccapiIulaIc Ihc csscntiaI
cIaims IhaI arc bcing madc. In Ihc cssay o 9S cnIiIIcd '5pinoza and s`
LcIcu2c spcuks O! un cIhOIOgcuI cIhcs Vhch s IO bc muppcd I in rm
o Ihc planc o immancncc IhaI disIributcs accIs and which Iransccnds
disIincIions bctwccn naIuraI and arIiici al. This cIhics invoIvcs Ihc
cxpcrimcnIaIion oalccI in which a Iiving Ihing is Io bc approachcd noIin
Icrms ol iIs spccilic Iorm and dcIcrminaIc Iunctions but in Icrms oI is
capaciIics or acct and or bcing accIcd (OcIcuzc 9S l . 67S, 9SS.24,
OcIcuzc and Guaari 9S 3 4 9SS: 257). hc cIhologicaI approach,
DcIcuzc insisIs, is no Icss vuIid lor human bcings Ihan Ior animaIs. Cn Ihis
pIanc oimmancncc or consisIcncy cIhics cschcws hcnccd or IransccndcnI
orgunizuIion, Icuding Io thc IormuIion oI ncw cxIcnsivc rcIations us wcII us
Ihc consIiIuIion o morc inIcnsivc capacitics and powcrs (OcIcuzc 9S : l6S
9 9SS. 256). AIthough this cIhics conccrns bodics iI nccds to bc notcd
IhaI Ihcsc arc bodics o alccI, bodics composcd o `an in!iniIc numbcr o
purIicIcs`, which urc Io bc dcIincd in Iwo wuys. IirsI, kincIicuIIy in Icrms oI
rcIaIions o spccd moIion and rcsI), and, sccond, dynamicaIIy in Icrms o
Ihcir cupuciIics Ior uIIccIing und bcing aIIccIcd. Ihics on Ihis pIanc is
sIricIIy cIhoIogicaI sincc iI docs noI conccrn orms and uncIions buIraIhcr
rcIaIions o vcIociIy bcIwccn particlcs only o an unormcd and incorporcaI
maIcrial.Thus. `Thcrc is no Iongcr a subjccI, buI onIy individuaIing accIivc
sIaIcs o an anonymous orcc` ( l 72 2S). Jhc bccoming-moIccuIar o Ihc
barkingdog in Ihc casc o Ihc human is an cxampIc o Ihc nonorganic Iilc in
which sonorous inIcnsiIcs oIaIIccI bring nto pIay Ihc novcI dimcnsion oIa
crcaIivc bccoming.
hc movc Iowards a crcaIivc cIhology is in dangcr oI IransIorming Ihc
worId inIo Ihc mcrc e

qect o such bccomings, which comcs pcriIousIy cIosc

Io phiIosophical idcaIism. Jhis is Ihc rcsuII, I wouIdconIcnd, o OcIcuzc and
Guatari `sIrcaImcnt o Ihc worId as iiIwas cntircIy a crcaIion oparIicuIar
hacccciIics and individuaIiIicssinguIariIics Morcovcr, in many o thc
cxampIcs givcn oI cIhoIogicaI asscmbIugcs thaI invoIvc supposcdIy
nonhuman bccomings olIhc human Ihc cruciaI componcnI in thc asscmbIagc
S5
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THE MLMORIE3 O! A BERG3ON IAN
is morc oIcn Ihan noI Ihc human onc. II is, in acI, Ihc Icchnicizcd human
IhuI providcs Ihc uniIy|ng und priviIcgcd poinI oI cons|sIcncy in such un
asscmbIayc. This suyycsIs IhaIDcIcuzcand uaIIari do notpay adcquaIc or
suII|c|cnt uIIcnIion Io Ihc spccific conIcxI oI 'nonhumun` lccomings of Ihc
human, which suyycsts IhaI Ihcrc is a lailurc in Ihcir work Io addrcss thc
spcciIic churucIcr oI humun cvoIuIion QuO u Icchno-orgunismic, noI mcrcIy
an accIivc, animaI, and IhaI Ihc conccpIion o Icchnics in A7! is bciny
utiI izcd Ioo un|vcrsuIIy in Icrms oI u gcncruI cIhology. Hccoming u moIccuIur
barkinydoy inthccascolIhc human miyhI havc a spcciicroIcIoplay inIhc
conIcxt ol drawiny a Iinc o ght i n rcIaIion Io sociaI sIraIiicaIion and
CcdipaI molarization, buI Ihcn Ihc bccominy is onIy inIcIIiyibIcinthis hiyhIy
spcci!c conIcxt.
FaiIurc Io dcaI adcquaIcIy wiIh Ihis contcxI aIso rcvcaIs an aIarminy
naivcIc on OcIcuzc und GuaIari` s parI in rcIaIion Io Ihc qucsIion o Ihc
anmuI. Jhcy nssI IhaI bccOmngs-unmaI OcruIc bcncuIh Ihc mOIur IcVcI,
Ihatis, bcncaIh Ihcdivisionol Iic inIo disIincI kinydoms, ctc , andinvoIvc
an cmission o parIicIcs and disIribuIion o inIcnsiIics and accIs. Thcy
olcr Ihcir position, Ihcrcorc, as bciny dccidcdIy unscnIimcnIaI, insisIiny
Ihat anyonc wholovcscaIsordoys is a scnIimcnIaI !ooI, aryuinyIhaIwhaI
is scnIimcnIaI is Ihc individuaIion oanimaIs as pcIs ( 9S0:94, 9SS. 40)
Cnc couId conIcnd, howcvcr, IhaI iI is cquaIIy scntimcnIal Io consIrucI Ihc
unimuI as an usscmlIugc, such us in thccxampIc yivcn o! IiIIIc Huns, viIh
Ihc accIivc disIribuIion `horscomnibussIrccI` . Jhc dicrcncc bcIwccn
Ihc unimuI us pcI und unimuI us usscmlIugc is IhuI thcrc is u d| IIcrcncc onIy
i n Ihc kind o scnIimcnIaI cducaIion at pIay i n Ihc Iwo cascs. Morcovcr,
vhcn cIcuzc IuIks oI Ihc diIIcrcnccs LcIvccn Iypcs oI horscs in Ihc cssuy
`5pinoza and s` , such as a pIouyh horsc, a draI horsc, and a racchorsc, as
diIIcrcnccs oI uIIccI, urguing IhuI thc diIIcrcncc LcIvccn uny oI Ihcsc is
`yrcatcr` Ihan IhaI bcIwccn an ox and a pIouyh horsc, hc ails Io noIc IhaI
vhuI uniIcs und mukcs Ihcsc d| IIcrcnccs Lctvccn Iypcs oI horsc possiLIc i s
Ihc acI thaI Ihcy arc domcsIicaIcd animaIs Thc dicrcnccs bctwccn Ihcm
arc Ihc product o brccdiny (Ihcrc is no purc rcaIm o accIs n Ihcsc
cxampIcs).
s much as an eIhological cIhics opcs up Ihc human Io Ihc nonhuman,
Ihcrcorc, it is also bIind Io Ihc spcciic cthoIoyyoIhc animal, as wcII as iIs
pIacc o occupaIion wiIhin Ihc Iicld oI human Icchnics. his is cvidcnt
bcIicvc, in Ihc way Ihcy articuIatc a rcsponsc to animaI cxpIoiIaIion and
suIIcriny, which does noI sccm to rcquirc assumng any sociaI or poIiIicaI
acIion, buI raIhcr is Io bc mcI by a bccominy-animaI on our parI so IhaI 'Ihc
animal aIso bccomcs somcIhiny cIsc . Jhcy thcn add: 'Jhc ayonyoarat or
Ihc sIauyhIcr oa caIrcmains prcscnt | n Ihouyht noI Ihrouyh piIy buIas Ihc
zonc o cxchanyc bcIwccn manand animaI in which somcIhiny o onc passcs
into thc oIhcr` ( 99 l . 04; l99 09).JhcaIIcmpIsothc humun Io dcsIruIify
iIscIas an oryanismwhichis Ihcspcciic 'cIhical` Iaskgvcn Io itinA7!
S6
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THE MLMORIE3 O! A BERG3ON IAN
and Io accompIish this Ihrouyh Ihc mcdium o bccominysanimaI, noI onIy
Icavc Ihc sociaI sIraIiIicaIion oIIhc animaI cxacIIy as it Inds iIbut acIuaIIy
appcars Io rcquirc iI or is own dcsIraIilicaIion and dctcrritoriaIizaIion. aiI
Io scc how Ihcsc cxampIcs IaIc us bcyond Ihc probIcm oIhuman narcissism
and soIipsism.
lnboth 'cmorics oI5pinozisIl` in A7F and 5pinozaand s`, an cssay
wriItcn in I 98, DcIcuzc Iinks toycthcr 5pinoza and cxkII in Icrms oan
cIhoIoyy oI aIlccIs n whch Ihc cmphasis is pIaccd on Ihc way in which
animaIs consIrucI thc `ouIsidc` in tcrms o an inIcriorizaIion invoIviny
miIicus and accts. In cxkI howcvcr, onc docs noI lind a simpIc
opposition bctwccn Ihc animaI conccivcd as 'spccics` and Ihc animaI
conccivcd in Icrms o iIs 'alccIs`. aIhcr, cxk I I can bc sccn Iobc yoiny
bacI Io an oldcr IradiIion o IhouyhI in which a 'spccics` dcnoIcs noI so
much a bioIoyicaI cntiIy in Ihc way wc havc comc Io undcrsIand iI sincc
LarVn, Vhcrc an Organsm Or !Orm O! I!c s 1\ bc COnCcVcd in Icrms O!
rcIaIions oldcsccnI, buI is Io bc dc!incd in Icrms oa scmioIics oalccI.s
a atin Icrm Ihc word 'spccics` comcs rom Ihc GrccI dcsiynaIion o Ihc
ouIward appcarancc or orm oa Ihiny as iiI was an immcdiaIc obccI o
vision. l Ihus indicaIcs somcIhiny IhaI is Io bc an obccI oIInowIcdyc in Ihc
spcci!c scnsc IhaI iIcanbc yraspcdbyIhc mindas an obccIoapprchcnsion
(scc DccIy 994:I 26). In Ihc aIin conIcxI Ihc Icrm iscauyhIup in issucs
ol cpistcmoloyy rcyardiny sec[icutioii or Ihc abiIiIy Io :eci Iorm, an
issuc which is stiII prcscnI i n Larwin`s Orin o] Secie., aIIhouyh hc
nowhcrc IccI s Ihc nccd IooIIcr a prccisc dcIinition oIit, sincc hc hoIds IhaI
cvcry naIuralisI knows vayucIy whaI iI mcans. hc Icrm 'spccics` is `onc
arbiIrariIy yivcn Ior Ihc saIc oI cvcnicncc Io a scI oI individuaIs closcIy
rcscmbIiny cach othcr` (scc Larwin I98. 08; comparc risIoIlc I98.99
I 0I ). lnaIin schoIastics wcscc Ihc sourcc oIcxIIIs usayc oIthc Icrm,
sincc iI is Iinkcd with thc idca IhaI aphysicaI cnIity is a coyniIivc oryanism`
abIcIo rcspond Io iIs surroundinys by 'bccomny awarc ol Ihc sourcc oIIhc
modilicaIions as oIect` (LccIy I 994: 28) . ` 5pccics` , Ihcrcorc, arc
`:ecier: or :eci[iccticn: o Ihc miIicu` (ibid.). !n cxkI ` s Ihcory o
/nwelteii cach spccics inhabiIs a spccicsspcciic objcctivc worId in which
what consIiIuIcs an animaI as a spccics arc Ic accIs Ihrouyh which iI is
abIc Io makc a worId` or iIscl. (ln his 7heoreticul Bioloy cxIll IrcaIs
arwnism as aconIuscd modcl oIwhaI cvoIuIon acIuaIIy cnIaiIs, caIlinyita
rcIiyion raIhcr Ihan a scicncc, and hc aIacks iI !or noI pcrmiIIiny as a
IcyiImatc qucsIion ol boloycaI nquiry Ihc noIion o a pIan o aIurc
(I926. 2645)).
.von cxkI oundcd Ihc InsIiIuIc o mwcIt cscarch aI ambury
nivcrsiIy in I926. is approach Io Ihc invisibIc worlds` o boIh animaIs
and humans was inspircd by ant, scckiny Io cxpIorc in novcI ways Ihc
phcnomcnaI worId` ol Ihc animaI (iIs 'scII-worId` ), whiIc naIurc` iIscII is
invokcd as Ihc yrcaI noumcnon which lics 'cIcrnaIIy bcyond Ihc rcach o
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TH MLMORI3 OF A BRG3ON IAN
knovIcdgc' (cxkII I992:390: scc uIso cxkII I926: xv-xvi !or u cIcur
stutcmcnt of his dcbt to uot. huptcrs I und of this work urc on 'pucc`
und `Timc`). csuv himscI!ustukingupthcchuIIcngc otunt's opcrnicun
rcvolution in thought, construing thc tusk of biology us onc of cpunding
unt`s rcvoIution uIong tvo Iincs !irst, unuIysng thc roIc o! thc body,
cspcciuIly its pcrccptuuI orguns und ccotruI ncrvous systcm, und, sccood,
studyingthcrcIutionshpo!othcrsubcctsunimuIs und pIuntstothcirovn
distinctivc worlds )McrIvclten). Onc of thc most innovut|vc uspccts of
cxkII`s vork Iics in thc insistcncc thut thc muchincs, dcvccs, und
tcchnoIogics o! unmuI und ot humun I!c urc to bc vicvcd us `pcrccptuul
tooIs' und 'c!cctor tooIs' thut !orm u constitutivc !cuturc o!hc 'vorIds` o!
Iiving things. ovcvcr, hc docs not ucccp thc thcory o! thosc mcchunists
vho cIuim thut unimuIs !unction us 'mcrc muchincs', sincc this is to ncgIcct
thc dynumic und !ormutivc uspccts o! unimuI modcs o!cxistcncc, thut is. thc
!act, that thcrc `acting` and `pcrccivi ng` taking placc.
Thcrc isun importunt uspcct tocxkII`s thcory_ dctcctubIc in thc ubovc,
thut docs not propcrIy gurc in DcIcuzc`s rcuding, numcIy, thut thc qucstion
o! 'bccoming` is construcd us intrnsic to thc uctivty o! thc unimul-Umvcl|
in qucstion. ID othcr vords, thc pccuIiur 'unim0Iity of thc unmuI is n
somcthng simpIy 'givcn`, undthcrc nccdstobcpositcd un unimul hcccmin
us vcII us u lecomiau:timul.'` ov, thc chuIIcngc prcscntcd by DcIcuzc's
rcworking of ctholog in tcrms of uffcts und trunsvcrs0IiIy s to shovjust
hov compIicutcd thc `bccoming` o!thc unmuI is.utthisdocsnotmcunhut
thc gucstion of thc unimul bccoming whut it is ought to bc disrcgurdcd or
rcndcrcd otiosc.
urt of thc difficulty with Oclcuzc und Guutturi ' supprouch scms from u
!uIurc su!iccntIy to ucknovIcdgc und mukc cIcurthc spccic chuructcr o!
bccomings-unimul ofthchumun, such us thc culturul contcts in which thcy
tukc pIucc und vhich cun mukc thcm intcIIigibIc. ltonc Iooks ut thcrcssuy
oo uku und minor l itcruturc, for cumplc, |t |s quitc clcur thut thcir
rcuding o! thc tigurution o! such bccomings is bcing curricd out in thc
contcxt ot u clitic: o! dcsirc. Thcy shov, !or cxumpIc, thut thc
'bccomings-unimuI` thut popuIutc u!ku's tiction opcrutc in thc contcxt o!
u ncgotuton vith vuIucs thut urcut oncc cconomic.juridicuI, burcuucrutic.
und tcchnoIogicuI.
hc criticsms 1 um muking do not dcny thut 'cvoIution procccds
rhizomuticuIIy or thut it cun bc chuructcrizcd by modcs o! trunsvcrsuI
communicuton. butruthcrurcintcndcd toshov thut thcvurios 'bccomings
thut chuructcrizc 'cvoIution'. und scrvc to mukc it nongcncuIogicuI und
non!iIiutivc, cunnot bc trcutcd us ! thcy vcrc uII thc sumc, so thut, !or
cxumpIc, vccouId movc, simpIy but tur too uickIy, !rom tuIking ubout thc
trunsvcrsuI movcmcnt o!thc ' virus thut is conncctcd to both buboon DA
aod thc D of Ccrtain domcst| cuts, so involving a 'bccoming-bubooo in
thc cut',to tuIkinguboutthc bccoming moIccuIur-dogo!uhumunbcing,usi!
I88
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TH MLMORI3 OF A BRG3ON IAN
thcsc wcrc o!un cquivuIcnt ordcr ( l 980.I7, l988.I0). O!coursc, it couId bc
urgucd thut itison uccount ofthc wuy in which Oclcuzc cxtcndsund uppI|cs
ctoIoy thut c s ubIc to dcmonstrutc thc possibiIity o! nonhumun und
ovcrhumun bccom|ngs of thc humun. guully, onc could urguc thut this
uttcmpt to discIosc nonhumun bccomins o!thc humun rcsuIts in u 'vioIcnt`
humunizutioo ofunimul-worIds, us wcII usproducing un |dculistic uccount of
nuturc undthccosmos.
1hcsccriticisms do oot uim to wholIy discrcdi thc work oDcIcuzc und
uuttur in its cticuI und poIiticuI dimcnsions. ln tc ncxtscction I wuntto
show tut whcn vicwcd n thc contcxt o! u spcci!icuIIy humun-sociuI dcsirc
thc uttcmpt to construct dctcrrtoriuIzcd Iincs o!!ht bcyond tc modcI o!
un OcdpuI domcsticion hus powcr!uI uspccts to it. uspccts which cun uIso
bc sccn to bc 'poIiticuI' inthc spcci!ic scnsc o!contcstin cstubIishcd moIur
constructions o! scxuuI und cndcrcd dcntity.
PC0HH5 DPj0HU HPH0j
WcImuuu Iu ^ D0U58H0 0P0U5 uuJ u rcuJIug 0] DurJ)` P55
It is in thc contcxt o!thc spcci!icuIIy ctcuI qucston conccrninhow onc is
tomukconcscI!ubodywitoutoruns thutDcIcuzcund uutturi rc!usionin
quitc drumutic tcrms Wcsmunn's crm-pIusm in . 1hc body without
oruns,thcybIuntIystutc, is 'thcc`.hiscistobcconccvcd usumIcu
of intcnsity und us u sput|um thut |s not un ctcnsity. This is bccuusc it is
chuructcrizcd us un intcnsivc !cId o! divson, uumcntuton, !oIdins,
migrutions, und zoncs of proxi mi ty, which dcnotcs oot u f|cld of
undi!!crcntiutionbutpurcpotcntuIityundpurcvirtuuIity. `cro intcnsity usu
principIc of production' ( l 980:0 l988 l 5).
DcIcuzc und uuttur spcuk in this pIutcuu on mukin oncscI!us u body
witout orguns of u 'undumcntul convcrgcncc` bctwccn cmbryology und
mythoIoy und bctwccn thc bioIoicuIcundthc cosmic orpsychc c. lt
i s on this IcvcI o! convcrcncc thut thcy wiII cndcuvour to uddrcss tc
ethicol qucstion o! tis c us it conccrns tc bccomin o! thc humun
orunism.Thcbody without oruns conccivcd usthcco!zcro intcnsty i s
suid to bc not utuII rcrcssivc but uIwuys contcmporury sincc it i s uIwuys
curricd wit onc us oncs own miIicu o! cxpcrimcntution und us oncs
ussociutcd miIicu Thc scI! i n othcr words, s uIwuys bccomin wirh this
ody without oruns, u ccomin in wic thc ody cxists bcyond tc
opposition o!!rumcntution und totuIizution. I scIcurtutthc 'orunism`
i n qucstion i s tc orunsm thut hus bccn !ormcd by proccsscs o!
orunzution undsubjccti!icuton. o!ur usthchumot:orunism is conccrncd
ths is thc 'scI!` orindividuuI pcrson tuthus bccnmudc tc subjcct`
of u socuI uod historicuI formution und orunizcd us somcthin unificd in
thcmoIur scnsc.
I 89
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TH MLMORI3 OF A BRG3ON IAN
Dccuzc und uuturi rcwor thc ncoDurwiniun cgucy o!Wcismunn i n
thc putcuu cntitIcd 'ow OoouMucourscfuBody withoutOrguns' by
rc!using two things. !rst, thc positing otun ubstruct opposition bctwccn thc
strutu und thc body without orguns, und sccond, positing thc body without
orguns us cxsting prior to thc orgunsm, in which it wouId gc gurcd us
somc ind ofprimitivc stutc of inooccocc to whch thcorgunism trcs with
grcut !utity, to rcturn. 1hc body without orguns, thcrc!orc, s uwuys
uduccnt to thc orguoism und uIwuys undcr constructioo. 1hc cruciu movc
mudc by Dccuzc und uuturi is now to stugc thc rcIutionship bctwccn thc
body without orguns und thc orgunsm in tcrms o! u rcworing o! thc
cvoIution o! thc chid into thc udut, o!thc cgg into un orgunism, so thut it
bccomcs ucrcutivc invoIution. whcrc invoutiondocs not cntui cmburkingon
u coursc o!rcgrcssion thcrupy
I! it is tcd to childhood, it is no ID thc scnsc o! that th dItrcgrcsscs
to thc chiIdund thc chid to thc Mothcr. but in hc scnsc thut thc chid.
icthc Dogon twin who tucs u piccc o!thc puccntu with him, tcurs
!rom thc orgunic !orm o!thc Mothcr un intcnsc und dcstruticd muttcr
thut . . .consttcs hs or hcr pcrpctuuI brcu with thc pust, his or hcr
prcscnt cxpcricncc, cxpcrmcntution.
(DcIcuzc und uuturi I980:20J: l988:I4)`'
hcbody without orguns s not, thcrc!orc, so much u mcmory o! chidhood,
thut is, u mcmory whch bcongs \O thc chiId und which wc cun own us
chidrcn, but ruthcr u `chdhood boc` which uows thngs to puss through
it und to i otcnsivcy distributc. 1his is u mup of I i fc popuIutcd by
`compurutivc dcnsticsundntcnsitics' thut urticuutcs thc contcmporuncty o!
thc uduIt undthc chiId, n which ooc is not smpybcforcthc otcr. Thc body
without orguns on ths modc hus bccomc thc sitc o! ` intcnsc gcrmcn`
)ctncn intcnsc) whcrc thcrc urc no ongcr ccur und dstinct idcus ubout
who i s thc chid und who i s thc udut. `This i s whut rcud !ucd to
undcrstund ubout Wcismunn', urguc Dccuzc und uutur thut thc chId s
thc 'gcrminu contcmporury' o! its purcnts, not simpy u dcsccndunt o!ts
poor rcutions cndowcd with u wcu !c-!orcc (ibid.). Thc body without
orguns cunnotbctucn up byuposscssivc individuuism it is, ruthcr, thcsitc
o! uItcrity und, us such. docs not `bcIong to unyonc. it `is ncvcr yours or
minc. lt s uwuys O body. lt is no morc projcctivc thun i ti srcgrcssivc. lt i s
un nvoIution, but uIwuys u contcmporury. crcutivc invoIution (ibid.+
1his rcworng o!Wcismunn`s thcory o!thc gcrm-pusm is uid out in thc
spcci!ic contcxt o! thc cthicu gucstion thut i s poscd i n rcution to thc
bccoming o!thc orgunism. lt rcwors thc noton ofgcrminu !c by sccing
to show thut thc individuu orgunism docs not ccusc i n thc coursc o! its
ifctimc to bcconsttcd bythc 'intcnscgcrmcn' thut cunbcconfigurcd asu
'body wthout orguns`. n othcr words. rhc crninul l|)c tc]cr: ncr rc ciitt:
I90
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TH MLMORI3 OF A BRG3ON IAN
oj origin It :olely to moJe: oj creotive Iecoming. csc bccomings urc
ulwuys |mplicutcd in u muchinic hctctogcocsis und rhizomutic usscmblugcs.
s un i I I ustrution o! whut i s ut stukc in thc movc uwuy from
sttuightfotwutd gcnculogicul mcmotics to u ctcutivc bccoming.undftom thc
pcrspcctivco!uconccrnwit upossbIc 'nonhumun' bccomino!thchumun,
1 offct u tcuding ofutdy's oovcI Tess ojthe D'UrIervilles. This isu novcl
ubout cncuIoy, in whic tc cronc`s pcrsonuI history ocs riht buck to
thcotmuo onqucstwith thcfumily gcnotypcbciogptcscntcd 'us un uctivc
!orcc within thc sur!ucc prcscnt o!tc novcI' (Morton I984.I) (Morton
suggcsts thut urdy muyhuvc dircctIy druwn thc notiono!thc gcnotypc !rom
Wcismunn).1css`s Iovcr, ncIIurc,brcuks down whcn hc Icurns thutsci s
not u `ncw-sprung chiId o! nuturc' but rutcr `thc bcIutcd sccdIng o! un
cf!ctc uristocrucy` (rdy I98I.2) (which cvcntuuIIy turns out to bc
spurious und un nvcntion). 7e:s cun bc rcud us u pcssimstic novcI ubout
gcnctic dtrminm und thc impoibiIt o!n ovcrcoming o!thc prbIm
o! hcrcdity. Thcrc s onIy thc pun o! Ii!c. no cruck through whic thut puin
might bc truns!igurcd. o stron is urdy' s rcjcction o! umurcksm und
udcrcncc to urwiniun doctrnc, tut s, to thc ubsoIutc immutubiIity o! thc
crm-pIusm us t pusscs rcIcntIcssIy und rcmorscIcssIy throuh thc bodics o!
indivduuIs gcncrution u!tcr gcncruton, thut thc sociuI mis!its und un!its Iikc
css und udc must ncccssuriIy bc cxtirputcd. n tc novcI bodics writhc
fcvcrishIy 'undct thc opptcssivcncss ofun cmotion thtust on tcm by crucI
Nuturc's Iuw', un cmotion wich thcy do not dcsirc. 'Thc d!!crcnccs wich
distinguishcd thcm us individuuls wctc ubsttuctcd by this pussion, und cuch
wus but portion o!onc orgunismcuIIcd scx' (I9).rom tc pointo!vcw o!
convcntionul soc|cty thc |nfutuution of bodics, including thcit cxccsscs, is
!utiIc. Morton spcukso!urdy' s commitmcnt to uncw!ormo!trugcdy, born
ofthcncwb|ology, io which thcoldct conccpts offutc undhomortiowctc to
bcrcpIuccdwiththosc o!nstinctund nhcrituncc.Thchcrocs undhcroincso!
utdy's novcIstcccivcuhutdcducution inli fc,bcingcompcllcdtoucc upto
thc !uct tut tcy inubit un nhumun worId wthout umun signi!cuncc or
vuIuc (Morton I984.20l ). Jcss. !or cxumpIc, s shuckIcd by hcr unccstry,
cuut up whoIIy n nuturc`s diuboIic pIun (202). 1c onIy rcuIity is thc
immutubIc!Iow ofthc gcrmpIusm. `wut`s thc usc o!Icurning thut I um onc
o! u Ion row onIy!indin out thut thcrc i s sct down in somc oId book
somcodyjust Iikc mc, und to know thut 1 suII onIy uct hcrpur . hc bcst
is notto rcmcmcr tutyournuturcund yourpust dons uvcccnjustlic
thousunds und tousunds urdy 47). o uII humunkind css i s
nothing morc tun ` u pussin thougt` (I09). Wy must t c thut this
'cuuti!uI !cmininc tissuc, scnsitivc us gossumcr` i s `doomcd' to rcccivc in
thc coursc o!timcsuc u 'coursc puttcrn' (9). crc thc !utuIism ofTcss's
pcopIc, pcopIcsccun ncvcr cscupc!rom, rcvcrbcrutcs trougoutthcnovcI.
'ltwus to bc` (90). o ul-powctful is ardy`s vision o!thc !inuIityo!gcrm
pIusmc Ii!c thut tcrc s nothing cIsc to rccuII othcr tun thc mcmory o!
I 9I
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TH MLMORI3 OF A BRG3ON IAN
onc`s tutuI inhcrituncc. OnIy mcmory, no bccoming. c sx Durbcy!icId
childtcn utc 'pusscngcts |n thc Dutbcyf|cld ship' who hud ocvct bccn uskcd
i!tcy wuntcd Ii!c on uny tcrms, cxisting us hcIpIcss crcuturcs cuugt up in
'uturc's pIun' (3). Tcss is socnmcshcd in thc misctubIc, mcuningIcss futc
o! cvoIutionury Ii!c, wic pusscs by i n mutc proccsson, tut cvcn tc
'occus|onuI cuvc of thc wnd' |s thc sign of somc mmcnsc sud souI,
cotcrminous wittcunvcrsc inspucc, und withhstory intimc' (42). lnthc
m|dst of thc ovct-populution of hcr mothct ' s fumiIy, uod its misctublc
condition, sc is mudc to !ccI uitc 'MuIthusiun` (48). urpIus s guiIt und
must bc puniscd und cvoIution trcuts its productions us IittIc morc tun
`pussingstrungcdcstinics` (54). 1hcrc wiIIbc uduy thut comcsi nthc tuturc,
thoug shc docs not know thc pIucc i nmont. wcck, scuson, orycur`. wcn
hcrpcopIc wiII bc in uposition to Iook buck on hcr Ii!c undsuy tut wus 'thc
duy poorJcss DurbcycId dicd', und tcrc wiII bc 'noting singuIur in tcir
minds in thc statcmcnt` (I17).
Itisintcrcstngtonotc thutuwrcncc upprouchcd tc study o!urdy !rom
thc pcrspcctivc o! tc cxtruvugunt Ii!c wich in tc coursc o! cvoIution us
uIwuys cxcccdcd thc cttort ut scI!-prcscrvuton (uwrcncc I9857)
vcrything thut comcs into bcing !rom OUI ottc void is crcutcd wit u
surpIus. It is ths cxccss o! I!c wich constitutcs !or uwrcncc primury
production, und, us such, t uIwuyscxcccds reproJuction. `hccxccss is thc
thing itscIfut its muximum ofbcing. lfit ud stoppcd short o! this cxccss, it
wouId not uvc bccn ut uII` ( I l) In urdy`s !iction uwrcncc Iocutcs thc
ttugcdy of 'uIwuysthc sumc`. ln novcl uftcr novcl thcovctt|ding thcmc |s thc
uItimutc triump o! thc spccics ovcr tc individuuI, tc community ovcr thc
ocw iodviduuI bcing. cscupc uod you wiII dic citct ftom isolution ot ftom
tc dircct rcvcngc o! thc community, or, ut worst, !rom bot (2I). 1c
constuot rcvcIution in urdy' oovcls is of 'u gtcut buckgtouod, vituI und
vivid, whic mucrs morc thun thc pcopIc who movc upon it' (28). But !or
uwtcncc thctc is no wuy thut thc individuuls in utdy's worId utc cvcr
uIIowcdto ucccss tis durk, incomprccnsibIcbuckgroundworId it is uIwuys
outwitting thcm. und driving thcm pitiIcssIy into un incvituIc !utc o!
mcrcIcss und mcunngIcss su!!cring crc uwrcncc notcs thc wcukncss o!
modcrn trugcdy. incontrust to tut o!cithcr ophocIcs orukcspcurc. sincc
in its worId trunsgrcssion ugunst tc sociuI codc cun onIy bring nihiIistic
dcstruction, 'us thougtc sociuI codc workcd our irrcvocubIc!utc' ().
uwrcncc Iocutcs udccpmisogynywitin urdy' snovcIs.Thcwomcn n
tcm, c urgucs, urc not 'cmuIc in uny rcuI scnsc but mcrcIy pussivc
subjccts tothcmuIc' ( I 98595).Thcuctvityotumunityduring itstmcon
curth cun bc undcrstood, hc urgucs, i n tcrms o! two grcut c!!orts 'to
upprcciutc tc uw und thc c!!ort to ovcrcomc thcuw in ovc' (I23). is
churgc uguinsturdy isthuthc shows Iovc us onIy cvcr in con!Iict with tc
Iaw, with dcuth guarantccd us thc ooIy rcsuIt ( I 6) Thus, for ardy tc
'cmuIc shuII not cxist. Whcrc it uppcurs, it is u crimnuI tcndcncy, to bc
I92
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6
TH MLMORI3 OF A BRG3ON IAN
stumpcd out' (95). Tcss, on this rcuding, is cuught up i n un cntropic
gcnculogy, cndowcd with powcrs 'nc|thcr to ultcr nor to chungc nor to
divcrt' (ibid.). hc is u womun without purposc, nothing morc thun un
ucquicsccnt complcmcnt to thcmulc: '1hcfcmuIc |n hcrhus bccomc incrt`
(|bid.)
ln contrust to thc Wcismunn|un pcssimism informing urdy' novcls,
uwrcncc w| l l uppcul to thc biology o! cxccss | n which li!c is ulwuys
'brimmingovcr', which isto suy thutitpositivcly livcs off ncw lifc und ncw
gcncrution, cxisting without mcusurc und whcrc thc supply ulwuys cxcccds
thc '!t' (I985. 3I). Jhcrc is no 'truc linc o! Ii!c` us in thc continuty otthc
gcrmpIusm, only u sport|ng li!c thut i s clustic und d|scontinuous (49).
Hurdy`s problcm s thut his chuructcrs, such us udc, urc cndowcd with u
wcuk litc-tlow, unublc to brcuk !rcc o! thc old udhcsion, thc gcrm-plusm
stcks to thcr bodics, cnsuring thcy cunnot dctuch thcmscIvcs !rom thc
common,!rom thc mass, whch borc thcm. 1hcir un!ortunatc cnds arc always
'bcggcd in bcgnning' (50). Aguin, no bccomng. only un uccurscd shurc o!
gcnculogicul li!c, un incscupubIc unddumncd!utc Thc shullowcst li!cthut
o! public opinionmust ulwuys win ( 5l ) . Thc ctcrnul whccl rolls on,
crushing unyoncwhodurcs tobrcu frcc ofitschuin, whilcthcgrcut rivcrof
li!ccnsurcs thuttimcdcvours ullhcrchiIdrcn.Jhsisu blcukDurwinismthut
pcrsists down to our own prcscnt timc, witncss, !or cxumplc, uwkins und
his uccount of thc 'rivcr out of cdcn`, which is cquully u rivcr without u
!uturc dcstinythc 'unbrokcn lincs o! succcss!ul unccstors' (Duwkins
l 995:) mcuning thut thc oncs who didn't quitc fit fcll to thc wuysidc or
wcrc cxtcrminutcd inthcgood old!ushion o!nuturul sclcction. it' sull in thc
gcncs, thcrc's only inhcrituncc, li fc isnot whutyou mukc it. ' lt |s not succcss
thut mukcs good gcncs. l t | sgood gcncs thut mukc succcss, und nothing un
indiv|duul docs dur|ng its lifctimc hus uny cffcct whutcvcr upon its gcncs`
(3).1h|s rivcr o!DNA is ncvcrcontuminutcd by ncw li!c (4). 'Wcund thut
mcuns ulI liv|ngthingsurc survivul much|ncsprogrummcd to propugutc thc
digitul dutubusc thut did thc progrumm|ng` (I9). orcovcr, 'DA ncithcr
nows nor curcs. NA just is. And wc duncc to its music` ( I 3) t's ull
writtcn in thc gcncs thcn, und wc` urc thc vchiclcs through wh|ch DNA
!Iowson und onund Tcss must dic ut thc righ!tmc
Butpcrhups wc don`t nccd torcud7es:, thc bccom|ng o!u 'purc womun`,
solcIyin tcrms o!u urwniun pcssimismorchronicuIIy us u struight!orwurd
cxcrcisc in gcnculogy. Thcrc urc momcnts in thc novcl, !or cxumplc, whcn
css bccomcs urhzomc. Iorging conncctions wthothcrpopuIutonsuround
hcr, whcn thc bod|cs without orguns bcgin to duncc in hurmony (urdy
I98I80), whcn uturc bccomcs ulmost Dionysiun, mingIng hurmoniously
'with thc spirit o! winc' (84) und whcn shc mcrgcs with thc night,
cxpcricncing thc loss o!hcr solitudc uttcr durk inthc woods. 'Itisthcn thut
thc plightofbcing ulivc bccomcsuttcnuutcd to its lcust possiblc dimcnsions.
hc hud no !cur o! thc shudows hcr solc idcu sccmcd to bc to shun
I9
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7
TH MLMORI3 OF A BRG3ON IAN
munkind'. And thcn on thc hiIIs und duIcs hcr '!Icxuous und stcuIthy !igurc`
bccomcs un intcgtul putt ofthc luodscupc, with nututul ptoccsscs uround hcr
intcnsi!ying to thc point whcrc thcy bccomc u purt o! hcr own story, thc
intctiot huving bccomc u sclcctcd cxtctiot und thc cxtcriot u ptocctcd
intcrior( l02). ln momcnts such us thcsc1css comcs to knowthut whiIc shc
muy huvc bccn forccd to btcu un ucccptcd sociul luw, shc hus not btocn
uny Iuwknownto thccnv|ronmcnti nwhichshccxistsusun 'unomuIy' (I03).
hc comcs to lcu tut whilc shc livcs us u sttungct und un ulicn | o hct
homcIund, thc Iund o! mcmory (o!!um|Iy, rucc, tribc, church und cIun), i t | s
no strungc Iund thut shc hcrscI!inhubits, thc Iund o! u ncw bccoming (I06).
othutwhiIctouIIhumunkindshcmuybconIy upussingthought, tohcrscI!
shc i s 'un cxpcricncc, u pussion, u structurc o! scnsutions' (I09). Jhc uIicn
cun onIy cvcrbc dc!incd ncgutivcly whcn it is pIuccd in rclution to thc lund
o!homc hc tccIs thc 'puIsc o!hopc!uI Ii!c wurmwithin hcr, Iooking !or u
'n whh hd mmi', wh wut ! u w dpt u !
spring urrivcs und 'thc stir o! gcrminution wus uImost uudbIc i n thc buds',
moving hcr 'us it movcd thc wild unimuls' (I l ). 1hroughout thc novcl
Hurdy wi II dcpict Jcss us u wId unimuI who rcsists uII uttcmpts to
domcsticutchcr, whcthcr byfumiIyotIovcrs, `di sconncctinghcrscIfbylittlcs
!rom hcr cvcnt!uI pust ut cvcry stcp, obIitcruting hcr idcntity` (J0J). Hcr
'uscIcss unccstors' Iiccntombcd, whiIcshcrccognizcs, usshcbccomcscquuI
to thc cvcnt thut |t is |mpossibIc thut uny cvcnt shouId lcuvc upon hc 'un
imprcssion thut wus not in timc cupubIc o! trunsmutut|on' (I2I2). copIc
oow bcg|n to 'dictcnt|utc thcmsclvcs io u chcm|cul proccss' , disintcgtuting
'into u numbcr o! vuricd !cIIowcrcuturcsbcings o! muny minds, bc|ngs
infinitc in diffctcncc. . . winds |o thcit diffctcnt tcmpcts, ttccs, wutcts und
mists, shudcs und siIcnccs, und thc voiccs o! inunimutc things' ( I389) At
'non-humuo houts` shc bccomcs unothct kind of mcmoty, not u mcmory of
thchumunbuto!thcovcrhumun,umcmoryo!thc!uturc. `ThcunivcrscitscI!
only cumc into bcing for1css on thc putticulut duy |n thc putticulut ycut in
which shc wus born' (I). Truc to thc bittcr cnd, urdy wiII rcndcr
umbiguous thc mcuning o! Tcss' s commitmcnt o! thc tcrribIc dccd (hcr
murdcro!AIcc d'rbcrv|IIc). | s i t simpIythcubcrrution o!u purcwomun, un
uct shchus bccn Icd toby somc 'obscurcstruin' in hcrbIood Ormght it bc
thc bccoming o! u ncw womun, not simpIy u qucstion o! bIood but o!
ovcrcoming, thc cvcnt o! thut dcuth-nstnct in which dcuth turns uguinst
itscl! und trunsmutcs ull thc |nstincts (4l9) (ompurc uwrcncc on thc
mcuningothis murdcr, I. 67.)
1o suggcst i t is thc luttcr would bc to rcud Texx undcr thc inspirution o!
cIcuzc und Guutturi ` s conccption o! thc grcut novcIist us un urtist who
'invcnts unknown or unrccognizcd u!!ccts und brings thcm to light us thc
bccoming ot his chuructcrs' , und whcrc instinct i s inscpurubIc !rom u
bccoming-unimul und bcComi og-i mpclCcptiblc (Dclcuc und uutturi
I99II65, I994I745). DcIcuzc notcs thut in thccuscotHurdy` s!ction thc
I94
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8
TH MLMORI3 OF A BRG3ON IAN
chuructcrs portruycd urc not s|mpIy pcrsons or subccts but constitutcd us
blocs of vutiubIc scnsut|ons. vcn though us u wtitct utdy displuys in his
novcIs un cxtruordinury und `strungc ]curieux] rcspcct !or thc individuuI',
this rcspcct nccds tobcconccivcd notonly in tctms ofu fotm oftccognition
(thcscI!dcsiringtobcrccognizcd !orwhutit |s usunuutonomous bcing),but
tuthct us |nvoIving modcs of indiv|duut|onthutfunction without tcfctcncc to
u dctcrminutc idcntity(which |s whyTcss isun unomuIy).
hc suw himscI! und suw othcrs us so muny 'uniquc chunccs'. . !rom
which onc combinution or unothcrhud bccn druwn. . . . Hurdy invokcs u
sorto!Grcckdcstiny!or thc cmpir|cistcxpcrimcntuIworId. lnd|viduuIs,
puckctso!scnsutions.runovcrthchcuth IikcuIinco!!IightoruIinco!
dccrritoriuIizut|on o!thccurth.
(clcuc l977.5 l I987.3940)
Writing. DcIcuzc und Guutturi muintuin, s nothing othcr thun u bccoming,
not thc story ot u rcprcscntution, but thc product|on ot ncw Iincs o! I|!c
'bIuzing Ii!c Iincs . . usigni!ying, usubjcctvc, und !uccIcss xcti:-vi:oge]`
(OcIcuzc und Guutturi I980230, I988I87). 1hc writcr is u sorccrcr who
dismuntIcs thc scI!und who 'cxpcricnccs thc unimuI us thc onIy popuIution
bc!orc wh|ch thcy urcrcsponsibIc' (294, 240). ovc is dismuntIcd so thutwc
muy bcomc upubIc ofu grcutcr Ioving.
To huvc dismuntlcd onc`s sclfin otdct finuIIy to bc uloocundmcctthc
truc doubIc ut thc othcr cnd ot thc I|nc. cIundcstinc pusscngcr on u
motionlcss voyugc. 1o bccomc Iikccvctybody clsc but this, ptcciscly,
is u bccom|ng onIy !or oncwho knowshowto bcnobody, tono Iongcr
bc unybody. To puint oncsclfgtuy on gtuy.
( l98022, I988.I9)
owcvcr, tostr|pthis kind otbccom|ng-impcrccptibIc und bccoming-unimuI
ot historicuI contcxtuulizution in thc cusc o! works o! Iitcruturc. such us
urdy's 7e::, | s both nuivc und upoIiticuI OcIcuzc's crcutivc bccomings
cunnot bc o!!crcd us univcrsuIist `truths' divorccd !rom purticuIur hstoricuI
!orccs, but huvc to bc mudc to work in spcciic contcxts, invoIving, !or
cxumpIc, u poIitics o! gcndcr und o! rucc. hc pcopIc to comc thut 7:::
invokcs is u ncw moIccuIur popuIution thut ncccssuriIy rcqu|rcs u sociuI
rcvoIuton inrcIutionto dcsirc.As cIcuzcunduutturithcmscIvcs notc,thc
moIccuIur 'Iincs otlight' mukc u rcturn to thc moIur orgun|zutions in ordcr
torcshuc thcirscgmcnts und rcurrungc thc binury distributon o! scxcs und
cIusscs (OcIcuzc und Guutturi I980264, l988 2l6I).
In W|oti:I|ilo:op|? DcIcuzc und Guutturi nsist, in !uct, thut crcutivc
fubuIution hus nothing todo with mcmory crc mcmory is bcingundcrstood
in prccisc tcrms, howcvcr, usthc mcmcnto' [un :ouvenir nrcnch (scc uIso
I95
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9
TH MLMORI3 OF A BRG3ON IAN
Dclcuzc I985.9, I9897). conccption o! crentie mcmory nccds to
scvct i t ftom its function us u psychologicul fuculty of tccollcctions
[:ouenir:], sothut itbccomcs conccivcdusthc `mcmbrunc' thut ullows!oru
cottcspondcnccbctwccn 'shcctsofpustundIuycrs ofrculity', mukingtclutivc
insidcs und outs|dcs communicutc usintcr|orsundcxtcriors. This conccption
ofmcmoty us u 'mcmbtunc' |nvolvcs 'un douIle devenir' (88 l u good
cxumpIc whcrc such u mcmory cun bc sccn ut pluy | s csnuis' s !|Im
Fr:vidence). wotk ofutt, |t isptoposcd, offcts itsclfusunonunent not in
thc scnsc o!somcth|ng thut commcmorutcs thc pust, so sti!ing thc prcscnt
und thc urrivuI o! thc tuturc n: !uturul. but us u 'bIoc o!prcscnt scnsutions`
whichcvolvcintcrmso!thcirownprcscrvution und thuturcublcto 'providc
thc cvcnt with thc compound thut cclcbrutcs it' (Dclcuzc und Guutturi
l 99 l . l 8, l 994. l ). 'Wc writc not with childhood mcmorics but through
blocs o! chiIdhood thut urc thc bccomng-child o! thc prcscnt' (I58, I8).
1hc task o! thc artist s onc o! ivi cxistcncc to thc cvcnt (o! l!c and
dcuth) by going bcyond thc 'pcrccptuul stutcs und u!!cctivctrunsitions o!thc
livcd' (ibid.). lt is in this rcspcct thut thc urtist und novcIistcun bc dcscribcd
us sccrs or 'bccomcrs' who !rcc pcrccptions und u!!cctions !or u morc
intcnsc, nonorgun|c und gcrminul litc. 'lt is uIwuys uqucstion offrcc|ng lifc
whcrcvcr iti smprisoncd, oro! tcmptng itintoun unccrtuin combut' (ibid.).
Inthcwritingso!uwrcncc, !or cxumplc,thccmphusisis onthcI|bcrution
of scnsutions und utfccts from thcir imprisonmcnt in bodics thut urc ovcr
dctcrmincd bymoluridcntity-!ormution Dclcuzcpoints out thut | nuwrcncc
thctc is uIwuys u doublc dctctm|nution of chutuctcts thtough, oo thc onc
hund, thc scntimcnts o! un orgunic pcrson, but, on thcothcrhund,und morc
impottuntly, thc ttuvctsiog of thc inogun|c powct of u v|tul body. This is thc
`body without orguns' thut numcs un u!!cctivc und intcnsc body, u body o!
zoncs, grudicnts, und of polcs such us thc uo uod thc Mooo, cnus und
uturn (scc uwrcncc l99.!!.). uwrcncc prcscnts us w|th th|s intcnsc
vitulism of u body-bccoming thut dcf|cs tc otguns und thut dcfcuts tigid
orgunizution (Dclcuzc I993l 4). Or, us uwrcncc cxprcsscd himscI! | n u
powcr!ul cssuy on oc to bc !ound in his tudie: in Cln::ic Anericnn
Iiternture. ' l is thc souls o! mcn thut subtly imprcgnutc stoncs, houscs,
mountuins, contincnts, und givc thcsc thcr subtlcst !orm. coplc only
bccomc subjcct tostoncs uttcr huv|ng Iost thcir intcgrul souls'Thc mystcry
o! dissoIution, us uwrcncc cuIIcd t. invoIvcs Icurnng thut `hcrc is u Iong
wuy wc cun truvcl, u!tcr thc dcuth-brcu ucr thut point whcrc thc soul in
intcnsc suIIcring brcuks, brcuks uwuy Irom its orgunic hoId Iikc u Icu thut
!ulls' . 1hcrc urc subtlc rcul|t|cs!ur bcyond 'phullic nowlcdgc' und bcyond
thc scopc o! 'phullic invcstgution' (uwrcncc I995c. 2534).
Whu, thcn, urc Dclcuzc's 'Mcmorics o! u Bcrgsoniun' Whut kind o!
mcmoricsurc bcing rc!crrcd toThcmcmoricsto bc lc!tbchindurcclcurly
thoscofB 'souvcn|r' kind. This docs not, howcvcr prccludctc possibility
ot thc constitution ot ncw nds ot mcmory. In !uct, whcncvcr mcmory i s
I96
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TH MLMORI3 OF A BRG3ON IAN
bcing uttuckcdin Dclcuzc undGuuttur| itis uIwuys u spcc|!ic!ormutionund
function thut is in mind.Whcn thcy dcclutc thu 'bccoming is untimcmoty`
it is thc punctuuI orgunizution otmcmory!oundin stundurd gcnculog|cs, in
wh|ch mcmory is tcfcttcd buck to u spccific point of otigin thut is pluccd
undcr critiuc Arborcsccnt schcmus, whcthcr in biology or computcr
scicncc, posit hictutchicuI systcms with ccnttcs of subjcctificution und
ccntruluutomutu!unct|oning intcrmso!un orgunizcdmcmory.hunnclso!
trunsmission utc ptc-cstubIishcd, thc systcm prc-cxists thc individuul, und
uny dcviution !rom thc norms o! thc systcm i s to bc rcgurdcd us un
ubcrrution (wc muy notc thut thc rcudiun schcmu o! mcmory contorms to
this typc o! systcm).
Thc critiquc otorigin(s) ulso cxpluins why rhizomutics cunnot bc rcudil y
ussociutcd with rcccnt movcs towurds hybridizcd conccpt|ons o! idcntity
within !cminist und postcoloniul thcory thut scck to go bcyond u politics o!
autochthonous idcntity. Dclcuzc and Guattari contcnd that hybrids simply
rcquirc u connccton o!points und do not !ucilitutc u pussing bctwccn thcm.
Apo|ntulwuys rcmuins wcddcd to u pointo!origin. On u rhizomutic modcl,
howcvcr, thc bccomngs muppcd out involvc movcmcnts by whch thc linc
frccs itsclffrom thc origin undpo|nts urcrcndctcd indiscciblc. ln ordcr to
locutc unothcr bccoming (unothcr mcmory), pcrhups buricd within thc
scdimcnts o! historicuI li!c und ovcrcodcd by hcgcmon|c gcnculog|cs, or
pcthups involving !ututc bcomings thut urc impcrccptiblc to us | t i s
ncccssury to uctivutc urhizomutic und molccuIurconccption o!nutulity, such
us, !ot cxumplc, thc bitth of u ncw cutth no longct govctncd by luws of
spccics (rucc) und gcnus.
un|mmuncntjusticc,thccurth, und |ts nonchronoIogicuI ordcrinso!ur
us cuch of us | sditcctIy ftom it,und not ftom putcnts: uutochhony. t is
in thc curth thut wc dic und utonc !or our birth. . . Thc curth us thc
ptimotdiul t|mc ofthc uutochthonous.
(Dclcuzc I98 I I , I989. I I)
1l is thus possiblc to spcuk o!un 'urchitccturc' o!mcmory which docs not
uppcul to u ccntrc point, utixcd point o! origin oru prc-cstublishcd cnd. Thc
rhizomc uproots gcnculogy, rcvcuIing thc uutochthonous us thc uIwuys
bccoming-hctcrogcncouso!thc curth('hccutcgoryo!thcroot, thcorign, s
u cutcgory o!dominion', Adorno 9666, 93.). Thc timco!thc ugcs
o thc curth is uconic. hcrc is u worId-mcmory , u continuum o Iic or
durution chutuctcrizcd by strungc mctumotphoscs thutcunnot bc rcstrictcd to
u singlcchuructcr u singlc !umiIy or u singlc group.
1hc most |mportunt impulscbchind cIcuzc'srccontigurution o!mcmoty,
und itsullicduttcmptto thnk gcrminuI li!c in molcculurtcrms, is,uItimutcly,
H politicoI onc ln u condition whcrc u pcoplc und thc condit|ons fot thc
cxprcsson ot ts rcvolutionury dcsirc urc missng thc wrtcr und cncmu
I97
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TH MLMORI3 OF A BRG3ON IAN
uuthor pcr!orm u cutuIytic !unction, ubIc throuh thcir soI|tudc und
murginulity to urticulutc potcntiuI forccs of chungc und producc uttcrunccs
thuturc Iikc thccrmsor `sccds o!upcopIctocomc' [e: emc Jupcuplc U
vcnir| (DcIcuzc l 985 88 l 989l ). Thc cincmu uuthor, Dclcuzc notcs,
`!inds himscI! bc!orc u pcopIc which, !rom thc point o! v|cw ot cuIturc, | s
doubIy colooizcd', finding itsclf colonizcd by both storics thut comc from
unothcr pIucc und by thcir own myths thut huvc bccomc Iikc |mpcrsonuI
cotitics now ut thcscrviccofthc colonizcrund thc impcriul prcscncc. ndcr
thcsccond|tionsthcuuthorcunnotuIIowhimscI!tobccomc thccthnoIo|sto!
u pcopIc or invcnt u !iction thut i s soIcIy ot privutc ntcrcst Thc urt o!
storytcIIin, whcthcr in Iitcruturc or!iIm, shouId ussumc nc|thcrthc !orm o!
un impcrsonuI myth northuto!upcrsonuI tcton butruthcrtukcthc !orm o!
u `spccch-uct' throuh which chuructcrs urc mudc to cross thc boundury
bctwccn thut which scpurutcs thc privutc !rom thc poIticuI. so producin
`collcctivc uttcranccs` that pcr!orm thc cataIytic !unction o! addrcssing th
injusticcs o! timc und cxprcssin 'thc intoIcrubIc` in u wuy thut ivcs u
rcncwcd vituIityto thc movcmcnt(thc cvcnt) o! timc (286, 289, 2l 9, 222). lt
i s in thi s rcspcct thut uII urt i s poIiticuI, not uddrcssin u pcopIc but
contributin tothc invcntion o!onc (283, 2l ). or thc rcvoIutionury uIist it
i s uIwuys u qucstion o! popuIutions. whcrc stutstics conccrn indivduuI
phcnomcnu, ' unt| stutisticuI | ndividuuIity opcrutcs onIy i n rcIution to
moIccuIar popIut|ons' (Dc Icuc und Guuttari l 980l 3, l 988. 335) '1hc
urtist discurds romuntic iurcs, rcI|nqu|shcs both thc!orccso!thc curth und
thc forccs ofthc pcoplc. 1hc combut, ifcombut thcrc is, hus movcd. . . . Thc
cstubIishcd powcrs huvc pIuccd usin thc situution o!combut ut oncc utomic
und cosmic, gluctic' (6, 35). 1hcpoct |s onc who 'lcts loosc moIccuIur
popuIut|ons in thchopc thut this wiII sow thc sccds o!, orcvcn cncndcr, thc
pcoplc tocomc, thutthcsc popuIutioos wiII puss into u pcoplc to comc, opcn
u cosmos' (ibid.).
Dclcuzc's concc with thc 'ovcrhumun' bccoming ot thc humun should
not bc sccn to bc un isoIutcd cusc within rcccnt so-cuIIcd `contincntuI
phIosophy' . Ittindsrcsonunccs tor cxumpIc. with thc work o!crridu who
hus contcstcd thc trudition o! mctuphysics |n tcrms o! its uttuchmcnt to u
conccpton ot Ii!c buscd on !iIutivc modcIs u trudition thut i s ut oncc
bioIoicuI, poIiticuI, tcchnoIoicuI, ctc. By contcstin cstubIishcd moIur
conccptions in bioIoy und phiIosophy thc uim !or cIcuzc i s to opcn up
thouht tothc unomuIous und thc novcI, so Iibcrutin such bccomins !rom
thc stimu oI thc ubnormuI und thc dcviunt. hc unomuIous rcsists schcmus
o! cIusst|cution und cunnot bc suid to bc cithcr un individuuI oru spcc|cs. lt
hus to do with thc movcmcnt o! muItipIicitcs und o! popuIutions. It thus
dit!crs !rom thc ubnormuI sincc it cunnot s|mpIy bc dctncd ncutivcIy in
rcIution to spccitic und cncric chuructcrstcs. or Dcrridu i t i sbccuusc thc
q0cstion of cncaIoy cannot bc rcduccd to thc 'onc' that it |s possibIc to
spcuk o! ucliric: o! mcmory (which is in c!!cct u mcmory o! thc !uturc)
l 98
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TH MLMORI3 OF A BRG3ON IAN
(compurc Dcrridu I99:I05 on thc stukcs o! u `dcconstruction oj the
gcnculogicul schcmu'). 1hc prcoccupution wit rcthiok|ng numbcrulsoruns
through mucho!Dcrridu'swritingundis rcstugcd us u 'mujor'conccrn inthc
tcxt PoIitic of Friend:hip (1994, truos. t99?.1-25, 299), in which such
minorituriunqucstions usthc !oIlowingurc poscd. whut is u smullnumbcr',
'whut i s u dcmocrucy of sioguIur| tics', `how docs onc culcuIutc but
di !!crcntI y' . ln uddition hc hus spokcn o! thc possibility o! ncw
ooncommunituriun politics inspircd by thc `promisc' ofthc spcctrul `bond
bctwccn singuluritics' cmcrging with|n lutc-cupitul, which cxcccds ull
culturcs, ull lunguugcs, t cvcn cxcccds thc conccpt o! humunity. . . our
dissutis!uction rcquircs ut thc sumc timc. . rcth|nkingthc limits bctwccn thc
humun und thc unimul. thc humun und thc nuturul, thc humun und thc
tcchnicul' (1994b: 49). Dcrriduurgucsthut thcconccpt o!politics vcryrurcly
unnounccs itscl! without un uttuchmcnt o!thc tutc to thc !umily (o! mun,
alvays, pcrhaps), vithout, that s, a schcma o! !iIiation ( I997:viii). 1hinking
bcyond thc luw o! numbcruguinst grcut numbcrs whcrc thc grcutcst
numbcrs includc thc strongcst undwcukcstut sumc timc (1 )|s u th|nking
thut ulso involvcs going bcyond thc luw o! gcnus und spcccsrucc (thc
politics offiliution), und culls forun ultogcthcr dicrcnt lunguugc (799).
Thc cmphusis on thnking thc politicul i n tcrms o! ncw molcculur
idcntitics, such us non-dcnumcrublc multipl|citics, und in rclution to thc
cstubI|shcd molur politics of dcnumcrution uod its uppurutuscs of cupturc,
suggcsts thut it isnot simpIy u qucstionofdcmonstrutingthc possibility o!u
politicul uppl|cution of un cthologicul rhizomutics, but ulso of upprcciuting
thc politicuI |mport o! its novcl cthologicul momcnt. In his I96 study o!
pinozu, Dclcuzchimsclfinc|sivcly notcshu us uncw thinking ofthcliving
body cthology o!!crs ' u ncw conccpt|on o! thc cmbodicd indiv|duul, o!
spccics, und ofgcncru' (196.236, 1992.25?). c urgucs thut wc should not
ncglcct thc `biolog|cul sign|!icuncc' o! this ncw conccption. lts chic!
impLruncc, howcvcr, | s suid to bc `]uridicoI und ethicol`. c suggcsts thut
oncc wc posc thc problcm o! rights ut thc lcvcl o!hctcrogcnous bodics thcn
wc ncccssuriIy truns!orm thc wholcphilosophy o!right(s).
LOHCUSOH' HOSOHj 8S 8DSOU0 U00YO0Z0OH
n w|u! i: 1|i/osop|' cIcuzc und Guutturi ussign u spccicuIIy poIiticuI
tusk tophilosophy conccivcd us u thinking o!ubsolutc dctcrritoriulizution' .
his consists i n thc constitution oI u ncw curth und u ncw pcopIc . hc
csscntiul contrust l wuntto uddrcss in thc concIusionto thc chuptcr| s thc onc
prcscntcd i n whu! i: IhiIo:oph bctwccn thc dcclurcd 'ubsolutc`
dctcrritoriulizution o! philosophy und thc mcrcly `rclutivc' onc c!!cctcd by
cupituI. Thc nuturc o!this contrust is !ur!romobvious.
1hc rudicul chuructcr of this conCcptioo o! ph|losophy is cvidcnt in thc
opcning scntcnccs o! thc chuptcr on 'Gcophilosophy` whcrc iti surgucd thut
I99
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TH MLMORI3 OF A BRG3ON IAN
subjcct und objcct o!tcr u `poorupproximution o! thought'. Instcud Dclcuzc
uod uutturi proposc u modcl |n which thining |nvolvcs thc rclutionship 'of
tcrritory und thccurth' . Whut isprimury in thisrclutionship, howcvcr, urc thc
movcmcnts ofdctcrr|toriul|zution thuturc coostuntIy curricdouton thccurth.
Whut mukcs dctcrritoriulizution `rcIutivc'. whcthcr thc dctcrritoriulizution in
qucstioobcsoc|uI, phys|cul,orpsycholog|cul, isthcfuct thut thc rclutionship
o! thc curth with thc movcmcnts o! tcrritory thut tukc shupc on | t urc
historicully dctcrmincd. DctcrritoriuI|zution is suid to bc `ubsolutc' whco thc
curh is mudc topuss into u purcplunco!immuncncc' thut| s notconstruincd
by purticulur historicul dctcrminutionswhcthcrthc rclutionships involvcdbc
sociul gcoIogicul, or cvcn ustronomiculund i s ublc to cntcr |nto thc
immuncncc o! u thought o! cing und o! Nuturc thut contuins 'in!initc
d| ugrummutic movcmcnts' ( l 99 l:85 l 994:88). 1his involvcs ussigning u
spcciic criticul !unction to philosophy inrclution to cupitul. Wc shull rcturn
to this shortly, !or thc momcnt lct us notc somc !urthcr aspccts to thc contrast
bctwccn ubsolutc und rcIutivc modcs o! dctcrritoriulizution. irst,
dctcrritoriulzution on thc pIunc o! immuncncc i s suid not to prccIudc u
rctcrritoriulizutiono! !orms, !unctions, und u!!cctsbut ruthcr posits it i n
tcrms of 'thc crcution of u futurc ncw curth'. ccond, und cruciulIy. un
ubsoIutc dctcrrtoriulizution i s only intclligblc und opcrutivc in rcIuton to
`ccrtuin stillto-bc dctcrm|ncd rclutionshipswithrclut|vcdctcrritoriulizutions`
(ibid). 1hc 'absolutc', thcrcforc, docs n s|mply indicutc un ubsolutc thut
hus bccn positcd us simply outsidc history or bcyond historicul und sociul
dctcrminution, but onc thut uims to trunsform our cognitivc mupp|ng of
history und socicty.
Dclcuzc uod uuturi i nsi st thut thc conocction bctwccn modcrn
phiIosophy und cupitul|sm i s ncvcr simply un idcoIogicul onc. odcrn
ph|losophy, |n thc forms ofull thc grcut thinkcrs from unt to usscrl, hus
ncvcr ccuscdtopush historicul undsociuIdctcrminution tou pointo!in!inity
whcrc itmightpuss into somcthingclsc. hilosophy isnottobc construcd us
u mcrc `ugrccublc commcrcc o! thc mind' us u commodity with its own
unuccxchungcvuluc,orusthcdisntcrcstcd sociubItypcculiurto `Wcstcrn
dcmocrutic convcrsution' . 1I hus u purticulur rclution to movcmcnts o!
tcrritorcs und populutons.A rupport i sidcnti!cd bctwccn this conccption o!
philosophy und Adorno' s ncgutivc diulcctics i n tcrms o! thc csscntiul
untimcIincss o! thc crticuI momcnt. hc pruxis o! thought urrivcs ut thc
nonpr:poxirionul !orm o! thc conccpt s|ncc it hus no dcsirc to compromisc
with thcprcscnt through modcs ocommunicution, cxchungc. conscnsus. und
op|nion whichcommon scnsccould ull too rcudilyundcrstundund ussim|lutc.
hilosophymovcsnthcclcmcnto!puru-doxunotsmplybccuuscit wuntsto
ussoc|utc itsclf w|th thc lcust pluusiblc opinon or bccuusc i t udvunccs
contrudictory opinions, but bccuusc i t dcploys u stundurd lunguugc to
ariculatcsomcthing wh|ch bclongs nc|thcrtothcordcrofop|nion northut of
thc proposition. hilosophy rcmuns untimcly, out o!oint with its timc, in
200
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TH MLMORI3 OF A BRG3ON IAN
ordcr to invokc u `ncw curth' und u ncw pcopIc` . It | s n this rcspcct thut
ph|losophycun bc suid to bc 'utopiun'. t is top|uthutIinksphilosophy with
its own timc undcpoch und, uIt|mutcIy, bccomcs poIiticuI inthc scnsc thutit
'tukcsthccrit|cism ofitsowntimctoitshighcstpoint (DclcuzcundGuuttuti
I99I .9, I994.99).
1hc criticul qucstion to bc considcrcd conccrns how philosophy cun
bccomc poIiticuI throuh constructions o! ubsoIutc dctcrritoriuI|zution
withoutbccomingthc impotcncc ofu mctcly nurcissistic ctitiquc or mcthod
o! intcnsity. 1his, l wouId sucst, is thc principuI risk contuincd. muybc
ncccssuriIy. within clcuzcs thinking o! thc cvcnt. und onc thut now nccds
to bc cxumincd. ivin!orthc cvcnt mukcs Ii!c ussumc jor H thc chuructcr
o! thc grcutcst wcight. Thc onIy rcIutionship with thc prcscnt DcIcuzc und
Guutur| ucknowlcdc | sthuto! shumc 'Wc do not!ccl oursclvcs outsidc o!
our timc but continuc to undcrgo shumc!uI compromiscs w|th it` (I99I . I03
4I 08). But what docs this shamc rcvcal about ourscIvcs and about
ph|Iosophy toduyWhy is i t ot!crcd by DcIcuzc und Guuuri us thc nuturu
ulmost pcrcnniuI, cond|t|on !or us, !or phlosophy, to bc in ls it in ordcr to
provoc us into rcmuining !u|th!uI to thc gcrminuI Ii!c o!thc cvcnt Ordocs
it pcrhups sucst thut wc cun ncvcr livc up to thc cvcnt ould it bc thut
within th|sIogic o!thc in!initc, o!thc ubsoIutc pIunc o! |mmuncncc, wc cun
st|II dctcctsomc possibIc shudows o!od upon thc !ucc o! thc curthDocs
thc planc of immuncncc libcrutc l| tc or might |t cnsluvc |t, und us, to thc
unuttuinubIc ` Whnt i: the :enl ojliIerntiorr No Iongcrbcing ushumcd in
front ofoncscIf' (Nictzschc l 97 uphotism 75).
or Adorno whut i s incttubIc ubout top|u | s thut wh| ch dc!ics
subsumption undcr u ptinciplc of |dcntity. lt is fot thi s tcuson thut
'phiIosophicul critiquc trunsccnds phiIosophy' Whut is dist|nctivc ubout thc
conccption otph|losophy udvunccd by DcIcuzc und Guuttuti is thc cxtcnt to
which it rcsists|n dcmundin re:i:tnnce to the re:e1tthis nccd to
ttunsccndphilosophy. n this tcspcct wc cun scc thc cxtcnt to which Dclcuzc
ncvcr dcpurtcd !rom his 'Bcrsonism' in tcrms ot rcmu|nin !uithtuI to thc
uim o! thinking bcyond thc humun condition und to do this through thc
pruxis ot ph|losophy. lndccd, in Whnt is Ihilo:ophy thc word utopiu' | s
dcpIoycdto dcsignutcthc conjunct|ono!phiIosophy (o!thc conccpt) withthc
'prcscn m|Iicu' (u conunction thut i s suid to cquuI 'poIiticuI phiIosophy').
hc virtuuI potcntiuIity o!thcconccpt | s un cmunciputory onc| nthut itdocs
not rcstr|ct philosophy to imitut|n, or bc|n !uith!uI to, whut is ivcn to it.
hc cvcnt oI ph|Iosophy hus, in uddition, no rcIutionship with u Iincur und
prorcssivist conccption o! history. hilosophy i srclutcd to 'thc livcd' onIy
in tcrms ot its conccpt o! thc cvcnt (incorporcuI, virtuuI, gcrminuI, ctc.). n
thinkin this cvcnt philosophy `survcys thc whoIc ot thc Iivcd' und cvcry
stutc o! ut!uirs. t i su kind o! spccuIutivc v|tuIism in which thc cvcnto! thc
futurc thc uIwuys `to-comc', is to frcc thc prcscnt stutc of auirs from its
subjugution by cntropic !orccs. A cruciuI distinction | s mudc bctwccn
20I
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TH MLMORI3 OF A BRG3ON IAN
`bccoming` und `history'. ccoming involvcs cxpcrmcntutionthc crcution
of thc ocw uod thc rcmurkubIcbut histoy providcs mcrcIy thc sct of
`ncgutvc conditions` thut mukcs possiblc thc cxpcrimcntution o!somcthing
thutcscupcs hstory' (Dclcuzc und Guutturi l 99I I06, I99:I I I ).
1hc dungcr o! construing phlosophicul uctivity n this wuy, us thc
'uutopoictic' crcution of conccpts, is thut of bcstowing on it u spurious
indcpcndcncc (thc chtcunsm o!u supposcd 'scI!positing` ]outopo:ition]
(Oclcuzc und uuturi I 99I : l 6 I 994: I I ) . n rcfusing u historcul
dctcrminution o!phlosophywhosc tusk is dc!incd us u Nictzschcun' onc
o! invcnting modcs o! cxiscncc und possibilitics o! und !or li!cclcuzc
courts thc rsk o!rcndcring thc cvcnto! thought und thc tusks o!philosophy
not simply indctcrminutc but without conncction to unythng othcr thun
phiIosophy`s own dcsirc us t louts ubstructly on u plunc o! immuncncc
unin!ormcd by hstoricul pruxis und thc historicully spccific prcdicumcnts o!
modcrn thought (this lanc is said to bc without substancc and subjcct,
cntircly immuncnt to itscl (I99I47 l 99.45 scc ulso clcuzc I997:39)
(!or ichtc, it should bc notcd, thc corrcct conccption o!riticul hilosophy
is thut it bc cntircly immuncnt, by which hc mcuns uutopoictic scc ichtc
I994:xxiv). Thc problcms ucndunt on thc conccpt, howcvcr, stcm from thc
complcx rcIuton bctwccn thc cvcnt und hstoricul uctuulity und cxpcricncc.
his lcuds us to usk whcthcr thcrc rcmuins on clcuzc` s modcl thc
dominution ofthc philosophicuI conccpt. 1his muttcr is not casy to dccidc
upon for rcusons to do with Dclcuzc` sconccpton o! philosophicul pructicc
und ts 'supcror' cmpiricism. l shull comc buck to this conccrn lutcr io this
scction.
ln whot i: Philosoph Dclcuzc und uutturi urc insistcot thut thc cvcnt
und thc stutc of uf!uirs dcnotc two complctcly dcrcnt ordcrs o!cxistcncc.
1his distnction lics bchind thcircluim thutnospccifcchuructcrcun bcgivcn
to thc dcsirc o! rcvolution, sincc t is only thc 'cnthusiusm` thut in!orms it
which counts (obviously thcy urc following unt hcrc und compurc thc
prcscntution o!rcvolution und !iguruton ofcnthusiusm us u `sign` o!history
inyoturd l989.40II0. whcrc u similurdistincton s mudcbctwccn `dutu'
und 'sgns').Thcy urcintcrcstcd in 'rcvolution' not in tcrms o! its cxistcncc
within uspcci!ic sociuI ficId. which is hcldtobc mcrcly 'rclutivc' , bu ruthcr
us u 'conccpt' und un 'cvcnt'. Whut muttcrs, thcrcforc, isthc cnthusiusmwith
which wc posit rcvoIution on un usoIutc' pIunc o immuncncc, which s
compurcd to u `prcscntuton o!thc innitc n thc hcrc und now' . Thus, thc
cruciuI issuc ut pIuy Ior thcm in thc cxprcssion oI cnthusiusm is not thut oI
thc scpurution o!thc spcctutor!rom thc uctor but thc distincton bctwccn thc
historicul !uctors (thc stutc o!u!fuirs) und thc cvcntthut lcs within thc dccd
itscl!und cun bc cxtructcd !rom t. This mcuns thut rcvolution rc!crs strictly
to tsclfund so cnjoys u 'scl!positing` und un 'ubsolutc survcy',justus thc
cnthusiusm can bc suid to bc cntrcly `immancnt' in which not cvcn thc
'disuppointmcnts o! rcuson' cun dcstroy thc gcrminul cxistcncc o! this scI!-
202
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TH MLMORI3 OF A BRG3ON IAN
positng cvcnt o!rcvolution (clcuzc und Guutturi l 99l 967, l 994lI).
ln othcr words, u tcvolut|on docs not dctivc its mcuniog' (or, i n yoturd`s
tcrms, sign`) from history, whcrc u duting mght!ix its tmc und plucc in
tctms ofu sctiul continuum but ruthcr, whcn thought us thccvcnt, it is thut
which givcs to hstory u Iecoming. But conccivcd us such, uny unmcdiutcd
opposition bctwcco thc stutc of uffairs und thc cvcnt hus to bc tcgurdcd us
ubstruct sincc it is only in tcrms o! thcr rupport thut both cnjoy u logic o!
scnsc. 1hc bccomings' thut punctuutc cquilibtiul h| story arc ncccssurily
umbiguous undpurudoxicul. osting rcvolution us u plunc o!immuncncc, or
us ubsolutc dctcrritoriulizution, i s mcuninglcss und hopcIcss ttnlc:: its
!cuturcs cunbcconncctcd up 'withwhutisrcul hcrc und now nthc strugglc
uguinst cupitulism, rcluunchng ncw strugglcs whcncvcr thc curlicr onc is
bctruycd' 96, l 00, und on cupituI, dcpictcd us thc ' mpostor-subjcct',
compurc uguin yoturd l 989. 4l0).
FhiIosohy has bccomc in Dclcuzc and Guauari ` s last work, strangcly,
uncunnly, thc 'homc` o! thc rcvolution o! dcsirc, con!irming Adorno's
opcning nsght in Negotie DioIectics thut phi losophy, oncc dccmcd
obsolctc, only Iivcs on `bccuusc its momcnt o! rculizution ]\erwirkIichung]
wus misscd' Adorno l 966. l , l 9: 3, trunsluton modificd). This is u
'momcnt` of philosophy, howcvcrits !ulcd historicul rculizution und
continucd gcrmnul li!cthut both clcuzc und Adorno u!!irm. Thc problcm
in DcIcuc und uutturi`s rc-prcscntuion of whut philosophy is howcvcr,
docs not so much concc philosophy` s gcrminuI cxistcncc, but ruthcr thc
purticulurund pccuI|ut configurution it ussumcs on thcit uutopoict|c modcl. lt
is this conccption o!philosophcul uctivty us uutopoictc thut rcquircs our
symputhctic und criticul trcutmcnt.
ln insisting thut thc conccpt is ncithcr givcn nor (prc-)!ormcd, Dclcuzc
uod Guuttur| utc pIuc|ng thc sttcss on thc crcut|on of u conccpt us u scIf
positing uctivity, thc positing o! itscI! thut rcvculs ' un uutopoictic
chuructcristic by which it is tccognizcd' (Dclcuzc und Guutturi l 99l : l 6
l 994ll ). ositing is u crcuting, in which u conccpt cnjoys u hctcrogcncsis,
ublc to cxist in u stutc o! survcy by !rccIy truvcrsing its componcnts. `It is
immcdiutcIy coprcscnt to ull its componcnts or vurutions, ut no dstuncc
!rom thcm, pussing buck und !orth through thcm' 26 202l ). uch u
conccpt is un usscmblugcIkcthc con!igurutions o!u muchnc` (39, 6)
cxisting in u constcIIution o conccpts n communicution with thc pIunc o
immuncncc thut ullows conccpts to movc trunsvcrsully. Thc conccpt o! u
bird, Ior cxumpIc, wiII bc Iound ncthcrinits gcnusnor ts spccicsutonIy
'in thc composition o! its posturcs, colours, und songs`, t wiIl lc in un
indisccrnibility thut is not so much syncsthctic us syncidctic. Thc plunc o!
immuncncc, itshouldbc notcd, is not itsclfuconccpt whch wc cun think but
ruthcr thc uccntrcd `mugc` thought gvcs itscl! in ordcr to cxist us u !rcc,
uutopoicti utivity Thc plunc is suid to bc 'prcphlosophiul' in this rcgurd,
not in thc scnsc o! somcthing prc-cxistcnt but us thc 'ubsolutc ground` o!
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TH MLMORI3 OF A BRG3ON IAN
phlosophythutcunnotcxist outsidco!itbutonly !unctionusits!undumcntul
prcsupposition, und us thc powcr of u Onc-All likc u moving dcsctt thut
conccpts comc to popuIutc` (,4I). (Thc notion o! ground` hcrc is of!crcd
in thc scnsc of phiIosophy's curth ot dctcrritor|ulizcd zonc, und not us u
prorummc,dcsin, orcnd.) O!courscconccptshuvc urclutionto thins, but
thcsc urc sclf-gcncrutcd problcms thut utc udgcd to bc immuocnt to thc
intcrnul Ioic o!philosophculpcduoy 2I2, I6). lt is thisintcrnul Ioic o!
philosophicul bccoming which uccounts for thc cmphusis pluccd on
uutopoictic closurc inthc rculm o!conccpt-crcution Andthis isrcully whut
thc crcution o!conccpts mcuns. to conncct intcrnul. inscpurublc componcnts
to thcpointo!closurc orsuturution so thutwccunno loncrudd orwithdruw
ucomponcnt without chunin thc nuturc o!thc conccpt' 87, 90).
1hs is, udmittcdIy, u complcx notion o! uutopoicsis, sincc it wunts to
ullow !or dynumic und novcl chunc. Howcvcr, this chunc uppcurs to bc
taking placc solcly n tcrms o! thc intcrnal Iogic o! a hilosohcal bccoming
withphilosophycrcutinconccptsnrcsponscto tsownstuino!problcms.
Wc huvc sccn how on thc lcvcl o! u muppin o! bioloy Oclcuzc und
Guuur's conccption o!rhizomutcs scrvcs to uttuck thc idcu o! un ucnt o!
'cvolution' conccivcd us thc uutopoictic subjcct of ts own bccomiog
(uutopoicsis numin hcrc uny systcm which both produccs und muintuins ts
idcntity in thc !ucc ofpcrturbutions, shocks, cntropic !orccs, ctc.). t is thus
curious thut in thcir lust work thcy shouId so hcuvily rcly on un uutopoicti
modcl in ordcr to dcvclop u conccpion of whut philosophy is. Thcy urc
prcpurcd to go us fut us to muintu|o thut u conccpt is 'uncnctgctic' , positing
un opposition bctwccn `cncry` und ` intcnsity` in whichcncry is conccvcd
mcrcIy us thc wuy in which intcosity gcts nulIificd in uny cxtcnsivc stutc of
u!!uirs.Thcrcuppcurs to bc littlcscopc !or u !ccdbuck proccss hcrc, howcvcr,
bctwccn thc cvcnt (intcns|ty) und thc stutc of uffuits, ot bctwccn thc
pcduoy ofthcconccpt undthc pcduoy o!hstoricul cxpcricncc. utths
luc ofu fccdbuc ptoccss might bc u ncccssury fcuturc ofthcir uutopoictic
construction o! thc bccomin o! philosophy. And yct, us wc huvc ulrcudy
notcd, thc urticulution o! u pcliticol projcct o! philosophy rcsts on u
commtmcnt to thc strulcs tukin plucc `hcrc und now` uuinst cupitulism
und u conccrn with thcjoysund su!!crins o!humun bcngs inwhut urcsuid
to bc thcir 'constuntly rcsumcd' strulcs
orAdorno crsonism incrcutin unovcI typc o!conition in ordcr to
rusp thc nonconccptuul wushcs uwuy 'thc dulccticul sult. . . n un
undiIIcrcntiutcd tdc oI Iic 66. 8 7. 8) y too rcudiIy disposin oI
thc riid cncrul conccpt crson run thc rsk cffcctin u 'cult o! rrutonul
immcdiucy` ibid), so o!fcrin 'u cult o!!rccdom in thc mdstofun!rccdom',
thut sthc disjuncton bctwccn thc !rccdom o!mmuncnccund thc!uctcityo!
historicul rculity rcmuns uncomprchcndcd und only concrctcly ovcrcomc in
illusory tcrms. '1c BporctiuI conccpts of philosophy urc murks of whut is
objcctvcly, not just cotuvcIy, unrcsolvcd` I 54 I53). `Absolutizin`
204
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TH MLMORI3 OF A BRG3ON IAN
durution rcndcring bccoming 'purc` runs thc dungcr ot rccoilng nto thc
sumc ' timclcssncss' thut i s bcing chidcd i n truditionul lutonc und
Aristotcliun mctuphysics. lt could bc urgucd, howcvcr, thut much o!
Dclcuzc's rcconfgurution of 'Bcrgsonism'consisting inu vitul cmpricism,
rhizomutics, muchinism,und soonisdcsigncdtorc!utc such ucuvuIicrund
prc-cmptivc rcudng of Bcrgson. Adorno Iocutcs idculism us thc pcculiur
prcdicumcnto!philosophy withinmodcrnity. 'Ncccssity compcls philosophy
toopcrutc wthconccpts, butthis ncccssity mustnotbc tucd intothcvirtuc
ot thcir priority` (2I, ll ) . 1l could bc contcndcd thut so long us wc !ind
oursclvcs i n u philosophicul conditonund such u condition sccms un
incscupubIc und ncccssury !utcthcn philosophy cun only cxist us thc
gcrminul Ii!c und us thc virtuul cvcnt. or Adorno phiIosophy wus to bc
conccivcd us both hc most scrious thng o! ull und not ut ull thut scrious.
Howcvcr. whut is !or him u spcci!ic hstoricul ncccssity is, on OcIcuzcs
modcl, turncd into thc a!!irmation o! an absolutc dctcrritorialization.
ct mc now bring this chuptcr to u closc by muking somc concluding
rcmurks on thcprcdicumcnts con!ronting u philosophy o!thc conccpt. Whut
i s mportunt !or Adorno i s to uvoid uny !ctishism o! thc conccpt.
`Oiscnchunmcnt with thc conccpt is thc unidotc of philosophy . Only such
discnchuntmcnt cun prcvcnt thc conccpt !rom bccoming 'un ubsoIutc to
itsclt`. Thc tusk, howcvcr, i s to 'trunsccnd` thc conccpt by mcuns o! it.
Although onc udmircs his critiquc o! uny uttcmpt to producc u bloutcd
monstcr out o! philosophy, bloutcd to thc cxtcnt thut its conccpt wouId
bccomc idcnticul with thc world (dcuIism), Adorno's soIution to thc
prcdicumcnts o!modcrnty s no morc udcuutc or sutis!ying. An mportunt
pussugc in Neotive Diulectc to tukc notc o! in this rcgurd s thc scction on
` lndircctncss by Objcctivity', in which Adorno cluims thut within ncgutivc
diulcctics thc 'trunsmssion' of csscncc uod phcoomcnon, of cooccpt und
thng, i s no Iongcr prcscntcd us `thc subjcctivc momcnt in thc objcct`
(Adorno I66I6 l 73: I70). 1hc sourcc of trunsmssion is no longcr thc
:uI]ective mechoni:m o] their preormotiori onJ comprehen:ion' (my
cmphusis) but ruthcr `thc objcctivity hctcronomous to thc subjcct, thc
obcctivty bchnd thut which thc subjcct cun cxpcricncc' (ibid.). Adorno
notcs thut i! `judgcmcnt' (o! !ucticity. o! objcctivity. o! mutcriulity) rcmuins
subjcctvc inuhstoriculmilicuthcnthcsubjcctwillncccssurilypurrot orupc
thcCOHCHH omnium. n ordcrtogo ovcrtothc obcct und survcy it !rcc o!
impcriul dcsgnsorcluims thcsubjcct wouldhuvc `torcsistthcuvcrugc vuIuc
oI such objcctvity undto Ircc tscIus u subjcct.
owcvcr, in sccking to think u d!!crcnt rclution bctwccn subcct und
objcctAdorno isindungcro!producing un uncrcutvc modcl otcvolution, in
whichthcsubjcct`s rclution to,undrupportwith, utcrity scncuscd instusis,
incupublc o! undcrgong thccxpcricncc otdi!!crcncc und hctcrogcncity, und
instcudofcon!rming itsunivcrsul mustcryovcrthings it dutifully rcspccts ts
cognitivc und contcmplutivcdistuncc trom thcm. 'Thc rcconcilcd condition',
205
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9
TH MLMORI3 OF A BRG3ON IAN
Adorno suys, 'would not bc thc philosophcul impcriulsm o! unncxing thc
ulicn', but ruthcr Ic n thc !uct thut thc ulicn rcmuin 'distunt und d!!crcnt,
bcyond thc hctcrogcncous und bcyond thut which s onc`s own` (I96.I90,
I973: I9I). hilosophy's 'substuncc' would thcn consist in 'thc divcrsity o!
objccts thut impingc upon it und o!thc objccts it sccks', und this would bc u
divcrsity not compcllcd by uny schcmu: to thosc objccts, philosophy would
truly givc tscl!ruthcr thun usc thcm us u mirror in which to rcrcud itscI!`
(3 I3). Thc problcm with thcsc stutcmcnts und !ormulutons conccroing
subjcct und obcct is thut thcy rcmuin withinthcumbitund limits o!modcrn
cognitivism.
or ricAllicz thcrc urc dccisivc ontologicul stukcs ut issuc in DcIcuzc' s
crcution o! u crgsonism sncc. hs contcntion gocs, i t providcs thc !rst
mujor systcmutic brcuk with thc movcmcnt o! philosophy !rom unt to
Husscrl. o!!crng uncw ontologiculmonism und mutcrulism. crgsonismcun
bc uscd to providc mmancncc with an cntrcly ncw scnsc and scnsbility,
instituting bcing us un 'obcct o! purc u!!irmution' (Allicz I997. 85). As
Dclcuzcunduuturi thcmsclvcscluim, umodco!cxistcnccundupossibility
o!li!curctobc cvuluutcd indcpcndcntly o!unytrunsccndcnt principlc (God)
or vuluc bcyond good und cvil). 1his mcuns !or thcm thut thc only
'critcrion` uvuilublc !or u vuluution o!vulucs is 'thc tcnor of cxistcncc, thc
intcns!cution o! li!c` (l99I .72, I994.74). Thc ucsthctic turn in modcrnity,
which is pronounccd in DcIcuc und uutturi`s conccption o! phlosophy
with its uttcntion to mmuncncc, is, uccordingtoAllicz, u rcsistuncc uguinst
cupituI und tscupturcofthc scnsiblc.1hc ucsthctic s 'thc ncccssury !orm o!
!rst philosophy us hctcrogcncsis o! thc bccoming worId`. Morcovcr, 'hc
wholc idculst trudition hus bccn constructcd uguinst thc rsk o! thc scnsiblc,
uguinstthc vitul possibility o!u ncw urth undu ncw pcoplc who would
rc!uscthc intcrmcdiutiono!upituIby showing thcmsclvcs uguinst its willto
cnsurc thc ubsoIutc subsumption o! Bcng in Mcthod, o! somc Objcct n thc
unuc ubjcct' (AIIcz I997:85).
Bcginning with urx historicul mutcriulism hus contcndcd, howcvcr thut
thc urticulution o! ctcgorics o! subjcct und objcct is not just u problcm o!
mctuphysics to do with ubstruct und uhistoricuI issucs o! cpistcmology und
ontology, but bound up with u spcci!c modc o!production und thcjuridicul
iIlusions it givcs risc to. Adorno is insistcnt, !or cxumplc, thut unt's
synthctc unit(y) o! uppcrccption must bc comprchcndcd i n rcIution to its
mutcrul conditions o! cxi stcncc in bourgcois socicty (Adorno und
Horkhcimcr 7.7). orcovcr, modcrnitys obscssion with thc ncw mght
bc urc!lcction o!thc !uct thut thc ncw s no longcr possibIc undcr prcvuiling
conditions o! hstoricul und mutcriul cxistcncc. Thc only u!irmution to bc
hud in ucsthctics is thuto! our own impotcncc inthc fucc o!thcdominution
o!thcnot 1 (cupitulistrutionulizuton undinstrumcntulzution). Thc di!ficulty
o! l!c is u historcul prcdicumcnt, not un ontologicul or mctuphysicul
condition. or surc, wthinthcMurxiuntruditiononccunlocutc thc !untusy o!
206
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TH MLMORI3 OF A BRG3ON IAN
complctc historicul mmuncncc, thc prcsupposition o! u subcct-objcct
idcntity formuton in which history s no longcr ulico but hus bccomc scIf
dctcrmincd und scl!-constitutcd, which would umount to truc humun history
(thc sumc modcl cuo bc locutcdin Nictzschc, us whcn hc spcuksofbrnging
to un cnd thc grucsomc nonscnsc und uccidcnt o! history, !or ictzschc,
howcvcr, this would bcthc iouugurution otovcrhumun history).
Adorno's ncgutivc dulcctcs rctuin thc critiquc o! mctuphysics us u
critquc of cupitul wthout cntcrtu|n|ng thc funtasy of h|storcul uuto
productionorrculizution. orOclcuzc, !thoughtullowstscltthcnotiono!u
subjcctthcn immuncnccmust ulwsbc immuncntto uphullicullyconccivcd,
!oundutionul subjcct. This is not so !or Adorno, !or whom u truns!ormutivc
politicul pruxis, us wcll us u ncw conccption o! thc curth und thc cosmos.
rcquircs thc cmunciputon ofthc subjccttrom thc trunsccndcntul illusions o!
cupitul. This rcuircs thc ovcrcoming o! sociul ulicnution und poIiticul
impotcncc through a rcthinking o! thc subjcct and its contcstcd dialcctical
bccoming in history. Thc critiquc o! cupitul s n!ormcd by u rccogniton o!
thc nccd to conccivc o! ncw modcls of scIf-cxprcssion und coIlcctivc
subjcctvity by !irst o!ull rccognizing thc uctuuIity undpotcncy o!historicul
dctcrmnutons of subcctivity. umcson hus cogcntIy urticulutcd thc
prcdicumcnt in thc !ollowing tcrms (his pussugc ulso shows thc trcmcndous
l imitutions otthis wuyo!thnking)
Now thc philosophicul und unthropologicul cvocution o! thc wll to
domioutioo inhcrcnt in thc idcnticul conccpt givcs wuy to u morcvivid
scnsc o! thc construnts o! thc cconomc systcm (commodity
production, moncy, lubour-powcr sccrctly iohcrcnt inulI munifcstutioos
o! idcntity itscl!), mcunwhlc, this in!rustructurc o! thc conccpt thcn
ulso mukcs itcIcur why its cffccts. . . cunnot smply bc thought uwuy by
thc thinking ot u bcttcr thought, by ncw !orms o! philosophizing und
morcudcquutc(orcvcn morc top|un) conccpts. istory ulrcady thinks
thcthinking subjcct und isinscribcdnthc!orms through whchitmust
ncccssurilythink.
(umcson I90.24)
Whutcun bc usc!ully cxtructcd !rom Adorno' s nuvigution o!thc untinomics
o modcrn thought und uppIicd in thc cusc o cIcuzc, not in tcrms o un
ubstructcrticism but simply intcrmsotstugngu problcm, isthc rccognition
thut u scII-contuincd systcm othc conccpt whch uspircsto thcproductionoI
thc infnitc (Adorno hus ichtc in mnd), i sn dungcr o!mcrcly imitutingthc
ccntrul untnomy ot bourgcos socicty Jhis is u soccty which in ordcr to
prcscrvc ts idcntity, which is nothing morc thun u luck of dcntty, is !orccd
to constuntIy cxpund und udvuncc ts !rontcrs. t s u socicty hookcd on
changc und addictcd to thc ncw, but it is ulso a socicty in which thc
production o!thc ncw mcrcIy cnucts ucompuIsivcrcpctition, oncthutulwuys
207
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1
TH MLMORI3 OF A BRG3ON IAN
con!irmsthcpowcro!itsowndcvouring, insutublcuppctitc. In short, thcrc s
dcvclopmcntbut no bccoming in this socicty siocc uny 'bccoming' thut tukcs
plucc simplycon!irms whut is ulrcudy known undcxpcricnccd. 1hcrc is only
thc iIIusion ofchungc und trunsformution. o sort, oncmightcluimthutths
socicty ncvcrcncountcrs thccvcnt, usthchctcrogcncous, usthc!uturc, usthc
gcnuincly uIicn or unfumiliur. 1hcrc is onlythcun|vcrsulborcdom ofthc ncw
us rcpcttion o! thc sumc, or whut Buudrillurd culls thc nihilism o!
cvcrything.
lcurly, 'ubsolutc dctcrritoriulizution' is not cquutcd by Oclcuzc und
Guuttur with such un uppctitc or with such u nihlism. Jhc di!icultics with
thcir conccption o! philosophy, howcvcr, might bc suid to stcm !rom thc
immcnsc powcr crcditcd to thc conccpt und its luck o! mcdiution by sociul
und historcul !orccs. or Oclcuzc, howcvcr, thcrc s not u probIcm hcrc,
simply bccuusc thc tusk of phIosophy is not to bind us to un untinomicul
condition and to pay obcisancc to any allcgcd dctcrminaton by history (such
un cnsluvcmcnt ofthought is cvidcnt in umcson`s rcuding o!Adorno), but
ruthcr to dcmonstrutc, through thc crcution o! conccpts und thc mupping o!
diugrummutc fcuturcs, thut it is ulwuys possibIc to go !urthcr thun wc
thought sncc dctcrritoriulizuton is thc fundumcntul `truth o! our condition.
uch uconccption o!philosophydocs not tukc ts mcdiuton !rom historybut
ruthcr sccks to opcn history up to rudicul truns!ormution und trunsmutution
through novcl ulliunccs und bcComings. ubjcctivty is ulwuys muchinc und
rhizomutic. Oclcuzc`s uttuchmcnt to u vtul cmpircism, i n which thc
cmphusis is pIuccd on thc virtuul dimcns|on of uny crcutivc cvoIut|on or
bccoming, mcuns, in purt, thut thc tusks o!thought cun ncvcrbcrcstrictcd to
u comprchcns|on ofthc untioomics of thc prcscnt. 1hc tusks of thought urc
!ur morc risky und cxpcrimcntul , whilc thc dcmunds und cxigcncics o!cthics
urc thut much grcutcr.
208
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LIL\bI
!Old and supcr!Old
1hht dunds 'nl' uOVCuCu! thu un OC urriCd \O in!init
hutthht lui b riht, whut it:a, isin!initovr
hc ovccnt o!thc i!initc t is thi tut contittc thc iac o!
huht.
(CCuZC uduuttui I I 4 I 4.J7, uj Cu[husis)
In thc conclusion to this study I want to turn attcntion to thc rcturn of thc
qucstion o! thc fold as it cmcrgcs in Oclczc's book on cibniz, and thcn,
!inalIy. contcnd with thc claim that his philosophicaI projcct rcsts on a
`disavowal' o! thc spcc!ic 'complcxty' o!thc human bcing n tcrms of its
historicity and !initudc.
EEUZE5 EU U DE UU
Jhc complcx 'magc` o!thoughtprovidcdby thc rhizomccxprcsscsnaturcor
gcrminal l!c as thc opcn systcm por eiceIIerice. But it is mportunt not to
ncglcct thc rolc pIaycd by thc cxstcncc o! limts and thc consttton o!
boundurics in any viublc oncpton o! `rcativc cvoltion' . losurc is not
contra `cvolution` but onc o! its conditions of possibility. Oclcuzc !ully
rcognizcs this in his book on cibniz, arguing that losurc is not, strtly
spcuking, und contru CidC_gC:, !HC conditon of bcng n thc VO:H u!
rathcr o! bcingor thc world' (Oclcuzc I988.36, I99.26). ln constructing
'volton' in trms O\ 'natur S HuSC, Oluz draws on svral SOuICCS,
:11lu:n_ \CXKI, HDjCI, u3 VC u3 Gj:DOZu uD 1C:_3OD, DO!h O1 VDOD DC
rturn \O agin and again nhis writing. It is in Who! ix Ihilnxnhthat i
bccomcs clcar thut !or Oclcuzc thcrc i s no !undamcntal opposition bctwccn
thc naturalismso!pinoza, cbniz, and crgson. orbctwccn an attcntion to
monadic closurc and lO thc univocal planc o! mmancncc. l n Whot i:
Ihilc:cph, !or cxamplc, Oclcuzc rc!crs to crgson' sconccpton o! living
bcingsasnu:icoIleing:whocompcnsatc!or thcir 'ndividuatingcIosurc' by
!orging an opcnncss to thc world throgh thc crcation o!spcci!ic modcs and
209
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CONCLU3IO
!orms o! `bcing', such us modulution, rcpctition, trunsposition,juxtuposition,
und so oo (Oclcuzc uod Guuturi I99I: I 80 I99 l 90). This lcuds to u
conccption o! thc `nonorgunic li !c, vhich i s to bc construcd not i n
opposition to orgunsmc lifc but usulvuys uccompunying it und informing
thcopcnncss oflivingsystcmstothcvorld.
Thc sulicnt fcuturcs of Dclcuzc's lutcr conccption of gcrminul lifc und
`nonorgunc li!c' cun bc summurizcdus !ollovs.
(u) ll li!c involvcs indivduutng closurc und this cun bc cstublishcd in u
numbcro!vys. mcmbrunc.skin. u tcrritory. ull o! vhich scrvcto bring
into communicution un intcrior und un cxtcrior. Thcrc s no ubsolutc
insdc oroutsidc. no ubsoIutc li!cordcuth.
(b) Thc tcrritory scrvcs o truns!orm orgunic !unctions such us scxuulity,
procrcution. uggrcssion, !ccding. und so on. Jhc tcrritory n turn impIcs
thc cxistcncc o! purc scnsory qualitics which do not opcratc mcrcIy
!unctionully but cvolvc us !cuturcs of cxprcssion thut cnjoy thcr ovn
dctcrrioriulizcd cxistcncc und uctully mukc possiblc thc truns!ormution
o! !unctions. This. notcs Dclcuzc, constitutcs thc 'philosophicul conccpt
of tcrritory . Dclcuzc`s postion is, ultimutcly, di!fcrcnt from thut of
crlcuuonty, sincc it docs not construc bccomingsunmul on thc
modclo!cmputhybut solcly on thc Icvcl o!uf!cct. Druving on thc vork
of cxkIl Mcrlcuuonty urgucs. `tcmcrgcd thut ull zoology ussumcs
!rom our sidc u mcthodcul 1ia]uhlu:t into unimul bchuviour, vith thc
purticipution ofthc unmul in our pcrccptivc li fc und thc purtciputioo of
our pcrccptivc li!c in unimulity` (Mcrlcuu-onty I988. l65). Mcrlcuu
ooty utilizcs thc idcu of unimul purticpution to critiquc vhut hc
pcrccvcs to bc thc `philosophicul urti!iciul i sm' o! nco-Durvnsm i n
vch un orgunism istukcn to bc posscss u spurious sclfcncloscd unity.
un csscntulism in vhich it cithcr s vhut it is or is not. 1his urgucs,
crlcuuonty, is to ncglcct thc most rcmurkublc cuturc of li vi ng
homcostuscs, thut o! nvuriuncc through !luctuution` (ibid.). Thc luv o!
thc orgunsm is not onc of ull ornothing ruthcr. vhut vc cncountcrurc
!orms o! li!c subjcct to dynumic, unstublc cquilibriu in vhich cvcry
rcurrungcmcnt rcsumcs ulrcudy lutcnt uctivitics und trunsgurcs thcm by
dcccntcring thcm` (ibd.). Morcovcr, rclutons bctvccn spccics und
spcccs.undbctvccn spcccsund mun,cunnotbc conccivcd ntcrms o
nuturul hicrurchics, ruthcr, thcrc urc only dcrcnccs in uulty, vithin
vhch trunsccndcncc oI onc spccics by unothcr is Iutcru und not
'!rontul, vith 'll sorts o!unticiputons undrcminisccnccs' .
(c) or Dclcuzc to think this proccss trunsvcrsuIly und u!!cctivcly i s to
introducc u musicuI conccption into thc philosophy of nuturc in vhich vc
no longcr knov vhut is urt und vhut is nuturul tcchniquc (clcuzc und
Guuttur I99I . I6, I99.I85). Nuturc hus to bc conccivcd in tcrms of u
df!crcntution bctvccn 'Housc und nivcrsc'. or bctvccn thc Hcimlich
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CONCLU3IO
und thc /iiheinlich, vhich rculIy umounts to u distinction bctvccn thc
crcutioo oftcrritory und thc movcmcnts ofdctcrrtoriulizution.
(d) This 'musicul` conccption o! nuturc docs not plucc in thc !orcground
notions ofuduptution orsurvivuI us fouod in Durvniun thiokng. uthcr,
thccmphusisi spluccd onthc crcution o!u 'nonorunic li!c' nclcctcd by
Ourvinism und othcr biophiIosophics. onuldBoguc hus brought outthc
chuructcr o!this 'l!c' cspcciuIIy vclli nconncction to uphcnomcnon vc
cxumincd in thc prcvious chuptcr, thc rcfruin, vhich us u diffcrcntiul
rhythmthutpusscsbctvccn milicus undtcrritorics 'hus u li!co!its ovn,
u nonorgunic Ii!c thut !unctions only us u crcutivc linc o! !Iight, un
uutonomous, dctcrrtorulizin trunsvcrsc vcctor o! invcntion` (Bouc
I997.479). Inothcr vords, vhutis '!unctionul cunnotbcscpurutcd !rom
vhut is `cxprcssivc`, und vhich ullovs !or u truns!ormution of !unctions
to do vith survivul. procrcution. ctc. Thc `housc' o! un unmul docs not
simly providc shcltcr !rom cosmic !orccs but rathcr !ltcrs and sclccts
thcm. It is thcsc !orccs thut producc n nuturc, unJ ]cr H, zoncs o!
indsccrniblity in vhich unimul, plunt, und molcculur bccomns
corrcspond to cosmic or cosmogcnctic forccs' (OcIcuzc und uutturi
I 99I . I73, l994.I83).
(c) uch molcculurbccomingso!unimul, plunt, und othcr !orms o!li!c, cun
bcrcndcrcdpoliticulinthc cusc o!thcbccomingo!thchumun in thutthc
crcution of ncv scnsutions, pcrccpts, und ucct druvn from thc
intcnsitics o! nonorgunic li!c, vhcthcr through rcvolution or thc
monumcntofurt, instulls ncv bonds bctvccn pcoplcuodcrcutcs, infuct,
thc vsion und riddlcofu 'pcoplc to comc`.
ontcmporury thinkng oncrcutivc cvolution und cthoIogy husmuchtolcurn
from rcpcutiog un cncountcr vith cruciul trujcctorics ofmodcrnthoughtfrom
pinozuto imondon. pinozu' ssini!icuncc lics i nhis undcrstundin o!thc
`fitncss` of uo orgunism in tcrms of its puthc und ufcctvc cupucitics. is
dc!initon of!itncss us thc cupucity 'todoor sucr muny thins`, cxprcsscs,
us Huns onus hus pontcd out. thc duul chuructcr o! thc orgunism (scc
pinozu l9. urt l I, rop lll, notc, 93). onus stutcs t succnctly und
hclp!uIIy us invoIving thc orgunism's 'nutcncn, !or itscl!, und its ccnnc::
!or thc vorld', or spontuncity und rcccptivty onus l93.8). or onus,
pinozus cmphuss on both pussivc povcr und uctivc povcr us ncccssury to
thc orunism`s 'pcr!cction' , cxprcsscs thc nuturc o! orunic li!c itscl!, in
vhich its cIosurcus uIunctionuI vhoIc vthinunndividual orgunism mpIics
ut thc sumc tmc u corrcIutivc opcnncss tovurds thc vorId, sincc
indivduuton s thc conditon o!its communicution und ntcgrution vith thc
virtuul vholc.
It is prcciscly such u conccption o!thc orgunismthut Oclcuzc pursucs in
his book on thc foId. `1hc vorId must bc pluccd n thc subjcct in ordcr thut
thc subjcct cun bc !or thc vorId` (clcuzc I988.3 I993.26). Jhc vorld us
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5
CONCLU3IO
chuos is upurc ubstruction, cIcuzcnotcs inthsvork, sincc itsinscpurubIc
from u 'scrccn', such us un clustic mcmbrunc orun cIcctromugnctic ficld,thut
mukcs somcthng cmcrgc !rom it. crc hc rccon!igurcs notions otthc Muny
uod thcOnc, not|og thut ifchuoswus oot hurncsscd bythccosmicizcd forccs
ut pIuy i nboth nonorgunic Ii!c (individuutions, huccccitics, singuIuritics,ctc.)
und thc activity of orguoiCmic li fc it would rcmuin u pucly disunctivc
divcrsity' . ThcOnc, hovcvcr, is notto bc conccivcd us u prcgivcn unity but
us uo cmcrgcnt potcntiality within u dynumiL ficld. lt |s this kind of insight
thutIcuds him to puttingu highIy Bcrgsoniun gIossoncibniz's vcII-knovn
and, !romoItuirconvurds, !rcgucntIy ridicuIcddoctrinco!thisvorIdusthc
bcst ot uII possibIc vorIds. '1hc bcst o! uII vorIds is not thc onc thut
rcproduccs thcctcrnuI. but thc onc in vhich ncv crcutions urc produccd. thc
onc cndovcd vth u cupucity !or innovution or crcutivity' ( l 08, 9). c
dcscribcs this us umounting to u 'tcIcoIogicuI convcrsion o!phiIosophy, but
this convcrsion is to bc undcrstood in thc Bcrgsonian scnsc o! an opcn-cndcd
und virtuuI !nuIity. A!cvpugcs Iutcri nthc tcxt hc rcturns to thc crgsoniun
vision o!crcutivccvoIutonhcvuskccnto un!old in his l966tcxt. Thc pIuy
o! thc vorId hus chungcd in u uniquc vuy, bccuusc nov it hus bccomc thc
play that divcrgcs. Bcings urc pushcd apurt, kcpt opcn through divcrgcnt
scrics und incompossibIc totuIitics thut puII thcm outsidc, instcud o! bcing
cIoscd upon thc compossibIc und convcrgcnt vorId thut thcy cxprcss !rom
vithio' l l l , 8 l ). or DcIcuzc, thcrcforc, no grcat Inc ot ditfcrcncc'
scpurutcs thc orgunc Ii!c !rom thcinorgunic Ii!c butruthcr `crosscs thc onc
uod thc othcr` in tcrms ofdistinguish|ng whut is ' i ndividuul' from what is u
`coIIcctivc or muss phcnomcnon, or vhut is un `ubsoIutc !orm` (potcntuIity
und pIustic|ty of forccs from whut urc 'muss|vc f|gurcs or structurcs,
moIuritics' ( I 9, I04) rimacy is givcnoncc ugan tothc `primuI !orccs' o!
iodviduation aod ndividual bc| ngs, conccivcd i n c| bni z' s tcrms of
su!!iccnt rcusons und indisccrnibIcs und, in u vuy thut oncc uguin cIoscIy
rcscmblcsNictzschc's critiucofDurwinism with |ts rcductionofthcuctivity
o!Iitc, invoIvingthcprimucy o!thc 'spontuncous, !orm-shuping !orccs' thut
provdc Ii!c vith ncv dircctions und intcrprctutons, to u gucstion o!
uduptution.
Thc munncr n vhich u rcconciIiutionbctvccn cibnzs strcss on intcrnuI
!inuItyund Bcrgson's strcss on cxtcrnuI !inuIity cunbcc!!cctcd scontuincd,
in !uct in cIcuzc sBcr:oiti:n o! I966. t cmcrgcs out o! his trcutmcnt o!
Bcrgson'scritqucoboth mcchunism und tnuism,thc!ormcrussumingthut
cvcrything cun bc cuIcuIutcd in tcrms oI u statc und thc Iuttcr hoIdng thut
cvcrything is dctcrminabIc| ntcrms o!uprogrummc. ln both modcls timc' is
rcduccd to u scrccn thut mcrcIy hoIds thc ctcrnuI !rom us, shovng us
succcssivcly ' | n thc coursc o! timc' (my cxprcssion) vhat u od or u
supcrhumun intcIIigcncc vouId scc in u gIuncc. This iIIusion is incvitubIc,
Dclcuzc argucs, as long us vc spatializc timc in vhich spucc is grantcd u
suppIcmcntury dimcnsion. Jo ugrcc vith crgson thut imc is not mcrcIy u
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CONCLU3IO
!ourth dimcnsion o! spucc is to insist thut timc cnoys u positivity vhich s
idcnticul to u ' hcsitution of things' und to thc 'crcut|on of u world. n
positng u vholc' to durution no conccption o! prcscncc is bcing invokcd
sincc such u wholc is no morc, und no lcss, thun virtuul und cupublc of
pcrpctuul rc-invcntion.
lt is ut this point in his rcud|ng thut Oclcuzc brings |ntcrnul und cxtcrnul
!nulity togcthcr. l! u livng bcing cun bc compurcd to thc 'vholc' o! thc
univcrsc, th|s |s not in tcrms of un unulogy bctwccn two pcrfcctIy cIoscd
totulitics such us u microcosm und u mucrocosm. 1hc !inulity o! u living
systcmi sonlypossblconthc conditionthut thc vholconto vhichitopcnss
itscl!opcn. cncc Oclcuzc's pithy !ormuIuton. ' it i s not thc vholc thut
closcs lkc un orgunism, it is thc orgunism thut opcns tonto u vhoIc, likc
this virtuul vholc (Dclcuzc l 966.I 09, l988. l0).
Iti sulso i nthc cibniz book o! I988 thut clcuzc rcturns to crgsons
qucstion o! thc human anmaI as u qucstion conccrning thc nvcrlmmuit. I n
cr:cni:m clcuzcposcdthcgucstono!thc humunundovcrhumun (vhut
muy stll bccomc o! thc humun) i ntcrms thut vcrc ut oncc pinozist und
Nictzschcun. Wc cunnot thnk o! thc ovcrhumuno! 'mun . . going bcyond
hs own plunc us hs own cond|tion, in odcr to !inulIy cprcss nuturing
Nuturc`intcrms otntclligcncc smplybccuuschumun intcllgcncc is too
much i n thc grip o! u utilituriun mcmory thut scrvcs thc nccds o! thc
prcscnt. uthc, Dclcuzc argucs, i t must bc Iocutcd in thc domain of
'crcutivc cmotion`, vhich prcccdcs ull rcprcscntution und gcncrutcs ncv
idcus. This crcutivc cmotion docs not huvc for itsclf un objcct but crcutcs
itscl! us its ovn objcct, it is un 'csscncc` thut 'sprcuds itscl! ovcr vurious
obccts, unimuls, plunts, und thc wholc of nuturc' ( l 966 l l 6, l 988 l l 0) . lt
is, suys OcIcuzc, lkc u piccc o!music thut cprcsscs Iovc i nthuti tspovcr
rcsidcs not in thc lovc for u purticulur pcrson but upon its own csscncc
vhich, oncc crcutcd, cun thcn bc cxtcndcd to purticulur obccts und
ind|viduul th|ngs. n othcrwords, |t |s uk|ndofsingulur|ty. crcDclcuc |s
gving cprcssion to u curious hybrd involving u kind o! ictzschcun or
crgsoniunlutonism. Hc contcnds thutvhcnmusiccrics so docshumunity
und thc vholc o! nuturc vith it. Thc !ccIings thut crcutivc cmotion givcs
cxprcssion to urc not, thcrc!orc, mcrcly inncr !cclngs. It vould bc morc
uccurutc to suy, i n uccorduncc vith this Nictzschcun cum Bcrgsoniun
Iutonsm, thut vc urc introduccd und intutcd inlc lhcm. hc crcutivc
cmotion is nov dcpictcd us u 'cosmic Mcmory thut 'uctuulizcs ull thc
IcvcIs ut thc sumc timc und thut Ibcrutcs mun Irom thc pIunc or thc IcvcI
thut spropcrto him,und i nthis libcrution hcbccomcs u 'crcutor', thutis,
thc humun bccomcs vhut i t sthc ovcrhumun. 'Wc, hovcvcr, dcsirc to
bccomc thosc thut vc urc. thc oncs vho urc ncv, uni quc, und
incompurublc (ictzschc I94. cction 335). Dclcuzc closcs thc
ct.cnlsm book with thc uruthustrianinspircd vision and riddIc of un
opcn socicty mudc up o! crcutors vhcrc vc puss !rom onc gcnius to
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7
CONCLU3IO
unothcr, throuh thc ntcrmcdiury o! discipIcs or spcctutor or hcurcrs`
(Dc lcuzc l 9 l l 8, l 988 l l l ) .
l nthc bookoncibnzthc gucstiono!thchumunund ovcrhumun isposcd
in strikinIy similurtcrms us u gucston ofu soul which is forcvcrticd tothc
body but which `dscovcrs u vcrtiinous unimuIty. . . n thc pIcuts ofmuttcr'.
1his is un 'orunic or ccrcbrul humunty. . . thut ulIows t toriscup, und will
mukc i tusccnd ull ovcr thc !olds' (I988. l , l993. I I). Thc tusk Iuid down to
us is not only to bccomc phys|c|sts of nuturc und phys|c|uns of cuIurc but
musiciuns o!nuturc und urtsts o!culturcus wcll, to bccomc with this vsion
undrddIc.
0jOH0 H0 HUH8H
It hus bccn contcndcd by commcntutors IurcIy criticul o!DcIcuzcs projcct
that it rcsts on a dsavowal o! thc human, chic!ly its historicity and linitudc.
Jhc churc o! dsuvowuI i s onc to bc tukcn scrousIy thouh wc muy notc
thut it would huvc hud littIc truck with Dclcuzc sincc hc would insist thut
hstorcuI und cvoIutionury gucstions ubout thc humun condition und thc
bccomin ofthc humun urc inscpurublc from thc trunshumun oncs poscd by
pinozu und ictzschc. 'whut cun u body do` und, 'whut muy stiII bccomc
o!thchumunWcshulIshow shortIy how thcscgucstonscontinuctoin!orm
und insprc Dclcuzc's thinknofthc probIcm of humun und bcyond-humun'
in his I986 book on oucuuIt.
Thc cruciul ssuc is how thc bccomin ofbodicsundthcbccominofthc
humun und posthumun urc to bc conccivcd und muppcd out. Brun
Mussumi hus urucd thut uny thcorctcuI movc dcsincd ut 'cndin' mun
cnds up mukin humun culturc thc mcunin und mcusurc o!uII thins, und
produccs u knd of 'unfcttcrcd unthropomorphism' . c muntuins thut ifthc
rcIution o! thc humun to thc nonhumun simply bccomcs u construct o!
humun culturc, or incrtncss, thcn thc humunnonhumun dst|nction is dcvod
o! mcunin (Mussumi I99.232). i s uttuck i s pcrtncntIy dircctcd ut u
sociuI constructivism thut wouId nuivcly posit thc bccomins o! muttcr us
littIc morc thun thc !ctions und constructs o! our own pructccs und
imuinins But it s uIso upplicubIc to contcmporury uccounts o! cosmic
cvoIutonism which cguutc ourspcci!ic post-humun modc ofcvoIuton with
thc uIIccd dynumicsunddircctons o! 'cvoIution' tscI!. cccnt dcpictions
o!cvoIution us movin incrcusinly in thc dircction otu humun phusc
must bc trcutcd with suspicion sincc thcy huvc utcndcncy to ioIozc und
hypostutizc dcvclopmcnts tukin plucc in cndocolonistic cuptulism. ln
uddition,thcy!uiIto rcIutc thcpost humun to thccnculoicuIspcci!icity o!
thc humun with rcurd to its tcchnicul cvolution. or whilc i t cun bc
ucknowlcdcd thut ulI cvoIutonury I!c is mcdutcd by usscmblucs und
tcchnics, it is ulso ncccssury to considcr whcthcr thcrc is somcthin
somcthin spcci!ic und pcculiur ubout thc 'humun` involvcmcnt with
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8
CONCLU3IO
tcchnics. Ths cun onIy rcsidc in thc (continycnt) chuructcr ot its historicuI
formution und dcformution.
Thc sccond cssuy o!Nictzschc' s On rhe Ceneology ojMoroliry ruiscs u
cy qucstioncooccrningthc pcculiurchuructcrofthchumunbcing '1obrccd
ununimuIviththc cupucityto mukc promiscs. i sthis notthc purudoxicuItusk
thut nuturchus sctitsclfinthccuscofthc humunl sthis not thcrcul problcm
rcurdin thc humun' Thc mukin o! promiscs prcsupposcs thc discipIincd
cultivutiooofufucultyofmcmory uoduscnscoft|mcbywhichwccunmukc
rcuIityund thc humun unimuIsomcthin uni!orm, rcuIur, cuIcuIubIc, und
ncccssury. Nctzschc`s cmphusis on thc cupucity to mukc promiscs cun, i n
!uct, uIrcudy bc !ound urticuIutcd i n urvin's Descenr ojMon, vhcrc hc
spcuks o! `moruI guuIitics' und 'sociuI instincts us hiyhIy bcnc!iciuI to thc
spccics und vhich huvc, 'in uII probubiIity', bccn ucuircd throuh nuturuI
scIcction. A moruI bciny i s smpIy onc thut hus thc cupucty to compurc its
past and !uturc actions. Conscicncc is nothing othcr than th `rcsoIvc` to act
di!!crcntIy i n thc tuturc (Durvin I993.35l 3). In contrust to this, hovcvcr.
Nictzschc strcsscs thc roIc pIuycd by u systcm o! mncmotcchnics i n thc
!ormution ot thc moruI scnsc und conscicncc, thut is, thc bccomin o! thc
humun us u crcuturc of conscicncc nd consciousncss hus tukcn pIucc in
tcrms o! thc !ubricution o! mcmory, Iunyuuyc, sociubiIty, ctc., und uII ths
hus invoIvcdthc mcdiutiono!utcchnicuItruinny,dscipIinc,undpunshmcnt
pccuIiur to thc `sociI struituckct' und thc vioIcnt mcthods nd cructics
ussociutcd vith thc ' moruIty o! custom`. Durvin comcs cIosc to his,
ulthough hchusnothingtosuy onhumun tcchn|cs whcnhcnotcs thuthumun
uction is not dictutcd to soIcIy by thc struyyIc !or cxistcncc. hc moruI
guulitics urc udvunccd, dircctly or indircctly, morc through thc cffccts of
hubit, rcusonny povcrs, instructon, rcIiyon, ctc., thun throuyh nuturuI
scIcct|on (35960). clcction is |nvolvcd in prov|ding thc busis for thc
dcvcIopmcnt ot thc moruI scnsc, numcIy, in thc scIcction o! sociuI instincts
butlittlcclsc.
But thcrc rcmuins u kcy di !tcrcncc bctvccn thc tvo uccounts. or
Nictzschc ths bccominy o! thc humun unimuI tukcs pIucc in tcrms o! un
'ntcrnuIizuton' otinstincts und drivcs, und it is this ntcrnuIizution vhich
uccounts tor his dsincivc nuturc :v:n in th: Jonoin ojhi: t : chnic: onJ
rheir eiperimenrorion:. Mun not onIy cxpcrimcnts on othcr unimuIs und
nuturcinycncruI. pcr!orminy u scrumbIiny othccodcs o! I!c. but is uIso
thc rcut cxpcrimcntcr (hc invcnts u 'souI', crcutcs u notion o! `cviI',
Iivcs i n uccorduncc vith uscctc idcuIs, suIIcrs Irom thc mcunn oI his
cxstcncc, und soon).OrinuIIyourinncr vorIdvusstrctchcd vcry thinIy
us thouyh bctvccntvotoIds otskn.OnccintcrnuIizcd, hovcvcr, itrupidIy
cxpundcd und cxtcndcd tscI!. vcntuuIIy, thc humun !ound tscI! n u
condition o! cncIosurc vhcrc t rips tscIt upurt und ynuvs ut itscI! Iikc
somc ccd nmI. ln its nuturul stutc thc humun condition is fuII of
cmptincss, und bccuusc its ycnctic mukcup bcstovs so IittIc this sick
2I 5
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9
CONCLU3IO
unimuI hus to crcutc !or itscI! u torturcchumbcr, u huzurdous viIdcrncss,
vithin.
To vhut cxtcnt, thcrc!orc, couId vc suy thut thc humun i simpIicutcd in u
postbiologicul cvolution us purt of its vcry dcf oi ti oo und onc thut
signi!icuntIy uItcrs thc chuructcr o!nuturuI scIccton in this cusc, uImost to
thc point of it bcing inupplicublc Whut cnvronmcnt s thc humun udupting
to i!vcucccptthut it iscuughtup in u!uIIy `urt!iciuI'cvoIutionictzschc' s
idcus fnd un ccho i ncvis umford's upprouch to tcchncs. or umford
thc humuncunnotbcdistinguishcd!romthc rcst otnuturc simpIy in tcrms o!
its stutus us too-muking unimuI. 'In uny udcguutc dcinition o! tcchncs, hc
vritcs, ' it shouId bc pIuin thut muny insccts, birds, und mummuIs hud mudc
!urmorcrudicuIinnovutionsi nthc!ubricutiono!contuncrs' , suc usintricutc
ncsts und bovcrs, gcomctric bcchivcs, urbunoid unthiIIs, und so on, thun our
unccstors (umtord l 967. ). TooI-muking onIy bccomcs signi!cunt !or
undcrstanding human cvolution whcn it is modi!cd by linguistic symbols,
ucsthctic dcsgns, und sociuIIy trunsmittcd knovIcdgc. um!ord s out to
combut vhut hc pcrccivcs to bc u nurrov tcchnologicuI rutionulism' thut
gocs buck to urx und strctchcs to thc Iikcs o!dc hurdin vith hisuccount
of orgunzcd ntcIligcncc und thc noosphcric bruin. or umford thc
'uboriginuI !icId` ot humun invcntivcncss Iics not simpIy in thc muking o!
tooIs, but ruthcr in thc rc!ushioning o! bodiIy orguns cncc his uphorstic
quip thut rcmnds onc ot ictzschc vith his gcnculogy ot moruIs. ' s
compurcd vith othcr unthropoids, onc mght rc!cr vithout irony to mun`s
supcrior irrutionul ity' (I0).
An uppositc rcccnt criticism o! cIcuzc thut udvunccs thc churgc o!
disuvovul scIccts us its turgct Anti-Oedipu: vith its uIlcgcd 'mctuphyscs of
cncrgy' . Thc criticismsthut nAniOeJipu:DcIcuzcund uuttur Iosc sight
ofthc inscriptionofthcbodyus u stc ofmcuoingundmcmorythc unuIysis
thcy trucc viuNctzschc, u!ku,uuss,vi-truuss, und othcrs inpurt thrcc
of thc bookund `cntcr u mctuphysics of cncrgy , so losing sight of thc
gcncuIogicuI spcci!icity und compIcxity o! thc humun (Bcurdsvorth
I996.I33). uch u criticism muy provc ncisivc vhcn uppIicd to ccrtuin o!
DcIcuzc'stcxts but in thc cusco!AntiOeJipu:i ti sstupcndousIy vrong 1hs
is bccuusc it misscs thc importuncc ot thc cruciuI trunsition DcIcuzc und
uutturi dcnt!y tuking pIucc bctvccn u prc-modcrn und prc-cupituIist
socicty govcrncd by codcs und u cupituIist onc thut cun onIy cvoIvc i n
uccorduncc vithunuxiomutcn vhichthc sociuI muchincitscI!orgunizcs thc
dccodcd IIovs oI production (incIuding thosc oI scicncc und tcchnoIogy
uIvuys in thc scrvicc undpromotion o!thc cnds' ofcupitul. odcs continuc
to cxist undcr cupituI, but onIy on thc condition thut thcy ussumc u !unction
commcnsurutcvith thc pcrsoni!cutionso!cupituI. lt is vithincupitul thutthc
'surpIus vuIuc o! codc`, u surpIus vhch cxists in uII sociuI !ormutions und
vhich occcssitutcs sociul controI, gcts trunsmutcd into u surplus vuluc of
!Iux` n vhich uII !Iovs o!codc urc subjcct to u univcrsuI dctcrritoriuIizution
2I 6
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CONCLU3IO
und dccodiny vithn cupituI nordcrtoct!cct thc constuntrcvoIutioniziny o!
thc tcchn|cul mcuns of production cupitul must pcrpctuully introducc
cIcuvuycs und brcuks intothc !Iovs o!production.nuxomutic hcrc simpIy
dcnotcs thc trunslution of u codc. u flow, un innovution or iovcntion, into
!ormuIuc thutcon!orm tothcIoico!cupituI. upituIsm is buscd thcrc!orc,
on u sociul muchinc tut both dccodcs flows und rctcrritoriulizcs thcm in
tcrmso!uhhIy spcci!ic systcmo!uxoms.Thc systcm!unctionsnvcntvcIy
sncc ncw ux|oms cun ulwuys bc uddcd to prcv|ous oocs (forfurthcr insight
intothcuxiomutic chuructcr otcupituI sccumcson I99. 39800). 1hc kcy
guotc, vhch rcndcrs thc criticsm probIcmutic both phIosophicuIIy und
poIiticuIIy, runs us !oIIovs.
1hc uxiomutic docs not nccd to vritc in burc !Icsh, to murk bodics
und oryuns, nor docs it it nccd to !ushon u mcmory tor mun. In
contrast to codcs, thc axomatic !inds in its di!!crcnt aspccts its own
oryuns ot cxccution, pcrccption. und mcmorizution. cmory hus
bccomc ubudthin. bovc uII. thcrc is no Ioncruny nccd o!bcIct,
und thc cupituIst is mcrcIy strikiny u posc vhcn hc bcmouns thc !uct
thut novuduys no onc bcIicvcs in unythin uny morc. unuuc no
Ioncr siyni!cs somcthny thut must bc bcIicvcd, i t indicutcs ruthcr
vhut i s yoiny to bc donc. . . dcspitc thc ubunduncc o! idcntty curds,
fiIcs. und othcr mcuns of controI CupituIism docs not cvcn nccd to
vrtc in books tomukcup !or thcvunishcdbodymurkinys.hoscurc
onl y rcl| cs, urchuisms with u currcnt function. Thc pcrson hus
bccomc 'prvutc` n rcuIity, i nso!ur us hc dcrivcs !rom ubstruct
guuntitics. . . . t is thcsc quunt|tics thut urc murkcd, no longcr thc
pcrsons thcmscIvcs.
(Oclcuzc und Guutturi l 9:989, l 9850l )
DcIcuzc und Guuturi do, in fuct, subscribc to Nictzschcs cluim in thc
CeneoIog oMot.Iit thut soccty is!rom thc !irst notsomuchu miIicu !or
cxchunyc und circuIution, but morc u 'socius o! inscripton' , in vhich thc
csscntiuI thin i sthc murkin o! bodics us subccts und obccts.Throuh thc
scI!!ormutivc Iubou o! thc moruIity ot custom, incIudny ts voIcncc.
crucIty, und stupdity, thc humun 'ccuscs to bc u boIoicuI orunism' und
bccomcs uguitcpccuIiurund spcci!c sociuI unmuI. u!uII body vithuttuchcd
oruns thut urc uttructcd, rcpcIIcd, und mirucuIutcd in uccorduncc vith thc
rcquircmcnts oI thc sociuI muchinc . 4. 44 in unuIysny thc
sociuI muchinc OcIcuzcunduuturi urc hcuviIy in!Iucnccd by Mum!ord und
his notion o!thc 'mcyumuchinc`).This proccss tukcs pIuccprimurIy throuyh
thc crcuton o!u mcmoryo!, und !or, mun,u coIIcctivc mcmory o!vords und
siyns mposcd upon thc uncicntbiocosmic mcmory.
1hc cIu|m bcing mudc ubout cupituI is thut thc uxiomutic which cnubIcs it
to !uncton mmuncntIy us u sociuI muchinc (thc Iimits i t cncountcrs urc
2I 7
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CONCLU3IO
cntirclyitsovn Imits) mcuns thut tnolonycrnccds to vritc inburc tlcshor
to crcutc u mcmory for thc humun. umun bcinys huvc now bccn colonizcd
by cupitulism und subjccti!icd us privutc pcrsons. orcovcr, us u sociul
muchinccupitul iscntirclynovcl ioproducing tcchnicul muchincsusconstunt
cupitul vith thc rcsult thut humuns huvc bccn rcndcrcd udjuccnt to thcsc
tcchnicul much|ncs. odcr capituI thc humuo substuncc no longcr rcprcscnts
u vuriublc cuptul ot subjccton, but hus bccomc instcud truns!ormcd into un
clcmcnt ofmach|nic coslavcmcnt `whcocc thcfuctthut inscripton no lonycr
bcurs dircctIy, or ut lcust in thcory hus no nccd o! bcurny dircctly, on
humuns` (298 2I). t muy bc. thcrc!orc. thut vhut is n!orminy thc movc
bcyond mcmory und bcyond thc humun, und in thc dircction ot rhizomutic
modcs o!bccomny(unt-ycnculoyy, unt-mcmory) in uvork likcA 7housund
Pluteuus, urcthcsc spcc!ic historicul insyhts into thc tcndcncics o!cupitul,
und vhich bccomc incrcusnyIy uctuulzcd undcr lutc-modcrn cupitul (Murx
himscl! had notcd hov capitaI as it dcvclops stcps lorth 'in ull il: cnici:n',
I95.342) Itvc nov livc 'bcyond` thc humun'God isdcud. cvcrythiny s
pcrmittcd' is thc scntimcnt vhich drivcs thc uutopoctc systcm o!cupitul
thcn uprincipul tuskol thccriticulprojcctbccomcs thutotidcnti!yinymodcs
ofbccominy vhich rcsistthc cropic vulorzution proccssthutmotorscupituI
und its cupturc o!thc !orccso!biocosmc li!c.
o, thc churyc o! disuvovul cunnot bc locutcd vth rc!crcncc to Anti
Oedipus. lndccd, thc churyc Icvcllcd ut Oclcuc of rctrcutiny into u
mctuphysics ol cncryy s blnd to hc !uct thut hc is, in purt, rcspondiny to
Murx's trcmcndous nsyht thut it is cupitul itselj which dcvclops us u
mctuphysics o! cncryy. We:ens Iedingi :eirt kttrtn, ul:o eine
kosmopolitiche, ullgemeine ede Schrunke ]edes Burtd unwerjende
Inergie entwickelt, umsichul:die einigeIolitik, Allgemeinheit, Schrunke
itnd Burtd L die Stelle ;u set;en' (`lt politicul cconomyprivutc propcrty
|
dcvclops u co:mopolitun, univcrsul cncryy vhich brcuks throuyh cvcry limit
uod cvcry bond undposits itsclfus thc or:l policy thcorilunivcrsulity, thc
ortly limit undthcoril bond') (Murx l 982.84 I9.42).
Onc o! thc ums o! Dclcuzc und Guuturi' s vork is to shov thut it is
possibIc to producc u crtiquc o! uutopoctic cupitul vithout luspiny into u
simplc-mindcd or nuivc humunism. und this tusk constitutcs un csscntul
uspcct o! thcir crticuI rcudny o! Murx. 1hc kcy notion, in !uct, throuyh
vhich DcIcuzc und Guutturi scck to rcmuin both !uithuI to Murxs unuIyss
und cxtcnd t s thut o! 'muchnic surplus vuluc'. ith cvcr-ncrcusiny
uutomution thc oryunic composition o cupituI. in vhich vuriubIc cpituI
dc!ncs u rcyimc thut dircctly subjccts thc vorkcr (humun surpIus vuluc),
yivcs vuy to u ncv kind o! muchinic cnsIuvcmcnt oviny to thc proyrcssivc
incrcusc in thcproporton o!constuntcupitul. 1hs !rumcvork thcn cxtcnds to
ull rcyions o! socicty. In A 7housuttd Pluteuus Dclcuzc und Guutturi insst
thut thcy urc not ontrud|ting thc thcory of surplus vuluc, but ruthcr
!olloviny urx in rccoynizny thut surplus vuIuc 'ccuscs to bc Ioculizublc`
2I 8
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2
CONCLU3IO
vithin cupitulism, vhcrc thc circuIution o! cupitul comcs to chullcnc thc
distinct|on bctwccn vuriublc und coostunt cupitul. o wh|Ic it rcmu|ns thc
cusc thut ull lubour involvcs surpIus lubour, it cunnot bc suid thut surplus
lubour st|ll rcquircslubour. ln cupitulism surplus lubourcomcstoopcrutclcss
und lcss throuh thc striution o! spucc-timc thut corrcsponds to thc
'physicosociul' conccpt of work. umun ulicnution through surplus lubour
comcs to bcrcpluccd by u cncrulizcd muchinc cnsIuvcmcnt`, cxtcndin to
childrcn, thc uncmploycd, thc rctircd ctc., und involvin thc mcdiu,
cntcrtunmcnt, l!cstylcs, ncv urbun modcls, und so on, vth circuIutin
cupituI rccrcutn itscl!intcrmso!u 'smooth spucc' 'n vhich thc dcstiny o!
humun bcins is rccust`. Thc kcy distinction is no loncr thut bctvccn
constunt und vuriublc cupitul. or cvcn !ixcd und circulutin cupitul, but
bctvccn 'striutcd` cupitul (c!!cctcd by modcrn stutc uppurutuscs) und
'smooth' cupitul (c!!cctcd by thc multinutonuIs und lobuIzution) (Dclcuzc
and Guattari 4 4 ).
Thc innovutiono!thcnotiono!muchinicsurplusvuIucisunmportunt onc
!or both u rcconition o! nonhumun sourccs o! production und !or thc
insihts it providcs into thc uctuul chuructcr ot lutc-modcrn cupitul thut cun
loncrbc suid to cvolvc |ntcrms o!trudtionul modcls o!humun lubour, i!it
cvcr couId. Jhc notion hus bccn !urthcr rcvorkcd by Guutturi, vho utilizcs it
to strcss thc cmcrcnt chuructcr o! vurous proccssuul intcructions.
oubtlcss our cutcory ot `proccss ot production' subsumcs thc
Murxist onc, but |t gocs lurgcly bcyond i t . . . . Thcsc proccssuul
componcnts huvc thcrc!orc to includc mutcriuI !orccs, humun lubour,
sociul rclutions us vcll us invcstmcots ofdcsirc. n thc cuscs whcrcthc
orJering o! thcsc componcnts lcuds to un cnrichmcnt ot thcir
potcnt|uliticswhcrc thc wholc cxcccds thc sum of thc purtsthcsc
proccssuul intcructions shull bc culIcd diurummuticund vc shull
spcuk omuchinic surplus-vuIuc.
(Guutturi IJ4)
1l is importunt to upprcciutc thut ulthouh thc noton o! surplus vuluc cts
cxtcndcd und rcdcincd by clcuzcund Guuturiit still !unctions criticully i n
rclution to thc scl!-vulorizutions o!cupituI.
hcrhizomutics thut is utIzcdby cIcuzc undGuuturi inordcrtorcmup
cvoIutionury proccsscs throuh u !ocus on usscmbIucs cun ulso bc usc!ully
cxtcndcd to thc domuin o Iutc-modcrn cupituIism und sociuI pructiccs.
Muchinic usscmblucs chructcrizc uny ivcn sociul !ormution und ncv
usscmblucs o!dcsrc urc ulvuys possiblc bccuusc socicty cun bc considcrcd
to bc not only dc!inublc by its moIur ccntrcs o! povcr but cquuIly by thc
molcculur lincs o! !liht thut truvcrsc it. 'ccntrcs o! povcr [pouvcir| urc
dc!incd much morc by vhut cscupcs thcm or by thcir impotcncc
[inpui::nnce| thun by thcir zonc o! povcr [pui::nnce| DcIcuzc und
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CONCLU3IO
uuttur I9.265 I9.2I). upitulism !inds itscl! unublc to cxhuust thc
muchnic surplus und tlows t gcocrutcs in spitc ofits uttcmpts ut rcprcssion
undovcrcodinthrouh stutc control undrculutionund its mcdiuintuntilism.
1his is why Dclcuzc und uutturi urc kccn to contcst thc idcu of thc stutc
conccivcd us u mustcr imuc', sincc such un imuc umounts to u !cttious
rcprcscotuton thut grunts cstublishcd powcrs und molur dcntity formutions
morc control ovcr thc thc trunsvcrsul movcmcnts o! mutcriul rculity undcr
cupitul thcn thcy urc cupublc o cnoying. o whilc cupitulism muy to u
ccrtuncxtcntbcthc mustcr` otsurplus vuIuc undits distributon, tdocs not
'dominutc thc tlows !rom which surpIus vuluc dcrivcs' (26 226). Jhis
insihtdocs n uppcul lO u nuturul dcsirc or!lux but ruhcr druws uttcntion
to thc!uctthutthc urticulution o!muchinic subjcctivity withnthcmovcmcnts
o! cuptulist production s rhzomutic, comin !rom muItplc dircctons und
ulso cxcccdng thc utlituriun und productionist logics o! cuptul i n
unprcdictabIc and incaIculabIc dircctions. Thc sociaI !icId, thcrclorc, i s to bc
undcrstood dynumicully not onIy in tcrms o! its contrudictions (bctwccn
!orccs und rclutions o! production) but, cquully, in tcrms o! thc
dctcrritoriulizutions tukng plucc ut thc Icvcl o! sociul und culturul pructiccs,
scicntific innovutions, ncw tcchnicuI dcvclopmcnts, und so on. Thcsc
movcmcnts do not rcsidc outsidc thc sociul !icld but constitutc its uctuul
curtoruphy orrhizomc (cIcuzc I99u I9uuturi I99624).
Thc powcr o! thc productivc proccss o! ntcrutcd World upitulism
sccms ncxorublc und its socul cffccts incupubIc ofbciog turncd buck
butitovcrturns somunythngs,comcsintocon!lictwithso muny wuys
of li fc und sociul vulorizutions, thut it docs not sccm ut ull ubsurd to
unticiputc thut thc dcvclopmcnt ot ncw collcctivc rcsponscsncw
structurcs ofdccluruton, cvuluution, unduction. . . might finully succccd
inbrinin itdown.
(uutturi, withllicz, l 996:6
On ths ' muchinic' modcl cuptul. conccivcd us u sociul proccss o!
production, is critiqucd in tcrms o!its cntropic tcndcnccs. uptulism tcnds
towurds un 'cntropy o! signi!icutionul cquvulcnccs' , in which cvcry
cxistcntiul und politicul sinulurity thut cxcccds thc luw ot cquivulcncc is
dcvuIucd (uutturi I996.69. Howcvcr, it s ncccssury to upprcciutc thut u
muchinic hctcrocncsscunno bc cupturcdcomplctcly by cuptul incntropic
tcrms on uccount othc uct thutthc ontogcnctic cvoIutionomuchincs is not
rcducibIc to thc lincurcuusuliticso! cupitul Only u theoIoyo!cupitul would
uruc othcrwisc. micropoltics o! lutc cupitul scts out to construct u
'trunsmuchnic bridc' in which thc 'smoothin o!thc ontoloicul tcxturc o!
muchnic mutcriul und diurummutic tccdbucks` urc conccivcd us dimcnsions
of intcnsificution bcyond thc lincur cuusuIitics of cupitulist dcvclopmcnt
(uuuri I9929 995.52). It s importunt to insist thut uIthough it is thc
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CONCLU3IO
muchinic phylum vhich cun bc shovn to 'dircct` thc historicul rhizomc o!
cupituIism thcrc is no finulizution ofhistory on this modcl. Thc `dcst|ny of
thc phylum n rcluton to cuptul ycts constuntly pluycd out ' i n un cquul
mutch bctwccn soc|ul scymcnturity undthccvoIution ofmodcs ofcconomic
vuIorizuton` ( I996.240).
l n opposition to thc mctuphysics of cncryy cstubl|shcd by cupitul
clcuzc's vork cun bc shovn to provdc un ethic: o!cncry, involvin u
'crcutivc cvolution' rcconfiyurcd us u 'crcutivc ctholoyy , und whcrc this
cthics is undcrstood in ts pinozist scnsc ot bodics und its ictzschcun
dimcnson rcyurdiny thc tuturc o!thc humun. c urc pcrhups nov rcudy to
rc-position thc qucston o! thc ovcrhumun in Oclcuzc. s stun o! thc
probIcm complicutcs thinys by situutiny t on thc lcvcl o! thc supcr!ol d' . I!
l i vi n bcins cnoy onIy u prccurious !orm und urc u sitc !or thc
trunsmutution ot!orccs, thcnmiyht it not bc possiblc to locutc thc 'outsidc'
as thc corrcct placc in which to posc thc problcm o! thc ovcrhuman7 hih
is to suy i! thc humun is ncthcr txcd in its !orm nor dctcrmincd i n its
!unction, but opcn to un u!!cctivc bccomin vith nonhumun or cxtruhumun
usscmbluycs, thcn vith vhut othcr !orccs i si t cupublc o! cvolviny vthin u
pluy ofchuncc und ncccssty
clcuzc insists thut this isnc| to suyycst thut thc ucstiono!thc !uturc s
onc o! uchicviny in!inity by conqucriny !intudc, but ruthcr it is to think
about thc possibility of un 'unlimitcd finity`, n vhich vithin any play of
!orccs u !nitc numbcr o! componcnts i s cupubIc o! yicldiny u pructicully
nlimitcd divcrsity of combinut|ons (Oclcuzc l 86:l0 l 88 l 3 l ). ` This
'uctivc mcchunsm' o! thc !uturc, or o! thc Outsidc, i s thc '3urpIi`
(supcrfold), und cun bc locutcd in thc foldinys thut bclony to thc chu|ns of
thc ycnctic codc, thc !oldinys o! un ctholoyicul dctcrritoriulizution, thc
potcntiul of silicon in cybcctic muchincs und informution tcchooloyy, und
soon. On this rcudin thc ovcrhumun sinuls notthc dcuth ordisuppcuruncc
ofthc humuo und somcthiny morc thuo u simplc chunyc ofconccpt, |n short,
i tsinuls thc urrivul o!ncv !orm o! li!c thut i s ncithcr God nor munund
vhich, t i s hopcd, vi Il not provc vorsc thun ts prcvious tvo !orms'
(Oclczc I986.I 4l , I988.l 32).
clcuzc brinys oucuult into contuct vith pinozu und ictzschc on thc
issucofthc 'dcuth o!mun` n vhichthc tusk bccomcs onc o!locutin in thc
humun u sct o! orccs thut 'rcsist this dcuth ( I 86.I00 I88.). t is not,
thcrc!orc, clcuzc sucsts, u qucston uddrcsscd o!thc humun compound`,
but ruthcr o thc durk orccs o nitudc that urc not initiuIIy humun but
vhich, throuh u historcul !ormution, huvc cntcrcd into rcIution vith thc
!orccs thut mukc up thc humun.As Nictzschc vrotci nu sturtlinpussuyc.
c urc n thc phusc o! modcsty ot consciousncss . . pcrhups thc cntirc
cvoIution of spirit is u qucstion of thc body, it is thc hstory of thc
dcvclopmcnt o! u hiyhcr body thut cmcrycs into our scnsibiIity. Jhc
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CONCLU3IO
oryunic is siny to yct hiyhcr lcvcIs. . . . In thc lony run, t i s not u
gucston ofmun ut ull: hc istobcovcrcomc.
ictzschc I968. ccton 66)
ocs this vi si on und rddlc o! thc ovcrhumun umount to unothcr
humunizution ofthc vorld,ordocsitspcuk ofubccominyofthchumun vith
thc vorld thut umounts to u supcrior' cxprcssion o! t Thc churyc o!
'disuvovul` provcs to bc un clusivc onc to hold uyuinst Dclcuzc und onc thut
i s di!!icult to pIucc cxuctIy. O! coursc, onc miyht uryuc thut Dclcuzc's
'philosophy o!nuturc' und his qucst !or u 'supcrior humun nuturc' rcst on u
!liyht !rom history und !intudc. But, us ulrcudy uryucd, to sustuin this
criticism onc nccds to cnyuyc vith thc 'cthics' o!ycrminul li!c inspircd by
Bcryson, Nictzschc, und pinozu. ov cun onc lcurn to livc 'in' durution
Whut cun u body doWhut muy still bccomc o!thc humun
1hcrc is no dbt that thc human continucs to cnjoy a privilcgcd status
i nDclcuzc`s thinkny, ulthouyh this i sthc privilcyc o!thc cicrhunuit. Onc
d!tculty vith this vicv, i t miyht bc suyycstcd, i s thut t uppcurs to bc
conccivublc only to thc cxtcnt thut u !undumcntuI rupport und conncction
bctvccn thc humun und thc intinitc movcmcnt of thc plunc of immuncncc
cun bc cstubIishcd (compurc pinozu l955.263, lcttcr to OIdcnbury
Novcmbcr2, I665). In thc `cibniz` book Dclcuzc portruys thc humun us
thc bciny ot nuturc thut hus thc possibilty ot truvcrsiny thc vurious folds
undicldso!muttcrundbrinyinythcm into novclmodcs o!communicuton.
i mi lurly, ut thc cnd of thc uppcndix on thc supcrmun to thc book on
oucuult DcIcuzc idcntitcs thc supcr!old with thc supcrhumun. Hc spcuks
ofthis humun us thc 'mun' vho is 'in churyc` ofthc unimuls (ofcupturiny
!ruymcnts o! codcs !rom divcrsc spcccs), vho s 'in churyc' o!thc rocks
und ofinoryunic muttcr (thc ncv domun ofsilcon), und, finully, vho is 'n
churyc` o!thcbcinyo!lunyuuyc (mukinythcinvisiblcvisiblc).ln!uct, this
conccption o mun rcfcrs buck to thc conccption put orvurd in Anti
OeJipus, vhcrcmunsconccivcdnot us thc kinyo!crcuti on' , butruthcrus
thc 'bcny` vho is intmutcly rclutcd to thc 'protound li!c c] ull ]crn: or
tpes [enre:] o{ Iein' , und vho i sthus suid to bc 'rcsponsiblc' [cIure]
!or 'cvcn thc sturs und unimul li!c` sincc c s thc 'ctcrnul custodiun o! thc
muchincs o! thc univcrsc' (clcuzc und Guutturi I92 l, I9844, my
cmphusis).hc uim should not bcto ubstructlyncyutcthc vulucund vulidity
o! Oclcuzc' s insyht, but ruthcr to inquirc uttcr thc cthics` o! this
rcmurkublc conccpton o thc humun und i n rcIution to thosc Iorccs und
!ormutivcpovcrs o!li!c,thc novcl uIliunccs undcrcutivcbccomnys, vhich
it s hcld to bc 'in churyc' o!. t s, i n short, to usk uttcr thc nuturc ot thc
rcsponsibility DcIcuzc spcuks o! und thc chuructcr o! his :election. ny
rcudiny o! clcuzc thut uspircs to bc vorthy o! thc cvcnt o! hs thouyht
must rcturn, uyuin und uyuin, to ths qucstion of thc yrcut vciyht und
burdcn o!thccvcnt o!u ycrminul li!c. Nothiny lcss thun ourconccptions o!
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CONCLU3IO
thc !initc undthc infinitcurcut stukc, und thc bcst undthc worst thcy bring
in thc|r wukc.
n Sene onJ Noti-Senxe Mcrlcuu-onty dcscr|bcs Bcrgson|sm us u
`phiosophy o! immuncncc' und rcprouchcs it !or dcscribing thc world only
in tcrms of |ts most gcncrul structurcs und fcuurcs (durut|oo opcnncss to
thctuturc). is muor criticism is to clu|mthutBcrgsonism lucks u ' p|cturc
of humun h|story thut m|ght prov|dc |ts |ntu|t|oos w|th somc cootcnt
(crlcuu-onty I964b.9). 1hc sumc could pcrhups bc suid o! Occuzc`s
own crgsoniun-inspircd philosophy. n cxtcnding thi s cri ti ci sm o!
Bcrgsonismto Dclcuzc,howcvcr, wcurc |n dungcro! producing u !ctish o!
History. It is clcur thut !or Dclcuzc hstory docs not cx-ist upurt !rom u
th|nking o! thc cvcnt und indcpcndcnt ot our produc|ng curtogruphics o!i t
!rcc o!boh points o!orgin und cndsorgouls givcn i nudvuncc. und !rcc o!
thc `glori!ication` o! an imcrial 5ubjcct. History on this modc| is produccd
und nvcncd through thc pursut o!di!tcrcnt scrics und dit!crcnt lcvcls, und
thc crossing ot thrcsholds. Thc uttcmpt i s no longcr mudc to cxposc
phcnomcnu und stutcmcnts i n tcrms o! thcir vcrticu or horizontul
d|mcnsions ruhcr, thcrc is only thc frccdom to movc trunsvcrsully und
crcutc thc ' moblc dugonul inc'. Jhc diugrum, tor cxumplc cnjoys u
supcrior cxistcncc to thc word tukcn us u brutc !uct, sincc it docs not
function |n ordcr to rcprcscnt H 'pcrs|st|ng world' buruthcru|ms to producc
u `ncw kind o! rculity` und u ncw modcl o! truth It i s not implicutcd i n u
subjcct ofh|story und nc|thcr docs |tprctcnd to survcy h|story. s tus |s to
`mukc history' by 'unmuking prcccding rcuitics und s|gni!icut|ons', und i t
u|ms to do th|s by produc|og 'uocxpcctcd conjunct|ons' und ' |mprobublc
continuums'. lt thus doublcs h|story with u scnsc o! continuul cvolution`
(Oclcuzc l 986:3, l988: 35.
or Dclcuzc, thcrc!orc, thc tusk o!go|ng `bcyond' whuth|story hus mudc
of us to c curr|cd out through thc product|oo of ncw l|ncs ofthought und
li!c, docs not ut ull rcst on u ncgution, or disuvowu, othistory und politics,
but ruthcr on u !undumcntul rccon!igurution o! thcm. Jhc uim o! this
rccon!igurution |stoopcn up history und politicstou crcutivc cvolution' by
sowng thc vitul possibilitics o! whut onc might cull u rhizomutics o!
historicul t|mc, in which thc d|ugrum movcs bcyond thc limits o! u !iliut|vc
history und poIitics und wcuvcs u suppIc und trunsvcrsuI nctwork o novcI
ulliunccs thut is ulwuys pcrpcndiculur to thc vcrticul structurc o!cstubishcd
und oIiciuI hi story. his is thc vcry spcciIic contriution cIcuziunsm
mukcs to thc ph|losophicul discoursc o! modcrnity und to our pructiccs o!
bccoming thosc who wc urc.
crhups thc pr|ncipu tusk controntinguny scriousrcudingo!Oclcuzc is to
cxuminc und scrutinizc thc trcmcndous clums mudc by him on bchu! o!
thought philosophy, thc conccpt und thc d|ugrBm4 Dclcuc conccivcs
philosophy us involvcd in thc crcution o! conccpts und production o!
223
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CONCLU3IO
diugrums thut cnubIc usto think und mup ncw possibiIitics o!cxistcncc und,
morcovcr, givc to thc forccs ofchuogc und cvolutioo thc stutus ofthc cvcnt.
lnthisrcworkcdundrcvituIizcd untiunism thc worId (Bcing) isucccsscd not
through thc vchiclc of u trunsccndcntul or phcoomcnologicul subjcct, but
with thc uid o! conccpts und diugrums thut mukc up u trunsccndcntuI !icId
withoutu sbjcctund which opcos upu rculm oflunguugc-bcing, ofthought
bcing, o!nuurc-bcing, und so on. hiIosophy on this modcI rcmuins !uith!uI
to thc humun, to thc forccs of finitudc thut const|tutc und coosumc |ts
corporcuIity, by uIIowing it thc trccdom o!thc incorporcuI cvcnt, und by
sccking o dcmonstrutc thc possibiIty o! u thinking 'bcyond' thc humun
condition. DcIcuzc's ucst !or u 'supcrior cmpiricism is uIwuys sustuincd
throughoutthc coursc o!hs writing by thc rcpcutcd invcntion o!phiIosophy
us u ncw trunsccndcntuIism (our knowIcdgc docs n huvc to con!orm to thc
objccts gvcn to us in cxpcrcncc, ruthcrthc rcuIty o!proccss must con!orm
to thc cvcnts o! our diagrams and conccpts). This study has attcmptcd to
show thut ths ncw trunsccndcntuIism i s both thc sourcc o! DcIcuzc's
innovutions us u phiIosophcrund thc sitcotthc principuI prcdicumcnts o!his
thinking in rcIuton to thc !utc!uI cxpcrimcntutions with thc muttcr o!I!c it
uspircs to conduct.
Wcmust pcr!orm ourcrticuI cngugcmcntwth Dclcuzc not in tcrms o!u
simpIc condcmnution or u mcrc rcpudution, but in tcrms ot thc ongoing
buttlc wc huvc with thc problcms prcdicumcnts, und prctcnsions of
phIosophy. It cunno smpIy bc, howcvcr, u qucstion o! bcing !or or uguinst
Dclcuzc ruthcr, thc tusk shouId bc onc ofimplicut|ng him in thc criticul und
cIinicuIgucstonsthutconstitutcthc vcrytoIdotOU| bcingundourbccoming
thosc who wc urc.
224
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^\b
JRO\JIO RElEAIG JHEDRENE
O DL\
ov noIes an essenIiaI paradox in Spinoa's `eIics`. any sIrivin Io overcome
duraIioncan onIy be expressec inIerms oduraIion.Ts means Ia!iniIe beinsg
vho ncccssa:iIy pass avay and pcrish, can onIy aIIain cIcrniIy wilhin duraIon
`thaI is, viIhn Ihc span of his Iifc as an cvcnI i n Ihc immancnI vorId`
( I 2.I).Ior furthcr insighIinIoIhccIhicsofhis `cvcnI' inIcrms ofcIcuz`s
readin of NieIzscheand ieIzsche's readin of Spinozasee Ihe secIion
cnIiIIcd `SIagingIhccvcnI in hapIcr2ofIhcprcscnIsIudy (p. I 2I ). On Ihc co
cxisIcncc' of cIcrniIy and duration scc Ihc cnIrics on Ihcsc tcrms in clcuzc`s
5ion. PrnclicnI Philo\oh ( ).
2 Picrrc Machcrcy has Iakcn cIcuzc Io Iask in his rcading of Spinoza on Ihis
quesIion of oyfu! n\\io\, suesIn IhaI iI may noI brin eIeuze cIoser Io
SpinozauIraIheris anoIher eampIeofIhe vayn vhich hedisIorIs him so asIo
producean `epressive` readin. Macherey conIendsIhaIfor Spinozanll passions
are `sad` ones, evenIoseIha appear Io arIicuIaIeoys ( I .IJ). Byde!iniIion
passions beIon Io Ie reaIm o!exIernaI causes in vic ve exisI sepaaIed !rom
our pover o! acIin. He does appreciaIe, hovever, IaI everyIin Iurns n
cIcuzc's conccpIion ofIhc `oinIofIransmuIaIion'ascIcuzccaIIsiI,vhichis
IoIakc pIaccinIhccuIIvaIionofoyfuIpassionsinIo acIivcoys. cIcuzchimscIf
is insisIcnI IhaI Spinozism has Io c approachcd in Icrms of a rnc!icnI
phiIosophy, vhich means in Iare measure effecIin a doubIe readin o Ihe
L!hic\, once eomeIicaIIy in elaIion Io Ihe definiIions and poposiIions, and
aainand aain, `voIcanicaIIy in reIaIionIo therokenchain ofIhe schoIia `Jhe
enIire Lthic: is a voyae in immanence. buI immanence is Ie unconscious iIseI!,
and Ie conquesI o! Ie unconscious EIicaI is Ie correIae o! specuIaive
n_rmntion (eleue I 8I .4J I88.2).
II souId be noIed IhaI in his readin of Spinoza eIeuze, unIike many
commcnIaIors insisIs upon Ihc imporIancc of markin a diffcrcncc n ILe Icrms
c!u affccIion andtlua affccI. Whcrcas Ihc Iacrrcfcrs Io Ihc povcr of
somIin acIin in I dimnsionois conIinuous vaiaion, Ios Io
Ihc mi.ture of bodics, IaI is Io IhciracIion, and so conccrns Ihc `modificd`
body raIhcr Ihan Ihc modifying` onc. Jhc cIhical ucsIion for cIcuzc rcvoIvcs
arond Ihc physicaI ucsIion ofbodics and Ihcir povcrs ofbcingaffccIcd, so IhaI
vhaI disIinushes Ivo animaIs, say a Iion and a snake, ae noI Iheir species and
enera chaacIerisIcs, buI raIer Ihe facI thaI Ihey are noI capabIe of Ihe same
affecIions. or furIher insI inIo Ihe Ihe Iink and Ihe `difference in naIure`
beIveen Ie Ivo, see Ie enIry on `A!cIions, AecIs' in eIeue's 5inn
225
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NOT3
rncttuI hiluh\ (I 8 I 88) and Spinoza I Book II, cnition . In
cIcuzc' s Iatcr vork thc distinction is rcvorkcd and prcscntcd in somcvhat
di!!crcnt tcrms viththcstrcss pIaccd onthcdomaino!`a!!cct`.JhisnovinvoIvcs
a noncvoIutionist 'bccoming'. that is, a bccoming vhich brings into pIay novcl
compIcxcs bcyond a gcncalogical ordcr o! iIiation and dcsccnt. Jhis modc o!
bccomingdocs notinvoIvcthc trans!ormationo!oncthingintoanothcr, butrathcr
thc passinor communication o!somcthin!rom onc thintoanothcr, impIyina
`zonc o! indctcrmination' vhcrc cvcrythin that cxiststhins, bcasts, and
pcrsonsarc brouht into rcIation in vays that prcccdc thcir `naturaI
di!!crcntiation'. his is said to bc thc rcaI domain o! a!!ccts. Scc, !or cxampIc,
cIcuzc andGuattari I I I I4.I73 `Jhc a!!cct gocs bcyond a!!cctions no
Icss han thc pcrccpt ocsbcyondpcrccptions`.Jhis iscruciaI!or cIcuc sincc it
mcans that an acc ora pcrccp docs n bc!on O any oriinaI pIacc or siIc o!
accion or pcrccption, and hcncc opcns up thc possibiIity o! hizomatic (non
cncaIoicaIandnoniIiativc) `bccomins'.
I JH IEkE O BRGSO \RJO
CREJIVEEVOLJON
In this carIy cssay DcIcuzc argucs that this `raising' to scI!consciousncss is vhat
constitutcs hc `sinicancc` o!thc human. Hovcvcr, hc insists that vc must not
cxacratc thc !unction o! his historicaI consciousncss simpIy bccausc duration
takcn by itscI is aIrcady consciousncss. hc !unction o! history i s simpIy to
rcanimatc aconsciousncsso!mattcrthathasatcndcncy tobccomc nmbcd. Histor
dcnotcs thc point vhcrc consciousncss rccmcrcs out o! its travcrsaI o! macr.
WhiIc history is, thcrc!orc, onIy cvcr a `mattcr o! !act`, thcrc is an `idcntity in
principIc' ]dcmtc dc droi!) bctvccn di!!crcncc itscI and consciousncss o!
dicrcncc ( I.)(ocoursc,itis mcmory' haistoscrvcasthis principIc).This
dcmotion o!history andhistoricaIconsciousncssrnsthrouhoutDcIczc' svritins,
and ccrivcs, I vouIc contcnd, !rom thc in!Iucncc o! Bcrson. As to vhy
`Bcsonism' rc!uscs to cncountc history. thc cruciaI insihts arc providcd by
McrIcauPony in his cssay `Bcrson in thc Makin' ( I 4cI 87). Onc
intcrcsting obscrvation McrIcaulonty makcs is that Bcrgson vas too 'optimistic'
abouhcincividuaIandis `povcrtorcain sourccs',andoo `pcssimistic` rcardin
sociaIIi!c, tocvcracccp 'a ccinitiono!historas a`ustiicd scandaI
,
( I 88).Onc
has thc!ccIinthathcrcmark may bc cquaIIyappositc in thc casc oDcIcuzc.
Jhc BcrsonEinstcindcbatcopcns up a vcritabIc can o!vorms, and I can only
makc a !cv rcasonabIy in!ormcd rcmars hcrc.Thcmost incisivc commcntators,
such as Capc, aruc that Bcrson's phiIosophy is vcry cIosc to Einstcin's
thinkinandthcrc vasno nccd !or him to oposc or contradict his vork (Capck
I 7 I 87). Both DcIcuzc and McrIcauPonty insist on rcadin Bcrson' s
cngagcmcnt vith Einstcin in strictIy hilo:ohicnl tcrms (Bcrgson vas doing
mctaphysics inscinscicncc).nan cssay on `instcinandthcrisiso!cason'
CICuu1DnI WIOIC Ihu Lurutio:: unJ 5inuliunct vII 'nstaII tscII CI mOIC
rcsoIutcI in thc pcrccivcc vorId' I c.I85)vhich has notprovcd prophctic. In
thc `a!tcrvord' tothcnIish translation o!hisBcr\onim cIcuzc arucs that
Bcrsons aim vas not, in !act, torc!utc or corrcct Einstcin, but rathcr toprovidc
RcIativity vith thc `mctaphysics' it Iackcc. WhiIc both thcorics asscrt thc
invariancc o!hcspccd o!Iih, a numbcr o!issucs arc at stakc, such as vhchcr
Einstcin con!uscs thc virtuaI and thc acuaI vhcthcrhis hcory produccs ano!hcr
spatiaIization o! timc (vhiIc taking this vay o! concciving timc to ncv
imainativc hcihts) vhich rcduccs timc to thc simuItancity and rcIativity o!
226
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NOT3
in:tuitt:, andvhcthcr, cvcnmorcconIcnIiousIy, thcIhcory acuaIIy cIiminatcstimc
aogcthcr (onIhisIastpoinIsccStcngcrs I7.!ora!uI IrcatmcnI o!Ihc issuc
scc ack I 7I , and !or ahclp!uI summary scc Laccy I8.).
Ior a criIicaI sIanI onBcrgson'srcsponsc Io RcIaIiviIy andIhc `parado7` ofthc
Ivins, vhich invoIvcsIhc onc acccIcraIing inIo spacc in a rockcI agcing Icss than
thc othcr vho rcmains on EarIh, scc kay II , . Ior kay, Bcrgson's
commiImenI Io a sinIe Iime enIails a NevIonian belief in a sinIe IobaI Iime
frame in vhich di!!erenI kinds ofcIock Iick aI Ihe same raIe. In posiIin boIh a
muIipliciIy of (imainary) Iimcs and a sinIe Iime Berson is said Io vanI his
rcIaIivisIic cakc vhiIc caIing i bakcd u ^cton. Jhis, hovcvcr, sccms Io miss
cnIircIyIhc poinIbcingmadcabouIIhc `singIc Iimc', vhichisnoIaIaII NcvIonian.
Jhckcy qucstionis vhchcr Bcrgson's (crroncous) vicv!hatIhcIvocIockso!thc
Ivins viII urn ouI Io be simuIIancous perimcnIs have proved Berson vron
and confirmed Ihe caIcuIations of ReIaIivity (his error vas Io assume IhaI
acccIcration isaIsorcIaIivcvhcnitcannoIbc)dcprivcs his thinkingofiIs criIical
'hiIosouicaI` forcc, sincc iIis cIcar IhaIIhcdircncc conccrns Ihc mcasurcmcnI
o!timc andnot Ihc (Iivcd) cxcricncc o!timc(duraIion conccivcd as c virtuaI co
cxitcnc o!thcdcrcc!a inIc Iimc).n thc mdc !cativitytimc imy l.
Ihc di!fcrcncc of mcasurcmcnI IhaI is, Ic Ihcory conccrns diffcrcnI inIcrvaIs of
IimcbcIvccn Ihc 'Ivo samc cvcnIs` andiIisIhcsc Iimcdircnccs bcIvccn cvcnIs
IhaI are rcIuivc. hey do noI invoIve any acIuaI` duraIion (see Davies I 5).
or Berson Ihe sIovin ofcIocks is onIy as reaI as Ihe shrinkin of obecIs by
disIance and so IheirsIaIusisenIireIyphanIasmaI (Berson I 5b I ff.).Asay
pointsout, thcccuIiarchaIIcngco!thcspcciaIIhcory oRcIaIiviIyisto contcsI thc
vicv thatIhc IravcIIing vin is IittIcmorc Ihana hantominthc imaginaIiono!Ihc
physicist. or Bcrgson thc paradox vanishcs onIy vhcn vc makc thc disIincIion
bcIvccn a muItiIiciIyo!imaginary imcs and Ihc singIc Iimc.Jhs is thc oin!hc
makcs in Iurution und 5imuIluncit ( I ) vhcn hc rc!IccIs on thc dcbatc, a
vhich boIh hc and EinsIcin vcrc prcscnt, that Iook pIacc during a mccIing ofthc
PhiIosohicaI SocicIy aI Ihc oIIgc dc Irancc in AriI I. Ior advocaIcs o!
ReIativiIy, hovever, Ihe parado dissoIves vhen iI is reconized IaI evenIs happen
aI spaIiaIIy differenI IocaIions and invoIve observers in di!ferenI sIaIes of moIion
(avics I4.). DcIcuzc boIdly dcfcnds Bcrgson's soIuIion o! Ic paraco7,
arguingIhaIthctvinsparadoxonlyvorks inthccasco!thc argumcnIs o!physicisIs
viIh thc unacknovIcdgcc aid and intcroIation o! symboIicaI !ricks ( I.847
I8885). vouId conIend IhaI Ihe Ivo vievs are noI incompaIib!e and,
uIIimaIcIy, havc Iobcsccn Io bcdoingquitcdiffcrcnI vork.
Jhis, as DcIcuzc poinIs ouI, is Ihc signicacc o! thc movc madc by Bcrgson
Jimc und rcc iII and Iuttcr ud Icmur, in vhich sychoIogy is
comcIlcd to Iakc thc `Ica` inIo onIoIogy and vhcrc Bcing is conccivcd as a
virtuaImuItipIiciIy(DcIcuzc I7 88.77sccaIsoack I 7I . I 8).
On Iimc comparc KanI Cri!iquc o[ Purc Kcu\on ( I 7I78-B-),
vhcrc i is IrcaIcd as a purcIy subccIivc condiIion' o human inIuiIion,
consttutng u 'trunsccndcntuI dcuIty` . Whn uIstructcd Irom ts subjcctvc
condiIions ofpossibiIiI Iime becomes noIhin` & ime for anI is IhaI in vhich
aII chane of appearances has Io be IhouhI even Ihouh iI iIself remains and
does noI chane' (AI 8B). eIeue seeks Io rin abouI a noveI alIiance
bctvccn KanI and Bcrgson on Iimc in his Cimu 2 book on thc `TimcImagc'
(DcIcuzc I85.II 0I I I8.8). OnIhc cicuIIyo!ccc!ing such anaIIiancc
sccapck I 7 . I 5.
4 OfrcccntcommcnIaIors EIicnnc BaIibarhas pcrhaps gonc furIhcsI in inIcrprcIing
Sinoza`s subsIancc as `noIhing olhcr Ihan individaIs', in vhich individuaIs arc
227
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NOT3
Io bc conccivcd as ncithcr givcn macrs nor pcr!ccI !orms buI as c!!ccIs o!
proccsscs o!individuaIion and individaIizaIion. Ior BaIibar, IIcrc!orc, subsIancc
is in acIuaIiIy, Ihc namc uscd Io dcsignaIc Ihc `causaI uniIy` o! an in!iniIc
muIIipIicity o!modcs.JhishighIy chaIIcnging and novcIrcading o!Spinozais in
Iargc parI madc possibIcbyuIiIizing Simondon`sthcory o!individuaIion, vhichis
IrcaIcd inhapIc: (scc BaIibar I7.8I0).
Hovever as eIeuzenoIes in hisearIy I essayon Berson, resemIance is an
imporIanI notion in ioIoy IhaI serves Io reveaI `Ihe idenIiIy ofvhaIdiers from
iIseIf, provin IhaI ` a same virIualiIy reaIises iIself in Ihe diverence of series,
andshovingthc'csscncc IhaIsusisIsinchangcaI thc sameIimcIaIdivcrgcncc
shovsIhaIchnnc opcraIcs as and `in Ihc csscncc' (vhcrcIIc Icndcncy Io changc
is by no mcans accidcnIaI buI consIiIuIcs Ihc csscncc o! !hc luit vi!ul) (cIcuzc
I5 II). On Ihe difference beIveen Ihe processes ofacIuaIizaIion and
reaIizaIion see aIso eIeuze I88I 4I II 5. he quesIion ofresemIance is
Iakcn up again in Iicrcncc n Kcctitin vhcrc cIcuzc considcrs Ihc
!oIloving Ivo proposiIions`onIy IhaI vhich is aIikc di!!crs` and 'ony
di!!crcnccs arcaIikc`and argucs IIaIvhc:cas Ihc!ormcrposiIsrcscmbIanccasa
cond!loit !di!!crcnc, IhcaIIcrundcrand rccmbanc, idcnIiIy, anagy, and
so on as dct: of a primary di!!crcncc or a primary sysIcm of difeences
(DcIcuzc I8 I I4. I I I7).cIcuzc IrcaIs IhcinsighI, uIiIizcd aI IcngIh
by Berson inIo IheindependenI evoIuIion oforans such as Ihe eye across many
differenI Iineaes as evidence of his arumenI IhaI resemIance needs Io e
suordinaIedIo aprincipIe ofdifferenIiaIion and to difference.
II is on Ihis poinI IhaI cIcuzc viII insisI upon disIinguishing Bcrgson`s
conccpIion o! vIoIcs !rom scI Ihcory. `ScIs cnacmbIc: arc cIoscd, and
cvcryIhingvhicu is cIoscd is arIiiciaIIycIoscd. ScIs arc aIvays scIs o!parIs BI
avholcisnoIcIoscd, iIisopcnandihasnoparIs cxccpI inavcry spcciaI scnsc
sincc iI canno bc dividcd viIhouI changing ualiaIivcIy aI cach sagc o! hc
division` (cIcuzc I83. I I8I).n Cinmn 1 Dccuzc considcrsIhc pIanc of
immancnccas Ihc `in!iniIcscI` IhaI scrvcs\O cnsurc IhaIaIIsysIcmsrcmain opcn`
sysIems oIh in Ierms ofIhe inIernaI parIs ofeach sysIem andeIveen cifferenI
sysIems. II is Ihe pIane of IransversaI movemenI. I is 'machinism . More Ihan
Ihis, IhispIancmakcs possiIe!inicseIs andcIosed sysIems condiIioning Ihcm as
a !accI o! crcaIivc cvoIuIion, by aIIoving Ihcm Io bc cuI` !rom iIs univcrsc o!
pcrpcIuaI movcmcnI IIrough Ihc cxIcriori o! iIs parIs (878 5) Thcrc is a
fuIher consideraIion of seI Iheory in eIeuze and GuaIIari I I . I I 4
I.II. Scc aIso DcIcuzc I08 I.. `ThcvuoIc rangcs ovcr aII scIs
and is prcciscIy vhaI sIops Ihcm bccoming vhoIIy cIoscd'.
7 Ior a rcccnI arIicuIaIion in bioIogy o!Iucind o! probIcmaIic Bcrgson, and Ihcn
IaIcrcIcuzc, arc trying Io dcaI viI scc ohnson I88,vho vriIcs `voIuIion is
Ihc ouIcomc o! Ihc uIIimaIc asccndancy o! thcIrcnd Iovard incrcasing divcrsiIy
and acccIcraIion o! Ihc cncrgy !Iov, counIcracIcd andrcIardcd y Ihe individuaI
spccics aIIcmpIing Io procccd in IIc dirccIion o grcaIcr homogcnciy and
dcccIcraIon oI Inc cncrgy IIov` ( I).
8 AsMiIic Capek has aruedinan exempIar treaImenIofIhe uesIion ofBerson
and mocern physics iI is odd IhaI Berson shouId appeaI of aII physicisIs Io
BoIIzmann in order Io Iend supporI Io Iis point since BoIIzmann vas o Ihe
mcchanisI schooI and commicd Io Ihc idca o!Ihc rcvcsibiIiIy o! aII mcchanicaI
proccsscs and Io Ihc co:puscIarkincIic modcIo!Ihc univcrscIhaI is undcraIIack
in Bcrgson (Ihc modcI IhaI makcs changc rcducibIc mcrcIy Io an appcarancc
rcIaIivc Io our ignorancc). apck suggcsIs IhaI Bcrgson simpIy ovcrIookcd Ihc
vidcr mcchanisIic conIcI on vhich BoIIzmann`s vicvs rcsIcd and IhaI hc
228
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NOT3
invoIuntariIy `bcrgsonizcs' thcm. CapckaIsomakcs thc suprcmcIy important point
that !orBcrgson thc sccond Iav's positing o!agraduaI inc:casc o!cntropy is une
mani!cstation o! thc unidircctionaIity o! timc and irrcvcrsibiIity o! bccoming, it
cannot bc construcd as providing an cxhaustivc charactcrization o! thcm. Ior
!urthcr insigut scc Capck I 7I , cspcciaIIy Appcndix I1I `Bcrgson's JIoughts on
Entropy and Cosmogony', 38.
onsIanIin Boundas has aby defended Bersons phiosophy ofduration aainsI
Ihe 'chare of'anoIherphiosophy opresence' (see Boundas I I I ).
I eeuze apeas Io reconize Ihis in one pace in his IexIs. In his book on
oucauI( I 8,vcrcvc findIhc mosIcxtcndcddiscussion ofcrIcauPonIyin
oeui:, ccuzc argucs that in boIh Hcidcggcr and crIcauPonIy vc find a
`srpassing' o! thc phcnomcnoIogicaI standpoin! (intcntionaIity, crudcIy statcd
Iovards `Ihe fodof ein ( I 8I I I7 I88I I ).orfurIher insihtinIo Ihis
readin of phenomenooy see Ihe concusion Io haIer (p. I2). De!euzes
apprcciation o! McrIcauPonty hcrc is bascd on a rcading o! The :ibe
nible, but i t is curious that hc docs not notc anyvhcrc, at Icas to my
knovIcdgc, thc important vorkon thc phiIosophy o! naurc and thc cngagcmcnt
vith boIoy. cc aotc intcrctinbutbric!rcmar inic1995.48 n. , ,
74 n. 4, 7-n , 7, I 4.
I I Ofcoursc, onc is avarc IhaIIhcctcrnaIrcIurn is prcscntcdas an cthicaI doctrinc,
as ve asacosmooica oneinIhe I2Aiet:he eiluhilo:ohie. ovever, iI
is not unIi Ihe Ivo vorks of Ihe aIe I s IhaI eeuze coniures Ihe eIena!
reIurn inreaIion Io his biohiosohica concerns and an eIhics ofindividuaIion.
IIERCEA kEPEJIJIO JE
GRMIA E OITH EVJ
Jhc idcathat a crcativc praxisofIhoughI rcuircs an `cngcndcring' ofthinking is
somcthing that ccuzc ocaIcs in both Bcrgson and Artaud. In opposing
`gcnitaIity` Io boIh innaIcncss and rcminisccncc boIh arc sccn Io roosc Ihc
princies of a `IranscendenIa empiicism' IhaI aims Io Ihink Ihose `biIches of
imossibiiIy' (Deeuze I8 I 2 I4 478). See aso Berson I 8
I 837. `II is noI cnough Io dctcrminc, by carcfu anasis Ihc caIcgorics of
thoght thcymustbccngcndcrcd` (transIation sIightIy modiicd).
2 S:cconstrucsthcdistinctionas oncbctvccnthc '`c conccivcdas thccgoin
Ihe senseofauniIy ofacIionandIhe 'mc' Ioi asIhe eoin Ihe senseofauniIy
ofsIaIcs anduaIitics. Hcargucs that this is mcrcIy a!unctionaIandgrammatical
distinction bctvccn tvo aspccts o! onc and thc samc rcaIity ( I 7.). Sartrc's
aim in this vork is to dcposiI thc `IransccndcnIa ' in ordcr Io ovcrcomc thc
subcctobcctduaIity vhosc !unction in phiIosophy is hcd to bc 'purcIy IogicaI`.
`JhcWorId has not crcatcd hcL. thcL has not crcatcd thcWorId Jhcsc arc
Ivo asccIs for absouIc impcrsonaI consciousncss, and iI is by virtuc of Ihis
conscosncss IhaIthcyarcconncctcd' ( I). n Whu! i: hio:h ccuzc
und LuuItur arguc Inut SurIrc`s supposI:on oI MI mc:.onol IrunsccndcnIaI Icd
resIores Io immanence iIs rihIs ( I I 4 I 4).
3 II needs Io be areciaIed IhaI Deeuze derives Ihe `suerior empiricism of his
IranscendenIa emiricism fom a refusa IodisIinuishIeIranscendenIa form of
a !acuIty !rom its disointcd, transccndcnt cxcrcisc ( I8.8 I.I3). Jhc
obccts o!thc transccndcnt arc !or DcIcuc, n simpIy outsidc o! thc vorc o!
human cxpcricncc and undcrstanding on thc contrary, thcy scrvc \O mcdiac is
acIuaoricnIaIioninIc vord. IIisthcinnovationofKanI'sconccptiono! `Idcas'
vhich aovs us, says ccuzc, Io fu cxpIorc tis vo:Id. An obcct outsidc
229
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NOT3
cxpcricncc can bcrcprcscnIcd ony in probcmaIic !orm Ihis docs noI mcan haI
Idcas havc no rcaI obccI, buI IhaI probIcms quu probIcms arc Ihc rcaI obccIs o!
Idcas` (2I I).
4Inhis cssayso!I3gaIhcrcd IogchcrasCri!iuc clC|iniuc DcIcuzc viIIbccomc
cvcn morc unorIhodox in his rcading o!Ihc hisIory o!IIoghI, cIaiming Spinoza Io
bc Ihc Iruc !oundcr o! criIiuc and Ihcn naming his !our scccssors as NicIzschc
rtaud, KaIka, and Lavrence ( I 3.I8). It is also in this coIlection, in an essay
entitIed 'Sur uatre !ormuIes poties i pourraient rsumer la phiIosophie
kantienne, that DeIeuze reads the superiority o! the 'aesthetic' o!the Cri!iquc o[
udcmcit! (an acsIhcIic o! Ihc beauti!ul and IIc subIimc) in rcIation Io Ihc
`acsIIcIic` o!IhcIirsIriIiuc, vhcrc itisrcsIricIcd IO dctcrmininghovIhcscnsibIc
comcsIo bc rcIaIcd Io an obccI in spacc and Iimc. ovIhc scnsibIcisIakcnIo bc
vaIid in ise!!andun!oIdsina `pathos` that isbeyondIocandbeyondtheordero!
time (4 , especiaIIy 8). See aIso the shorter accouniven i neIeuzespre!ace
Io hc EnIishIransIaIion o!his book on KanI( I 83. viixiii,cspcciaIIy p. xii).
cIcuzc dcpIoys IIc noIion o! mcIasIabiIiIy Io in!orm his Ihcory o!Ihc vcnI in
1hc 1oi o[5c, spcakin, !or cxampIc, o! `poIcnIiaIcncy' as 'Ihccncry o!
Ihc rc cvcnI. hc cvcnI !s ncvcr an cvcnI o! `rcaIiaIion` cIcuc II
I0. I 03). Jhc posiIion aIIcrs somcvhaI in hnl i: PhiIo:oh vhcrc Ihc
contc! o!Ihc cvcnI is said Io bc 'ancncrgcIic'. `cncrgy is noI inIcnsiIy buIrathcr
the vay in vich te !ater is depIoyed and nuII!ied in an extensive state o!
aairs' (DeIeuze and Guatari II I 2I).
It is at tis point that DeIeuze distances imseI! !rom oucauIt. n an cssay
pubIishcd in I on `Dcsirc and PIcasurc` ccuzc IcIIs o! Ihc Iimc hc and
IoucauIIasImc,vihIoucauI sayin hc couId noI 'bcar` Ihc vord `dcsirc`, and
viIh cIcuzc rcpIyin IhaI hc !ound Ihc vord pIcasurc' aImos inIoIcrabIc
(DcIcuzc I7a I 8).
7 `IhcrcudianconccpIiono!Ihc dcahinsIinc, undcrsIood as a rcIuIoinanimaIc
maIIcr, rcmains inscparabIc!rom IhcposiIin o! an uIIimaIcIcrm, IhcmodcI o!a
maIcriaI and bruIcrcpcIiIion, andIhccon!IicIuaI duaIism bcIvccn Ii!c anddcaIh`
(DcIcuzc I 8.I37 I.I 03). DeIeuze !urther contends tha euds modeI o!
death s!!ers !rom bein individuaIist, subective, soIipsistic and monadic. t
conccrns a `di!!crcncc' IhaI o!Ihc cgo orscI!(Ihc Onc) vhich onIy dcscrvcs Io
pcrsh. Hc viII o on Io insisI IhaI Ihc unconscious is noI ovcrncd by ciIhcr
dcradaIion or conIradicIion vhich Icads him Io proosin an cnIircIy dicrcnI
conception o! the vorkins o! the unconscious not invoIved in Iimitation and
opposiIion and con!IicI buI raIhcr in!ormcd by `ucsIionin and probIcmaIisin` .
Hc is Ihus abIc to dccIarc 'Jhc ccIcbraIcd phrasc Ihc unconscious knovs no
ncaIivc musIbc takcn IiIcraIIy` (I3 I08).
8 On Ihc naIuc o!Ihc passivc synIhcsis comparc McrIcauPonIy`s hcnomcnoIoy
o[ crccton, in vhich iI consIiIuIcs Ihc cvcnI o! subccIiviIy. `WhaI is caIcd
passiviIy is noI IIc acccptancc by uso!an aIicn rcaIiIy. . . iI is bcing cncompasscd
a bcing ina siuaIionprior Io vhich vc do no cisIvhichvc arcpcrpcaIy
rcsumng und vncn s constIutvc oI us . . . . pussvc syntncss s contrndcton
interms ithe snthesis is aprocess o! composition and i! thepassivit consists
in beintherecipiento!a muItipIicity insteado!its composer. Whatvemeantby
passive synthesisvasthatve maeou! vayino muItipIicity, b that vc do not
synIhcsizc iI` ( I227).
cIcuzco!!crs anincisivcdiscussiono!Ihc prcdicamcnIIrcud indshimscI!in, in
vhich Ihc rcpcIiIion o Ihc dcaIhdrivc is modcIIcd on Ihc modcI o! 'canccIIcd
di!!crcncc` vhiIcros is Ic!I !rcc Io gcncraIc ncv dicrcnccs, in Iicrcntc nnd
Kcc!i!ion ( I 8.I I.I0, 3I 7. I8).
230
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NOT3
I 0 In anhcrrcadino!Icdon Ihc dcaIhdrivc IhrouhLacan, BooIhby isncIincd
Io associac iI morc viIh Ihc 'RcaI` and Ihc 'inc!!abc cxicncy o! Ihc body`
I I 20). By disassociaIinIhcnoIion!rom Ircud`s dubious bioIoism, and Ihc
conundrums it Icads to, hc acIuaIy produccs a rcading o! Ihc dcaIhdrivc tha
comcs cIosc to thc position o! cIcuzc. His argumcn is haI for lacan Ihc
IraumaIic forcc o! Ihc dcaIhdrivc is to bc rcIaIcd noI to Ihc bioIogica organism
but rather to the authoritarian unity o! the imainary eo. Bootby notes that in
the essay on the pIeasure principIe reud o!!ers tvo con!Iictin and mutuaIIy
excIusiveaccountso!vhatiteansto positthedeathdriveasbein 'beyond' the
pIcasurc principIc (as both an intcnsicaIion o!cnsion an its rcduction tovards
absoIUtc minimum), and sucsts that itisIhc unacknovIcdgcd, but dcisivc, shi!t
i n Ihc cssay !rom a psychoIoicaI Io a bioIoicaI discoursc Iha! cxpIains Ihis
con!usin turnaound on reud's par. Boothby i s riht to cIaim that te
productive basiso!thenotion o!thedeathdriveIiesin thevayitdravs attention
to hc cxccssivc discharc o!vitaI cncrics IhaI arccompcIIcd Io sIruIcaainsI
Ihc consIrainIs o! Ihc uniIary co 77 87). Jhc dcaIhdrivc namcs haI `!orcc o!
dcsIucIivcncss` IhaI is dirccIcd noI aainsI Ihc oIhcr bI aainsI Ihc :e|[. II is,
IHcrc!orc, Io 0c onIucd noI a a ur!\c Io m0rdcr buI raIHcr a a dri\c Io
`sicidc and hcIps o cxpIain ccrtain cnigmaIic!caturcs ofhumancxiscncc such
as bodiIy vioIaIion and ismcmbcrmcn I I , ). O!coursc vha is missing from
this heIp!uI and incisive readin o! the deathdrive is an account o! the moIar
!oration o! the oranism or te unitary eo. s a resuIt, Boothby is !orced to
sever the Iin vith bioIoy compIeteIy, rather than rethink the character o!
Ircuds bioIoy scc AnscII lcarson Viiid i[e, I7 Dcad or AIivc, 7. !or
!urIhcrinsihI)
I I GiIIian Roscarucs IhaI dcaIh, IikcrcpcIiIion cnoys Ivomcanins inrcud. on
Ihc onc han iI isIinkcd, ncaIivcIy, viIhIhccompIsionIorcpcaI, an amounIs
toabIockcdmcmoryandaassivcrcIaion to dcaIu on hcothcruan iisIinkcd
posiIivcIy, to Ihc riskin of onc`s Iifc, thc `dain dcaIh` that hcraIds a `pcrfccI
mcmory an `acIivcrcIaIion to dcaIu` andaposiIivcrcpcIiIion scc kosc
II, I).Butthisdistinction betveen the tvodeaths !aiIs to appreciate the
extent to vhich !or reud the active desire !or death, throuh the riskin o! Ii!e
onc`s ovn and that o! otcrs, i scuaIly impIicaIcd in i:yi:::on and Ihc Iatcn
dcsIucIivcIcndcncicso!Ihc insIincIscndurin Iic byprcparinoncscI!!or dcaIh
mcans, says Ircud in Ihc I I 5cssay, Iakin `Ihc backvard sIcp Rosc rcconizcs
this in the case o!the `Beyond the Ieasue rincipIe` essayburestricts it to this
piccc). lIhinkIhc rcasonvhykosc ismisuidcdinhcrcadino!rcud on dcaIh
is bccauscshc pays insuficicn aIIcnIion Io vhaIis aIstakc in Ircud`s I I cssay.
I 2 ocs Ihc voun cxisI aparI !rom iIs bccomin und iIs mcmory Is mcmory boIh
IhcvoundandIhc ovcrcomin o!IhcvoundAs DcIcuzcnoIcs,A scar isIhc sin
noIo!a pasIvond buIo!Ihc prcscnI !acI o!havinbccn voundcd
,
(c Icuzc
II I.77). On Ihc mcmory ofvonds sccLavrcncc, cspcciaIIy Ib
I . uIvhy thc mcmory oIhc vounds andIhc dcaIh urcIy urisIrosc vit
ncuIcd nunds und Icct, sound und strong und gIud" SurcIy Uc pussagc oI tnc cross
and the tomb vas !orotten But noaIvas the memor ote vounds aIvas
the smelI o! ravecIoths smaII thin vas kesurrection, compared vith the
rossand thedeath, in this cycIe'. SeeaIsoNietzsce in the !orevord to wilht
u[ !he A maxim vuosc oriin l viIhhod !rom carncd curiosiIy has Ion
bccn my moIIo iitcrc:cun! itimi, virc:ci! volricrc vir!u:` Ihc spiri! rovs
sIrcnIh is rcsIorcd by voundin)`.
I According to cIcuzc NicIzschc`s crspccivism opcraIcs as an arI oincIusivc
disuncions, invhichdivcrcnccisnoIaprincipIcofcxcIusionanddisuncIionisno
23I
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NOT3
a mcans o!scparation rathcr, incompossibiIity `is nov amcans o!communication`
(cIuzc I.20 I0. I 7). cIcuzc strcsscs that in thc casc o! incIusivc
disunctions it is not a qucstion o! makin tIc disunction a conunction rathcr, it
rcmains a disunction atcontinucs to bcar on divcrgcncc. `But is divcrgcncc is
aIrmcd insuch avaythat cci!hcr . . . ritscIIbccomcs apurc airmation. Instcad
oIaccrtainnumbcroIprcdicatcsbcingcxcludcdrom athinginvirtucoIthcidcntity
oIitsconcept,eachthinopens itseIIuptotheinIinityoIpredicatesthouhvhich
i t passes, as it Ioses its center, that is, its identity as concept or as seII. he
comunication oI events repIacesthe excIusion oIpedicates' (ibid.). Jhe schizo
cxpcricncc, Ior cxampIc, `isandcmains in disunction' , notrcducingtvocontrarics
to an idcntity oIthc samc, butaIIiingthcir `distanccasthat vhich rcIatcs thc tvo
asdicrcnt` cIcuzcandGuaari I72. I84.7).lcrspcctivism,oncIcuzc's
rcadin, is no a rcativism, in vhich ruh voud vay accordin to thc subcct in
qucstion ratcr, pcrspcctivcs dcnotc thc conditions vithin vhich the truth oI a
variation appcars tothc subcct' (Dclcuzc I88.27 I.20).
I nc shouId consuIt thc astutc rcmark by Iranois ourabichviIi in is rcad
`ct ncvcrthcIcss, thcrc is no Ii!c, and thcrc!orc no hcah, vithout a minimal
organim. !c !- nonorgani, butits rcIatn to tIcrganim inc!rccoca
prcsupposition. it buiIds a housc in ordcr to takc IIight Irom it, it is Hosc
Cosmos,ahouscstandingagainsttIccosmos,tuncdintothccosmos,hauntingas
much as inhabiin it` I I8).
I5 n beatitudc scc aso ecuzc`s book on Spinoza and cxpressionism (Dccuzc
I 88II. I.08II.. Cement Rosset has arued that beatitude constitutes
thcccntraIandconstantthcmc o!Nitzschc`sthouht`IvouId viIIinIy saythc
unlj thcmc` (kossc I.2). Nictzschc`s cxprcssion o! a bcatphiIosophy
in!oms thc cntirc cndcavour o! `ay scicncc` Niczschc I74. Scctions 277),
vih its commitmcnt, in thc ctcrnaI cnacmcnt vith hc triaIs o! Ii!c, \O thc m
oI chccrIulncss` Hcitcrcit. It voId bc instructivc todctcrminc thc erence
bctvccntypcsand thcorics oIbcatitudc, vhcthcrSpinozist, Iichtcan, Nictzschcan,
or Stoic. CIcarIy ictzschc's chaIIcnc rcsidcs in thc attcmpt to think thcodicy
vithout God, a chaIIene most evident in his readin oI leibniz see Nietzsche
I8Sections4 I I , 4I , I )(this is amovevhich, accordin tokosset, makes
Nictzschcmorclcibnizianmorc chccrIuIthan Lcibniz).
MMRIS A BRGSNIAN RM
CkAV VLN CkAIV HG
cIcuzc's IittIc book on Spinoza`s practicaI phiIosophy vas Iirst pubIishcd in an
carIicr skcIctaI !orm in I7. Jhc vcrsion most radrs arcIamiIiar vith is thc
Iatcr I 8I cdition (transIation I88)pubIishcdinthcvakco!A1! andcontainin
thrccncv cssaysincIudinthc cruciaI piccccnitIcd `Spinoza and \s`.
2 Withitscommitmcnttothc idcaoIthc IixityoIspccics, prcIormationismpIays an
avkvard roIc in cibniz`s thought, standing n contradicion to his attacImcnt to
tnc prncpIc oI contnuty. IcIcuzc cndc.:vours to compc.:Ic tnc cnuructcr oI
Lcibniz`sprcIormationismadoctincoIinterna dcstin) inThc ol I 88.I I.
I 38II.). leibnizs Ioic oImonads provides an early account oIendoenously
produced chane (evoIution , unIoIdin). n number I I oIthe dolo it is
stipuIacd that aII naturaI chancs oa monad must rocccd rom 'an intcrnaI
principIc` in Sccion I 2 it is ncd in addiion to this principIc o! chanc a
principIco!individuation) hat thc `matcriaI!orccs` o!such chanc must cnoy an
`intcrnaIcompIcxity` this is a compIcxity, Scction I gocsonto add,thatcnIoIds
`amuItipIicity in unity`. kcschcrnotcs,commcntinon thcsc scctions, thc intc:nal
232
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NOT3
comIcxity is so d!!crcniatcd, runnin on into cndIcss variation, that it can bc
comarcd o an irrational numbcr, thc innitc dccimaI cxansion o!i or thc
squarcrooto!2. SccRcshcr`s transIation o!thcIotn , and ommcntary on
it, in Lcibniz I I , 7I . Thc importancc of thc irrationaI numbcr (inIinitc
variation inLcibnizis commcntcd upon by cIczc ( I .I7I., ).
ohn Muarkcy has argucd that cIcuzc`s Iatc turn to Lcibniz rcsuIts in a
maor svich i n phiosophica orientation avay from the materialism and
monism of Spinozas infinite substance (the pane of immanence to a
nonreductivematerialism thatreconizesthateach individua enoysa `dominant
unity on account of thc cnodcd intricacy of its matcria contcnt (MuIlarkcy
I 7.48). though this rcmark is highyincisivc, offcr a difcrcnt rcading of
thc trcatmcnt ocibni, shovin hov it is consonantvitIDcIcuc`s rcadin o!
Spinoza, in the concusion o this present study. One shoud aso noe that
Spinoza returns as the prince' of te phiosophers in Whn! i: hilo\oh
Rcvcain in this rcard arc cIcuzc`s rcma:ks to thc EnIish transIator o! his
book on Sinoza and cxrcssionism ( I 8I2), Martin ouhi, vhcrc
cIcuzc idcnti!ics in quitc Icar andrccisc tcrms hc naturc o!his rcadins o!
cini and inoa. cay that onc o!tIc motoriginaI acct o!hiboo,
vhich is aso a fcaturc of thc rcading of Spinoza in thc contcmporary tcxt
erence nt Kee!iliot, is thc attcntion givcn to thc composition of finitc
modes in vhich substance is madeto trn on thesemodes. DeeuzeconIidesthat
it vas his readin of eibniz vhich enabed him to o in the direction of thc
modes so as to articuate the `expressive character of particuar individuas' .
NcvcrthcIcss,hc rcvcaIs that hc considcrs himscI!tobca Sinozistrathcr than a
Lcibnizian bccausc onIy Sinoza`s hiIosohy atcnds to thc immutetce o!
bcin, and, morcovcr, it is onIy by mappin both substanc and modcs onto a
Ianc o immancnc that thc cibnizian !urn makcs scnsc and comcs !uIIy to
Iifc. I is for this rcason, thcrcforc, thaI SpinoZa rcmains for him thc `princc of
phiIosohcrs`.
J iole Lf lte molnmoeculnritinclot. Thcnaturcofthis distinction has bccn
aby articuated by Brian Massumi, vhose account I nov drav on I 24).
Jhe difference betveen the tvo is not one of size or scae, but rather concerns
composition and organization. Moccuar is not simpy o ncccssariIy bcing
assoia!cd or cquatcd vith smaII or molar vth 'Iarc` . I is not, thcrc!orc,
smIy a distinction bctvccn rt and vhoIc, oran and oranism, o individuaI
andsociety. Rather, there canbemoaritiesofanymanitude.Massumibrinsout
thcfundamcntaocraticdi!!crcnccvhcnhcnotcsthatmoccuarpopuationsarc
comoscd in tcrms ofIocaI conncctionsbctvccn articIcs, vhcrcas in thc casc o!
a moar popuIation, such as a socicty, an oranism, or a crson, thc conncctions
havcbccomc staiIizcdandhomocnizcdthrouhriidi!ication andrci!ication In
amoIaritya oIationo! artcIcs is subcctto vcIldcncd boundarics andcts
stratificd as an idcntiIabc vhoIc. n a opuation that cnoys novc modcs of
bccoming, thc particc8 arc corrcIacd but not in a rigdicd manncr and its
Ioundurcs arc constuntIy IIuctuutng. IcIcuzc und Luuttur strcss !hut h v
conIiurations coexist and cross over into one another. erceptions and emotions
for example, are subect to a moar oranization and a riid sementarity vithin
the philosophy of mind and vithin psychoanaysis. But this does not precude a
univcrsc vhcrc thcsc crctions and a!!ccts !nction unconsiousIy and
moIcuIarIy, and vhcrc tIcir cxrcssion cannot bc so rcadiIy strati!icd nto
accctcdnormsandconvcntionso!mcaninand vaIuc.
4 Kampissovntcxtcriticizcsbothbioogyandcognitivc scicncc !o: basinganaccount
of`crcatic hcnomcna' on mcchanistic,computationa,and rcrcscntationaImodcIs.
233
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NOT3
Jhc modcIs dcpIoycd by physics and maIhcmaIics, hc argucs, priviIcgc invarianI
strucIurcsvhichcanbc madc amcnabIcIoaformaIIrcaImcnI,buIvhicI, in acIuaIiIy,
consIiIIc mcrcIy a spccaI casc. His `Bcrgsonian` Ihcsis isIhanaIurcis madcup of
scIfmodifyin, compIcxiIyincrcasin sysIcms IhaI arc capabIc of roducin `Ihc
mosI curious hcnomcna L bcyond rcach ofordinary mcchanisIc sysIcms' IIhc
samc Iimc hc vishcs Io shov IhaI onc can approach such sysIcms vih a noIion of
creaIion IhaI sIpsiIofitsmysIicaI connoIations (Kampis II).
We migII noIe IhaI nev experimenIaI evidence of Ihe IaIe I 80s shoved IhaI
unicelIuIar organisms, such as bacIeria, can modify Ieir DA in a directed,
adapIivcmanncr.
Scc aIso Kauffman I-I `A rcpIicaIcs only as parI of a compIcx,
coIlccIivcIy auIocaIaIyIic ncIvork ofrcacIions and cnymcs in ccIIs. No R
moIccu!cs rcpIicaIcIhcmscIvc. . . Iifc is Ihc naIuraI accompIishmcn ofcaIaIysIs in
sucicnIIycompIcx noncquiIibriumchcmicaI sysIcms`. AncxIcnsivcIrcaImcnIof
Kauffman` sidcas can bc found in ChapIcr I ofcpcv and Wcbcr I.2ff.
n Ihc fccdback roIc pIaycd by cnzymcs in Ihc auIocaIaIysis of rcpIicaIion
scc aIso rigoginc and SIcngcrs 8I J. II is incrcsIing Io noIc IhaIin Ihcir
criIiuc fIhc Icndcny amon mocuIar biIoiI I rcuc Ihc rduIion f
IobaI ordcr IoIhc acIions ofndividuaI moIccuIcs, rioinc and SIcncrs havc
rccoursc Io Bcrsons aIIack on naivc viIaIisI conccpIions of his day, in vhich
cvoIuIion can onIy bc conccivcd by refcring iI Io somc prccxisIing goaI. hc
samc crror i s commiIIcd by moIccu!ar bioIogisIs vho dcpIoy meIaphors of
`organizer`, `regIaIo`,and 'geneIic program` I 5).
7 Jhc cvoIuIion of thc proofrcading capabiIitics of N is bascd on sound
cnginccring principIcs Ihc vay in vhich Io scnd a mcssagc Ihrough a noisy
channcI (oncIhaI is subccIIo misIakcs)isIoscncIhcmcssagcmorc Ihan onccby
dcpIoying rcdundancy. Thc imporIanI fcaIurc of Ihc doubIc hcIi is IhaI iI is
`coubIc`, sincc thc cxisIcncc ofIhc Ivo chains mcans ahc mcmory ofcncsis
rcdundanIIy codcd, making proofrcading possibIc. Jhc ccuIiar characIcr of
`s rcdundancy is IuaI Ihc gcncIic mcssagc is rcprcscntcd in compIcmcnIary,
noI idenIica, copies (seeWaIson 70IJff.).
8 OnconIenI andexpression,andIheimuIuaI soIidariIy, seeHeImsIev I470,
and cIcuzc and GuaIai` smodificaIion in I 80.8- I884J-4.
Ior furIhcr insighI inIo invariancc scc ChapIc of Monod on `nvariancc and
PcrIurbaIions` 7I ff.). s Monod noIcs, Ihc qucsI for invarianIs has alvays
rcvcaIcd a `IaIonic ambiIion` aI Ihc hcarI of scicncc 0I ). Scc Ihc criIicaI, buI
aIso crass, anaIysis of Monod (Jhc IhcoIogian of moIccuIar Iransccndcncc`) in
BaudrilIard I J.I .
0 MuIaIions arc IypicaIIy groupcd inIo four maor Iypcs, incIuding `basc
subsIiIuIion' vhcn onc nucIci dc basc in a scqucncc gcIs rcplaccd by
anoIhcr a changc in a DN scucncc produccd by Ihc inscrIion ordcIcIion o a
nucIcoIidc basc and aIIcraIions Io A scucnccs invoIvin ciIIcr a
rcconiuraIion IhaIrcsuIs rom Ihcchoppin ouI and rcinscrIion oparo Ihc
scqucncc n :n nvcrtcd ordc: or Inc dupIc:tton, or dcIcton, oI vnoIc scqucncc.
Scc aIso igcn I 225J0 oIIack I 4J04.
I I AII Ihese phenomena, vhich effecI an `enIaremenI of Ihe geneIic pogramme, are
examinedaIIengI in acob I 7.I .acob IreaIs recombinaIion as IheexampIeof
anonaddiIivc rcamcnIoIhc gcncIic programmc, buIhcaIso givcs IhccampIc
of Ihc prodcIion of 'addcd` gcncIic maIcriaI IIa! aIIovs a ccII Io acquirc ncv
s!rucIurcs andcccuIc ncv funcIions, sch as isinvoIvcd,forcampIc inIhcscuaI
dircnIiaIion in ccrIain kinds of bacIcria. InIcrcsIinIy, hc sccs c nucIcicacid
scqcncc conIaincd in Ihcsc supcumcrary cIcmcnts as cscapng Ihc consIrainIs of
4
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NOT3
s!abiIiyandnormaIizonimposcdbynaraI scIcctiononaccontofthcirgraitous
(`dispcnsabIc` )charactcr. SuhcIcmcntsamounttoa`frccadditionfor tIccclI',aso
ofviual 'rcscrvc' ocodc.ThcIcsson is that ifoncis to taI ofstabiIity (normaIity)
oncmustcuaIIyspcakinthcsamcbrcath ofuriubil! anormaIity) attcIcvcIof
thc bactcriaI pouIation. . . tuc nucIcicacidtcxtapcars tobcpcrctuaIIy diso:anizcd
by copyin crrors, by rccombinatoriaI sooncrisms byadditionsoromissions` (1acob
I 742).Jhis insiht, hovcvcr, nccds tobc Iinkcd up vith cIcuzc and Guattari`s
insihtintodctcrritoriaIizaion rcardin thccodc andthc tcrritory.
I 2 `JransvcrsaIs` is a tcrm found in thc history of matIcmatics, such as lazarc
arnot`s L::ni :ur n lcoric dc: lrn::cnc: of 80. A morc immcdiatc
prccursor can bc ond in thc vork of Rcn Tho, thc ionccr of catastrophc
thcory, vhcrc !ransvcrsaIity conccs thc vays in vhicu thc smooth urvcs o!
anaIysisincrscctor `cut` cachothcr. DcIcuzcand uattariuiIizc Io`s vor in
A Thou:nnd Plncnu:.
I J I apprcciatc that this docs aisc compIcx and dificuIt ucstions i n rcIation to
suicidc a phcnomcnon cIcuzc confronts in Jhc Loyic o[5cnc. Whichcvcr vay
vc turn cvcrything sccms dismaI, hopcIcss, a Ios! ausc and a Iosing battIc.
urrcndcr vouId ccm to c thc onIy honourabIc thin. Tota Oclu\\cnhc a
oposcdtototaImobiIization. Bccrthcdcath than thchcalth vhichvc arc ivcn.
But for DcIcuzc this is dca!hconccivcd vithin thc framc ofictzschcs supcrior
(ccausc crminaI) `rcat hcaItI' ( I I 88 0I I ). DcIcuzc contcnds that
kiIIin oncscIf is, in fact, nol lo yo [nr cnouyh. Suicidc is an act of too much
cncrositytovards thc scIfand notcnouhovards Iifc. yriskin `cvcrythin` it,
paradoicaIIy, docsn`t risk ncarIy cnough. In MiIan Kundcra` s novcI mmorlnlil
( I I I2)suicidc is dcpictcd not so mucIasa dcsirc to `vanish' as a dcsirc
to `stay`, so cnravin thc scIf on thc mcmorics of thosc vho rcmain chind,
!orcingthc ody into !hc othcr and pcruas `crshing' t.
n a piccc cntitIcd `nucst' aud poscs hc ucstion vhcthcr suicidc is a
soIutiontotIc probIcm ofIifc.Iorhimthisis notto poscamoraIqucstion, sincc
thc suicidc hc vishcs to acccss is vithout any rcprcscntationaI vaIuc. This is not
thc suicidc tat vouId Icad us to hc sidc `bcyond` dcath ut rathcr thc onc that
vouId aIIov us to `rctracc our stcs on thcyondcrsidc ofcxistcncc rathcr than
thc sidc ofdcath. nc docs not huncr for dcatI but for this nn!crior:!nlc o
:uicidc ' (rtaud I 5.). In tIinkin through thcroIcmo!suicidcinthis vay
rtaud's Iaours arc dircctcdtovards adcstrati!ication o!thc body and thc scI!.
his is \O vork aainst thc arbitrary inhcritancc of a ccrtain `naturaI scIcction`.
Suicidcbccomcsforrtauda vay ofvoIcntIyrcconucring thcscIf,ofinvading
thcorganizcdbody, frccing thc scIffromthc conditioncd rc!Icxcs oftIc organs,
so arti!iciaIIy scIccting and dcsigning thc body and thc scIffora frcccxistcncc
nov Iifc is `no Iongcr an absurd accidcnt vhcrcby I think vhat I am toId to
think' (). n carrying ou! tuc vork of this antcrior suicidc` onc chooscs thc
dircctionofoncs facuItics andtcndcncics,pIacinoncscIfbcvccnthc `cautifuI
and thc hidcous hc ood and cviI ibd.. or it is cIcar that `Iic itsc is no
soIuton`, smpIy Iccuusc 'IIc nus no knd oI cxsIcncc vnch s cnoscn,
conscntcd to and scIfdctcmincd' but is mcrcIy a `mcrc scrics o hungcrs and
advcrsc forccs, of pctty contradictions vhich succccd or miscarry accordin to
thc circumstanccs of an odious amIc` ibid.). t is cIcar that for Iim thc
probIcm is onc ofcombattinggcncaIogyvith a ncv kind ofccomingftcraII,
vc arc onIy trccs`, hc vritcs, and it is vrittcn in thc nook and canny o! onc's
!amiIy trcc that vc shouId kiII ourscIvcs un!rccIy on somc ivcn day. In
cmancipatn thc ody from its oranization as an oranism, thcrcforc, onc is
choosing toturn onc`sdcstiny in:ic OIlI, sosmashingonc`s prcdcstination (7).
235
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Ior insiuI inIo Ihc cmincnIIy raIionaI characIcr o! sicidc (Ihc characIcr o!
cIcuc`s ovn suicidc), in cascs vhcrc Ihc burdcn o! Ii!c bccomcs Ioo much Io
bcar, vhcIhcrcncraIcdbyac, sickncss, ormis!orIunc, scc Humc`scssay onIhc
subccI. `IfSuicidc bc supposcd a crimc, iI is onIy covardicc can impcl us Io iI.
!iIbcnoc:imc boIh prudcnccandcouracsIouIdcnac us toridourscIvcsaI
oncc of cxisIcncc vhcn iI bccomcs a burdcn ( I . I 0). Thc raIionaI suicidc
does noI simpIy devaIue or neaIe Iife on Ihe conIrary, iI conIains iIs ovn
affirmaIion ofiI.
I In AJP DeIeuze nov has a 'minor eomeIry vhich is abIe Io produce a more
inIcrcsIin accounI of numbcr. In e eryso:me numbcr is sccn Io posscss only
diffcrcnccs in dcrcc (division viIhouIany chanc in kind) ( I 34- I88. 4I).
InA1 Ihe conceisvihan ordinaIand nomadic nmbervhichdisIribuIcs iIscI!
in a `smooIh space` IhaI is, vhich does noI divide viIhouI chanin iIs naure
each Iime. A disIincIion is made beIveen Ihe 'numbered number IhaI peIains Io
sIriaIcd sacc and Ihc `nmbcrin numbcr pccuIiar Io smooIh spacc. This is Ihc
ordinal numbcr, IIc numbcr IhaI disIribuIcs iIscI! and docs noI dividc viIhouI
chanin iIs `naIurc` on cach division, and thcuniIs o!vhichrcprcscnI disIanccs
and noI maniIude. he noIion o! Ihe `numein numbe' i, in !acI aIeady
namcd as sucI by DcIcuzc in his Icssay on Bcrson. `Wc viII sccIuaIonc of
Bcrson` s mosI cu:ious idcas is IhaI diffcrcncc iIscIf has a numbcr, a virIuaI
number, a sorI of numberin number :ombc ombru' (DeIeuze I5 8J
I4). ere Ihe noIion isinIroducedinIhe conIexIofacriIiqueoaprincip!eof
uIiIiIy, IuaI is, ofIhe vay invuich uIiIiIaian caIcuIaIions homoenize difference
by sprcadin OU\ Ihc dcrccs conIaincd viIhin iI unIiI Ihcrc is nlj Ihc di!!crcncc
in dcrcc (diccnccs o!proporIion).
I I!vccouIdIhinkiI `purcduraIion`Bcrson vriIcs,vouIdbc `prchcIcrocnciIy`,
IhaI is, a 'succcssion o! quaIiIaIivc chancs, vhich mcII inIo and pcrmeaIc onc
anoIhcr, viIhouI prccisc ouIIincs viIhout any Icndcncy Io cxIcrnaIic IhcmscIvcs
in rcIaIion Io onc anoIhcr, viIhouI any affiIiaIion vIh numbcr (Bcrson
I.I0). his is a conIinuous` quaIiIaIvc muIIipIiciIy, an inIcnsivc maniIudc
` i f inIensities can be caIIed maniIudes, noI subecI Io measurement or
quanIiicaIion( I ).
I Modcrn cvoluIionary Ihcory, bcinnin viIh Lamarck in Ihc carIy nincIccnIh
ccnIury vho sI proposed Ihc namc `bioIoy` in his ooIoyicul hiIo:oh o!
I 82,hasapproached Ihe phenomcnon o!Ii!c in erms o!a enealoicaI `ordcr o!
naIure` (amarck I I 4). Lamarck reconized Ihat Ihe division of Iife into
cIasscs, ordcrs, !amiIics, andcncra rcprcscnIs an arIi!iciaIdcviccconsIrucIcd!or
Iuc purposc o! human convcnicncc. Hc souhI Io rcpIacc Ihis arIi!iciaI
cIassi!icaIion viIh onc IhaI voId bc in corrcspondcncc viIh naIurc iIscI!.
A!!iniIics ruor:{ bcIvccn animaIs vcrc Io bc dcIcrmincd by Ihc !amiIy
rcscmbIancc bcIvccn IhcirmosIcsscnIiaI orans and sysIcms o! orans (such as
Ihc ncrvous sysIcm, Ihc :cspiraIory sysIcm and so on). WhiIc conIrovcrIin Ihc
IhcoIoicaI docIrinc o Ihc ixiIy o spccics, modcrn cvoIuIionary Ihcory rcmains
vcddcd to ncvoIutonst o: pc:Icctonst modcI vIn dsIncI kngdoms und phyI
of Iife. or exampIe, amarck depicIed dstribuiion rule of animaIs, in
vhich a Iinear series oevoIuIion is aived aI by simpIy deIerminin Ihe position
ofeach species viIh reference Io oIher species, and Ihen ascerIainin Ihe exacI
poinI o! Ihc scrics IhaI musI bc aIIoIIcd Io iI (vhcrcas 'cIassi!icaIion` is an
abi!rary arI, `disIribIion` is a enuinc science) (2!. 5!!.). n amarck`s
schema Ihcrc isasIraihI Iineo!dcvcIopmcn!Ieadin!romIhcmosIsimpIeIoIhc
hihIy compIcx, viIh cvoIuIion bcin dcpicIcd as a coninuous proccss o!
incrcasin compIcxiIy !rom Ihc homocncous IoIhc IcIcrocncous (a vicv IhaI
236
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vas to !orm a corncrstonc o!Hcrbcrt Scnccr's !ormuIa o! cvoIution). Lamarck
sav Ihis proccss o! incrcasin comIcxity as cndocnous Io thc activity o! Ii!c
(Ii!c is synonymous !or him vith `vitaI movcmcn!s' vorkinundcrthc mystcrious
inIIucncc o! an cxciting causc) (7, 2 !). t souId bc notcd tIat !or Lamarck
this proccss is markcd by anomaIcs `lrogrcss in thc compIcxity o! organization
cxhibits anomaIics hcrc and thcrc in tuc gcncraI sc:ics of animaIs, duc Io thc
infIuence of environmenI and of acuirec habits` (Lamarck I I .70). is
aIIenIion, hovever, is noI focused on Ihese anomaIies buI simpIy on Ihe sIraihI
Iine o!increasin compIexiIy.
arvin brcaks viIh Ihis Iincar and vcrticaI modcI, dcpicting thc cvoIution o!
Ii!c !orms horizontaIIy as a `dcsccnt vith modiication`.JhconIy knovncausc of
thcsimiIariyo!oranic bcins, Darvin arucs, isthat o!propinquItyo!descenI',
Ihehidden bondIhaIisonIypariaIIyreveaIed Ious by ourcIassificaIions (arvin
I85J).nhis 'B' oIebook Darvin refIecIs haIperhapsIheIreeofIifevouId
bcttcrbcdcsc:ibcd as `thccoraI o! Ii!c', vhich vouId thcn scrvc Io `cxccssivcIy'
comIicatc thc vicv o!cvoIution as onc o! thc `constantsucccssion o crms in
prorcss` (arvin I87 I77).
I 7 Ior a comprcHcHsivc IrcaImcHI o! IHc Luvicr-Oco!!roy rcaIIoHship i iLs
hisIoricaI andintcIlcctualconIcxIsccthccxccIIcntsIdy byppcI I87, andfora
succinctaccountofthc csscntiaItcrms ofthc con!rontationsccDcpcvandWcbcr
I4850.
I 8 Davkins has noIed Ihe proximiIy of his Iheory of Ihe seIish ene' Io Ihe neo
Darvinian Irn ofeismanns docrine ofIhe conIinuiIy ofIhe ermpIasm. See
avkins I8I I .
I Inthc sccondhaI!o!thc ninctccnthccntury thc tcrms cthoIoy and ccoIoy vcrc
o!tcn mistakcn!or cachothcr. n thcIattcrthird o!thc ccntry tuctcrm 'occoIoy`
vas uscd by thc Gcrman biolost Erns! Hacckcl o rc!cr to Ihc sIudy o thc
organismin itscnvironmcn, vhiIc `choIogy` vasIargcIy undcrsood in. S.MiII's
scnsc as dcnotin tIc stdy ofIhc !ormation orbuiIdin o! charactcr (vhcthcr
individ, nationaI, or coIIcctivc). Ior !urthcr insiht into thc history o! thc tcrm
ethoIoy` from Ihe sevenIeenIh to Ihe nineIeenIh cenIuries see horpe I7!,
vhodaIes Ihe firsI bonodc vork in eIhoIoy Io a vork by arench nobIeman`s
gamcccpcr, L.L. Lcroy, !irst pIishcd in I 74 and IransIaIcd into EnIish I00
ycars IaIcr as 1hc n!cllycncc und A cc!ubl! o[Anmol:[m u hlo:ohc
on! o[Vcw, w!h u[cw lc!!cr: on uit (ondon, Chapman HaII). This Ircnch
IradiIion becomesmore firmIy esIabIished in Ihe nineIeenIh cenury viIh Ihe vork
o!Lamarck and his !oIIovcrs, notabIy Gco!!roy SaintiIaircand uis son sidorc.
20 Jhc chic! robIcmatic conncctcd vith an `asscmbIac` is that o! consistcncy.
MiIIctt ( I 7) has usc!uIIy pointcd out Iha thc transIation o! uyccmcn as
`asscmbIac' inorcs thc !act that both tcrms cxist in Ircnch viIh u::cmbluye
dcnotin somcthin totaIicd and uni!cd in tcrms o! a Iincar ordcrin, vhilc
uycncmcm implics amorcdisibuIcdconccpIion of `agcncy`.
I hcrc is an imporant dicussion on Ihc tcrritory` inA1 tha I am no dcaing
vtn hc:c, n vncn 1cIcuzc :nd Luuttar mttkc somc compI:ctttcd dstnctons ttnd
criIicize Ihe pioneerin vork in eIho!o of onrad orenz for makin
aessiveness Ihe basis ofIhe IerriIory conIraLorenz Ihey insisI IaI aressive
behaviourdoes noI serve Io expIain IerriIoriaIizaIion since such behaviourderives
!rom i (Dc Icuc and Guaai I 80J8! I 88 JI !!.). On arcssion and
modcctholoyscc aIsoBarnc I885.
22 \nIikcmostcrabsIhe HcrmtI crab is not!uIIy proIcc|cd by aurdcuIIcIc but Ias
so!t hindcr scgmcnts. t insc:ts its taiI into cmpty scashcIIs such as thosc of a
vhcIk, andmovcs!rom `housc` to `housc` as iIcontinucs to rov.
237
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2J Jhc Icm has bccn cxIcndcd in Ihc vay dcIoycd hcrc in unublishcd vork by
MichacI EardIcy, and by1anIsch ( I 8) vho scIccIs IIc `rhiomc` as an cxamIc
o! a ncv imac o! IhouhI (o!crcaIivc cvoIuIion), in vhich hc cmhasis is on
noncuiIibrium,hcIcrogcnciIy oassociaIions andrcIaIions, andIhc auIocaIaIyIic
scI!rcin!orccmcnI o! IucIuaIions, and vich, as such, consIanIIy cuIs across
Iincar hisIoricaI Iimc. Ihc `rhizomc suscnds hisIoricaI Iimc, not bccausc iI aIIs
ouIo!iI,buIbecause i!crcnlc: h:!oricnl !imc ( I 80.2334 see aIso304). On
IheseciIiccaIaIyIic !uncIion o!roIeins see Monod I 7I 47!I.
2 `li!e crysIaIIizes aI a criicaI moIecular diversiIy because caIaIyIic cIosure iIseI!
crysIaIIizcs (Kau!!man I 4 scc aIso 27.. CaIaIyIic cIosurc, iI shouId bc
noIcd, is noI Io bc conccivcd in Icrms o!a rocrIy o!any singIc molccuIc buI is
ancmcrcnI rocIy o!IhccvoIiono!a sysIcm
25 or insihI inIo Ihc rcIation bcIvccn auIocaIaIyci and aIooicsis scc Roquc
I85 I I I , and Prioinc and SIcncrs I 85. I JJ. Csanyi has noIcd IhaI
vhiIc auIooicsis has donc somc imorIanI IhcorcIicaI vork, iI is unsuiIabIc !or
modcIin rcaI sysIcms' bccausc iIs cmhasis on cIosc sIabIc sysIcms rovidcs
no adcuaIc undcrsIandin o! virIuaI chanc, in vhich in an auIocncIic cycIc
comncnI an cI ccd ou, ncv moncnI can cnIcr, ccrIain moncnI
can mIaIc, and soon (sanyi I .I2-3).
2 In Ihc conIcxt o! Ihis cvoIuIion invoIving a ncv disIribuIion iI is somcvhaI
shorIsihIe Io deIinc Ihchand simIy in Icrms o!iIs sIaIus as an 'oan` raIhcr,
iIs cvoIIion invoIvesa codin, adynamic strucIuraIion, and adynamic!ormaIion,
in vhic iI eIs exIended in IooIs IhaI are IhemseIves acIive !orms and ormed
maIIc:s and in vhich !ooIs o! roducIion roducc arIc!acIs IhaI scrvc as ncv
IooIs and so on, csIabIishinaosiIivc !ccdback IooinvoIvinIhc asscmbIac o!
hand, IooI, roduccr, and roducI, Icadin Io 'brcakacs, communicaIions and
di!!usions, nomadismsandscdcnIariIics, muIIiIc IhrcsIoldsand sccdso!rcIaIivc
dcIcrriIorialiaIion i n human ouIaIions` (cIcuc and GuaIari I 8.7
I88 I).
27 Ior soIid arvinian accounIs o! human oriins vhich suorI DcIcuzc and
GuaIIari 'sIesis see oIey I 7. oIey adotsan eIhoIoicaI aroach buIarues
IhaI ve donI need Io choose beIveen bioIoy (or eneIics) an eIhoIoy
(bchaviour).
28 In an c!!orI IoovcrcomcIhc rcducIionism o!a ccr!ain cncIics, in Ltcrcncc und
cc!i!ion DcIcc acaIs Io Ihc `comaraIvc sccds and sIovncsscs` vhich
inorm Ihc movcmenI o! Ihc virIuaI and iIs acIuaIizaIion ( I 8. 2JII.
I.I8!!.).AcomIcxo!cncsbyiIscI!viII roducc noIhinindccndcnIo!iIs
rccirocaI rcIaIions and dcIcrminaIions inIhcconIcxI o!Ihc cmbryo vicvcd as a
`virIuaI vhoIc`. Brian Goodvin arcs Gcncs arc ccrIainIy invoIvcd aI aII
sIacs. . buIIoundcrsIandIhcir acIionvcnccdIoundcrsIand Ihc dynamic conIcxI
viIhin vhich Ihcy vork, vhich is Ihc morhocncIic !icId` ( I .I7) ovcvcr,
iI shouId bc noIcd IhaI cvcn uIIraarvinians Iikc Richard avkins do noI
advocaIc gcncIic rcducIionism or dcIcrminism. On Ihc conrary, avkins has
nd h Inc cIIcct u gcnc nus s IL smpIc p:opc:ty oI Inc gcnc tscII,
mcanin IhaI cncs cannoI bc consIrued as conIainin a bIucrinI !or a body
(Davkins I I 2).
2 In his book on `Jhe oId eIeuze seeks Io overIurn Ihe orIhodox receIion o!
Lcibni, and hcncc his IaccmcnIin IhchisIoryo! modcrn houhI, advancin a
arIicularIy novcI inIcrrc!aIion o!cibni on subsIancc. DcIcuc arucs IhaI
cibni`s vicv IhaIcvcrysubsIanccdravs!rom viIhin iIscI!aII iIs ac!iviIy in Ihc
vorId onIy macs scnsc vhcn iI is rcad as suggcsIing IhaI rcdicaIion is noI
aIIribIion, so IhaI IhcconccI dcnoIcs noI a `oicaI` bcin bt a `mcIahysicaI`
238
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NOT3
onc (onc IhaI cxisIs bcyond iIscI!, in cxccss o! iIscI, nciIhcr a cnraIiIy no: a
univcrsaIiIy buI an `individuaI` IhaI is dc!incd by redico!ean:veitt: In oIhcr
vords, Ihc prcdicaIc i: the o:ition i!:el[' an acIiviIy o! movcmcnI and
changc, Io bc graspcd noI in Icrms oI consIanI aIibuIcs IhaI rcIcr Io a givcn
subccI buI raIhcr in Icrms oI an indiviuaI conccivcd as a virIuaI bccoming or
cvcnI (bccoming vhaI onc is). Scc cspcciaIIy cIcuzc I88 'SuIIicicnI Rcason`,
II I34III. and 88 Iorhov Ihis cadin oIlcibniz makcsossibIc a
conccpIion oI inIrinsic diIIcrcncc. And coarcNicIzschc 8 SccIion , .
8 `DuraIion, idcniIy viIh iIscII, bcin arc inhcrcnI nciIhcr in IhaI vhich is
caIIcd subccI nor in IhaI vhich is caIIcd obccI Ihcy arc compIcxcs oI cvcnIs
aarcnIIy durabIc in comparison viIh oIhcr comIcxcsc.g., through Ihc
di!!crcncc in Icmo o! Ihc cvcnI (rcsImoIion, irmIoosc oosiIcs IhaI do noI
cxisI in Ihcmscvcs and IhaIonycxprcss vaiaIions in dcrcc IhaI Irom a ccrtain
pcrscctivc apcar tobcoposiIics.hcrc arc no opposiIcs. . . )` .
J0 I Iisbccausc socicIics, primiIivc and oIhcr, rcducc animaI bccomins IorcIaIions
oI IoIcmic and symboIic corrcsondcncc thaI DcIcuzc and GuaIari dccm Ihc
poIiIics o!sch bccomins Io bc so ambiuous ( I 80J0J I88278).
I IIoIcri roIcin arc moIccuIc vhoc onIormaIion aIcr in rconc Io
cnvironmcnIaI siIuaIions. Jhcy pIay a kcy roIc in Ihc rcguIaIion oI criIicaI
biochcmicaI paIhvays, acIing as a Iccdback moniIoring dcvcc in cybcrncIic
circuiIsboIh insidcandouIsidcccs. hcrc is aIhorouh IrcatmcnI oIproIcin iIc
in ChapIcrs J, 4, and 5 oIMonod`s Choiccniid^c\\i covcrinIhcircaIayIic,
rcaIory, and consIrucIivcIuncIions(I 45I),vhicIhcirimporIancchasbccn
rcccnIly arucd !or in CaisSmiIh ( I78). Monod sccs Ihc sIcrcospccic
inIcracions o!roIcin rcIaIion and consIrucIion pIayin a cruciaI roIc in vhaI
hccaIlsIhc `IcIconomiccr!ormancc` o!a Iivin bcin,vhcrc IIconomyrc!crs Io
iIs cxisIcncc as an 'oricnIcd cohcrcnI, and consIrucIivc acIiviIy` Hc IrcaIs
aIIosIcric cnymcs in ChapIcr 4, vIich is on 'microscopic cybcrncics', and
cxamincs Ihc phcnomcna oI Iccdback inhibiIion and Iccdback acIivaIionvhich
aIso incIudcs a discussion oI Ihc roIc pIaycd by ccrIain `dark` prccursors in Ihc
acIivaIion oI cnzymcs (4). is kcy insihI, arIicuIaIcd in hapIcr on
`moIccuIar onIocncsis' , is IhaI Ihc proccss oI `sponIancous and auIonomous
morphogcncsis' rcsIs uponIIcsIcrcospcciic rccogniIionpropcrIics oIroIcins in
oIhcr vords, `morphocncsis is rimariIy a microscopic roccss IIaI mani!csIs
iIscI!in macroscoic sIrucIurcs` (8I). nroIcins scc aIso icn I272 and
1acob I 74.J04, vhcrchc poscs IhcqucsIion oIvhich comcs IrsI,rotcins or
nucIcic acids, as a chickcn and c ucsIion, noIin IhaI viIIouI nucIcic acids,
proIcins havcno IuIurc, vhiIc viIhouI roIcins, nucIcic acis rcmainincrI.
J2 I nIacI, Ihcrc arc a numbcr oIimorIanI sourccs Ior cIcuzc's conccpIion oIIhc
raporI bcIvccn Ihc insidc an Ihc ouIsidc, or Ih inIcriorandcxIcrior, incIudin,
in addiIion Io \cxkII, Ihc vork o! kaymond kuycr (vho urcs in many o!
cIcuzc`s IcxIs righI up Io his IasI coIIaboraIivc cIIorI viIh Guaari, ho! i:
ho:oh and imondon. n kuycr, or cxampIc, Ihc boundary bcIvccn
'ntc:nuI' und 'cxtcrnuI' s construcd noI us u Irontcr IcIvccn tvo IotuIIy n
or indccndcnI rcams but raIhcr as a uncIion` bcIvccn Ivo disIincI buI
connccIcd ctuil:. In addiIion, kuycrvishcs Io rant Io Ihc oranism vhaI onc
mihI caII an `oriinary IcchniciIy, IhaI is, Ior him Ihc vay in vhich a Iivin
sysIcmovcrcomcs IhcIimiIaIions o!an auIosubccIiviIyIhc robIcmo!cnIropy
or a cIoscd sysIcmis Ihroh Ihc dcvcIopmcnI o! `orans` cxIcrnaI Io Ihosc o!
Ihc oranism. Jhis is Ihc !uncIion o! an `cxIcaI circuiI`. Scc kuycr I444!,
28II. on `inIc:nal and cxIcrnaI circuiIs` and Ior insiguIinIo RuycrinIhc conIcxI
oIvork in cybcrncIics sccTomIin I.IJJII. IorIurthcr insihI inIo cIcuzc's
239
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NOT3
uiIiation o! thc Iikcs o!Ruycr and cxklI scc Bouc ( I7), and !rIhcomin
vorkbylauI Bains.
JJ Ivasintcrmso!thiskindo!rcadin o!\ckIIIhaI cidccr souhto cri!iquc
thc arvinian modcI o!scIcction IhaI LO onIy dcpictthcorganism intcrmso!a
passivcadaptation. HcidcggcrIaysstrcsson an originary structurc o!animaity, in
vhich an animaI organism is dc!incd as onc that is capabIc o! a `propcr
pecuIiarity`, nameIy the possibiIity of `retaining itseIf vithin itseI (eidegger
I3).OntIisreadingtIeterm `organism does notre!erto thisorthatbeing,
bu ratIer designates o orliculor oid[undomciloI moncr o[ bciny (ibid.).
AnimaIity is not to bc dc!incd by rccoursc to cithcr hysioIogy o morpoIogy
simIy bccauscan animaI bccomcs vhat it i son account o! its pccuIiarmanncro!
bcin vhich consisIs in Ihc !acI IhaI iI nds iIscI! cauht in a vorId o! iIs
making. t is this insigh vhich expIains vhy eidegger finds the Darvinian
modeI ofacaptationsovanting. `heorganismisnotsomethingindependentinits
ovn riht vIich thcn adapts itscI!. n thc contrary, thc oranism adapts a
articuIar cnvironmcnt inlo it in cach casc' (2). I aso cxpIains cidccr's
quasiLamarckism, invhicIthc`rocrccIiarity' o!animaIIi!cas opposcdIo
Ihc ncIhcaIivc no dcad voId o!Ihc Ionccidcs in Ihc apabiIiIy Io caIc
orans. in othcr vords it i snot thc organs vhich makc thc animaI,butthc animaI
vhicu cngcndcrs, as a bcing in its ovn vorId, thc organs pccuIiar to it. IinaIIy,
such a viev aIso servestoex!aineidegger`sescheva!ofthe need toefertoany
vita! pncipIe (eectiveforce, souI, orconsciousness) to account forthe cynamic
character ofanimaIity. the vitaI character ofthe animaIthat itis tobc egarded
as a bcin caabIc o! Ii!c rcsidcs in iIs ccuIiar bccomin in iIs vorId. is in
Icrms o!movcmcnI, cspcciaIIy movcmcnt avay !rom iIscI!, IhaI Ihc animaIity o!
thc animaI is to bc dcncd, a movcmcnI in vhich it not onIy sustains itscI! but
rctains IscI! as a spcci!ic uniIy and `ivcs this uniIy to itscI!or thc !irst timc`
(2J). Ior cidcggcr, thcrco:c, an `ccoIogicaI` dc!inition o!hc animaIity o!hc
animaI isonc vhich articuIatcs itscI! in tcrms o!a spcci!ic conccption o!animaI
bchaviour `Bchaviourandits !orms arcnotsomcthin vhichradiatcoutvardand
aIIovtheanimaItorunaueadaIongcetainaths. katherbchoiouris preciseIyan
irinic rclcn!ion and inlrii:ic ob:or!ioi aItIough no reection i s invoIved`
(2J8).It isonaccounto!thc!act that thc animaIis `captivatcd` byitsvorId that it
iscaabIco!Ii!c. Hovcvcr !orHeideggerit s aIso Iuc cIoscd, aIIcncomassn,
characIcro!thiscapIivaIionIhc!acIIhaIiisL cativatinvIichaIsocxIains
vhy the animaI can be deined as `poor i n the vorId` and as incapabIe of a
`historicaI` cxiscncc(comarcAdorno, `JhcanimaI'svorIdisdcvoido!concct`,
in Adorno and orkhcimcr I 7.2 and BatailIc I2. I8. `Ior tuc animaI,
nothin isivcnthrouhtimc').Captivationdocsnotdcnotcancndurin statc that
is rcscnt vithin thc animaI but dc!incs thc `csscntiaI momcnt` o! its animaIity,
such as thc scci!ic cha:acIcr o! Ihc vorm` smovcmcnI o!cscapc and !hc moIc`s
movcmcnt o!pu:suit. It is thcsc `bchavours', vhichcannot bcrcduccd to simpIc
proccsscs undcrsoodasamcrcscricso!cvcnts,thaarcsaidto dcnchcpccuiar
nngIdhnmI.
J he Doon mth is aIread bein eac in termso!a `mthicaI Weismannism` in
Ai-Ocdiu: See DeIeuzeand Guatarri I7I8 I 84 8.
3 One couId also enIist in suport of this thinking beyond reproduction BataiIes
conccption o! cncral cconomy. Scc BataiIIc 'lavs o! GcncraI Economy`,
I88 27 `Jhe very rinciIc o! Iiving macr rcquircs Iha! Ihe chcmicaI
opcraIions oIi!c, vhichdcmand ancxpcndiIurco!cncry, bcain!uI, producIivc
o!surIuscs' (27). Butcvcn ancxtrcmcthinkcro!cxccss IikcBataiIIc commits thc
crror o! con!usin rc:oductivc scxuality vith crotic cxcnditurc, cquatin thc
240
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NOT3
cxccss!romvhichrcroducIion srins viIh Ihc cxccss o!dcaIh 'WcmusI ncvcr
!orcI IhaI Ihc muIIiIicaion o! bcins ocs hand in hand viIh dcaIh' (BaIaiIIc
I87I00IsccaIsoBaIaiIIc IJ8 Ihcrc isnodoubIIhaI dcaIh isIhcyouIh
o! Ihc vorId' viIhin Ihc conIining cycIc o! spccics rcprodcIion). As
BaudrilIard onIs ouI rcproducIion as such has no cxccss' sincc iI is aIvays a
maIcr o!positivc cconomy and a !uncIionaI dcaIh', onc !rom vhich Ihc sccics
cIcrnaIIyrcproduccs iIscI!(BaudriIIard I3.I7).
3 Onc couId rcad Iuc sIoy o! \rsuIa Branvcn in Lavrcnccs Jhc Koinbow as
rcprcscnIinanaIIcrnaIivc dcpicIion o!Ihc bccomin o!voman IoHardy's Jc\\.
Scc Lavcncc I b, cspcciaIIy 23!!., vhcrc Ihc narraIor spcas o! rsuIa`s
passagc !rom girIhood Io vomanhood as an cmcrging ouI o! noIhingncss and
undi!crcnIcd mass (Ihc crmIasm) and assumin Ihc rcsonsibiIiIy o! ncv
Ii!c (2J).
3 1usI as Bcrson`s Io!lcr ond Icmor cIidcs Iuc disIincIion bcIvccn mciirc'
and uvci:i sodoclcuzcandGuaIariinAJ. HavindccIa:cda `bccomin'
Io bc an oittimemoire, Ihcy o on Io sIaIc aImosIin Ihc ncxI Iinc IhaI mcmory
1e aoeitir is aIvays a!unciono!rcIcrriIoriaIiaIion` ( I 80J0).
J8 his In IIhc ncI amunIs I a ini!ianI dcaIuc !om hccrnsm
o! thc I 0s. Bcgsonian inIuiIion, DcIczc had argucd in his I cssay, is
conccrncd viIh spcci!ying Ihc condiIions o! rcaI cxpcricncc, IhaI is, cxpcricncc
IhaI i s nciIhcr cncraI nor absIracI. Conccivcd as such an cntcrprisc hi!osophy
consisIs in oin bcyond Ihc `human condiIion` and in Ihc dirccIion o! Ihc
inhman and ovcrhuman buI io! in Icrms o! 'oin bcyond cxpcricncc Iovard
conccIs or conccIs onIy dcnc in Ihc KanIian manncr Ihc condiIions o! aIl
ossibIc cxcricncc in cncral. Hcrc on Ihc oIhcr hand iI is a casc o! rcaI
cxcricnccin aII iIsccuIiariIics.Andi!vcmusIboadcniI, orcvcnobcyondiI,
Ihis is onIy in ordcr Io !ind Ihc arIicuIaIions on vhich Ihcsc pccuIiariIics
dcpcnd'(DcIcuc I.I I88.28).
J It is bccasc caiIal brins abouI Ihc rcducIion o! cvcryIhin Io ruIcs o!
cquivaIcncc, c!!ccIin a univcrsaI ncuIraIizaIion o! vaIuc, IhaI BaudriIIard hoIds
IhaI thc cxcricncc o! nihiIismo!Ihc nhin in NicIzschcs scnsc as vcII as
BaIaiIIc`s (BaIaiIIc I3430)is no Ioncr avaiIabIc \O us. Wc simly havc
Ihc nihiIism o!cvcyIhingand anyIhing, vhich i sIhc nihilism o!Ihc sysIcm iIscI!
(BaudriIIard I4.I5).
COCLSION OLD AD S\PROLD
hcrc arc a numbc o! sourccs !rom vhich DcIcuzc Iakcs ovcr Ihc `rodiious
idca' o! nonoranic or inoranic Ii!c. n addiIion Io Bcrson, vhom vc uavc
!ocscd on in Ihis sIudy, Ivo oIhcr imorIanI sourccs arcMarx and c hisIorian
WiIhcIm Worrinr on GoIhic ar On Ihc IaIIcr scc DcIcuc and Guaari
I80I2, 22-4 I88. I I , 48- andWorringcr I 27, c.g. 4I-2,7I-.In thc
`conomic and hiIosophica ManuscripIs o I 44' Marx cmpIoys hc noIion o
norganc IIc n tcrms oI u hsIorcuI uccount oI thc cvoIuton oI Inc numun us u
`spccicsbcin`.uc noIion isuscd Io Iix disIincIions bcIvccn Ihchumanand Ihc
animaIandIhchuman and Ihc machinc.SccicsIi!c,vhichconsisIsinlivin!rom
inoranic naIurc, is noI pccuIiar IO Ihc human buI common Io animaI cxisIcncc.
Hovcvcr, MarxadhcrcsIoIhcvicvcommonIoIhchiIosohicaIIradiIion(ccI
Hcidccr, and BaaiIIc !or vhom onIy Ihc human and iIs domain o!
consciousncss can bc rcardcd as Iransccndin an 'immancn! animaIiIy' scc
BaIaiIIc I8. 'ThcPocIic IaIIacy o!AnimaIiIy', 20J, and `hcAnimaI is inIhc
WorId Iikc WaIcr in WaIcr', 2J), vhich cIaims IuaI vhiIc Ihc animaI is a
24I
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NOT3
crcarc o!nccd and immdiue aI onc viIh iIs li!c, Ihc human is disIinuishcd
by Ihc !act Iha! iI makcs its acIiviIy an obccI o! viII and consciousncss. Jhc
production o! Ii!c by thc animaI is cauhI up in Ihc saIis!acIion o! immcdiaIc
nccds and so, Marx cIaims, cxisIs viIhouI arI and arIiicc AnimaIs producc only
according Io Ihc sIandards and nccds o!Ihc spccics Io vhicuIhcybcIong, vuilc
man is capabIc o!producing according Io Ihc sIandards o!cvcry spccics and o!
appyin Io each obecI iIs inheren standard uence man aso prodces in
accordance viIh Ihe Iavs o! beauIy (Marx I 73). Jhe chaIene o!
rhizomaIicsvouIdbe Io shov (a)MarxassmesIhaI vecanreadiydeIermineand
isoIaIc Ihc `spccicsi!c' Io vhicu Ihc animaI `bcIongs` (b) IhaI alI crcativc
`cvouIion' andcrcaivccIuoIogyinvovcsarIandarIi!icc and (c)IuaIthcucsIion
o! tcchnics onIy makcs scnsc on Ihe IevcI o!asscmbIacs and that thcsc !unction
inIermsoheheIeroeneiIyo!IheircomponenIs. CommunismisposiIed byMarx
as a !uydeveoped 'naIuraism` IhaI equa!s `hmanism` and as a!uy deveoped
`humanism` IhaI uu 'naIuraIism` (38). In othcr vords, naIrc onIy cxisIs !or
man as ntl:oIoyicul na!urc (scc Ihc imporIanI rcmarks on Ihc naIuraI scicnccs
and on IndusIry, 3!.).
JHcrc ia upcrb criIica rcauing o!Maro thc g0csIio o!HaI0rc, cpcciaIy
inrcaIionIoIhc I 844 manuscripIsinMcrcaulonIy I8274- I88I 30!!. or
McrIcauPonIy Ihc 'rcIurn` Io a conccpI o! naIrc ncvcr invoIvcs a Iurning avay
!rom quesIions o!hisIory, spiriI, and Ihe hman, buIraIher ayin Ihe round o!a
`souIion` toIheseprobems IhaI aims noIIo be immaIeriaist `an onIooyvhic
eaves naIure in sience shuIs iIse! in Ihe incorporea and !or Ihis very reason
ivcs a !anIasIic imac o! Ihc human, spiriI and history` ( I88I30) II is cIcar
!rom Ihc 'Workin NoIcs` aI Ihc cnd o! i:ibl und nvi:ibI IuaI McrIcaPonIy
vas vorkin on a conccpt o! naturc thaIcquircs a ncv phiIosopuy bcyond Ihc
cIcavac o! God, man, and crcaIrcs (this is Spinoa`s division, McrIcauPoy
noIcs),andvhichis noIsimIy ahiIosouyo!naIurc buIan accounIo!Ihc `man
animaIiiterwitiny ( I 8.274).
2 In his rcmarks on Ihc `automaIic sysIcm o! macIincry` in Ihc Orundri:e Marx
noIes hov, as capiIa evoIves as a se!!uncIionin sysIem, `dead Iabou
(obecIiied Iabour)becomes Ihe very condiIiono!i!eandcomesIodeIermineIhe
proccss o! producIion iIscl!. Jhis is a dirccI rcsuII o! Ihc IansmogricaIion o!
Iabour into thc machinc or, to bc morc prccisc, into a systcm o!machincry !hat
procccds via an autonomous Ioic `Jhc production proccss has ccascd to bc a
abour process in Ihe sense o! a process dominated by abour as iIs overnin
uniIy. labour appcars, raIhcr, mcrcIy as a conscious organ, scaIIcrcd amon thc
individuaI Iivin vo:kcrs aI numcros poinIs o! Ihc mcchanicaI sysIcm` (Marx
I733) Jhc Iivin unit o! Ihc sysIcm nov rcsidcs in Ihc `Iivin (activc)
machincry` vhich conronts thc human vorkcr 'as a mihIy oranism` (ibid.).
Jhis dcno!cs !or MarxthcpoinIaIvhichthclabor proccss has bccomc itscIa
mcrc momcnI in Ihc aIorcaIizaIion o! capiIaI. Marx !urIucr insisIs IhaI Ihc
dcvcopmcnIohc mcansoIabou: into auomaIic mach:ncry, and Ihroughvh:ch
oIjccIIcd IuIou: ussumcs Inc Io:m oI tnc Io:cc oI p:oducIon tscII, s n 'n
accidenIa momenI o! capiIa!` bI raIher has Io be rasped as `Ihe hisIorica
reshapin o! Ihe IradiIiona, inheiIed means o! Iabour inIo a !orm adeuaIe Io
capiIaI` (4).
3 cIcuc conIcnds IhaI Ihis unIimitcd niIy (Ihc Supcr!oId) is vhat Nictschc vas
namin vith thc ctcrnaI rc!urn. But it is cIcar !rom thc vay in vhich Nictschc
construcsthc macr as onc o!!inicccntrcso!!orcc bcin cauhtup in a play o!
niIccombinaIions wi!hiit innite!ime IhaI, onthismodcIaIIcasI,hisIhnkingo!
Iimc as cIcaI rcIurn is noI aI aIl compaIiblc viIh `Bcrsonism` !or vuich Iimc
242
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NOT3
has Io bc conccivcd in Icrms o!invcnIivc draIion. Indccd, icIschc vas con!ra
Ihc idca !haI Ihcrc vas novcIIy, and vhaI hc caIIcd Ihc ovcr o! in!iniIc
Irans!ormaIions', in Iimc No doubI iI is Ihis kind o! osiIion IhaI lcd him Io
advancc, inonco!iIs cxcrimcnIaI !ormuIaIions, crhas iIsmosIdisabIing onc,
Ihc cIcaI rcIurn as a IuIy nihiisIic IhouguI. Whcn icIzschc vriIcs abouI Ihc
`grcaIdicc gamc o!cxisIcncc' in Icrms o!assingIhrough acocuobc numbcr o!
combinaIions, he is conceivin Iime saIiaIy in Ierms o!an emIy conIainer IhaI
eIs !ilIed u by Ihe eIerna reIurn o Ihe same (because iniIe) conraIions o!
!orce viIhin discreIe cycIes o! reeIiIion n in!iniIe Iime, every ossibe
combinaIionvouIdaIsomc IimcoranoIhcrbcrcaizcdmorc, iIvoudbccaizcd
an in!iniIc numbcr o! Iimcs' ( I 8 I 0 I87 VoIumc I 3, 37). icIzschc
consIuesIherecurence(icdcrkchr) o! combIHaItoHs IakinIacetH Ic:ms o!Ihc
`cicuar movemenI o! an absouIey idenIica series`, and arues, no doubI
reconizin hov cose he is Io such a osiIion, IhaI Ihis conceIion is noI
mcchanisIic onaccounIo!Ihc!acI IhaI mccuanism vouId dcIcrminc oio :ote
Io Ihis roccss o!rccIiIion,as ooscdIO an

ite rccurrcncc o!idcnIicaIcascs.

icIschccxIiciIIyidcnIi!icsIhcqcs!!oraconccIiono!`crcaIivccvoIuIiona
g0csI Hc rcgarus a !0HuamcIay uc0ucu-wIH na' `du: v n|uru iH
I 8. I 02 I87. VoIumc I I 7 (iI is in Ihis assagc IhaI hc insisIs IhaI Ihc
vord Iacks IhccaaciIy!or cIcrna novcIIy).Jhc a:gmcnIs icIzschcdcvcIosin
such assaes shov Iue imiIaIions o!a sIaihI!ovard cosmooica aicaIion
o!IheeIerna reIurn.
243
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\LH`
JhisbibIioraphy incudcsaIIIhc primaryandsecondary materiaIrc!erredtoinIhc
IexI, as veII as ddiIionaI maIcriaI IhaII consuIIcd in Ihe coursc o! iIs vriIing.
OKS Dj P1SOD
( l 99l 99!), Iu!ire cImire, Paris, lrcsses nivcrsiIaires deIranceIut!crund
Iemor, Irans. .M.laul andW.S.PaImr cvork, one Books.
(9U), 1imeui:dree WIl, Irans. Poson, Ncvork, Harcr Jorcubooks.
( l 92!9J), 1'vuIu!ioit Crutrice, laris, l\I Irans. Crcuive Lvolutioit, auIhorized
Irans. A.MiIcucII, Lanham, M,\nivcrsiIy P:ess oAmcrica.
(I 9), Jhe Jwo 5ource: o[ Ioli! ui:d Keliyion, Irans. k.Ashey Audra and C.
BrereIon, ndiana, \niversiIy o!re Damc lrcss.
(!9), Jhe Creu!ive Iind, Irans. M.L.Andison, JoIova, , LiIe!icId, Adams
Co.
( l 9o), Iuru!ion uiid imul!uneil wi!h Ke[erence H Lin\!ein\ Jheo, Irans. L.
1acobson ndianaoIis, BobbsMcrriII.
( l 9), IIunye\, annoIaIed byA.RobineI, Paris, l\
(9!o), iitdLicry, !rans. H.WiIconCarr, Wcs!por CJGrccnvood Prcss.
OKS 0H PSOH
Adamson, G. ( I 99!), `SediIious Duration Berson and Serres`, An!i!he\i (secia
issucon 'Jimc and Mcmory`) (2), 2J9o!.
Burvick,I and ouIass, P. (cds) (!992), Jhe Criaia in Iudcri\m: Lcry\on und!hc
il! Corover\, Cambridgc Cambridgc\niversiIyPress.
Caek,M. (I 9), Ler:on undIoder Ph:ic:, ordrechI, .keideI.
(!992), `MicropuysicaI IndcIcrminacy and Irccdom Bcrson and Picrcc' in I
Burvick and P.ouIass (eds), 1hc Cri\\ ii: Iodcrm Lcry\oi: und !he i!uli!
Coiter:, Cambride, Cambride nivcrsiIy Prcss, l !I9.
dc ssckuI WoIsky, M. and WoIsky, A.A., `Berson`s ViIaIism in Ihc lihI o!
Modcrn BioIoy', in Burvick and P.Douass (eds), Jhe Criai\ iit Iodcri\m.
Lery\oi: uitd !he i!uli:! Con!ter\, Cambridge, Cambridgc nivesiIy Press,
I o!U.
1amcs,W. ( ! 9!!), A Pl!tli:!ic nivcr:c, Cambridc, MA Harvard nivcrsiIylrcss.
244
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8
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
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uDSOUIC KnOWCC_C 58, 83
AchiIIcs 30
u!uut2uItOn 30, 378, 59, 78, 77, 87,
94, 9, I 2I , I24:, l:, counIo:- 87,
I25, Ub tnVCn!On I02, :een:o CVCn!,
tnUtVtCUuItOn, VttIuu
uUuQ!uItOn 78, 24, 38, 40, 4, 48, 50,
:, I 0I , I08, I I0, I 4I , I4, I2,
I7, l74, 2I II2, 240 n. 33
Adorno. . 3, 29, 200I , 2038, 240
n. 33, unU Cgntm 208
u11CC(s 8, 37, 74, 97, l 2I , I43, I45, I48,
I:9, I3. I79-82. I 8:-8, l94, I9,
200, 2I0l I , 22 n. 3, 233 n. 3, und
uIIcctions l3, I79, 22 n. 3, scmioIics
oI I87
/_CC!IO and Accn : 225 n.3
armaIion 4, !8-I9, 2:, 3J. 99, ! I 3,
I 2I , I2, I 3I , I37, 20:, 22: n. 2,
232 n. I3, 23 n. I3; unC ucsthcIics
20, und nc_uIOn 25
u_cnCj I 0I , ! 7I , I 75, 204, 237 n. 20,
us UtsIt!DUIcU I 7! ; O LOC l l ,
machinic I42
1 I 77
8!COhOI8m I !4, 2^, !JJ
aienatICn V
1tc2 t. 70, 20 229 n. I 0
nir[nri I 24, I35
animaI: P0OIBO on 240 n. 33; and art
I74, autC On 240 n. 33, aUCrtutU
On l72; DcCOmtn_ 9, 95, I445, I 5I ,
I59, l2, I80, I82, l88, 239 n. 30
untmutIj O I88, 240 n. 33, 24I2 n.
I), cthoIoy oI I8; cxpIoIution I8,
hOuSC O12 I I , inCiNiUuuItOn O1 I8,
Marx On 24I2 . I articiaIion
2I0, anC Qlun 475 I , 55, 4, 8, anC
OUlu!tOn I9:. qucsIion oI I8,
sociuI suuIiIicut:on oI I87, unU
ICtttIOtj I 724; :ee n: DCCOmtn_(
1ntChtt 7, I I 8
1quinus, . I
1tsIOIc , 25, I87
1uC I82
1t!uUU, 1. 83, I25, 229 n. I , 230 n. 4,
235 n. I 3
usscmbIuc(s) I40, I4:, l48, I:4-8, I0,
I24, I77 I , l7:. I77, I 802.
I8:. l 9l , 203, 2l 4, 2I9, 22I 237 n.
20. 242 n. I
uIaVtsm l I 5, I I 7
aIIribuIcs I:-!, 3J
uuIocuIuIysis I7, 234 n. , und
uuIopoicsis I7, 238 n. 2:
uUIOChIDOnj I97
uuOQOtcsts 72, I479, l52, I870, I7,
238 n. 25, and QDtOsOQnj 2024, SCC
uSO conccI
uxiouuIic und codc I0, 2II7
aiCU, /. I 7, , On tHe
cVcnI I 3I
uct, r.t.VOn 90, 934, I59
BaIbar, L. 22J-8 . 4
utOW, L.
I
utOUC l9
uIatc, L. 240 n. 33, 240I n. 35, 24I n.
39, 24I n. I
BaIcson, L. I3
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INDX
BuudrIIard, . 2, 2o, 2 u. V, 2l n.
D, 2 n. V
catUsWOtIh, H. 2
bccomiu(s) , , 2-, , o, 2, 2,
-', V-, , ', ', , , o, ,
-, o, oV-V2, V, 2, ,
, , ', V, '2, 'V, -2,
o-V, 2-, o-o2, o'-, oo-V,
V-o, 2-, 2o, 2, 2 o, 22-2,
22 n. , O1u1CCI o, -antma 2,
, 33, , -, o-,
V-, 2, unU untimcmotj V, anU
Dctn_ 2o, oI ctn_ , V, 2,
bIocks oI 2, oI bodcs
viIhouI oruns 3, -chiId V, V,
dcIiucd 2, V, duIccticaI 2 oI
Ihc EaiIh 3, oI Ihc VnI V, o,
2, cxpcrimcutuI 3, uud cuculoy
2' n. , nCICrO_CnOUs V, and
hts!Otj 22-, 2o, o Ihc humun ',
, J. oV-V. Vo, 2 l, 2J,
222, oI humun unU posI-humun 2,
-mpcrccpIbIc lV-J, unoccucc oI
Vo, muCnntC 2, unU mcIusIaDltIj
V2, -moIccuIur l2, lV-o, lo2-,
o', 2 , -mulItQtCt!j ', mustCul
', nOnhumun , , ', '', V,
o2, 3-, o-V, l V , phiIosophicuI
2, DtOmu!C V, 2lo, 22 n. ,
ItunsVCrsu mOUCs O1 2, O !nC
VttlUu , 2V n. 2V, WDuI one ts
2-, ', o,2V n. 2V, O1 WOmun
2 n. , SCC CS mcmOtj
Bcu , l , Jo, 2 , 2J. 2V, J, o,
2, o, oV-V , -, 2. 2, 22,
22 n. , cIhcs oI I l ; cvcut oI l2,
CA!tI- o, 2, OU O V, , 22V n.
, mmuncncc oI 2 u. 2, und
Iictzschc z, uud uoubciu 23,
SccrcI Ol o uS Sc-d:11crcnI:uI:On o2;
JhouhI undb990. , u8 univrc.:I
, 3-l, o-V, , o2, , ,
Cnumin, A. o-V
ct_sOntsm , -2, 2-2, 2-o, -,
-, , J, o, J, , J, V, o,
V-, 2, 32, 3, 2, o. 2,
2-, 22, 22 n. , 2 n. o, 22 1.
, bcyoud cvoIuIiouism und
prcIormsm , aud urvnsm J,
V, o, unU ncO-utW!ntsm Do, unU
>ptnO2tsm
Bcrzclius, J.
bioIoism , 2 n.
DtOO_j -', , V-, ', o, , , V,
-2, o-, , '-V, ' , 'o-,
, o, -V, oo, V , Vo, 2,
22o n. ', 2 n. , 2 n. , 2 n. ,
und cthoIoy 2o u. 2, oI cxccss V,
psycho- V
biosphcrc , ,
lunChOI, M. 2
body vIhouI oruus oV, -, o,
32-, , o, o , V-V, V,
V
Bouc, . 2
BoItzmunu, I. , 22o n. o
OOIhDj,H. 2 n.
OUnUus, L. . o, 22V n. V
Brunvcu, UrsuIu 2 u.
Buddhisu 2, I2V
CunuiIhcm, \. -
Cupck, M. 22 u. 2, 22o u. o
cuQtIu , o, 2, 22 n. 2, us
uuIOpOteItC 2o, COnsIanI unU VuttaDlc
2 o-V, IuIc- VV, 2 o-2, unU
nihiIism 2 n V, Ot_antC
COmQOstIOn oI 2o, unU phiIosophy
V, 2, 2-, 2-, smOOID unU
sItta!Cd 2 V !hCOO_j O22
cuQtIutsm V, 2, 2-, 2 -2, unU
cnIropy 22
Curnot, I. 23 n. 2
LaIHOI. >.
!hutdtn,.dc 2
chcmstry J, V,
Christ l z u. lz
c:SI:c8
\IuIK. A. !1!b
CIuusius, R.
!CmCns, J. -2
cO_tIO , o2, o', 2-,
coIour l, l-, V
commuusm 22 n. !
cOmQcIj IDcOtj , o, -', '2,
o

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f1L`
CDBCc]\ 2, 22, 2, o, 3, l o, , 3,
2-o, 22l,22-, 24 n o, 8nU
8IUQUtcsts 22-4; 8nU UtcrcnCc l,
o, o, l o, U cVcnI 2, lcltSn1Sm Ul
2', nUnQtUQUS1!1Un8 Utm U 2
QCU8_U_y U o, 24 8nU
QhcnUmcnUU_y , UQUlItcs l;
QtCmCUtI8I1Un U ' , U tCVUuI1Un
22
CUnsCtUusnCss , , 22,2', 2, , ',
42, , 3-, 3o, -, , o-o, ,
2, l2, '-, 2, l', 2l-2 n. ,
8nU 8CItUn '', 8nU t8tn 4, '', ,
8HCCDBSCIcBUc 2 3, CHcC 34,
UtSScmtn8lcU ol , h1SlUttC8 22 n. ,
8nU htS!Uty 22 n. , tmQCtSUn8 22
n. 2, InU m8Ct . 3-, 2-, ,
, 22 n. mUUCS!y U 22l; `V1!hUuI
sC l'
cUnstsIcnCy, Q8nc U l', ,', l',
3~4, 3~2, l; ]tDDcD D 3
CUSmUUgy
CDuH\cI-8C\U8IZ8\IDH S0c 8C\u81Z8\IDB
ct8CK o-, 4-2l , 2, 2', ,
4~3, , 8BCCt8UK-U] 2, 4,
SCC ClSD ncrcUtIy
Lt8nc, >. '
Ctc8!tVc cmUItUn 2l
CtC8!tVC CVUultUn -2, o-, 2-l, 22,
24-', , -o, 4-o, '. '2-, ',
'o-, 2-, -, o 2, o, 2, ,
l 4-', , 2- l , -2, 44-,
'o, l, ', , l l , 4, o,
2o~, 2 l~l2, 22, 22, 22o . , 2o
n. 2, 242 n. , 24 n. . unU
8u!UQUtCStS lo; clhtC8 uCS!tUn U
, 8s mUnsItUUs l '
Ctc8\IVc IBVDu\IDB , , , , 4,
3, lD-Z. U, SPc uSO IBDuIDB
cr:I:Quc >, 2l , 2o, -o, 3, U, oo,
Z0!, ZJ0 . 4. D uIIu Z01, Z!b. D
cn!tUQy 3, gCncu!tVC 3, UtnICnStly
4, UUtt_1ns l; UQhcnUmCnUU_y
l , UQsyChU8n8lysts o2, U
\hcIDDCjB8DIU \DIBKIB_ 3
LS8nyt, N 2o n. 23
LuVtct, L.
CylUUgy 3
L8C, P.
U8tK QtcCutsUts l, , l4, 2 n.
8tVtn, !. l , 2, ', o, 24, , 4', '-,
. , 2-, 3, l 3, l l , 44, 4,
', l, , o, 2', 2 n. l, unU
CQtUCmtCs , unU CVUuItUn ; 8nU
nUtVUu8 UtctcnCc 2-
8VtUsUn, . l2
8VKtns, H. l, 2, l2-4, l, 2o n.
2o, 8BCcISD8HB 2 H. o
Uc8!h 4, -o, l4, -4, o. o4-3, ,
-, , , -o, 2, 2'-,
2, l, l', , 2, l4, , 2l,
2 . , 2 . , 2 B. 3, U
ICCUm1Shmcn! 3, 8nU 8U!8ltUn
, ctnlUV8tUS 2, UCSttc Ut
l-, UUuc 8Cc Ul , cVcnIU
. l24, c8 Ul 4. tnCUtUtc8 24;
Um8n 22l, sUm8ItC . 8nU sUtC!CC
2' n. ; sUQctscnshc ; U !tmc
3, UBIVctS8 , 8BC 8I 2~
Uc8!hUt1Vc o, , 2, 3, o -2, o,
~, o~2, ~o, 2, 2, 2
n. , 2 n. , 8nU tnVUultUn l2
Cc8\D-IBS\IHC\ o. ~. 2 , 4,
2 n. , 8nUncrcUtIy UIhcct8CK
l o, 8nC Ihc It8tn
ccV, .. , 3
CtrtU8, J. ', o-
CsC8tlCs, H. , oo, 2-, SCC OSO
CD_i!O
UCsttC , l4, . l 4, l o, l 2l , '.
2, o, l o-4, l', , Ut UcnItIy
o, 8BC 8CK o4; cCI8 o2, Dl
htIUSUhy 22; 8nU IcuSut -o,
2 n. , QUtItCS U oo; 8nU
tcVUUIUn 2, Ut sc-QtcsctV8ItUn
, S0c uSO Cc8\D, BccC
CcIcItIIDII8I!IDB V, o, ^U, 3 ,
I3-, ll-3, l, Io, >, 2Uo,
Z!!1. ZZ0 DuI J, JY, Z-
, l-2l . 2, 23, 2o, SUuc
8nU tC8ItVC , 2, 8nC CUmQCXtIy
4-o, 8nU tcIctrtIUt8t28IUn ',
~2, , 2; 8BC \cIII\DIj 2,
2, 2l l , 23 n.
Ct8cCItCs '; 8_8tnsI o; cnU U ';
ncg8l1Vc 2, 23, 2

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1L
LICKIBSDB, L. 2
dtCrCnCC , 4, o, '- o, 2-2, 2', 2o,
, -o, 4, 4, '4, '-o, 4-', o ,
o, VI-2, V4-J, V, VV, I -I , ,
o-V, V, I, 3, o , 23, 2I.
22o n. 3, 2 n. V, 2Vn.2V,CIVCCn
8ntm8 8nd Q8nI 4o, COnsCtOUsnCss O
22, 22 n. , tn 8nd O UC_CC 23-o,
, , ', -o, -', 4, I'', 2
n. I, Odu:aItOn 3-, CnI:Qj O
o, UCVD\IDn . HC_ClI8n SChCm8
U 2 , InUIVIU V2-, V3, 8S tn!CnSt!j
4, O tnICnstIj 2', , 4, tnIC:n8l 2 ,
2o, o, 3-, I3o, IB\CIB8 8BU
CX\n J, tnI\SC 4,ttI10 D
22, tn 8nd D tnd , 2 , 2, 23-,
2o- , 4o, J, J, J, -o, -J, 4,
JJ, mUnS!:UStIj O o2, 8S mUnS!:uS
o, tn 8nd O naIu:C 2 , 2, 2o, -,
', , 22' n. , 8nd numC: 2 n.
4, ]IIU8Ij , 4, 22o B. 3, IC8
n8!u:C U4, 8nd :CC!t!tOn 2, , o-V,
, 22, 3, , V-o, o3, o, V2, V,
Vo-V, -', I V, I ', , 2V, ,
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mOnsI:Ous QOVC: O 2V}, 8s
suDsIanCC ', `VtIa l l , CS
:CC!1!1Un
tUnjSUS o
1f1 3-, o-, 4 , 2V, I3, 4V-3 ,
', I, , V, 2 n. ', 24 n.
tnV8:t8nI S!:uC!u:C O 3 , 2n. V,
8nd mUI8IOns 2n. , 8nd
ICUuBU8BCj 2 H.
UgUn IVtn V
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:tCsCh, 1. V4
LuBS CCO\U8, J. 2, 3. o
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-2, D-, D., D, Do-2, D-,
DY-, Z-J, D, . Z, Z. Z, JD,
, I, J4, J, I2, 4, V, 2J,
2 , 222-, 223 n. , 22 n. , 22 n.
2, 22V n. V, 2 n. I', 2V n. 2V, 242 n.
, Bd 8DS!18C! \1DC - , Bd
COn!Cm!tUn , tn V8tn I2, 8nd
:nIU:I:On 2-, 8nd m8IC: ', 8nd
nUmDC: 2 n. J, 8nd S8C 2o, 2,
3, \I8HSLUD8B CCDCL! Dl , 8S !DC
unIj O susIanCC 8nd suDjCCI ', 8s
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18:UCj, M. 2o n. 2
tdCm8n, L. 3
CtCtCn C8usC -
1tnslCtn, 1. , 3, 22- n. 2,
CS HC8ItVtIj
6Gh \lG 2-2, 2, , . 43-, 3-,
J-, o, 2-, I22, , 4, 22o n. J
CUjD_CnCI , 8nd QhjU_CnCSIS V
CmQ:Ctsm o, `suQC:tO: ', 2, o-,
oV.22, 224, 22V B. , \I8HSCCBUCL\8
2. o , J. 22V n. , 22V n. , tI8
2, 23, 2o
Cn!huSt8Sm 22
Cn!:Uj 4, , J, o-I, o, V, V, ,
2, I2V, , 2I o, 22, 22V n. o, 2V
D. 2
C]I_CBCSIS . 2, V,
C:_UnUm1CS 4
C\CIB8 IC\u , -o, , , o,
o!-2, o, oV, V, VJ, Vo, , I , ,
o, 2 , 2V, , 22V L. , 242- B.
, 8nd dC8Ih I o, 8nd nthttsm I2,
2V,as 8 IhCO:j OCVCnIs 2-
C!htS -, V, -4, J, 2-, 4, -,
o, o, V-, , 2 , , 3, ,
43, 3-3, V-o, o3, oV, 2o,
22-2, 22' n. , 22V n. I , 8t:maltOn
8nd sUsQCnStOn O 4,UCInU 2,
OCnC:_j 22
C\DBDD_j 3
C!hUD_ . -, o, 2, 4, o, 4, -2,
, I, 3, , , , -3,
V, I o'-V, VV, 2 I , 22, 22 n. I , O
8SSCDD8_CS 8BU DCh8VIDuI . 43,
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2, 8nd SIuc Dl uluIIS 22-3, 2,
2-as VttIu8l V, SCC CSD
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22-2, 2 n.
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V, 2 n. ,2 n. , unu YcISmunn
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V, ! -!, 2V, , , !2,
oV-V , V, Z n. o, Z .
LUu , . , 2, 2, 3, , o ,
2, 2, 22, 2 o, 22, 22 n. , 22
n. !, uugcu0nI U 32
LOO0WIB, B.C. l, V-J, Zo B. Zo
_rc8I hc8Ih o, ! , 2 , 2 n.
huDII , -3, V, 3 , 3-o, , o,
VV-2
h8CCCC!ICs , V, 2V, !-. ,
o -2, o, 2! 2
18CCKC, 1. ! 3. 2 n. V
hCmCI!IC V
18tuI, M. -
1uIu, . . , , , V -3, unu
YCISuunn V
1c_cl, L.. 2! , , , , o, !o,
Z n.
1CIu0gg0I, M. 2, 3, o , , o, 2V,
22V n. , 2 n. , 2 n. , hIS
quuSI-umuICKISu 2 n.
1CmHIZ, 1.
1Ct8CiIus V
hctcdtIj , V-, 2, , V, , h
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-2 , SCIcnCC U , WD I]0S D

18nd, E.
1u0, L. O, VV-,
1ussCt, t. oo, 2, 2
hjDrtds V
hUuUIhISu,V, ,V
tdC8lism 2, o3, 23 unu nIhitsm 2V
tmm8ncnCc , 2, !, V, , , o,
o-o, V, 3-, 3, 3, 2, 2-,
22, 22 n. 2, 22V n. 2, 2 n. 2, Q8nc
O o, -l, V, . o, ooV. VJ,
, 2-, 3, -, 3, 2-,
2V, 222, 22o n. , 2 n. 2
tndtVCu8ItOn , 2, V, , , V-o, o,
V-, V, Z, , J, JV, !O,
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! ! , 2`2 n. 2
IBIc!IB0c ZJ, !Z, J!!, l, !Z,
, -o 2 , 2 CctnC 3 ,
Cts!ttDuICd , unu tnsltnCI 2, 3-2,
, IcChntCa , VttIu8
IBIcB8IIj o, ZJ-, V, -o, J, J. ,
-, V-o, , o,V2, V-3, V-
, ! -o, 2V-, , o, ,
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8b-, I90. 23 n. Ib.dcncd as
diHcrcncc Ib;und nct_y 204, 230 n.
b. and ctcnstty 74-, 80. I89.
gcrminaI 9, 94, I I , I 30, I8; mcIhDd
D20I; ID I89
inIuition 22-4, 2-7. 30-2, 78.24I n.38;
an instinct 32,b0b; und tnIct_cncc
32. Scc GSD Uuf3lDu
tnVcItDn I2, 2I , 23-4. 27, 37-8. 40.
423. 49, bI-2.b9-0, 2, 78. 87,
9I . |02. I2. 8. |77. I80. 2I 7. 224:
D u pcopIc l98; and rcmin 2 I I . D
tcchnics 5 I~2. b4. 4, I30.D timc b2;
and tmnsduction 9I
invoIion9. 79, I I 3-I4. | I 7. I48,
I I-3, I 8| , InU WI I
!acob, 1 4 , Ib9, 2345 n. I l , 239 n. 3I
!amcson, 207-8
JunsCh. 1 I 7. 238 n. 23
JDnus, H. 2 I I
Judc D Hardy`s Judc Ihc LSrI1I) I I ,
I 9I
KuIu. I04, I88. 2I , 230n. 4
K:t:tipi, L. I4. I4. 233-4 n. 4
Kant. . 7. I. 25.27. 33-4. b0. b7-8. I .
80, 83, 8b-. 88, I 0I-3. I48-9. I8,
I 87-8. 200, 202. 20. 224. 22 n. 3.
Scc uSD Ilmc
ruUmun 5. I 7. 234 n.
rlDssDWst, . 98
rundcIu. A 23b n. I 3
uDDuI-QDWcI I7 I-2, 207
lacan, J. I I 2, I 7I , 23I n. I0
umItC, !.B. b,40, 23-7 n. I
Iun
8
u
8
c 23 2, J2, b4-b. >7. I 22
I 32-3. I77. 2I b. 2I 7. 222. 224. -bciny
I 32. und gcnciccodc Ib0-I . D
insccts 54. und signs b4-b
tpIacc, Man
I
uis Picrrc5imon I7
]uvoisicr. A.L. I7
Larcncc, O.H.4, I0, I04, I I b, I 34.
I9. 230 n. 4. 23 I n. I2. 24I n. 3. on
Hardy I92-4
Lcibni, L.. 3, I 3, I8, 43, 9, I 2I3,
I 3 I , I43, I8, I 8 , 209.2I 2-I4.232
n. Ib, 232-3 n. 2, 238-9 n. 29
lcy, L.L. 237 n. I 9
Lcvi-5Iauss, C. 2 I
Ii!c-drivc 4
tIcruIurc 4, 82. I04. I I 7, I9b, I98.
mtnDr l88; 'putrid` I 2I
LtIIc as I80, I8
DDS cDnItasIc WI c]DS) I20
1Dtcn2 r. I73, 237n 2I
LoIurd, !.F. 2023
Auchctcj, P 22b n. 2
machinc 38.4b, 4, | I 2. I . I40-2. I83,
I88, 203, 220; uDsItCI I0.und
luDDut 242 n. 2; mc_a- 2I 7; sociuI
2I I8.undooI 5 I-2, I40-2
muChttC , 8, 402, I4b. I49, I I .
I 870, 220. cnsIavcmcnt 2I8- 9;
hcIctD_cncss I8-70, I 9I , 220.
phyIum I 4I , I43, I I . I9-70.
SuDCCtVtIj 208. supIu vaIuc 2I8-I9
Maryuis, L. Ib7, Ib-
Markov cbains I 84-b
Au. I9, 23, I42. I 7I . 20. 2I.2I 8.
24I2n. I , 242 n.2
usDchtsm I20, I34
Aussm, . I bI , 2I4.233 n.3
muIhcmuItCs 23, 80, 234 n. 4. 23b n. I2;
Ce uD numbcr
AuIutunu, H. Ib2
Auuss. M. 2
Aujt, . Ib
mcchanism 7,24,27,2933,38.4I -,
592, 4, 7, 9,72, 77, I09, I42,
2I 2, 243 n. 3; nd dunion 2;Scc
uSO tnutsm
mcchanosphcrc l I
mcmo I , 22, Z^-!, `4~. 78,-I
!024, I0, !2, I94, I9-7, 2I 3.
2IJI8, 22 n. I , 2JI n. I2.unI-
und DcCDmtn_ I 92, 24I n. 37.

ct_sDntan 3. I33, I40, I I , I9.D

chtdhDDd I 90;cosmic 2 I 3, 2I 7;
crcativc I9; lrcdian Ccmu D I97.
ycncaIoyicI I 9I ; D_cc 234n. 7.
_:_unI: 8,73, I40; usa mcmDtunc
I9.d mCmcnID I9b-..tnd
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gOlC5 O V. DG lCQlC5C0\lOD ,
WOlU- V, O WOUhU5 2! 0. 2
hChGC. L.
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, J- , JV, -2, , V,V, ,
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22V D. , 2 H. , 22 h.
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2D-, 22l , 0G HCVlj 22 0. 2;
O CHOQChDUCl 2; >gl0O75
HC\CHQ5jCDO55 V3
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h, J. >. 2 h. V
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3, , , 2-, V3, lVV, 2l V,
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J-, ,scc ulsoQOQUlOh5
HOh5D 2, V. . 2. O \HC ,
hOhOG. J. 4 , 4, J, , 24 0. V.
2V n. 2
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4, O ChCl_j , , hG 1C_C
DOh5llOU5 V, , -2. -J, 2.
, COUQl0_5 , . , , .cc
ulso OCCDCC. CgClllOh
HOl W 3
HOllj O1 CU5lOD 2l J, 2
HOlgDO_ChC55 , V. 2V H.
hOl\OD. P. lVl
hUlKCj. J. 2 h. 2
DUlQlCIlj 2, 2, 2o, , 2, , 3, 3,
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, I, -, VV, 22 D. 4. 22 h.
2, 2 D. J. DG QOQUllOh5 J,
I9,sctence O I. hO lHC 22 n 7,
Vll\U J. 22 D. J
hUHOlG 1. 2l D-
lC55U5
h\l\j V, , J3, V
|tOIur HuIllIuHS 2
h\Ulu XlhG5 V
h\UI QCICCQIOh 2. .. - .
h\Ul 5CCC\OD 3-, , 3, 3, V, ,
V2. l~V. , , . 3 , 3.
l, 2-3, l, -J, !V, 2l J-,
23 D. . 23D.
h\Ul5H , J, 2,2V, 242 h.
hCCO 2, 2, 32, 3, VV-2, , ,
2 , ohU GC5lC I
hCO-LlWh5H , -3, -V, -2, , V,
, 2V, 3-, 4V, J-V, 3, ,
, 2
DCO-DICK5H 2. 3
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hCIVOU5 5j5\CH , -, !, , 3,

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ClZ5CDC, &. -, -IJ, V, 22.
2-, 3-, , o-, -V, V-V,
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3, 2, , 22, 2. 22. 24-,
22-2, 223 n . 2 D. ,2l 0. 2,
22 h. 3, 23 0. , 2 D. V, 22-
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COh\lu LlWh 2, 4, COh\O1
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DGDC55 23, hG QCI5QCC\V5D
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J2, 3, 2, J, V, 2 - , 2
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2, hG DDOl _COHCllj 2 D. ,
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CU:gU5 2
unugcuc8t8 YA Y& dhG bccumIng
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OVCOTD .
27
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B. l , 24 B. , D8Ic o2, DtI0 o,
4-3, 2 n. , uLuuCuIL , 2-,
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3, 8BC Ic_IcSSIDH o~, 4, 4.
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:htOm8ItCs , , 4, 43, o, 32,
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c8:I:C, J.-. , o, 22 n. 2
bULcIB_, ..J. 2, 2, 3
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n. 2, ee nl:o 0IgSDnISu

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