BUILDING UTILITIES 1: PLUMBING

COMPONENTS OF PLUMBING SYSTEM 1. WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM 2. FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM 3. PLUMBING FIXTURES 4. SANITARY DRAINAGE SYSTEM 5. STORM DRAINAGE SYSTEM 6. FUEL GAS PIPING SYSTEM THE WATER CYCLE THREE MAJOR PHASES 1. EVAPORATION 2. CONDENSATION 3. PRECIPITATION COMPONENTS AND FLOW IN WATER SYSTEM

WATER

DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
SOURCES OF WATER RAIN WATER
COLLECTION: Collected from roofs of buildings and special water sheds and stored in cisterns or ponds; Cistern water for drinking should be boiled, chlorinated or otherwise sterilized. ADVANTAGES: Water is soft & pure and is suitable for the hot water supply system DISADVANTAGES: Only a source during the wet season; Storage becomes a breeding place for mosquitoes; Roofs may not be clean

NATURAL SURFACE WATER

COLLECTION: Obtained from ponds, lakes and rivers ADVANTAGES: Easy to acquire;

BUILDING UTILITIES 1: PLUMBING

Usually in large quantities; Used for irrigation, industrial purposes and, when treated, for community water supply DISADVANTAGES: Contains a large amounts of bacteria, organic, & inorganic substances; Purification & treatment is necessary

GROUND WATER
COLLECTION: Obtained from underground by means of mechanical &manual equipment; From springs and wells and is the principal source of water for domestic use in most rural areas ADVANTAGES: Usually has an abundant supply; Requires less treatment because of natural filtering DISADVANTAGES: May have organic matter & chemical elements; treatment is suggested; Character of ground water, its hardness, depends upon the nature and condition of the soil and rock through which it passes or percolates

WATER TREATMENT

WATER QUALITY PROBLEMS AND THEIR CORRECTION

TREATMENT AND PURIFICATION

BUILDING UTILITIES 1: PLUMBING

PURIFICATION OF WATER AERATION Spraying the water into the atmosphere through jets or passing it over rough surfaces to remove entrained noxious gases such as carbon dioxide or hydrogen sulfide. COAGULATION AND PRECIPITATION Addition of coagulants, such as ferrous sulfate and lime, to the water which cause the larger suspended particles to form a gelatinous mass which precipitates readily. The precipitate is gathered in large dumps and disposed of. FILTRATION Water is passed through layers of sand and gravel in concrete basins in order to remove the finer suspended particles. SEDIMENTATION Water is passed through basins so sediments can settle through a period of time. CHLORINATION Water is injected with hypo-chlorite or chlorine gas to kill the harmful bacteria. TYPES OF WELLS GENERAL TYPES 1. SHALLOW WELLS 2. DEEP WELLS ACCORDING TO METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION 1. DUG WELL 2. BORED WELL 3. JETTED WELL 4. DRIVEN WELL 5. DRILLED WELL LOCATING A WELL 2 MOST COMMON SOURCES OF CONTAMINATION 1. Septic Tank /leach fields 2. Livestock feedlots Location must not be less than 100 ft. away from such pollution sources Locate on higher ground The deeper the well, the better for natural filtration

Methods of well screening Well screens are made of non-corrosive material like brass. Natural material like stones and rock sediment provide additional screening Water tanks and cisterns Types of tanks for domestic use OVERHEAD TANKS - Does not have any pressure concerns but relies on gravity to supply water to fixtures below - Usually made of galvanized steel, stainless steel, or reinforced concrete, it can come in various shapes and sizes CISTERNS - Usually built of reinforced concrete underground and connected with a pump

BUILDING UTILITIES 1: PLUMBING

PRESSURE TANKS HOT WATER TANKS GRAVITY SUPPLY TANKS Used in Overhead Feed System Main Components: Supply Pipe Inlet Overflow Pipe Drip Pan Gate Valves PNEUMATIC WATER TANKS Used in the Air Pressure System Often used with a pump Also makes use of a pressure relief valve, which relieves pressure automatically if necessary TYPES OF HOT WATER TANKS RANGE BOILER Small hot water tank (30-60 cm diameter; 180cm max length) Made of galvanized steel sheet, copper or stainless steel Standard working pressure limit is 85 to 150 psi STORAGE BOILER Large hot water tank (60-130 cm in diameter; 5m max length) Made of heavy duty material sheets applied with rust proof paint Standard working pressure limit is 65 to 100 psi. DEFECTS ON WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM EXPANSION/ CONTRACTION Pipes expand and contract due to continuous changes in temperature An air space should be provided to allow for breathing room FRICTION HEAD LOSS Friction occurs when liquid flowing through the pipe makes contact with the pipe enclosures, thus reducing the speed of water flow There is greater Friction Head Loss with longer pipes, small diameter pipes, and a high number of valves of fittings

CLASSIFICATION OF PUBLIC WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

DIRECT PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION Water is obtained through a large intake installed on the lake basin & extended into deep water. Components Water basin Receiving well Filtration plant INDIRECT PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION Water is taken form a drilled well or underground water Involves individual special mechanical equipment

BUILDING UTILITIES 1: PLUMBING

PARTS OF COLD WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

SERVICE PIPE Pipe from the street water main or other source of water supply to the building served WATER METER Device used to measure in liters or gallons the amount of water that passes through the water service HORIZONTAL SUPPLY MAIN The principal water distribution pipe running from the water meter from which the various branches and risers to the fixtures are taken. RISER A water supply pipe extending vertically to one full story or more to convey water into pipe branches or plumbing fixtures. FIXTURE BRANCH The water supply pipe between the fixture supply pipe and the water-distributing pipe CONTROLS AND VALVES Used for control, isolation and repair of the water distribution system STORAGE TANKS TYPES OF COLD WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM UPFEED SYSTEM Direct up feed Air pressure system- pneumatic DOWNFEED (overhead feed) or GRAVITY SYSTEM

Types of the Hot Water Distribution Systems (within buildings):

Upfeed and Gravity Return System With a continuing network of pipes to provide constant circulation of water Hot water rises on its own & does not need any pump for circulation Hot water is immediately drawn from the fixture any time Provided economical circulating return of unused hot water Larger pipe is installed at the top of the riser & the diminishing sizes passes through the lower floors of the building

BUILDING UTILITIES 1: PLUMBING

Downfeed and Gravity Return System Hot water rises on to the highest point of the plumbing system and travels to the fixtures via gravity (closed pipe system) Water distribution is dependent on the expansion of hot water & gravity. Larger pipe is installed at the bottom of the riser & the diminishing sizes passes through the upper floors of the building Pump Circuit System For a more efficient circulation of hot water to the upper floor levels of multi-storey buildings