QUESTIONS REGARDING BRIDGE

54. What is Bridge? Is the structural design built as a clear passage way over an obstacle such as water ways, deep valleys ; such structure carries the highway, rail road and other transportation routes. 54. What are the types of bridge forms? 1. The beam bridge form 2. The arc bridge form 3. The suspension bridge form 55. What are the components of bridge Substructure? 1. Abutments 2. Piers 3. Debris on beam scats and bearings 56. What is the difference between Abutments and Pier? Abutment is the support of the superstructure. Pier is the support of bridge in between the abutments. 57. What are the components of bridge Superstructure? 1. Deck slab 2. Beams/Girders (Longitudinal) 3. Diaphragms or cross beams 4. Truss components 5. Bearing Devices 6. Arch components 7. Connectors 8. Bridge machinery (If applicable) 9. Collision/Damage/Preventers/Reducers (If applicable) 58. What is Bank Seat? It is a dwarf abutment for a very shallow depth. 59. When do we use caissons (wells) in foundation? 1. Require to extend the well below the river bed in order to attain the necessary soil resistance against overturning, heavy scour rolling boulders, floating debris, where pile foundation be unstable. 2. The sub-strata contain large boulders which obstruct penetration of piles. 3. The foundation is subjected to large lateral forces. 60. What are the precautions for concreting underwater? 1. Concreting must be completed in one operation. 2. Concrete mix rich in cement (370 kg/m), slump not less than 150mm. 3. Temporary casing should be on standby. 4. Use tremie pipe during pouring to avoid wash out of concrete mix. 61. What are the types of reinforced concrete and pre-stressed superstructure? 1. Reinforced Concrete. a) Solid slab b) Slab and Girder (T-Beam)

c) Hollow Box girder 2. Pre-stressed concrete. a) Voided slab b) Slab and Girder (T-Beam) c) Hollow Box Girder 62. What are the advantages and disadvantages of continuous type of superstructures? 1. Advantages a) Reduces span moments due to support moments. b) Span to depth ration 10-15 for reinforced concrete and 20 or more for pre-stressed concrete. c) Lesser foundations. 2. Disadvantages a) Sensitive to differential settlement of foundation. b) Requires more skill in construction and formwork. 63. What are the kinds of Bearing? 1. Single roller bearing 2. Multiple roller bearing 3. Linear rocker bearing 4. Point rocker bearing 5. Knuckle pin bearing 6. Knuckle cylindrical bearing 7. Knuckle spherical bearing 8. Knuckle leaf Bearing 9. Plate sliding bearing 10. Elastomeric laminated bearing. 63. Where did you prefer to put fixed bearing in abutment or pier? Fixed bearing should be placed on pier 64. What are the types of piles and where do we used them? 1. Timber piles is used in light construction such as in drainage system, wherein it can be driven by Light application of load. 2. Concrete piles 3. Steel piles are used in massive construction such as dams and high rise structures. Types of loading piles 1. End bearing piles 2. Friction piles Types of piles 1. Driven pre-cast piles can be driven in impervious strata by not more than 24 meters and can sustained light loads. 2. Driven cast in-situ piles can be driven in impervious strata by more than 50 meters and can carry heavy loads. 3. Driven steel piles same as cast in-situ piles but more expensive. 4. Bored pre-cast piles by replacement of soil. 5. Bored cast in-situ piles by replacement of soil. 64. How to calculate the pile load? Pult. = Qult. X A + F x S Where:

Pult. = Total resistance of pile load. Qult. = Bearing capacity of soil at end. A = Area of pile. F = Friction stresses S = Surface area of pile. 64. What is necking in piling? It is the effect in bore cast in-situ piles during removal of casing due to suction effect of entrapped air. To avoid necking, casing are being removed by tamping it twice in every lifting. 65. What is Friction pile? A pile that transfer its load to the soil through friction with earth surrounding it, the point of the pile carries no load. 66. What is a Bearing pile? A vertical post or pile which carries the weight of a foundation, transmitting the load of a structure to the bedrock or subsoil without detrimental settlement. A bearing pile that is driven down to hard ground so that it carries the full load at its point. Also known as a point-bearing pile. 67. What is Caisson? Is a retaining, watertight structure used to work on the foundation of a bridge pier and concrete dam. . 75. What is pre-tensioning and post-tensioning? a) Pre-tensioning: The tendons or cables are held in stretched condition during placing of plastic concrete until the concrete has hardened. Then as the tension of the reinforcing steel is released, it compresses the concrete. b) Post-tensioning: The pre-stressing tendons or cables are placed in ducts before concrete is casts, after the concrete has hardened, the tendons or cables are stretched to predetermined tension by jacking and are wedge its position. The tubes may also be pressure grouted. 75. What is wrapping or sheeting? Enclosure around a prestressing tendon to avoid temporary or permanent bond between prestressing tendon and surrounding concrete. 75. What is end block? Enlarged end section of member designed to reduce anchorage stresses.

75. How to calculate stressing force at distance x? Fx = Fj x e (d+Kx) Where: Fx = Jacking force at distance x kg/cm = Friction coefficient, say 0.2/radian K = Wobble coefficient, say 2 x 10/m e = Angle of tendon by radians Fj = Jacking Force. Kg/cm 75. If the contractor decided to use a different prestressing system. What are the required? The contractor shall submit a shop working drawings include. 1. The prestressing system. 2. The size of strand and all strand properties. 3. The friction and wobble coefficients. 4. The required extension in each cable according to estimate value of the strand given in the test certificate. 75. How will you transfer the force to the beam in pre-stressed concrete? The force will transmit to the beam by slow and gradual detentioning or releasing the jacks instead of cutting the strands. 78. Where to provide metal beam guardrail a) In the sharp curve b) In the hilly area c) In the steeper slopes d) To structural location 79. How you and your site inspector will know that there will be work tomorrow? 1. This is the 24 hours advance program of work submitted by the contractor. 2. From the request submitted by the contractor, it will be known that in which reach the contractor is going to work tomorrow. 3. The site inspectors daily report will show which areas were not finished today, so the contractor must be working in those reaches. C41. In slab, the drawing shows certain bars their spacing, suppose that particular bar is not available at site what will you do? Calculate the areas of steel bars available at site against the area of steel bars on the drawing by equation; A1=A2 N1= N2 N1 x piD1/4 = N2xpiD2/4 N1(D1) = N2(D2) N2 = N1(D1)/(D2) Where: D1 D2 N1 Diameter of steel bar on the drawing Diameter of steel available on site Number of bars required on the drawing

N2

Calculated number of bars using steel bars available at site.

C42. What is the maximum spacing of bars for slab? Maximum spacing of bars should be 20 cm or 5 bars in one meter 80. Who will receive the request from the contractor? Civil Engineer has to receive the request from the contractors representative. 81. How you will construct and check the settlement of foundation footing if one is in rocks and other is in soil? If in rocks by taking core and if in soil by Standard Penetration Test (SPT). 82. What is SPT? This is the test which is carried out to know the bearing capacity of the soil. This usually done on the foundation of bridges and huge buildings. 83. How you will make a report? By summarizing all the daily activities. C62. What are the general notes consists of? 1. Codes and references. 2. Live loads a) Truck (per lane) 600 KN (61.2T) Axle-Truck. Axle loads: Front axle: 4.08 x 2 = 8.16 T Other axle: 13.26 x 2 = 26.52 T Distance between rear axles: (4.30m to 9.00m) b) Lane load Uniformly distributed load 2.04 t linear meter of lane/lane. 15.30 t concentrated load (for moment)/lane 22.43 t concentrated load (for shear) lane. 3. Design has been carried out by the load factor method according to AASHTO 1983. 4. Materials and stresses. a) Concrete for superstructure 28 days standard cylinder crushing compressive strength 350 kg/cm. Prestress applied when the concrete is at least 7 days old and its minimum crushing strength is at least 300 kg/cm. For piers, columns, abutments, foundations and approach slab 28 days standard cylinder crushing compressive strength = 250 kg/cm. For levelling course under footing @ 28 days standard crushing compressive strength = 150 kg/cm. ASTM C-150 type V sulphate resisting cement shall be used for concrete in foundation. b) Reinforcing steel. Deformed bars having the following characteristics of High bond, high yield strength, & grade 60. Minimum yield stresses = 4200 kg/cm. Minimum ultimate tensile stresses = 6300 kg/cm. 5. Prestressing. (As before) 6. Concrete cover. Deck slab top 4 cm. Deck slab bottom 2.5 cm.

Beams 4 cm. Columns and piers 4 cm. Concrete walls in contact with earth 5 cm. 7. All exposed edges of concrete shall be chamfered 20 mm. 8. Splice length. 9. Foundation. All foundations shall be placed on undisturbed soil of allowable Bearing capacity not less than 40 t/m (40,000 kg/m or 4 kg/cm). Prior to commencing construction the contractor shall perform at least 1 plate Bearing test at each Bridge location. The plate Bearing test shall be executed at the depth of foundation of the footing. The location at which the test shall be made shall indicated by the Resident Engineer. 10. Elastomeric laminated bearing shall conform to AASTHO specifications, the contractor shall submit calculations, shop drawings and manufactures specs to the engineer. Abutment Bearing 60 x 70 x 11 cm (Example) Dead load reaction on each bearing = 331 t Live load reaction on each bearing = 160 t Horizontal displacement = 5.1 cm 11. No dimensions to be scaled from the drawings. WORK SHEET FOR PAINT 1. Type of material white 2. Paint temperature 219C 3. Stations limits Km 5+550 7+275 4. Sampled station 5+675 centre line of the road 5. Specific gravity 2.06 gm/cc 6. Colour of paint White 7. Width of paint line on line plate 0.12 Meter 8. Sample No. 1 9. Thickness 1.6mm 10. Rate of glass bead 441 gm/M 11. Specification for glass bead 400-500 gm/M 12. Thickness specified 1.5mm (minimum) 13. Total area of paint on the plate 0.12 M 72. How to take the sample of paint from the site during road marking? There is a plate of steel sample or iron having some definite dimensions, for example 50 cm in width. The plate is placed on the road wherever the operation of road marking machine is in progress. The width of yellow paint on the road is 20cm whereas the width of white paint is 12cm.

The white paint marking on the road is carried out in two lines in the centre whereas yellow paint marking is done n right and left lane at the distance of about 30cm from the edge of the pavement. Two samples of thermoplastic paints are always necessary to calculate the rate of paint and glass bead. One plate is provided the sample of paint only while other plate is provided the sample of paint with glass bead. While the road marking machine is in operation the painting on the road is carried out with glass bead material which has some definite gradation. While collecting the sample of paint only, the operator of the machine has to stop the flow of glass bead for some moments unless the plate is provided the same sample of paint without glass bead. The two plates with samples are taken to the laboratory for rate paint and glass bead calculation. The specified limit for the rate of glass bead is 400-500gms/M while the thickness of yellow and white paint should not be less than 1.5 mm. The temperature of thermoplastic paint while spraying on the road should be 220C approximately.

CONCRETE
C1. What is the main problem of concrete in the Kingdom where the weather condition is too hot? Cracks on concrete due to hot weather condition. C2. What are the unit weights of light weight aggregates? As per AASHTO: Fine aggregates = 1.121 gm/cm, Coarse aggregates = 0.881 gm/cm C3. What is the bad effect of more revolutions in agitating trucks? Unnecessary abrasion. C4. What are the factors affecting the rate of stiffening in concrete? 1. Type of cement and aggregate. 2. Admixtures 3. Ambient temperature 4. Grinding of aggregate particles. C5. Before pouring of concrete what you will check for structure? 1. First of all surveyor has to check the levels and location of the structure. 2. Formwork, reinforcement should be checked as per bar bending schedule. 3. All equipments of the contractor should check for the pouring of concrete. 4. Weather condition also takes into consideration. 5. Air temperature should be checked. C6. If cement is low in concrete, but required strength is achieved, what you will do as per specification? or if contractor make a design of concrete with less cement content than the requirement and attain the required strength, will you accept it, if yes then why and if no then

why? Explain? We will reject it, because with the passage of time, durability of concrete will be affected. C7. Steps of Concrete Mix Design. 1. Quality test of coarse aggregates 2. Quality test of fine aggregates 3. Quality test of cement 4. Soundness 12% max. 5. Loss Angeles abrasion Loss 40% max. 6. Combine gradation 7. Specific gravity 8. Sand equivalent 75% min. 9. Elongated particles 15% max. 10. Clay lumps and friable particles 1% max. 11. Laboratory Trials different cement content 12. Laboratory Trials different water cement ratio C8. What are the precautionary measures during cold weather concreting? a) Appropriate equipment should be available for heating the concrete materials. b) Avoid overheating of fresh concrete. c) Maintain favourable temperature after concrete is place. C9. What are the precautions during hot weather concreting? During mix production a) Lower the fresh concrete temperature by using cool aggregates and cool mixing water. b) Dampen the aggregate if they are dry and absorptive. c) Under shed. During Construction a) Dampen the sub grade and forms. b) Erect windbreaks to reduce wind velocity over the concrete surface. c) Erect sunshades to reduce concrete surface temperature. d) Protect the concrete with covering during any appreciable delay between placing and finishing. e) Reduce time between placing and start of curing by improved construction procedures. f) Protect the concrete during the first few hours after placing and finishing minimizing evaporation, by application of moisture to the surface, using a light fog of spray. C10. What are the precautionary measures during cold weather concreting? a) Avoid overheating of fresh concrete. b) Appropriate equipment should be available for heating the concrete materials. c) Maintaining favourable temperature after concrete is place, etc. C11. At what time concrete should be placed after mixing water? As soon as possible; not more than 30 minutes if truck mixer is used or not more than one hour if truck agitator is used or 60 minutes. C12. What are the chemical effects on concrete? 1. Chloride attack corrosion 2. Sulfate attack disintegration 3. Alkali aggregate reaction

4. Carbonation and efflorescence C13. What are construction joints? It is merely a stopping place of construction that separate the areas of concrete placed at different times and should bond new concrete to existing concrete and not permit neither horizontal nor vertical movement. A good quality construction joint provide complete water tightness. C14. What are cold joints? When the placement of concrete is delayed for any reason and the concrete takes it initial set, a cold joint is said to be occurred. When this happens, the contractor shall have to remove the previously partially placed-concrete from the forms immediately C15. What is Expansion joint or Isolation joint? A narrow space left between two parts of concrete structure to allow for expansion of concrete with the changes in temperature and loading. These joints are provided to permit both horizontal and vertical movement at adjoining parts of structure. C16. What is Contraction joint or Control joint or dummy joint? These joints are needed to permit horizontal differential movement in the plane of a slab or wall and to Induce cracking caused by drying shrinkage at preselected locations. These joints are the most effective method preventing unsightly cracking. C17. According to ACI, what are the criteria in accepting concrete cores? No individual samples should be less than 75% of the required compressive strength and their average strength should not lesser than 85% of the required compressive strength. C18. As per ACI standard, what is the temperature of cement allowed to be used for concrete? Maximum 77C. C19. When do you start counting the mixing time of concrete and what is the mixing time for a stationary or central batching plant? Mixing time should be measured from the time all materials except water are in the drum. Mixing time should not less than 50 seconds nor more than 90 seconds. C20. What is the agitating speed of the mixer? Agitating speed of mixer is 2 to 6 revolution per minute. C21. What is the mixing speed of the mixer? The mixing speed of the mixer shall be 6 to 18 revolutions per minute. C22. What is the minimum and maximum slope of chutes during pouring concrete? Minimum slope is 1:3, Maximum slope 1:2, Maximum height of chute is 1.5 meters and typical height not less than 1.0 meter. C23. How many cylinder or cube samples are you going to get in every pouring?

One (1) set or six (6) pieces for every 50 cu.m of concrete mix or fraction thereof in each days of pouring. C24. Why do we cure concrete samples while structure has a different curing procedure? Sample volume is less compare to the structure, so the water needed for hydration will be easy to loss. Whereas, in structure the volume is bigger compare to the sample, so losing of water for hydration is minimal. C25. What is the purpose of curing concrete and when you will cure the concrete? 1. To maintain the moist environment and to prevent the escape of mixing water required for hydration processes and helps in the development of strength. 2. To prevent the crack in the concrete. 3. To increase the strength of concrete. Concrete will start to cure right after the final placement of concrete mix, when the water sheen or mixing water just begun to disappear. C26. What are the curing procedures? 1. By maintaining a moist environment by the application of water through pounding, sprays, steam, or saturated cover materials such as earth, sawdust, have or burlap. Care should be taken to insure that saturated cover materials do not dry out absorb water from the concrete. 2. By prevention of loss of mixing water from the concrete by means of sealing materials such as impervious sheet of paper or plastic or by application of a membrane forming curing compound to the freshly placed concrete. C27. What are the types of curing? What are membrane curing and the rate of application? Types of curing are as follows: 1. Water curing 2. Membrane curing 3. Steam curing 4. Cold weather curing method Membrane curing is a curing compound to cover a thin film on the concrete surface thereby preventing rapid evaporation of water. Recommended for vertical surfaces where water curing is not practical. Rate of application of curing membrane One (1) litre/ 5 m, if applied by hand spray. One (1) litre/ 3 m, if mechanically applied. C27. What is the temperature for concreting? Not less than 5C during cold weather, and not more than 33C during hot weather. C28. What are the different types of cement? Type I or Ordinary Portland Cement

Type II or Moderate Sulphate Resisting Cement Type III or High Early Strength Cement Type IV or Low Heat Resisting Cement Type V or High Sulphate Resisting Cement C29. What is the effect of chloride and sulphate in concrete? Chloride attack: a) When lime in the cement reacts with carbon dioxide (CO2) it will produce calcium carbonate. b) The presence of calcium carbonate in water, increases the amount of alkalinity up to 11%, thereby it will attack the reinforcement which lead to corrosion. c) While rust increases the volume of the bars also increases that leads to the cracks in concrete. Sulphate attack: a) When tricalcium aluminates (CA) in cement react with sulphate due to the presence of moisture, it produces gel expansion in concrete and the volume will also increases leading to cracks in concrete. b) Also contribute to disintegration of the aggregates. C30. What type of cement are you going to use in sulphate area? Type V or Sulphate resisting cement C31. When will you start steam curing of precast pre-stressed pretension beams in case the steam is used? After the final finishing, beams were immediately covered with thick polyethylene sheet to maintain the temperature of 10C in the curing chamber by low pressure steam. After 2-3 hours, the temperature will be raised to at the rate of 10C/HR. Until the temperature at concrete surface is 71C. An average of 13-16 hours is required in steam curing to attain the 28 days required strength. C32. If the maximum size of aggregates is 2 how will you measure the compressive strength of concrete? If the maximum size of aggregates is 2 inches then we can use the cylinder of concrete having dimension 6 x 12. The diameter of the cylinder should be three times as compared to the maximum size of the aggregate. If the maximum size of aggregate is 2 then concrete cylinder should be prepared with 7 diameter and 15 length. C33. After taking out the cylinder from the pond what precautionary measures you will take before crushing?

The cylinders are kept in the shade for drying till there is no spotting when they are capped. Even after capping the cylinder are kept moist till they are crushed. The cylinders should be capped on both sides and the thickness of capping should not be more than 8mm. C34. What are the precautionary measures if 0C pouring of concrete is unavoidable? Either heats the mixing water or aggregates. Heat the equipment and forms by steam heating to equal or greater than 5C. C35. What are the correction factors for concrete coring samples? Ratio of length Strength correction To diameter L/D Factor 1.75 0.98 1.50 0.96 1.25 0.93 1.00 0.87 Length = Height of samples + capping compound. C36. What are the types of concrete mix design? a) Water cement ratio method. b) Weight method c) Absolute volume method. C37. What are the types of retarding agents? Sugar, starches, ammonia, iron chlorides, sodium bicarbonate, humic, sulphonic acids, carbohydrate derivatives, soluble zinc, soluble borates. C38. What are the types of accelerating agents? Calcium chloride, aluminium chloride, sodium chloride, the sulphate of sodium and potassium, caustic soda, caustic potash certain silicates and carbonates. C39. Can we use chloride and sulphate in admixture? Yes, calcium chloride as accelerator, lignosulfic acid as plastizer, sulphonic acids as retarders. C40. If we face broken-down in concrete trucks and cannot be discharge what is your action? We add large amount of sugar to prevent setting of concrete, (2%) by weight of cement. C41. How to make a dense concrete? a) Proper proportion of water-cement ratio. b) Aggregate must be well graded. c) Concrete should be air-entrained. d) good vibration, etc. e) Use plasticizer. C42. What is tremie in concrete? It is a method of placing concrete underwater. A tube called tremie about 10-12 in diameter, Rigid and watertight are held vertically in water during pouring operation to avoid washing-out of concrete mix.

C43. What is the maximum storage period of cement before you request test for its quality? a) Every 3 months if cement stored in bags. b) Every 6 months if cement stored in bulk. C44. What are the types of cracks? a) Plastic settlement cracks b) Plastic Shrinkage cracks c) Early Frost Damage cracks d) Constructional Movement cracks C45. How many days are required to cure the fresh concrete? All newly placed concrete shall be cured for at least 7 days. C46. What are the causes of plastic shrinkage and plastic settlement? The primary causes of plastic shrinkage are: a) Rapid early drying b) Reinforcing steel is very near the surface of the pavement c) Low rate of bleeding and fast surface evaporation The primary causes of plastic settlement are: a) Excessive bleeding b) Rapid early drying condition C47. What is the purpose of taking cores in concrete? a) If the samples failed from the required strength b) To determine the actual thickness of the structure c) To determine the formation of harden concrete, etc. C48. What are the five main situations where you are allowed to stop concreting? Stopping of concreting is allowed when: a) Air temperature is below 5C. b) Concrete temperature is below 10C. c) Truck transit time is more than 30 minutes for non-agitating equipment, one hour for truck agitator or mixer. d) Slump is not within the specified limits. e) Air temperature is more than 32C. f) If contractor add water to mix on site without approval. g) Cement temperature is more than 77C. C49. How to approve the water source without checking in laboratory to give direct action to the contractor? We drink it, if good taste O.K otherwise reject. C50. How to control pumping under concrete pavement? The materials must meet the following requirements. 1. Maximum size not more than 1/3 thickness of sub base. 2. Materials passing sieve #200 maximum 15 %. 3. Plasticity Index Max. 6 4. Liquid Limit max. 25 C51. What is the effect of humidity on creep and shrinkage? It contributes losses of water in concrete thereby causing cracks due to volume change. C52. What are the methods used for concrete mix design?

The methods are: ACI method and CP110 method. ACI method are more preferable because the specific gravity of individual materials are included in the in the computation. C53. How to adjust the amount of water for batching concrete? By equation: Adjusted wt. of water- Design wt. of water * wt. of Coarse Aggregate X (% absorption - % moisture)/100 * wt. of Fine Aggregate X (% absorption - % moisture)/100 C54. How will you calculate the Saturn Survey Drag aggregate with 1.5% absorption? By equation: Corrected wt. of Aggregate = uncorrected wt. (1 - % absorption)/100 C55. What is the maximum allowable temperature for concreting? 1. 40C at 90% Humidity 2. 32C at 60% Humidity 24C at 30% Humidity C56. How do you reduce concrete temperature? By reducing aggregate temperature at 1C will reduce concrete temperature to 0.50C, because aggregates are 80 to 85% from the whole mix. C57. What is water reducing and retarding admixture, What are its effects? It is normally based on sugar, tartaric acid, ligno sulphonates and carbohydrate derivatives that delay the setting time of concrete. It is designed to improved the quality and durability of all types of concrete. It improves the workability without loss of strength. It also increase the compressive strength. It reduces bleeding and segregation in concrete. It makes concrete denser, more durable, more waterproof and less permeable. It reduces the heat of hydration and temperature rises within the massive concrete. This is type D admixture according ASTM or AASTHO. C58. What is the effect of using Sea water in concrete? Sea water use in concrete develop higher early strength than normal water but at later age the strength is weaker than normal. Sea water increases the risk of corrosion of steel reinforcement. If sea water is used as mixing water, the strength of concrete is weakened and cracks occur because of crystallization of salt which increases cracking pressure if there are no enough air voids in the mix. If not avoidable, sea water containing up to 35,000 PPM or 3.5% of salt is generally suitable as mixing water for non-reinforced concrete. Sea water should not be used for making pre-stressed concrete where pre-stressed steel is in contact with concrete. C59. What are the required tests for fresh concrete?

1. Yield test 2. Air content 3. Cement content 4. Slump test and 5. Temperature test C61. What is the difference between formwork and falsework? Formwork: Is the temporary structure built to contain fresh concrete so as to form it to the required shape and dimensions and to support it until it harden sufficiently to become selfsupporting. Formwork includes the surface in contact with the concrete and all necessary supporting structure. Falsework: The extensive support on the framework such as in bridges and other large structures. C62. Why we are doing the bitumen paint on the structures? This work shall consist of providing protective coating to existing concrete structure. Protective coating used to improve the durability of concrete by protecting it from degradation by chemical and subsequent loss of structure integrity. C63. What is the precautionary measure you will take if soil contains sulphates? Sulphate resistant cement (SRC) will be used. C64. What type of cement you will use for underground concrete? Type V or Sulphate Resisting Cement (SRC) C65. What are the requirements of good concrete mix? 1. Workability 2. Strength and 3. Durability C66. What are the causes of failure of concrete structures? 1. Lack of consolidation 2. Higher slump 3. More water cement ratio 4. Inadequate curing 5. Insufficient concrete cover and corrosion of steel reinforcement. C67. What is the Concrete temperature? Concrete temperature should not be more than 33C and not less than 15c in cold weather. But pumping temperature of concrete in hot weather should be 26C. C68. What is the effect of Leaching by water on concrete? In the process of cement, hydration and soluble calcium hydroxide is formed. The leakage of water through cracks or joints of porous concrete may carry the calcium hydroxide solution through the concrete structure. The reaction between the calcium hydroxide and carbon dioxide will cause precipitation of calcium carbonate in the surface will form a white deposits, that over a long period of time it will cause disintegration or collapse. C69. Why the concrete cylinders are crushed after 7 days, not for other days? Cylinders are crushed after 7 days, to determine the strength gain or development of concrete, results should not be less than 75% of the specified strength at 28 days. Then it is tested after 28 days because this is the estimated 100% strength development of the concrete.

C70. What you will do, if inspector tells you that the mix is higher slump than the value for approved mix design but the site slump is within limits specified in special specifications? We will wait for compressive strength.