International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Research (IJEEER) ISSN 2250-155X Vol.

3, Issue 3, Aug 2013, 285-292 TJPRC Pvt. Ltd.

LIFE CYCLE COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS OF BATTERY FOR ISOLATED HYBRID SYSTEMS A NEW APPROACH AND COMPERATIVE ANALYSIS
BINDU U. KANSARA & B. R. PAREKH Electrical Engineering Department, A. D. Patel Institute of Technology, Gujarat, India Electrical Engineering Department, BVM Engineering College, Gujarat, India

ABSTRACT
In remote locations, isolated hybrid systems are found favorable for electricity generation. Wind generation and Photovoltaic Systems are the most promising technologies for supplying load in remote locations. As both PV and Wind are intermittent sources, battery energy storage system (BESS) is used to enhance the performance of intermittent renewable energy resources. In this paper, a new Life Cycle Cost Benefit Analysis is presented to select the type of battery by comparing the performance of hybrid system considering Net Present Cost (NPC), Initial Cost (IC), Operation Cost (OC) and Cost Of Energy (COE). The performance of Lead-Acid, Zinc-Bromine and Vanadium Redox batteries are placed in hybrid PV-Wind system and life cycle cost benefit is analyzed. Advance flow Zinc-Bromine Battery is cost effective for all considered hybrid systems.

KEYWORDS: Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS), Lead- Acid Battery (LAB), Vanadium Redox Battery (VRB),
Zinc Bromine Battery (ZBB), Life Cycle Cost (LCC)

INTRODUCTION
Due to the rapid depletion of conventional energy resources, an alternative search to meet the present load demand came in existence. Renewable energy resoueces like PV, Wind, Fuel Cell are clean and environment friendly technologies. A system in which renewable energy resources feed the local load demand is called a microgrid [1]. Due to on-site generation feeding the local loads, the cost of transmission and distribution losses are reduced. Due to variation of sun light during day and night, and change in wind speed, PV power and wind power are considered as instable sources. Hence to stabilize the operation of such hybrid systems, batteries are incorporated in the hybrid system. The fluctuation in these resources results in batteries being discarded in short time of their life span. So the cost of batteries has covered a large part of total cost of PV-Wind hybrid system. Hence, the battery life time and reduction in life cycle cost of hybrid energy systems are critical points to be considered. By using PV-Wind hybrid power generation system, effective charging time of batteries can be increased as well as electricity production cost can be reduced [2]. The optimum design of micropower system is challenging due to large number of design options and uncertainty in important parameters such as load size and availability of solar and wind resources. Renewable energy sources add further complexity because the output may be intermittent, seasonal and nondispatchable and the availability is uncertain. The optimization of the hybrid system using hydrogen storage [3] and hybrid iterative genetic algorithms [4] for rural electrification are discussed. The performance and feasibility study of PV-Wind hybrid system is discussed in [5]. Penetration of DG in the power system determines the Green House Gas emissions and the impacts of distributed generation with battery energy storage [6]. These emerging technologies have lower emission and potential to have lower operating cost. An assessment of hybrid systems with battery energy storge systems was discussed in [7]. A better way to

286

Bindu U. Kansara & B. R. Parekh

realize the potential of distributed generation is to take a system approach where load and generation acts as a subsystem called microgrid . This is a decentralized and bidirectional pattern permits electricity import from the grid and electricity export to the grid. A plant that produces electricity less than 500 kW comes under micro generation technologies. Microgrid sources can produce electrical energy and thermal energy both. Hence, the penetration of distributed energy resources both at low voltages and medium voltages (LV and MV) in utility and downstream networks have been increased in developed countries. Computer simulation is an increasingly popular tool for determining the most suitable hybrid energy system type, design and control for an isolated community or a cluster of villages. This paper presents the the life cycle cost benefit analysis of battery energy storage system using different types of battery in a hybrid system. The main purpose of the hybrid system with battery system proposed here is to reduce, as much as possible, the cost of energy (COE), net present cost (NPC), initial cost (IC) and operating cost (OC). Three different hybrid systems are considered to decide the type of battery to be used for hybrid system. The incorportation of a battery bank makes the control operation more practical.

SYSTEM SCHEMATIC AND COMPONENTS

The ability to generate electricity is a building block of modern society. The utilization of wind turbines to produce electricity is practiced for over hundred years and electricity generation using PV is also an emerging technology. However, the field of engineering concerned with the coupling of hybrid systems have just begun recently. The following schematic represents basic PV-Wind hybrid DC system. Hybrid power system incorporates more than one piece of equipment for electricity production as well as energy storage, power conditioning components and system controls. The system consists of PV, Wind and battery connected to DC bus side of the network. HOMER power optimization software by NREL is used to simulate and analyze the hybrid systems .

Figure 1: PV-Wind Hybrid DC System Wind Resource Utilizing wind mills for various reasons is a practice for several years. Now many countries recognize the shortage of fossil fuels and importance of wind energy. The wind energy has re-emerged as an important source of sustainable energy resource worldwide. As the ratio of installed wind capacity to the system load increases, the required equipment needed to maintain a stable AC grid increases, forcing an optimum amount of wind power in a given system. Also, wind resources are used to supply isolated DC systems. So the design of individual components must be sized properly. India is enriched with abundant wind energy resources. Tamilnadu and Gujarat have the longest sea coast. So, a remote location of Gujarat, Kutch 24.50 latitude and 70.50 longitude is taken as a site for data selection. Weather data are important for pre feasibility study of renewable hybrid system for a particular site. In this modeling, 10 kW DC rated power is used for the wind turbine. The power curve and cost curve for wind turbine is shown in figures 2 (a) and (b) respectively.

Life Cycle Cost Benefit Analysis of Battery for Isolated Hybrid Systems A New Approach and Comperative Analysis

287

Figure 2 (a): Power Curve of a Wind Turbine

b): Cost Curve of a Wind Turbine

The life time is taken as 15 years and Hub Height is 25 meters for the wind turbine considered. Figure 3(a) and 3(b) shows the wind resource and wind profile. 1 hr auto correlation factor is 0.85.

Figure 3 (a): Wind Resource

(b): Wind Speed Profile

In addition to PV, wind turbine and storage battery, a primary load is used in the modeling of hybrid systems. A primary load of 85 kWh/day having 11.5 kW peak, 3.54 kW average kW load, load factor 0.308 is taken for simulation. Solar Resource Due to increasing load demands and growing PV technologies, generation using PV and hybrid PV systems has increased drastically in last decade. The solar energy has re-emerged as an important source of sustainable energy resource worldwide. As the ratio of installed PV capacity to the system load increases, the required equipment needed to maintain a stable AC grid increases, forcing an optimum amount of PV power in a given system. So the design and sizing of individual components must be carried out properly. India is enriched with abundant solar energy resources. A remote place of Gujarat, Kutch (Charanka) 24.50 latitude and 70.50 longitude is taken as a site for data selection. The solar resource data for Gujarat is obtained from NASA surface meteorology and solar website [10]. Weather data are important for pre feasibility study of renewable hybrid system for a particular site.

Figure 4: Solar Resource

288

Bindu U. Kansara & B. R. Parekh

MODELLING OF MICROGRID SYSTEM

After the design of system components, modelling and simulations of the micro power system is carried out. HOMER, an optimization model is used to simulate the system. Large number of options are available for different sizes of the components used, components to be added to the system which make sense, cost functions of components used in the system. HOMERs optimization and sensitivity analysis algorithms evaluated the possibility of system configuration. Range of different fuel prices and different wind speeds are considered for modeling. The system cost calculations account for costs such as capital, replacement, operation and maintenance, fuel and interest. The simulation is carried out for three different types of batteries (i) lead-acid battery (LAB) (ii) Zinc-Bromine Battery (ZBB) and (iii) Vanadium-Redox Battery (VRB) and considering three different configurations (i) Wind-Battery (ii) PV-Battery and (iii) PV-Wind-Battery.

Figure 5: PV- Wind Hybrid System in HOMER Wind Turbine A 10 kW DC, wind turbine is chosen for the system. Availability of energy from the wind turbine depends greatly on wind variations. Wind data for a site Kutch, Gujarat with 24.5 0 latitude and 70.50 longitude is considered. The parameters considered for wind turbine are : anemometer height : 10 m, Weibull K: 2, auto correlation factor: 0.85, scaled annual averages 4.5 and 5.5 m/sec, turbine life time : 15 years and hub height : 25 years. The capital cost, replacement cost and O&M cost considered for the wind turbine are 1200$/KW, 1100 $/KW and 20 $/yr respectively. Photo Voltaic System A 2 kW DC PV system is chosen for the hybrid system. Availability of energy from the PV depends greatly on solar radiation variations. Solar data for a site Charanka near Kutch, Gujarat with 24.5 0 latitude and 70.50 longitude is considered. The parameters considered for PV are: lifetime: 20 years, ground reflectance: 20%, scaled annual average 5.2 kwh/m2/day. The capital cost, replacement cost and O&M cost considered for the wind turbine are 8000 $, 7000 $ and 10 $/yr respectively Battery Bank In case of excess energy from renewables, storage battery bank is used in the hybrid system design. Commercially available battery models, like Surrett 4KS25P Lead acid, advance flow VRB and ZBB batteries are considered one by one for hybrid system simulation. Each battery costs capital cost 130$/KW, 117$/KW to replace the battery and 4$/yr for O&M. For different types of batteries, for optimal operation, the cycle charging dispatch strategy is set.

Life Cycle Cost Benefit Analysis of Battery for Isolated Hybrid Systems A New Approach and Comperative Analysis

289

System Controls Multiple generators can operate simultaneously, with minimum renewable energy fractions (MRF) considered = 0% and 20%, annual interest rate = 6%, plant working life span = 20 years, wind speed = 0, 4.5 and 5.5 m/s, scaled annual average = 5.2 kwh/m2/day, scaled annual average of temperature : 25 0 C, Dispatch strategy : Cycle Charging

Figure 6: Flow Chart of the Proposed System

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

The hybrid systems with different configurations (i) Wind-Battery (ii) PV-Battery and (iii) Wind-PV-Battery are simulated with every time battery replaced shown in figures 8, 9 and 10. The system is simulated with different types of batteries like Lead-acid, Zinc-Bromine and Vanadium-Redox in different hybrid systems. In each figure it shows that ZincBromine Battery (ZBB) gives less Initial Cost (IC), Operation Cost (OC), Net Present Cost (NPC) and Cost Of Energy (COE). This shows that the life cycle cost of a hybrid system is less for ZBB than other types of batteries taken for simulation.

Figure 7: Wind Battery System

290

Bindu U. Kansara & B. R. Parekh

Figure 8: PV-Battery System

Figure 9: Wind-PV-Battery System

Figure 10: Comparison of Cost of Energy (COE)

CONCLUSIONS
The results of Case: 1, Wind- Battery hybrid system using HOMER modeling shows that if, initial cost, operating cost, net present cost and cost of energy is compared for different types of batteries, zinc-bromine battery shows less life cycle cost of the system. The analysis of Case: 2 and Case : 3, hybrid PV-battery system and Wind-PV-battery hybrid system respectively, shows the same results as that of case : 1. Comparing Net Present Cost (NPC), Cost of Energy (COE), Initial Cost (IC) and Operating Cost (OC) of ZBB with lead-acid and Vanadium-Redox batteries, use of ZBB shows less life cycle cost. Hence, use of ZBB batteries shows better performance for hybrid systems.

Life Cycle Cost Benefit Analysis of Battery for Isolated Hybrid Systems A New Approach and Comperative Analysis

291

REFERENCES
1. 2. Lasseter R. H., Paigi P. Microgrid : A Conceptual Solution PESC04, Germany, 20 -25 June 2004 Salwan S. Dihrab, K. Sopian Electricity generation of hybrid PV/wind systems in Iraq Renewable Energy 35 (2010) 13031307 3. A. Kashefi Kaviani, G.H. Riahy, SH.M. Kouhsari Optimal design of a reliable hydrogen-based stand-alone wind/PV generating system, considering component outages Renewable Energy 34 (2009) 23802390 4. Tamer Khatib, Azah Mohamed, K. Sopian Optimization of a PV/wind micro-grid for rural housing electrification using a hybrid iterative/genetic algorithm: Case study of Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia , Energy and Buildings 47 (2012) 321331 5. Luis Arribas, Luis Cano, Ignacio Cruz, Montserrat Mata, Ermen Llobet PVwind hybrid system performance: A new approach and a case study, Renewable Energy 35 (2010) 128137 6. Anurag K. Srivastava, Aarthi A. Kumar, Noel N. Schulz Impact of distributed generations with energy storage devices on the electric grid, IEEE Systems Journal, 6(1), 110 -117. 7. PIER Final Project Report, An Assessment of Battery and Hydrogen Energy Storage Systems Integrated with Wind Energy Resources in California, September 2005. 8. 9. Getting Started Guide for HOMER Version 2.1, April 2005 Juergen Zimmerman, Cheryl Loone Renewable Energies in the Remote Areas and the Top End , Regional Forum: Electrical Engineering in the Top End 2009 IDC Technologies 10. eosweb.larc.nasa.gov accessed on July, 2010.