International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Research (IJEEER) ISSN 2250-155X Vol.

3, Issue 3, Aug 2013, 247-266 TJPRC Pvt. Ltd.

COMPENSATION OF VOLTAGE AND CURRENT IN MULTI-BUS/MULTI-FEEDER SYSTEM BY USING MC-UPQC

Y.VIJAY KUMAR1, K. RAVICHANDRUDU2& P. SUMAN PRAMOD KUMAR3
1

Department of EEE, Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering & Technology, Chittoor, Andhra Pradesh, India
2

Department of EEE, Krishnaveni Engineering College, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India

3

Department of EEE, CR. Engineering College, Tirupathi, Andhra Pradesh, India

ABSTRACT
This paper gives a unified power-quality conditioning system ,which is capable of simultaneous compensation for voltage and current in multi-bus/multi-feeder systems. From the proposed configuration, one shunt voltage-source converter (shunt VSC) and multi series VSCs are available. The proposed system can be applied to adjacent feeders to compensate for supply-voltage and load current imperfections on the main feeder and maximum compensation of supply voltage imperfections on the other feeders. In the proposed configuration, all converters are connected back to back on the dc side and share a common dc-link capacitor. Therefore, power can be transferred from one feeder to adjacent feeders to compensate for sag/swell and other interruptions.The performance of the MC-UPQC as well as the adopted control algorithm is illustrated by simulation. The results are obtained in MATLAB/SIMULINK on a two-bus/two-feeder system show the effectiveness of the proposed configuration.

KEYWORDS: Voltage Imbalance Power Quality (PQ), MATLAB/SIMULINK, Unified Power-Quality Conditioner
(UPQC), Voltage-Source Converter (VSC)

INTRODUCTION
With increasing applications of nonlinear and electronically switched devices in distribution systems and industries, power-quality (PQ) problems, such as harmonics, flicker, and imbalance have become serious concerns. In addition, lightning strikes on transmission lines, switching of capacitor banks, and various network faults can also cause PQ problems, such as transients, voltage sag/swell, and interruption. On the other hand, an increase of sensitive loads involving digital electronics and complex process controllers requires a pure sinusoidal supply voltage for proper load operation. Power Quality Many industrial segments, is often enamored by the bells and whistles, colorful diagnostic displays, high speed performance, and levels of automation that can be achieved. Although these features and their indirectly related computer based enhancements are key issues to an efficient terminal operation, we must not forget the foundation upon which we are building. Power quality is the mortar which bonds the foundation blocks. Power quality also affects terminal operating economics, reliability, our environment, and initial investment in power distribution systems to support new installations. To quote the utility company newsletter which acco mpanied the last monthly issue of my home utility billing: Using electricity wisely is a good environmental and business practice which saves you money, reduces emissions from generating plants, and conserves our natural resources. As we are all aware, c ontainer crane performance requirements continue to increase at an astounding rate. Next generation container cranes, already in the bidding process, will require

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average power demands of 1500 to 2000 kW almost double the total average demand three years ago. The rapid increase in power demand levels, an increase in container crane population, SCR converter crane drive retrofits and the large AC and DC drives needed to power and control these cranes will increase awareness of the power quality issue in the very near future. Problems Associated with Power Quality Power Factor Harmonic Distortion Voltage Transients Voltage Sags or Dips Voltage Swells Power quality can be improved through: Power factor correction, Harmonic filtering, Special line notch filtering, Transient voltage surge suppression, Proper earthing systems.

Advantages of Power Quality Power quality in the container terminal environment impacts the economics of the terminal operation, affects reliability of the terminal equipment, and affects other consumers served by the same utility service. Each of these concerns is explored in the following paragraphs. Economic Impact The economic impact of power quality is the foremost incentive to container terminal operators. Economic impact can be significant and manifest itself in several ways: Power Factor Penalties The average power factor under operating conditions of customers load at the point where service is metered shall be not less than 85%. If below 85%, the customer may be required to furnish, install and maintain at its expense corrective apparatus which will increase the Power factor of the entire installation to not less than 85%. System Losses Harmonic currents and low power factor created by nonlinear loads, not only result in possible power factor penalties, but also increase the power losses in the distribution system. These losses are not visible as a separate item on your monthly utility billing, but you pay for them each month. Equipment Reliability Poor power quality can affect machine or equipment reliability and reduce the life of components. Harmonics,

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voltage transients, and voltage system sags and swells are all power quality problems and are all interdependent. Harmonics affect power factor, voltage transients can induce harmonics, the same phenomena which create harmonic current injection in DC SCR variable speed drives are responsible for poor power factor, and dynamically varying power factor of the same drives can create voltage sags and swells. The effects of harmonic distortion, harmonic currents, and line notch ringing can be mitigated using specially designed filters. Main Problems Associated with Power Quality Voltage Sag Voltage sags and momentary power interruptions are probably the most important PQ problem affecting industrial and large commercial customers. These events are usually associated with a fault at some location in the supplying power system. Interruptions occur when the fault is on the circuit supplying the customer. But voltage sags occur even if the faults happen to be far away from the customer's site. Voltage sags lasting only 4-5 cycles can cause a wide range of sensitive customer equipment to drop out. To industrial customers, voltage sag and a momentary interruption are equivalent if both shut their process down. A typical example of voltage sag is shown in figure 1.

Figure 1: Voltage Sag Voltage sag is a momentary decrease in the rms voltage magnitude. Voltage sags can occur at any instant of time, with amplitudes ranging from 10 90% and a duration lasting for half a cycle to one minute. A normal duration of sag according to standards is, 10 ms to 1 minute.

Causes of Voltage Sag Unbalanced load on a three phase system Switching of heavy loads Unreliable grid systems Equipments not suitable for local supply Short circuit faults in the power network. Starting of Induction Motor of large rating.

Consequences Reduction of energy transfer Disconnection of equipment Standstill condition

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Voltage Swell Voltage swell is defined as an increase in rms voltage or current at the power frequency for durations from 0.5 cycles to 1 min Voltage swell is defined as an increase in rms voltage or current at the power frequency for durations from 0.5 cycles to 1 min. Harmonics

Figure 2: Harmonics Causes of Harmonics Non linear equipments Electric arc furnaces Variable speed drives Loads which use power electronic devices Arc discharge lamps

Consequences Pulsating torques Overheating Harmonic currents with increase in iron and copper losses

Voltage Imbalances Voltage imbalances are normally brought about by unbalanced loads or unbalanced short-circuit faults, thus producing overheating in synchronous machines and, in some extreme cases, leading to load shutdowns and equipment failure. Causes of Voltage Imbalances Unbalanced loads Short circuit faults

Consequences Produces overheating in synchronous machines

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Load shutdowns Equipment failure

CONCEPT OF FACTS TECHNOLOGY

In most of the applications the controllability is used to avoid cost intensive or landscape requiring extensions of power systems, for instance like upgrades or additions of substations and power lines. FACTS-devices provide a better adaptation to varying operational conditions and improve the usage of existing installations. The basic applications of for different voltage levels FACTS-devices are Power flow control, Increase of transmission capability, Voltage control, Reactive power compensation, Stability improvement, Power quality improvement, Power conditioning, Flicker mitigation, Interconnection of renewable and distributed generation and storages. The influence of FACTS-devices is achieved through switched or controlled shunt compensation, series compensation or phase shift control. The devices work electrically as fast current, voltage or impedance controllers. The power electronic allows very short reaction times down to far below one second.

Figure 3: Operational Limits of Transmission Lines

Figure 4: Overview of Major FACTS-Devices

For the FACTS side the taxonomy in terms of 'dynamic' and 'static' needs some explanation. The term 'dynamic' is used to express the fast controllability of FACTS-devices provided by the power electronics. This is one of the main differentiation factors from the conventional devices. The term 'static' means that the devices have no moving parts like mechanical switches to perform the dynamic controllability. Therefore most of the FACTS-devices can equally be static and dynamic. The left column in Figure 4 contains the conventional devices build out of fixed or mechanically switch able components like resistance, inductance or capacitance together with transformers. The FACTS-devices contain these

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elements as well but use additional power electronic valves or converters to switch the elements in smaller steps or with switching patterns within a cycle of the alternating current. The left column of FACTS-devices uses Thyristor valves or converters. These valves or converters are well known since several years. They have low losses because of their low switching frequency of once a cycle in the converters or the usage of the Thyristors to simply bridge impedances in the valves. The right column of FACTS-devices contains more advanced technology of voltage source converters based today mainly on Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors (IGBT) or Insulated Gate Commutated Thyristors (IGCT). Voltage Source Converters provide a free controllable voltage in magnitude and phase due to a pulse width modulation of the IGBTs or IGCTs. High modulation frequencies allow to get low harmonics in the output signal and even to compensate disturbances coming from the network. The disadvantage is that with an increasing switching frequency, the losses are increasing as well. Therefore special designs of the converters are required to compensate this.

TYPES OF CONFIGURATIONS OF FACTS-DEVICES

Shunt Devices The most used FACTS-device is the SVC or the version with Voltage Source Converter called STATCOM. These shunt devices are operating as reactive power compensators. The main applications in transmission, distribution and industrial networks are: Reduction of unwanted reactive power flows and therefore reduced network losses. Keeping of contractual power exchanges with balanced reactive power. Compensation of consumers and improvement of power quality especially with huge demand fluctuations like industrial machines, metal melting plants, railway or underground train systems. SVC SVC installations consist of a number of building blocks. The most important is the Thyristor valve, i.e. stack assemblies of series connected anti-parallel Thyristors to provide controllability. Air core reactors and high voltage AC capacitors are the reactive power elements used together with the Thyristor valves. The step up connection of this equipment to the transmission voltage is achieved through a power transformer. Compensation of Thyristor converters e.g. in conventional HVDC lines. Improvement of static or transient stability.

Figure 5: Types of SVCs

Figure 6: Circuit Configuration of TCSC

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Series Devices Series devices have been further developed from fixed or mechanically switched compensations to the Thyristor Controlled Series Compensation (TCSC) or even Voltage Source Converter based devices. TCSC Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitors (TCSC) address specific dynamical problems in transmission systems. Firstly it increases damping when large electrical systems are interconnected. Secondly it can overcome the problem of Sub Synchronous Resonance (SSR), a phenomenon that involves an interaction between large thermal generating units and series compensated transmission systems.The TCSC's high speed switching capability provides a mechanism for controlling line power flow, which permits increased loading of existing transmission lines, and allows for rapid readjustment of line power flow in response to various contingencies. The TCSC also can regulate steady-state power flow within its rating limits. Advantages Continuous control of desired compensation level Direct smooth control of power flow within the network Improved capacitor bank protection

Series and Shunt Devices Unified Power Flow Controller: UPFC The UPFC is a combination of a static compensator and static series compensation. It acts as a shunt compensating and a phase shifting device simultaneously.

Figure 7: Principle Configuration of an UPFC

Figure 8: Internal Circuit of UPFC

The UPFC consists of a shunt and a series transformer, which are connected via two voltage source converters with a common DC-capacitor. The DC-circuit allows the active power exchange between shunt and series transformer to control the phase shift of the series voltage. This setup, as shown in Figure 7, provides the full controllability for voltage and power flow. The series converter needs to be protected with a Thyristor bridge. Due to the high efforts for the Voltage Source Converters and the protection, an UPFC is getting quite expensive, which limits the practical applications where the voltage and power flow control is required simultaneously. Operating Principle of UPFC The basic components of the UPFC are two voltage source inverters (VSIs) sharing a common dc storage capacitor, and connected to the power system through coupling transformers. One VSI is connected to in shunt to the transmission system via a shunt transformer, while the other one is connected in series through a series transformer. A basic UPFC functional scheme is shown in figure 8.

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The series inverter is controlled to inject a symmetrical three phase voltage system (Vse), of controllable magnitude and phase angle in series with the line to control active and reactive power flows on the transmission line. So, this inverter will exchange active and reactive power with the line. The reactive power is electronically provided by the series inverter, and the active power is transmitted to the dc terminals. The shunt inverter is operated in such a way as to demand this dc terminal power (positive or negative) from the line keeping the voltage across the storage capacitor Vdc constant. So, the net real power absorbed from the line by the UPFC is equal only to the losses of the inverters and their transformers. The remaining capacity of the shunt inverter can be used to exchange reactive power with the line so to provide a voltage regulation at the connection point. VAR Control Mode The reference input is an inductive or capacitive VAR request. The shunt inverter control translates the VAR reference into a corresponding shunt current request and adjusts gating of the inverter to establish the desired current. For this mode of control a feedback signal representing the dc bus voltage, Vdc, is also required. Automatic Voltage Control Mode The shunt inverter reactive current is automatically regulated to maintain the transmission line voltage at the point of connection to a reference value. For this mode of control, voltage feedback signals are obtained from the sending end bus feeding the shunt coupling transformer. Automatic Power Flow Control Mode The reference inputs are values of P and Q to maintain on the transmission line despite system changes.

UNIFIED POWER QUALITY CONDITIONER: UPQC

Circuit Configuration of UPQC The provision of both DSTATCOM and DVR can control the power quality of the source current and the load bus voltage. In addition, if the DVR and STATCOM are connected on the DC side, the DC bus voltage can be regulated by the shunt connected DSTATCOM while the DVR supplies the required energy to the load in case of the transient disturbances in source voltage. The configuration of such a device (termed as Unified Power Quality Conditioner (UPQC)) is shown in Figure 9. This is a versatile device similar to a UPFC. However, the control objectives of a UPQC are quite different from that of a UPFC. Unified power quality conditioners (UPQCs) consist of combined series and shunt active power filters (APFs) for simultaneous compensation of voltage and current disturbances and reactive power. They are applicable to power distribution systems, being connected at the point of common coupling (PCC) of loads that generate harmonic currents. Diverse topologies have been proposed in literature for UPQCs in single-phase configurations, i.e. two IGBT half bridges or multilevel topologies, but this paper focus on the commonly employed general structure depicted in figure 9. As can be seen, the power converters share a dc-bus and, depending on their functionalities, employ an isolation transformer (series APF) or an inductance (shunt APF) as voltage or current links. This paper proposes a new control technique for UPQCs based on a Kalman filtering approach. The proposed method operates both in the time and frequency domains allowing the selective compensation of voltage and current harmonics with fast dynamical responses. Moreover, the impact of dips and over-voltages can be attenuated by applying the proposed controller.

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Figure 9: Circuit Configuration of UPQC

Figure 10: Internal Structure of UPQC

Poor power quality in a system could be due to different factors such as voltage sag voltage swell, Voltage outage and over correction of power factor and unacceptable levels of harmonics in the current and voltage. Modern solution for poor power quality is to take advantage of advanced power electronics technology. Recent research Efforts have been made towards utilizing a device called unified power quality conditioner (UPQC) to solve almost all power quality problems. This concept can be traced back to 1970s and its main idea is to improve power quality from the point of load terminal installation. Such kind of UPQC combines series and shuntconnected active filters and offers the best possibilities to compensate voltage imbalance, sag and distortion. The UPQC is modeled with reference to a synchronously rotating d-q-0 reference axes. This transformation technique reveals the negative sequence, zero sequence, under voltage, over voltage and other harmonic components presents in the power supply. These non-ideal quantities are reflected as ac quantities having positive or negative sequence. Functioning of UPQC The basic functionalities of a UPQC controller are depicted in figure 10. The voltage compensation (vC) and current injection (iC) reference signals, required for compensation purposes, are evaluated from the instantaneous measurements of the source voltage (vS), the dc-bus voltage (vdc) and the load current (iL). These reference signals are compared to the measured feedback signals v1 and i2 and applied to the decoupled voltage and current controllers, which ensure that the compensation signals correspond to the reference ones. The gate signals of the power converters are obtained by applying pulse width modulators to the controller outputs. The power converters switch at high frequency generating a PWM output voltage waveform, which must be lowpass, filtered (L1, R1 and C1 in case of series APF and L2 y C2 for the shunt APF). Switches S1, S2 and S3 control the compensation status of the UPQC. The voltage controller can be implemented in three ways. Feedback structures allow a good stationary response while forward structures generate quick responses during voltage transients. A feed-forward structure allows both behaviors being more used. The generation of the reference signal depends strongly on the compensation objectives: voltage dips, over-voltages or voltage harmonics. The rms value of the grid voltage can be measured to detect voltage dips and over-voltages, once detected, the PLL used to synchronize the compensation Signal must be frozen (not applied to the voltage signal) to maintain the previous phase. Mathematical Modeling System Assuming that the load is non-linear, the power system model considered in this paper can be divided into following units: the power supply system, series active of filter and shunt active filter. These constituent members of the UPQC are modeled separately in this section. First consider the power supply system. By Kirchhoffs law:

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ViF = ei-Ls (diis/dt)-Rsiis-Vih Iis = iiL- iih

(1) (2)

Where subscript I refers to a,b and c phases in the power system; Ls and Rs are the inductance and resistance of the transmission line ;ei is source voltage; vih is the output voltage of the series active filter; iis is the load current and iih is the output current of the shunt active respectively. For the series active filter Vih = LI (diis/dt)+Rsiis+dlivcl+(l-dli)vc2 (3)

Where L1 and R1 are the leakage inductance and resistance of the series transformer,vc1 and vc2 are the voltages of dc link capacitors, dli is the switch duty ratio of the series active filter. Without loss of generality, the turns ratio of the transformer is assumed to be unity. For the shunt active filter, vc2 L2(diih/dt)=-R2iih-viF+d2ivcl+(l-d2i) (4)

Where L2 and R2 are the leakage inductance and resistance of the shunt-connected transformer, d2i is the switch duty ratio of the shunt active filter. The turns ratio of this transformer is also assumed to be unity. Basic Control A new moving time window method is applied here to capture the active quality of the fundamental positive sequence component which is expresses as a dc value in the d-axis. Furthermore, from equation, it is evident that the average of the other components, apart from l1pmcos1, in the d-axis is zero in one fundamental. Therefore a time window with a width of 0.02 seconds (for 50 Hz system) may be selected to calculate the dc value. The calculation for the first fundamental cycle is l/T T0 icldt = l1pm cos1. After this the window is moved forward. If the moving frequency is also 50 Hz, the delay caused by the calculation is 0.02s. However if the moving frequency is n times of 50Hz, the delay will be 0.02/n seconds. As the window moving frequency increases, calculation delay becomes shorter but the frequency at which the data moving into and out of the window is higher. It may need longer computation time. Fortunately, in practical power systems, load current changes slowly. The input to the Pl controller is the error between the actual capacitor voltage and its desired value. The output of the Pl controller is added to the reference current components in the d axis, idh , to from the new reference active power of the power supply system. The shunt active filter acts like a regulator. Its currents are used to adjust the capacitor voltages to within a certain range. Here only one Pl controller is used to control the two capacitor voltages. Although these voltages will not be symmetrical when the system is unbalanced, which is caused by the zero sequence current in the UPQC, simulations results obtained so far have shown satisfactory performance of the closed-loop system. Control Objectives of UPQC The shunt connected converter has the following control objectives To balance the source currents by injecting negative and zero sequence components required by the load The compensate for the harmonics in the load current by injecting the required harmonic currents To control the power factor by injecting the required reactive current (at fundamental frequency)

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To regulate the DC bus voltage.

The series connected converter has the following control objectives To balance the voltages at the load bus by injecting negative and zero sequence voltages to compensate for those present in the source. To isolate the load bus from harmonics present in the source voltages, by injecting the harmonic voltages To regulate the magnitude of the load bus voltage by injecting the required active and reactive components (at fundamental frequency) depending on the power factor on the source side To control the power factor at the input port of the UPQC (where the source is connected. Note that the power factor at the output port of the UPQC (connected to the load) is controlled by the shunt converter.

MC-UPQC
Configuration of Proposed Mc-UPQC System The single-line diagram of a distribution system with an MC-UPQC is shown in Figure 11.

Figure 11: Single-Line Diagram of a Distribution System with an MC-UPQC As shown in this figure, two feeders connected to two different substations supply the loads L1 and L2. The MCUPQC is connected to two buses BUS1 and BUS2 with voltages of ut1 and ut2, respectively. The shunt part of the MCUPQC is also connected to load L1 with a current of il1. Supply voltages are denoted by us1 and us2 while load voltages are ut1 and ut2 finally, feeder currents are denoted by is1 and is2 and load currents are is1 and is2. Bus voltages ut1 and ut2 are distorted and may be subjected to sag/swell. The load L1 is a nonlinear/sensitive load which needs a pure sinusoidal voltage for proper operation while its current is non-sinusoidal and contains harmonics. The load L2 is a sensitive/critical load which needs a purely sinusoidal voltage and must be fully protected against distortion, sag/swell, and interruption. These types of loads primarily include production industries and critical service providers, such as medical centers, airports, or broadcasting centers where voltage interruption can result in severe economical losses or human damages. Structure of McUPQC The internal structure of the MCUPQC is shown in Figure 12.

Figure 12: Typical MC-UPQC Used in Figure 13: Schematic Structure of a VSC a Distribution System It consists of three VSCs (VSC1, VSC2, and VSC3) which are connected back to back through a common dc-link capacitor. In the proposed configuration, VSC1 is connected in series with BUS1 and VSC2 is connected in parallel with

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load L1 at the end of Feeder1. VSC3 is connected in series with BUS2 at the Feeder2 end. Each of the three VSCs in Figure 13 is realized by a three-phase converter with a commutation reactor and high-pass output filter as shown in Figure 13. The commutation reactor (Lf) and high- pass output filter (Rf,Cf) are connected to prevent the flow of switching harmonics into the power supply. As shown in Figure, all converters are supplied from a common dc-link capacitor and connected to the distribution system through a transformer. Secondary (distribution) sides of the series-connected transformers are directly connected in series with BUS1 and BUS2, and the secondary (distribution) side of the shuntconnected transformer is connected in parallel with load L1. The aims of the MC-UPQC shown in Figure are: To regulate the load voltage (ut1) against sag/swell and disturbances in the system to protect the nonlinear/sensitive load L1; To regulate the load voltage (ut2) against sag/swell, interruption, and disturbances in the system to protect the sensitive/ critical load L2; To compensate for the reactive and harmonic components of nonlinear load current (il1). In order to achieve these goals, series VSCs (i.e., VSC1 and VSC3) operate as voltage controllers while the shunt VSC (i.e., VSC2) operates as a current controller. Control Strategy As shown in Figure, the MC-UPQC consists of two series VSCs and one shunt VSC which are controlled independently. The switching control strategy for series VSCs and the shunt VSC are selected to be sinusoidal pulse widthmodulation (SPWM) voltage control and hysteresis current control, respectively. Details of the control algorithm, which are based on the dq method [12], will be discussed later. Shunt-VSC: Functions of the shunt-VSC are: To compensate for the reactive component of load L1 current; To compensate for the harmonic components of load L1 current; To regulate the voltage of the common dc-link capacitor.

Figure shows the control block diagram for the shunt VSC. The measured load current (il_abc) is transformed into the synchronous dq0 reference frame by using il_dqo= il_abc (5)

where the transformation matrix is shown in (2), at the bottom of the page. By this transform, the fundamental positive-sequence component, which is transformed into dc quantities in the d and q axes, can be easily extracted by low-pass filters (LPFs). Also, all harmonic components are transformed into ac quantities with a fundamental frequency shift
i l_d=il_d+ l_d

(6) (7)

i l_d=il_q+ l_q

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where il_d, il_q are d-q components of load current il_d ,il_q are dc components, and of
l_d

l_d

l_dq are

the ac components

l_dq

If is is the feeder current and ipf is the shunt VSC current and knowing is=il+ipf1, then dq components of the shunt VSC reference current are defined as follows: (8)

l_d

l_q

(9)

Consequently, the dq components of the feeder current are is_d=

l_d

(10) (11)

is_q=0

This means that there are no harmonic and reactive components in the feeder current. Switching losses cause the dc-link capacitor voltage to decrease. Other disturbances, such as the sudden variation of load, can also affect the dc link. In order to regulate the dc-link capacitor voltage, a proportionalintegral (PI) controller is used as shown in Figure. The input of the PI controller is the error between the actual capacitor voltage (udc) and its reference value ( ). The output

of the PI controller i.e., idc is added to the d component of the shunt-VSC reference current to form a new reference current as follows:

(12) As shown in Figure, the reference current in (9) is then transformed back into the abc reference frame. By using PWM hysteresis current control, the output-compensating currents in each phase are obtained ;( Series-VSC Functions of the series VSCs in each feeder are: To mitigate voltage sag and swell; To compensate for voltage distortions, such as harmonics; To compensate for interruptions (in Feeder2 only). ) (13)

The control block diagram of each series VSC is shown in Figure. The bus voltage (ut_abc) is detected and then transformed into the synchronous dq0 reference frame using ut_dq0= ut_abc=ut1p+ ut1n+ ut10+ uth (14)

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Where

(15)

ut1p, ut1n and ut10 are fundamental frequency positive-, negative-, and zero-sequence components, respectively, and uth is the harmonic component of the bus voltage. According to control objectives of the MC-UPQC, the load voltage should be kept sinusoidal with a constant amplitude even if the bus voltage is disturbed. Therefore, the expected load voltage in the synchronous dq0 reference frame only has one value.

where the load voltage in the abc reference frame (

) is

(16) The compensating reference voltage in the synchronous dq0 reference frame ( ) is defined as

(17) This means in (12) should be maintained at Um while all other unwanted components must be

eliminated. The compensating reference voltage is then transformed back into the abc reference frame. By using an improved SPWM voltage control technique (sine PWM control with minor loop feedback) [8], the output compensation voltage of the series VSC can be obtained. Analysation of Power-Rating of the MC-UPQC The power rating of the MC-UPQC is an important factor in terms of cost. Before calculation of the power rating of each VSC in the MC UPQC structure, two models of a UPQC are analyzed and the best model which requires the minimum power rating is considered. All voltage and current phasors used in this section are phase quantities at the fundamental frequency. There are two models for a UPQCquadrature compensation (UPQC-Q) and inphase compensation (UPQC-P). In the quadrature compensation scheme, the injected voltage by the series- VSC maintains a quadrature advance relationship with the supply current so that no real power is consumed by the series VSC at steady state. This is a significant advantage when UPQC mitigates sag conditions. The series VSC also shares the volt ampere reactive (VAR) of the load along with the shunt-VSC, reducing the power rating of the shunt-VSC. Figure 14 shows the phasor diagram of this scheme under a typical load power factor condition with and without voltage sag.

Figure 14: Phasor Diagram of Quadrature Compensation. (a) Without Voltage Sag. (b) With Voltage Sag When the bus voltage is at the desired value ( ) the series-injected voltage is zero

[Figure (a)]. The shunt VSC injects the reactive component of load current Ic, resulting in unity input-power factor.

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Furthermore, the shunt VSC compensates for not only the reactive component, but also the harmonic components of the load current Ic. For sag compensation in this model, the quadrature series voltage injection is needed as shown in Figure 15 (b). The shunt VSC injects Ic in such a way that the active power requirement of the load is only drawn from the utility which results in a unity input-power factor. In an inphase compensation scheme, the injected voltage is inphase with the supply voltage when the supply is balanced. By virtue of inphase injection, series VSC will mitigate the voltage sag condition by minimum injected voltage. The phasor diagram of Figure 15 explains the operation of this scheme in case of a voltage sag.

Figure 15: Phasor Diagram of Inphase Compensation (Supply Voltage Sag) A comparison between in phase (UPQC-P) and quadrature (UPQC-Q) models is made for different sag conditions and load power factors in [13]. It is shown that the power rating of the shunt-VSC in the UPQC-Q model is lower than that of the UPQC-P, and the power rating of the series-VSC in the UPQC-P model is lower than that of the UPQC-Q for a power factor of less than or equal to 0.9. Also, it is shown that the total power rating of UPQC-Q is lower than that of UPQC-P where the VAR demand of the load is high.By adding suffix 2, indicating Feeder2. As shown in Figures 6 and 7, load voltages in both feeders are kept constant at uo regardless of bus voltages variation, and the load currents in both feeders are assumed to be constant at their rated values (i.e., I01 and I02, respectively) ul1=ul2=u0 (18) The load power factors in Feeder1 and Feeder2 are assumed to be cos1and cos2 and the per-unit sags, which must be compensated in Feeder1 and Feeder2, are supposed to be x1 and x2, respectively. If the MC-UPQC is lossless, the active power demand supplied by Feeder1 consists of two parts: The active power demand of load in Feeder1; The active power demand for sag and interruption compensation in Feeder2.

Thus, Feeder1 current Is1 can be found as (19) (1-x1) (1-x1) 2 (20) (21)

(22) From Figure, the voltage injected by the series VSC in Feeder1 and thus the power rating of this converter ( ) can be calculated as

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(23) The shunt VSC current is divided into two parts. The first part (i.e.,Ic1 ) compensates for the reactive component (and harmonic components) of Feeder1 current and can be calculated from Figure as

(24) where Is1 is calculated. This part of the shunt VSC current only exchanges reactive power (Q) with the system. The second part provides the real power (P), which is needed for a sag or interruption compensation in Feeder2. Therefore, the power rating of the shunt VSC can be calculated as

=3 =3 where (25) is calculated. Finally, the power rating of the series-VSC in Feeder2 can be calculated. For the worst. Therefore (26)

case scenario (i.e., interruption compensation), one must consider

SIMULATION AND RESULTS

In order to verify the effectiveness of the MC-UPQC and its control strategy, a computer simulation model is developed using the MATLAB / SIMULINK software. Simulations have been carried out to confirm the operating principle of the MC-UPQC. The simulation parameters are as follows: Test System Data Line-line voltage: 380V rms Frequency: 50Hz Bus1 parameters: Sag: 25% = 285V at 0.1s < t < 0.2s Swell: 20% = 456V at 0.2s < t < 0.3s Load parameters: L1: R=10 C=30F Switching time of MC-UPQC: t=0.02s L2: R=10 L=100mH Bus2 parameters Sag: 35% = 247V at 0.15s < t < 0.25s Swell: 30% = 494V at 0.25s < t < 0.3s

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Simulated Design of MC-UPQC

Figure 16: Simulated Design of MC-UPQC Results for Various Case Studies Distortion and Sag/Swell on the Bus Voltage

Figure 17: BUS1 Voltage, Series Compensating Voltage and Load Voltage in Feeder1

Figure 18: BUS2 Voltage, Series Compensating Voltage Load Voltage in Feeder2

BUS1 contains an voltage sag and swell of 285V and 456V as shown in figure 17 which are then compensated by injecting a series compensating voltage and the resulting load voltage in feeder1 is shown in the above figure.BUS2 contains an voltage sag and swell of 247V and 494V as shown in figure 18 which are then compensated by injecting a series compensating voltage and the resulting load voltage in feeder2 is shown in the above figure.

Figure 19: Non Linear Load Current, Compensating Current, Feeder1 Current, and Capacitor Voltage

Figure 20: BUS2 Voltage, Compensating Voltage and Loads L1 and L2 Voltages

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The non linear load current, its corresponding compensation current injected by VSC2, compensated feeder1 current and the dc-link capacitor voltage are as shown in figure 19. Upstream Fault on Feeder2 The performance of the MC-UPQC under a fault condition on feeder2 is tested by applying a three-phase fault to ground on feeder2 between 0.3s < t < 0.4s and the simulation results are as shown in figure 20. Load Change Unbalance Voltage

Figure 21: Non Linear Load Current, Feeder1 Current, Load1 Voltage and dc-Link Capacitor Voltage and

Figure 22: BUS1 Voltage, Series Compensating Voltage Load Voltage in Feeder 1 under Unbalanced Source Voltage

The nonlinear load L1 is doubled by reducing its resistance to half at t=0.5s and the system response is as shown in figure 21. The simulation results shown in figure 22 indicate that the harmonic components and unbalance of BUS1 voltage are compensated by injecting the proper series voltage.

CONCLUSIONS
The following conclusions are drawn from the investigations: The MC-UPQC considered in this project is capable of fully protecting critical and sensitive loads against distortions, sags/swell, and interruption in two-feeder systems. The proposed direct compensation control method used in the series active filter and the moving window current calculation method used in the shunt active filter make the MC-UPQC response very quickly to any sudden voltage change. The proposed topology can be extended to multi-bus/multi-feeder systems by adding more series VSCs. Compensation for interruptions without the need for a battery storage system and consequently without storage capacity limitation is achieved. It offers sharing power compensation capabilities between two adjacent feeders which are not connected.

FUTURE SCOPE
By implementing FACT devices with fuzzy logic and other improved technologies more accurate results can be obtained with minimum error and within the less time.

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REFERENCES
1. Hamid Reza Mohammadi, Ali Yazdian Varjani, and Hossein Mokhtari, Multiconverter Unified Power-Quality Conditioning System: MC-UPQC, IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl. vol. 24, no. 3, pp.1679-1686, July 2009. 2. M. Rastogi, R. Naik, and N. Mohan, A comparative evaluation of har monic reduction techniques in three-phase utility interface of power electronic loads, IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 30, no. 5, pp. 11491155, Sep./Oct. 1994. 3. F. Z. Peng, Application issues of active power filters, IEEE Ind. Appl. Mag., vol. 4, no. 5, pp. 2130, Sep../Oct. 1998. 4. H. Akagi, New trends in active filters for power conditioning, IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 32, no. 6, pp. 1312 1322, Nov./Dec. 1996. 5. L. Gyugyi, C. D. Schauder, S. L. Williams, T. R. Rietman, D. R. Torjerson, and A. Edris, The unified power flow controller: A new approach to power transmission control, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 10851097, Apr. 1995. 6. H. Fujita and H. Akagi, The unified power quality conditioner: The integration of series and shunt active filters, IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 315322, Mar. 1998. 7. A. Ghosh and G. Ledwich, A unified power quality conditioner (UPQC) for simultaneous voltage and current compensation, Elect. Power Syst. Res., pp. 5563, 2001. 8. M. Aredes, K. Heumann, and E. H. Watanabe, An universal active power line conditioner, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 545551, Apr. 1998.

AUTHORS DETAILS

Y. Vijay Kumar is working as Associate Professor of EEE in S.V.C.E.T, Chittoor and pursuing Ph.D at JNTUKakinada. His area of interest are in Power system Stability and the electrical distribution system. Dr. K. RAVICHANDRUDU obtained his B.E from Andhra University and M. Tech & Ph.D from S. V. University, Tirupathi . His area of interest is in Power system engineering, electrical machines. Email id:kattaravi@yahoo.com P. SUMAN PRAMOD KUMAR obtained his bachelors degree from S. V. University & Masters Degree in 2005 from Bharath Institute of Higher Education & Research, Chennai. Presently Working as Associate Professor of EEE in chadalawada Ramanamma Engg college, Tirupati A.P, India. His area of interest are in Control Systems, Electrical Distribution System & AC Machines