Maths Quest Methods Solutions Y11

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Table of contents
About eBook PLUS v
Chapter 1 Graphs and polynomials 1
Exercise 1A The binomial theorem 1
Exercise 1B Polynomials 2
Exercise 1C Division of polynomials 4
Exercise 1D Linear graphs 7
Exercise 1E Quadratic graphs 8
Exercise 1F Cubic graphs 11
Exercise 1G Quartic graphs 13
Chapter review 15
Short answer 15
Multiple choice 16
Extended response 17
Chapter 2 Functions and transformations 21
Exercise 2A Transformations and the parabola 21
Exercise 2B The cubic function in power form 22
Exercise 2C The power function (the hyperbola) 25
Exercise 2D The power function (the truncus) 29
Exercise 2E The square root function in power form 32
Exercise 2F The absolute value function 34
Exercise 2G Transformations with matrices 38
Exercise 2H Sum, difference and product functions 40
Exercise 2I Composite functions and functional
equations 41
Exercise 2J Modelling 43
Chapter review 46
Short answer 46
Multiple choice 48
Exam practice 1 52
Short answer 52
Multiple choice 52
Chapter 3 Exponential and logarithmic equations 54
Exercise 3A The index laws 54
Exercise 3B Logarithm laws 55
Exercise 3C Exponential equations 56
Exercise 3D Logarithmic equations using
any base 58
Exercise 3E Exponential equations (base e) 60
Exercise 3F Equations with natural (base e)
logarithms 62
Exercise 3G Inverses 63
Exercise 3H Literal equations 65
Exercise 3I Exponential and logarithmic modelling 66
Chapter review 68
Short answer 68
Multiple choice 69
Chapter 4 Exponential and logarithmic graphs 72
Exercise 4A Graphs of exponential functions with
any base 72
Exercise 4B Logarithmic graphs to any base 76
Exercise 4C Graphs of exponential functions with
base e 81
Exercise 4D Logarithmic graphs to base e 86
Exercise 4E Finding equations for graphs of exponential
and logarithmic functions 90
Exercise 4F Addition of ordinates 91
Exercise 4G Exponential and logarithmic functions with
absolute values 95
Exercise 4H Exponential and logarithmic modelling
using graphs 96
Chapter review 98
Short answer 98
Multiple choice 99
Chapter 5 Inverse functions 103
Exercise 5A Relations and their inverses 103
Exercise 5B Functions and their inverses 105
Exercise 5C Inverse functions 109
Exercise 5D Restricting functions 111
Chapter review 117
Short answer 117
Multiple choice 120
Chapter 6 Circular (trigonometric) functions 123
Exercise 6A Revision of radians and the unit circle 123
Exercise 6B Symmetry and exact values 124
Exercise 6C Trigonometric equations 127
Exercise 6D Trigonometric graphs 130
Exercise 6E Graphs of the tangent function 135
Exercise 6F Finding equations of trigonometric
graphs 137
Exercise 6G Trigonometric modelling 138
Exercise 6H Further graphs 139
Exercise 6I Trigonometric functions with an increasing
trend 144
Chapter review 145
Short answer 145
Multiple choice 147
Exam practice 2 148
Short answer 148
Multiple choice 150
Chapter 7 Differentiation 152
Exercise 7A Review gradient and rates of change 152
Exercise 7B Limits and differentiation from first
principles 154
Exercise 7C The derivative of x
n
158
Exercise 7D The chain rule 160
Exercise 7E The derivative of e
x
164
Exercise 7F The derivative of log
e
(x) 167
Exercise 7G The derivatives of sin(x), cos(x) and
tan(x) 172
Exercise 7H The product rule 176
Exercise 7I The quotient rule 179
Exercise 7J Mixed problems on differentiation 183
Chapter review 190
Short answer 190
Multiple choice 192
Chapter 8 Applications of differentiation 196
Exercise 8A Equations of tangents and normals 196
Exercise 8B Sketching curves 199
Exercise 8C Maximum and minimum problems when the
function is known 209
Exercise 8D Maximum and minimum problems when the
function is unknown 210
Exercise 8E Rates of change 213
Exercise 8F Related rates 215
Exercise 8G Linear approximation 217
Chapter review 217
Short answer 217
Multiple choice 219
Chapter 9 Integration 225
Exercise 9A Antidifferentiation 225
Exercise 9B Integration of e
x
, sin(x) and cos(x) 230
Exercise 9C Integration by recognition 233
Exercise 9D Approximating areas enclosed by
functions 237
Exercise 9E The fundamental theorem of integral
calculus 238
Exercise 9F Signed areas 244
Exercise 9G Further areas 249
Exercise 9H Areas between two curves 260
Exercise 9I Average value of a function 270
Exercise 9J Further applications of integration 271
Chapter review 276
Short answer 276
Multiple choice 278
Exam practice 3 283
Short answer 283
Multiple choice 284
Chapter 10 Discrete random variables 286
Exercise 10A Probability revision 286
Exercise 10B Discrete random variables 289
Exercise 10C Measures of centre of discrete random
distributions 293
Exercise 10D Measures of variability of discrete random
distributions 297
Chapter review 302
Short answer 302
Multiple choice 304
Chapter 11 The binomial distribution 308
Exercise 11A The binomial distribution 308
Exercise 11B Problems involving the binomial
distribution for multiple probabilities 311
Exercise 11C Markov chains and transition
matrices 315
Exercise 11D Expected value, variance and standard
deviation of the binomial distribution 318
Chapter review 321
Short answer 321
Multiple choice 323
Chapter 12 Continuous distributions 328
Exercise 12A Continuous random variables 328
Exercise 12B Using a probability density function to find
probabilities of continuous random variables 330
Exercise 12C Measures of central tendency and
spread 336
Exercise 12D Applications to problem solving 341
Exercise 12E The normal distribution 343
Exercise 12F The standard normal distribution 347
Exercise 12G The inverse cumulative normal
distribution 350
Chapter review 354
Short answer 354
Multiple choice 357
Exam practice 4 360
Short answer 360
Multiple choice 361
Solutions to investigations 363
Chapter 1 363
Investigation Quartics and beyond 363
Chapter 2 363
Investigation Goal accuracy 363
Chapter 9 363
Investigation Definite integrals 363
Chapter 11 363
Investigation Winning at racquetball! 363
Chapter 12 364
Investigation Sunflower stems 364

Gr a p h s a n d p o l y n o mi a l s MM1 2 - 1 1
Exercise 1A The binomial theorem
1 a (x + 3)
2
=
2
2
0
x
| |
|
\ .
+
1 1
2
3
1
x
| |
|
\ .
+
2
2
3
2
| |
|
\ .

= x
2
+ 6x + 9
b (x + 4)
5
=
5
5
0
x
| |
|
\ .
+
4
5
4
1
x
| |
|
\ .
+
3 2
5
4
2
x
| |
|
\ .
+
2 3
5
4
3
x
| |
|
\ .
+
4
5
4
4
x
| |
|
\ .
+
5
5
4
5
| |
|
\ .

= x
5
+ 5x
4
4 + 10x
3
16 + 10x
2
64 + 5x256
+ 1 1024
= x
5
+ 20x
4
+ 160x
3
+ 640x
2
+ 1280x + 1024
c (x 1)
8
=
8
8
0
x
| |
|
\ .
+
7
8
( 1)
1
x
| |
|
\ .
+
6 2
8
( 1)
2
x
| |
|
\ .

+
5 3
8
( 1)
3
x
| |
|
\ .
+
4 4
8
( 1)
4
x
| |
|
\ .

+
3 5
8
( 1)
5
x
| |
|
\ .
+
2 6
8
( 1)
6
x
| |
|
\ .
+
7
8
( 1)
7
x
| |
|
\ .
+
8
8
( 1)
8
| |
|
\ .

= x
8
8x
7
+ 28x
6
56x
5
+ 70x
4
56x
3
+ 28x
2

8x + 1
d (2x + 3)
4
=
4
4
(2 )
0
x
| |
|
\ .
+
3
4
(2 ) 3
1
x
| |
|
\ .
+
2 2
4
(2 ) 3
2
x
| |
|
\ .

+
3
4
(2 )3
3
x
| |
|
\ .
+
4
4
3
4
| |
|
\ .

= 16x
4
+ 96x
3
+ 216x
2
+ 216x + 81
e (7 x)
4
=
4
4
7
0
| |
|
\ .
+
3 2 2
4 4
7 ( ) 7 ( )
1 2
x x
| | | |
+
| |
\ . \ .

+
3 4
4 4
7( ) ( )
3 4
x x
| | | |
+
| |
\ . \ .

= 2401 1372x + 294x
2
28x
3
+ x
4

f (2 3x)
5
=
5
5
2
0
| |
|
\ .
+
4
5
2 ( 3 )
1
x
| |
|
\ .
+
3 2
5
2 ( 3 )
2
x
| |
|
\ .

+
2 3
5
2 ( 3 )
3
x
| |
|
\ .
+
4
5
2( 3 )
4
x
| |
|
\ .

+
5
5
( 3 )
5
x
| |
|
\ .

= 32 240x + 720x
2
1080x
3
+ 810x
4
243x
5

2 a
3
1
x
x
| |
+
|
\ .
= x
3
+ 3x
2
1
x
+ 3x
2
1
x
| |
|
\ .
+
3
1
x
| |
|
\ .

= x
3
+ 3x +
3
x
+
3
1
x

b
7
2
3x
x
| |
|
\ .
= (3x)
7
7(3x)
6
2
x
+ 21(3x)
5
2
2
x
| |
|
\ .

35(3x)
4
3
2
x
| |
|
\ .
+ 35(3x)
3
4
2
x
| |
|
\ .

21(3x)
2
5
2
x
| |
|
\ .
+ 7(3x)
6 7
2 2
x x
| | | |
| |
\ . \ .

= 2187x
7
10 206x
5
+ 20 412x
3
22 680x
+
3
15120 6048
x x
+
5 7
1344 128
x x

c
6
2
3
x
x
| |
+
|
\ .
= (x
2
)
6
+ 6(x
2
)
5
3
x
+ 15(x
2
)
4
2
3
x
| |
|
\ .

+ 20(x
2
)
3
3
3
x
| |
|
\ .
+ 15(x
2
)
2
4
3
x
| |
|
\ .

+ 6(x
2
)
5
3
x
| |
|
\ .
+
6
3
x
| |
|
\ .

= x
12
+ 18x
9
+ 135x
6
+ 540x
3
+ 1215
+
3
1458
x
+
6
729
x

d
5
2
3
2x
x
| |
|
\ .
=
5 4
2 2
3 3
5 2x
x x
| | | |
| |
\ . \ .
+
3
2
2
3
10 (2 ) x
x
| |
|
\ .

2
3
2
3
10 (2 ) x
x
| |
|
\ .
+
4 5
2
3
5 (2 ) (2 ) x x
x

=
10 7
243 810
x x
+
4
1080 720
x x

+ 240x
2
32x
5

3 (r + 1)
th
term is
n
r
| |
|
\ .
(ax)
n r
b
r

a (x 7)
3

i x
2
is the 2nd term
r = 1
Coefficient =
3
1
| |
|
\ .
x
2
(7)
1

= 21
ii x
3
is first term r = 0
term =
3
0
| |
|
\ .
x
3
7
0

Coefficient = 1
iii x
4

Coefficient = 0
b (2x + 1)
5

i x
2
is the 4
th
term r = 3
term =
5
3
| |
|
\ .
(2x)
2
1
3

Coefficient = 40
ii x
3
is the third term
r = 2
term =
5
2
| |
|
\ .
(2x)
3
1
2

Coefficient = 80
iii x
4
is the 2nd term r = 1
term =
5
1
| |
|
\ .
(2x)
4
1
1

Coefficient = 80
c
5
2
3x
x
| |
+
|
\ .

i Coefficient of x
2
= 0
Chapter 1 Graphs and polynomials
MM1 2 - 1 2 Gr a p h s a n d p o l y n o mi a l s

ii x
3
is the 5
th
term r = 4
term =
1
5 2
4 x
| || |
| |
\ . \ .
(3x)
4

Coefficient = 810
iii Coefficient of x
4
= 0
d
6
2
3
x
x
| |
|
\ .

i Coefficient of x
2
= 0
ii x
3
is the 4
th
term r = 3
term =
6
3
| |
|
\ .
(x
2
)
3
3
3
x
| |
|
\ .

Coefficient = 540
4
= 0
e
6
2
3
7x
x
| |
+
|
\ .

i Coefficient of x
2
= 0
ii x
3
term =
6
1
| |
|
\ .
(7x)
5
1
2
3
x
| |
|
\ .

Coefficient = 302 526
4
is 0.
4
3
2
5
3x
x
| |
|
\ .

x
3
term =
3
1
| |
|
\ .
(3x
2
)
2
1
5
x
| |
|
\ .

= 3 9x
4

1
5
x

= 135x
3

The answer is A.
5 When the expression for C is expanded it does not contain
an x
5
term. The first three terms contain x
8
, x
6
and x
4

respectively. All the other expressions contain an x
5
term.
The answer is C.
6
5
3
2
2
x
x
| |
+
|
\ .
= (x
3
)
5
+ 5(x
3
)
4
2
2
x
| |
|
\ .
+ 10(x
3
)
3
2
2
2
x
| |
|
\ .

+ 10(x
3
)
2
3
2
2
x
| |
|
\ .
+ 5(x
3
)
4
2
2
x
| |
|
\ .
+
5
2
2
x
| |
|
\ .

= 1x
15
+ 10x
10
+ 40x
5
+ 80 +
3
80
x
+
2
32
x

= 1 + 10 + 40 + 80 + 80 + 32
= 243
The answer is D.
7 (2x 3)
4

= (2x)
4
4(2x)
3
3 + 6(2x)
2
3
2
4(2x)3
3
+ 3
4

= 16x
4
96x
3
+ 216x
2
216x
3
+ 81
The answer is D.
8 Fourth term =
6
C
3
x
3
(3y)
3

= 20 x
3
27y
3

= 540x
3
y
3

9 Term 3 r = 2
=
2
7
9
3
2 4
x | | | |
| |
\ . \ .

=
2
78 732
16
x

=
2
19 683
4
x

10 x
6
, x
3
, x
0
3rd term is independent of x. r = 2
=
2
4
2
6 2
(3 )
2
x
x
| | | |
| |
\ . \ .

= 4860
11 Powers of x are (x
2
)
5
, (x
2
)
4
3
1
x
| |
|
\ .
, (x
2
)
3
2
3
1
x
| |
|
\ .

x
10
, x
5
, x
0
,
The third term is independent of x.
term =
5
C
2
(x
2
)
3
2
3
4
x
| |
|
\ .

= 10 +16
= 160
12
4
2
2
3
x
x
| |
+
|
\ .

Powers of x are (x
2
)
4
, (x
2
)
3
2
1
x
| |
|
\ .
, (x
2
)
2
2
2
1
x
| |
|
\ .

x
8
, x
4
, x
0

The third term is independent of x.
term =
4
C
2
(x
2
)
2
2
2
3
x
| |
|
\ .

= 6 9
= 54
13 Expand (p + 3)
5
= p
5
+ 5p
4
3 + 10p
3
3
2
+ 10p
2
3
3
+ 5p3
4
+ 3
5

= p
5
+ 15p
4
+ 90p
3
+ 270p
2
+ 405p + 243
(2p 5)(p
5
+ 15p
4
+ 90p
3
+ 270p
2
+ 405p + 243)
2p
6
+ 30p
5
+ 180p
4
+ 540p
3
+ 810p
2
+ 486p
5p
5
75p
4
450p
3
1350p
2
2025p 1215
Coefficient of 4
th
term = 180 75 = 105
14 (2a 1)
n

2nd term is
n
C
1
(2a)
n 1
(1)
1

coefficient: n 2
n 1
= 192
n 2
n

1
2
= 192
n 2
n
= 384
= 3 2
7

= 3 2 2
6

= 6 2
6

n = 6
Exercise 1B Polynomials
1 Polynomial expressions consist of terms which have non
negative integer powers of x only.
Not Polynomial:
ii x
4
+ 3x
2
2x + x
iii x
7
+ 3x
6
2xy + 5x
vi 2x
5
+ x
4
x
3
+ x
2
+ 3x
2
x

Polynomial:
i x
3
2x
iv 3x
8
2x
5
+ x
2
7
v 4x
6
x
3
+ 2x 3
2 a P(x) + Q(x) = 8 3x + 2x
2
+ x
4
+ x
5
3x
4
4x
2
1
= x
5
2x
4
2x
2
3x + 7
b Q(x) R(x) = x
5
3x
4
4x
2
1 (8x
3
+ 7x
2
4x)
= x
5
3x
4
4x
2
1 8x
3
7x
2
+ 4x
= x
5
3x
4
8x
3
11x
2
+ 4x 1
c 3P(x) 2R(x).
3P(x) = 3(8 3x + 2x
2
+ x
4
)
= 24 9x + 6x
2
+ 3x
4
2R(x) = 2(8x
3
+ 7x
2
4x)
= 16x
3
+ 14x
2
8x
3P(x) 2R(x) = 24 9x + 6x
2
+ 3x
4

(16x
3
+ 14x
2
8x)
= 24 9x + 6x
2
+ 3x
4
16x
3
14x
2
+ 8x
= 3x
4
16x
3
8x
2
x + 24
d 2P(x) Q(x) + 3R(x)
2P(x) = 2(8 3x + 2x
2
+ x
4
)
= 16 6x + 4x
2
+ 2x
4
3R(x) = 3(8x
3
+ 7x
2
4x)
= 24x
3
+ 21x
2
12x
2P(x) Q(x) + 3R(x)
= 16 6x + 4x
2
+ 2x
4
(x
5
3x
4
4x
2
1)
+ 24x
3
+ 21x
2
12x
= 16 6x + 4x
2
+ 2x
4
x
5
+ 3x
4
+ 4x
2
+ 1
+ 24x
3
+ 21x
2
12x
= 17 18x + 29x
2
+ 24x
3
+ 5x
4
x
5
3 a P(x) = x
6
+ 2x
5
x
3
+ x
2
i degree = 6
ii P(0) = 0
6
+ 2 0
5
0
3
+ 0
2
= 0
iii P(2) = 2
6
+ 2 2
5
2
3
+ 2
2
= 124
iv P(1) = 1
6
+ 2 1
5
(1)
3
+ (1)
2
= 1
b P(x) = 3x
7
2x
6
+ x
5
8
i degree = 7
ii P(0) = 3 0
7
2 0
6
+ 0
5
8
= 8
iii P(2) = 3 2
7
2 2
6
+ 2
5
8
= 280
iv P(1) = 3 (1)
7
2 (1)
6
+ (1)
5
8
= 3 2 1 8
= 14
c P(x) = 5x
6
+ 3x
4
2x
3
6x
2
+ 3
i degree = 6
ii P(0) = 5 0
6
+ 3 0
4
2 0
3
6 0
2
+ 3
= 3
iii P(2) = 5 2
6
+ 3 2
4
2 2
3
6 2
2
+ 3
= 331
iv P(1) = 5 (1)
6
+ 3 (1)
4

2 (1)
3
6 (1)
2
+ 3
= 5 + 3 + 2 6 + 3
= 7
d P(x) = 7 + 2x 5x
2
+ 2x
3
3x
4
i degree = 4
ii P(0) = 7 + 2 0 5 0
2
+ 2 0
3
3 0
4
= 7
iii P(2) = 7 + 2 2 5 2
2
+ 2 2
3
3 2
4
= 55
iv P(1) = 7 + 2 (1) 5 (1)
2

+ 2 (1)
3
3(1)
4
= 7 2 5 2 3
= 19
4 P(x) = x
8
3x
6
+ 2x
4
x
2
+ 3
P(2) = (2)
8
3 (2)
6
+ 2 (2)
4
(2)
2
+ 3
= 95
The answer is B.
5 P(x) = 2x
7
+ ax
5
+ 3x
3
+ bx 5
P(1) = 4
4 = 2 1
7
+ a 1
5
+ 3 1
3
+ b 1 5
4 = 2 + a + 3 + b 5
4 = a + b [1]
P(2) = 163
163 = 2 2
7
+ a 2
5
+ 3 2
3
+ b 2 5
= 256 + 32a + 24 + 2b 5
112 = 32a + 2b [2]
[1] 2 8 = 2a + 2b [3]
[2] [3] 120 = 30a
a = 4 b = 8
6 f(x) = ax
4
+ bx
3
3x
2
4x + 7
f(1) = 2
2 = a (1)
4
+ b (1)
3
3 1
2
4 1 + 7
2 = a + b 3 4 + 7
2 = a + b
2 b = a [1]
f(2) = 5
5 = a 2
4
+ b 2
3
3 2
2
4 2 + 7
5 = 16a + 8b 12 8 + 7
5 = 16a + 8b 13
8 = 16a + 8b
8 = 8(2a + b)
1 = 2a + b [2]
Substitute [1] into [2]
1 = 2(2 b) + b
1 = 4 2b + b
1 = 4 b
b = 5
If b = 5, then [1] 2 5 = a.
3 = a
f(x) = 3x
4
5x
3
3x
2
4x + 7
7 Q(x) = x
5
+ 2x
4
+ ax
3
6x + b
Q(2) = 45
45 = 2
5
+ 2 2
4
+ 2
3
a 6 2 + b
45 = 52 + 8a + b
7 = 8a + b
7 8a = b [1]
Q(0) = 7
7 = 0
5
+ 2 0
4
+ a 0
3
6 0 + b
7 = b [2]
Substitute [2] into [1].
7 8a = 7
8a = 0
a = 0
Q(x) = x
5
+ 2x
4
6x 7.
8 P(x) = ax
6
+ bx
4
+ x
3
6
If 3P(1) = 24
then 3P(x) = 3(ax
6
+ bx
4
+ x
3
6)
24 = 3(a 1
6
+ b 1
4
+ 1
3
6)
8 = a + b + 1 6
8 = a + b 5
3 = a + b
3 a = b [1]
If 3P(2) = 102
then 3P(x) = 3(ax
6
+ bx
4
+ x
3
6)
102 = 3[a(2)
6
+ b(2)
4
+ (2)
3
6)
34 = 64a + 16b 8 6
34 = 64a + 16b 14
48 = 64a + 16b
( 16) 3 = 4a + b [2]
Substitute [1] into [2]
3 = 4a + (3 a)
3 = 4a 3 a
6 = 3a
2 = a
If 2 = a then b = 3 a
b = 3 2
b = 5
P(x) = 2x
6
5x
4
+ x
3
6
9 a P(x) = ax
4
x
3
+ 3x
2
5
If P(1) = 1
then 1 = a (1)
4
(1)
3
+ 3 (1)
2
5

1 = a 1 + 3 5
1 = a 3
2 = a
The answer is C.
b f(x) = x
n
2x
3
+ x
2
5x
If f(2) = 10
then 10 = 2
n
2 2
3
+ 2
2
5 2
10 = 2
n
16 + 4 10
10 = 2
n
22
32 = 2
n
2
5
= 2
n
n = 5
The answer is D.
Exercise 1C Division of polynomials
1 a

2
3 2
3 2
2
2
2 13
2 5 2
4
4
2 5

2 8
13 2

13 52
50
x x
x x x
x
x x
x x
x x
x
x
+ +

Q(x) = x
2
+ 2x + 13
R(x) = 50
b
5 4 3 2
5 4
4 3
4 3
3 2
3 2
2
2
0 3 0 4 3
3
3
3 3

3 9
6 0

6 18
18 4

18 54
58 3

58 174

x x x x x
x
x x
x x
x x
x x
x x
x x
x x
x
x
+ + + +
+
+
+

+
4 3 2
3 6 18 58
171
x x x x + +

Q(x) = x
4
3x
3
+ 6x
2
18x + 58
R(x) = 171
c

3
4 3 2
4 3
3 2
3 2
2
6 17
6 2 4 0
3
6 18
17 2

17 51
53 4

53 159
155 0

155 465
465
x x
x x x x
x
x x
x x
x x
x x
x x
x
x
+
+ +

2
53 155 x + +

Q(x) = 6x
3
+ 17x
2
+ 53x + 155
R(x) = 465
d 3 2
4 3 2
4 3
3 2
3 2
7 7 101
3 9 27
3 6 0 12 0
3 1
3
7 0

7
7
3
x x x
x x x x
x
x x
x x
x x
+ +
+ + +
+
+

2
2
7
12
3

7 7
3 9
101
0
9

101 101
9 27
101

27
x x
x
x
x
x

Q(x) = x
3

7
3
x
2
+
7
9
x +
101
27

R(x) =
20
3
27
101
27
| |
=
|
\ .

2 a i P(x) = x
3
2x
2
+ 5x 2
P(4) = 4
3
2 4
2
+ 5 4 2
= 50
ii P(x) = x
4
+ x
3
+ 3x
2
7x
P(1) = 1 + 1 + 3 7
= 2
iii P(x) = x
5
3x
3
+ 4x + 3
P(3) = (3)
5
3 (3)
3
+ 4 (3) + 3
= 171
iv P(x) = 2x
6
x
4
+ x
3
+ 6x
2
5x
P(2) = 2 (2)
6
(2)
4
+ ( 2)
3
+ 6 (2)
2
5
(2)
= 138
v P(x) = 6x
4
x
3
+ 2x
2
4x
P(3) = 6 3
4
3
3
+ 2 3
2
4 3
= 465
vi P(x) = x
4
13x
2
+ 36
P(2) = 2
4
13 2
2
+ 36
= 0
vii P(x) = 3x
4
6x
3
+ 12x

1
3
P
| |
|
\ .
= 3
4
1
3
| |
|
\ .
6
3
1
3
| |
|
\ .
+ 12
1
3

= 3
20
27

viii P(x) = x
5
+ 3x
3
4x
2
+ 6x 8

3
2
P
| |
|
\ .
=
5
3
2
| |
|
\ .
+ 3
3
3
2
| |
|
\ .
4
2
3
2
| |
|
\ .

+ 6
3
2
8
=
23
9
32

b The values obtained in 2 were the same as the remainder
values obtained in 1.
3 a P(3) = 3
3
+ 9 3
2
+ 26 3 30
= 156
Since P(3) 0, x 3 is not a factor
b P(2) = (2)
4
(2)
3
5 (2)
2
2 (2) 8
= 0
Since P(2) = 0 then x + 2 is a factor.
c P(+ 4) = 4 9 + 4 + 6 4
2
13 (+ 4)
3

12 (+ 4)
4
+ 3 (+ 4)
5

= 4 36 + 94 832 3072 + 3072
= 768
Since P(4) 0 then 4 x is not a factor.
d P
1
2
| |
|
\ .
= 4
6
1
2
| |
|
\ .
+ 2
5
1
2
| |
|
\ .
8
4
1
2
| |
|
\ .

4
3
1
2
| |
|
\ .
+ 6
2
1
2
| |
|
\ .
9
1
2
6
= 0.0625 + 0.0625 0.5 + 0.5 + 1.5 + 4.5 6
= 0
Since P
1
2
| |
|
\ .
= 0 then 2x + 1 is a factor.
4 a f(x) = x
4
4x
3
x
2
+ 16x 12
A x + 1 f( 1)
= (1)
4
4 (1)
3
(1)
2
+ 16 (1) 12
= 1 + 4 1 16 12
= 24
B x f(0)
= 12
C x + 2 f( 2)
= (2)
4
4 (2)
3
(2)
2
+ 16 (2) 12
= 16 + 32 4 32 12
= 0
Since f(2) = 0 then (x + 2) is a factor.
D x + 3 f(3)
= (3)
4
4 (3)
3
(3)
2
+ 16 (3) 12
= 120
E x 4 f(4)
= 4
4
4 4
3
4
2
+ 16 4 12
= 36
The answer is C.
b

3 2
4 3 2
4 3
3 2
3 2
2
2
6 11 6
4 16 12
2
2
6

6 12
11 16

11 22
6 12

6 12
0
x x x
x x x x
x
x x
x x
x x
x x
x x
x
x
+
+
+
+
+

+

Test x = 1 into x
3
6x
2
+ 11x 6
= 1
3
6 1 + 11 6
= 0
x 1 is a factor.

2
3 2
3 2
2
2
5 6
6 11 6
1
5 11

5 5
6 6

6 6
0
x x
x x x
x
x x
x x
x x
x
x
+
+

+

x
2
5x + 6 = (x 3)(x 2)
f(x) factorises to
(x + 2)(x 1)(x 3)(x 2)
The answer is B.
5 a P(x) = x
3
+ 4x
2
3x 18
Test x = 1 P(x) 0
x = 2, P(x) = 0
(x 2) is a factor

2
3 2
3 2
2
2
6 9
4 3 18
2
2
6 3

6 12
9 18

9 18
0
x x
x x x
x
x x
x x
x x
x
x
+ +

(x 2)(x
2
+ 6x + 9)
= (x 2)(x + 3)
2

b P(x) = 3x
3
13x
2
32x + 12
Test x = 1 P(x) 0
x = 2
when x = 2, P(x) = 0
(x + 2) is a factor

2
3 2
3 2
2
2
3 19 6
3 13 32 12
2
3 6
19 32

19 38
6 12

6 12
0
x x
x x x
x
x x
x x
x x
x
x
+ +
+
+
+

(x + 2)(3x
2
19x + 6)
= (x + 2)(3x 1)(x 6)
c P(x) = x
4
+ 2x
3
7x
2
8x + 12
Test x = 2, P(x) = 0
(x + 2) is a factor

3 2
4 3 2
4 3
2
2
0 7 6
2 7 8 12
2
2
0 7 8

7 14
6 12

6 12
0
x x x
x x x x
x
x x
x x
x x
x
x
+ +
+ +
+
+

(x + 2)(x
3
+ 0x
2
7x + 6)
Test x = 2, P(x) = 0
(x 2) is a factor

2
3 2
3 2
2
2
2 3
0 7 6
2
2
2 7

2 4
3 6

3 6
0
x x
x x x
x
x x
x x
x x
x
x
+
+ +

(x + 2)(x 2)(x
2
+ 2x 3)
(x + 2)(x 2)(x + 3)(x 1)

d P(x) = 4x
4
+ 12x
3
24x
2
32x
Test x = 1, P(x) = 0
x + 1 is a factor

3 2
4 3 2
4 3
3 2
3 2
2
2
4 8 32
4 12 24 32 0
1
4 4
8 24

8 8
32 32

32 32
0
x x x
x x x x
x
x x
x x
x x
x x
x x
+
+ +
+
+

(x + 1)(4x
3
+ 8x
2
32x)
Take out factor of 4x.
4x(x + 1)(x
2
+ 2x 8)
4x(x + 1)(x 2)(x + 4)
6 a 3x
3
+ 3x
2
18x = 0
Test x = 2, f(x) = 0
(x 2) is a factor

2
3 2
3 2
2
2
3 9
3 3 18 0
2
3 6
9 18

9 18
0
x x
x x x
x
x x
x x
x x
+
+ +

(x 2)(3x
2
+ 9x) = 0
3x(x 2)(x + 3) = 0
x = 0, 2, or 3
b 2x
4
+ 10x
3
4x
2
48x = 0
Test x = 2, f(x) = 0
(x 2) is a factor

3 2
4 3 2
4 3
3 2
3 2
2
2
2 14 24
2 10 4 48
2
2 4
14 4

14 28
24 48

24 48
0
x x x
x x x x
x
x x
x x
x x
x x
x x
+ +

(x 2)(2x
3
+ 14x
2
+ 24x)
Take out common factor of 2x:
2x(x 2)(x
2
+ 7x + 12)
= 2x(x 2)(x + 3)(x + 4) = 0
x = 2, 3, 0, and 4
c 2x
4
+ x
3
14x
2
4x + 24 = 0
Test x = 2, f(x) = 0
(x 2) is a factor

3 2
4 3 2
4 3
3 2
3 2
2
2
2 5 4 12
2 14 4 24
2
2 4
5 14

5 10
4 4

4 8
x x x
x x x x
x
x x
x x
x x
x x
x x
+
+ +

12 24

12 24
0
x
x
+

(x 2)(2x
3
+ 5x
2
4x 12)
Test x = 2, f(2) = 0
(x + 2) is a factor

2
3 2
3 2
2
2
2 6
2 5 4 12
2
2 4
4

2
6 12

6 12
0
x x
x x x
x
x x
x x
x x
x
x
+
+
+
+

(x 2)(x + 2)(2x
2
+ x 6)
(x 2)(x + 2)(2x 3)(x + 2)
x = 2, 2, or
3
2

d x
4
2x
2
+ 1 = 0
Test x = + 1, f(x) = 0
(x 1) is a factor

3 2
4 3 2
4 3
3 2
3 2
2
2
1
0 2 0 1
1
2

0

1

1
0
x x x
x x x x
x
x x
x x
x x
x x
x x
x
x
+
+ + +

+

+

(x 1)(x
3
+ x
2
x 1)
Test x = 1, f(x) = 0
(x + 1) is a factor

2
3 2
3 2
1
1
1
0
1

1
0
x
x x x
x
x x
x
x
+
+
+

(x 1)(x + 1)(x
2
1) = 0
(x 1)(x + 1)(x 1)(x + 1) = 0
x = 1
7 If (x 2) is a factor then
when x = 2, f(x) = 0
0 = x
3
+ ax
2
6x 4
f(2) = 0 = 2
3
+ a2
2
6 2 4
0 = 8 + 4a 12 4
0 = 4a 8
8 = 4a
2 = a
8 Let
P(x) = x
3
+ x
2
ax + 3
P(1) = 1 + 1 a + 3 = 0
(x 1) is a factor
a = 5
9 If (x + 3) is a factor then
when x = 3, f(x) = 0
f(3) = 0 = 2(3)
4
+ a(3)
3
3
(3) + 18
0 = 162 27a + 9 + 18
0 = 189 27a
27a = 189
a = 7
10 If (x + 1) is a factor then
when x = 1, f(x) = 0
f(1) = 0 = a 4 b 12
0 = a b 16
a = b 16 [1]
If (x 2) is a factor then
when x = 2, f(x) = 0
f(2) = 0 = 8a 16 + 2b 12
0 = 8a + 2b 28
28 = 8a + 2b
14 = 4a + b [2]
Sub [1] into [2]
14 = 4(b 16) + b
14 = 4b 64 + b
14 = 3b 64
78 = 3b
26 = b
a = + 26 16
a = 10
11 (2x 3) and (x + 2) are factors of
2x
3
+ ax
2
+ bx + 30
P(x) = 2x
3
+ ax
2
+ bx + 30
P(2) = 2(2)
3
+ a(2)
2
+ b(2)
+ 30 = 0
16 + 4a 2b + 30 = 0
4a 2b = 14 [1]
P
3
2
| |
|
\ .
= 2
3
3
2
| |
|
\ .
+ a
2
3
2
| |
|
\ .
+ b
3
2
| |
|
\ .

+ 30 = 0
2
27
84
+
9
4
a
+
3
2
b
+ 30 = 0
27 + 9a + 6b + 120 = 0
9a + 6b = 147
3a + 2b = 49 [2]
[1] + [2] 7a = 63
a = 9
Substitute into [1] 4 9 2b = 14
2b = 22
b = 11
a = 9, b = 11.
Exercise 1D Linear graphs
1 a 2x + 3y = 12
x-intercept when y = 0
2x = 12
x = 6
y-intercept when x = 0
3y = 12
y = 4

b 2y 5x 10 = 0
5x = 10
x = 2
2y = 10
y = 5

c 2x y = 1
2x = 1
x =
1
2

y = 1
y = 1

2 a y = mx + c
y = 3x + c
find c in (2, 1)
1 = 3 2 + c
5 = c
y = 3x 5
3x + y + 5 = 0
b y = mx + c
y = 2x + c
find c, sub in (4, 3)
3 = 2 4 + c
3 = 8 + c
5 = c
y = 2x 5
2x + y + 5 = 0
3 a (3, 4), (1, 10)
m =
10 4
1 3
+
+

=
6
2

= 3
y = 3x + c
sub in (3, 4)
4 = 3 3 + c
13 = c
y = 3x 13
3x + y + 13 = 0
b (7, 5), (2, 0)
m =
5 0
7 2

=
5
5

= 1
y = x + c
sub in (2, 0)
0 = 2 + c
2 = c
y = x 2
x + y + 2 = 0
4 2y 3x 6 = 0
A 2 6 3 2 6 = 0
12 6 6 = 0
B 2 0 3 2 6 = 0
0 + 6 6 = 0
C 2 3 3 0 6 = 0
6 0 6 = 0
D 2 2 3 1 6 = 0
4 3 6 0
E 2 9 3 4 6 = 0
18 12 6 = 0
The answer is D.
5 a i 2 =
5
1 2
b
+

2 =
5
3
b

6 = b 5
1 = b
ii y x = 7
y = x + 7
m = 1
1 =
5
1 2
b
+

3 = b 5
8 = b
b parallel to y = 3x 4
m = 3
y = 3x + c
sub in (4, 5)
5 = 3 4 + c
7 = c
y = 3x 7
0 = 3x y 7
c 2y x + 1 = 0
2y = x 1
y =
1
2
x
1
2

m = 2 gradient of perpendicular line
y y
1
= m(x x
1
)
Sub in (2, 4) y 4 = 2(x + 2)
y 4 = 2x 4
2x + y = 0
6 i x + 2y + 4 = 0
x = 4
2y = 4
y = 2
Graph e
ii y = 3 Graph f
iii y 2x 2 = 0
2 = 2x
1 = x
y = 2
Graph a
iv 3y + 2x = 6
2x = 6
x = 3
3y = 6
y = 2
Graph c
v y 2x = 0
x- and y-intercepts occur at the
origin.
Graph b
vi x = 2 Graph d.

7 a y 2 or [2, )
b y 5 or (5, )
c 2 y < 3 or [2, 3)
d 2 y 3 or [2, 3]
e R
f < y < 6 or (, 6)
8 a 4y + 3x = 24 x [12, 12]
x-intercept
3x = 24
x = 8
y-intercept
4y = 24
y = 6
when x = 12 y = 15
when x = 12 y = 3
i domain [12, 12]
ii range [3, 15]

b 2x 5y = 10x < 5
x-intercept
2x = 10
x = 5
y-intercept
5y = 10
y = 2
when x = 5, y = 0
i domain (, 5)
ii range (, 0)

c 4x 3y 6 = 0 x [2, 5)
x-intercept
4x = 6
x =
3
2

y-intercept
3y = 6
y = 2
when x = 2 y =
2
3

when x = 5 y =
14
3

i Domain [2, 5)
ii Range
2 14
,
3 3
|
|
.

9 a Parallel m = 2
y = 2x + c
sub in (2, 5)
5 = 4 + c
9 = c
y = 2x + 9
2x + y 9 = 0
b Perpendicular m =
1
3

y =
1
3
x + c
sub in (2, 5)
(y 5) =
1
3
(x 2)
y 5 =
3
x
+
2
3

3y 15 = x + 2
3y + x 17 = 0
x + 3y 17 = 0
10 a Parallel to
4x 13 = 2y
2x
13
2
= y
m = 2
y = 2x + c
sub in (3, 1)
1 = 2 3 + c
7 = c
y = 2x + 7
2x + y 7 = 0
b 4x 2y = 13
4x 13 = 2y
2x
13
2
= y
m = 2
Perpendicular m =
1
2

sub in (3, 1)
y 1 =
1
2
(x + 3)
y 1 =
1
2
x
3
2

y =
1
2
x
1
2

2y = x 1
x + 2y + 1 = 0
11 3x y = 2
3x + 2 = y
m = 3
ax + 2y = 3
2y = ax + 3
y =
2
a
x +
3
2

3 =
2
a

6 = a
6 = a
The answer is E.
12 5x + y 3 = 0 bx y 2 = 0
y = 5x + 3 y = bx 2
gradient 5 gradient b =
1
5

The answer is B.
Exercise 1E Quadratic
graphs
1 b
2
4ac =
a f(x) = x
2
3x + 4
a = 1, b = 3, c = 4
= 9 16
= 7
b
2
4ac < 0. No x-intercepts
b f(x) = x
2
+ 5x 8
a = 1 b = 5 c = 8
= 25 + 32
= 57
b
2
4ac > 0. Two x-intercepts
c f(x) = 3x
2
5x + 9
a = 3 b = 5 c = 9
= 25 108
= 83
b
2
4ac < 0. No x-intercepts
d f(x) = 2x
2
+ 7x 11
a = 2 b = 7 c = 11
= 49 + 88
= 137
b
2
e f(x) = 1 6x x
2
a = 1 b = 6 c = 1
= 36 + 4
= 40
b
2
f f(x) = 3 + 6x + 3x
2
a = 3 b = 6 c = 3
= 36 36
= 0
b
2
4ac = 0. One x-intercept
2 a f(x) = x
2
6x + 8
y-intercept x = 0
y = 8
x-intercept(s)
0 = (x 4)(x 2)
x = 4 or 2

b f(x) = x
2
5x + 4
y-intercept x = 0
y = 4
x-intercept y = 0
0 = (x 4)(x 1)
x = 4 or 1

c f(x) = 10 + 3x x
2
y-intercept x = 0
y = 10
x-intercept y = 0
0 = (5 x)(2 + x)
x = 5 or 2

d f(x) = 6x
2
x 12
y-intercept x = 0
y = 12
x-intercept(s) y = 0
0 = (3x + 4) (2x 3)
x =
4
3
or
3
2

3 a f(x) = x
2
6x + 8
= x
2
6x + 3
2
3
2
+ 8
= (x 3)
2
9 + 8
= (x 3)
2
1
TP is (3, 1)
b f(x) = x
2
5x + 4
= x
2
5x +
2 2
5 5
2 2
| | | |
| |
\ . \ .
+ 4
=
2
5
2
x
| |
|
\ .
25
4
+ 4
=
2
5
2
x
| |
|
\ .
25
4
+
16
4

=
2
5
2
x
| |
|
\ .

9
4

TP is
5 9
,
2 4
| |
|
\ .

c f(x) = 10 + 3x x
2
= (x
2
3x 10)
=
2 2
2
3 3
3 10
2 2
x x
(
| | | |
+ (
| |
\ . \ . (

=
2
3 9
10
2 4
x
(
| |
(
|
\ . (

=
2
3 9 40
2 4 4
x
(
| |
(
|
\ . (

=
2
3
2
x
| |
|
\ .
+
49
4

TP is
3 49
,
2 4
| |
+
|
\ .
=
1 1
1 , 12
2 4
| |
|
\ .

d f(x) = 6x
2
x 12
=
2
6 2
6
x
x
| |

|
\ .

=
2 2
2
1 1
6 2
6 12 12
x
x
(
| | | |
+ (
| |
\ . \ . (

=
2
1 1 288
6
12 144 144
x
(
| |
(
|
\ . (

=
2
1 289
6
12 144
x
(
| |
(
|
\ . (

=
2
1
6
12
x
| |
|
\ .
289
24

TP is
1 1
, 12
12 24
| |
|
\ .

4 a i y = 2 x
2
a = 1, h = 0, k = 2
TP = (0, 2)
ii Domain = R
iii Range = (, 2]
b i y = (x 6)
2
a = 1, h = 6, k = 0
TP = (6, 0)
ii Domain = R
iii Range = [0, )
c i y = (x + 2)
2

a = 1, h = 2, k = 0
TP = (2, 0)
ii Domain = R
iii Range = (, 0]
d i y = 2(x + 3)
2
6
a = 2, h = 3, k = 6
TP = (3, 6)
ii Domain = R
iii Range = [6, )
5 Using y = A (x + B)
2
+ C
a i TP = (1, 2)
B = 1 and C = 2
Assume A = 1
y = 1(x 1)
2
2
y = x
2
2x + 1 2
y = x
2
2x 1
ii Domain = R
iii Range [2, )
b i TP = (2, 3)
B = 2
C = 3
Assume A = 1
y = 1 (x 2)
2
3
= x
2
4x + 4 3
= x
2
4x + 1
ii Domain = [1, )
iii Range = [3, )
c i TP = (1, 9)
B = 1 and C = 9
Assume A = 1
y = 1(x 1)
2
+ 9
y = 1(x
2
2x + 1) + 9
y = x
2
+ 2x 1 + 9
y = x
2
+ 2x + 8
ii Domain = [4, 4)
iii Range = [16, 9]
6 a y = 2x
2
+ 3
TP = (0, 3)
y = 3
x-intercepts when y = 0
0 = 2x
2
+ 3
There are no x-intercepts.

b y = 1 4(2 x)
2

TP = (2, 1)
y = 1 4 4
= 15
0 = 1 4(2 x)
2

0 = 1 4(4 4x + x
2
)
= 1 16 + 16x 4x
2

= 4x
2
+ 16x 15
x =
3
2
and x =
5
2

c y = (2x 3)
2
8
TP =
3
, 8
2
| |
|
\ .

y = (3)
2
8
= 1
0 = (2x 3)
2
8
= 4x
2
12x + 9 8
= 4x
2
12x + 1
From the graphics calculator,
x = 2.91 and x = 0.09

7 a y = x
2
2x 3
x-intercepts y = 0
0 = (x 3)(x + 1)
x = 3 or 1
(3, 0)(1, 0)
The answer is B.
b y = x
2
2x 3
y = x
2
2x + 1
2
1
2
3
y = (x 1)
2
4
TP = (1, 4)
The answer is C.
8 f(x) = (x + 3)
2
+ 4
TP = (3, 4)
range (2, 4]
The answer is D.
9 y = (x 4)
2
x [0, 6]
TP = (4, 0)

When x = 0 y = (4)
2
= 16
range [0, 16]
When x = 6 y = (6 4)
2
= 2
2
= 4
But x = 4 y = 0
The answer is A.
10 a f(x) = (x 2)
2
4
TP = (2, 4)
y-int x = 0
y = (0 2)
2
4
y = (2)
2
4
y = 0

x-int y = 0
0 = (x 2 2)(x 2 + 2)
0 = (x 4)(x)
x = 4 or 0

b f(x) = (x + 4)
2
+ 9
TP = (4, 9)
y int x = 0
y = (0 + 4)
2
+ 9
y = 16 + 9
y = 7
x-int y = 0
0 = 9 (x + 4)
2

0 = (3 (x + 4))(3 + (x + 4))
0 = (3 x 4) (3 + x + 4)
0 = (x 1)(7 + x)
x = 1 or 7

c y = x
2
+ 4x + 3
y = x
2
+ 4x + 4 4 + 3
y = (x + 2)
2
1
TP = (2, 1)
y-int x = 0
y = 3
x-int y = 0
0 = (x + 2 1)(x + 2 + 1)
0 = (x + 1)(x + 3)
x = 1 or 3

d y = 2x
2
4x 6
y = 2[x
2
2x 3]
= 2[x
2
2x + 1 1 3]
= 2[(x 1)
2
4]
y = 2(x 1)
2
8
TP = (1, 8)
y-int x = 0
y = 6
x-int y = 0
0 = 2[(x 1 2)(x 1 + 2)]
0 = 2(x 3)(x + 1)
x = 3 or 1

11 a y = x
2
2x + 2 x [2, 2]
y = x
2
2x + 1 1 + 2
y = (x 1)
2
+ 1
TP = (1, 1)

i Domain = [2, 2]
ii Range:
When x = 2 y = 10
When x = 2 y = 2
but TP = (1, 1)
[1, 10]
b y = x
2
+ x 1 x R
+

y = (x
2
x + 1)
y =
2 2
2
1 1
1
2 2
x x
| |
| | | |
+ + |
| |
|
\ . \ .
\ .

y =
2
1 3
2 4
x
(
| |
+ (
|
\ . (

y =
2
1
2
x
| |
|
\ .
3
4

TP =
1 3
,
2 4
| |
|
\ .

i Domain = R
+

ii Range = (,
3
4
]
c f(x) = x
2
3x 2 x [10, 6]
f(x) = x 3x +
2
3
2
| |
|
\ .
2
3
2
| |
|
\ .
2
=
2
3
2
x
| |
|
\ .

9
4

8
4

=
2
3
2
x
| |
|
\ .

17
4

TP =
3 17
,
2 4
| |
|
\ .

i Domain = [10, 6]
ii Range:
When x = 10 y = 128

17
, 128
4
(
(

d f(x) = 3x
2
+ 6x + 5 x [5, 3)
=
2
5
3 2
3
x x
(

(

=
2
5
3 2 1 1
3
x x
(
+
(

=
2
8
3 ( 1)
3
x
(

(

= 3(x 1)
2
+ 8
TP = (1, 8)

i Domain = [
5, 3)
ii Range:
When x = 5, y = 100
[
100, 8]
12 V(t) = 2t
2
16t + 40 t [0, 10]
V(t) = 2(t
2
8t + 20)
= 2[t
2
8t + 16 16 + 20]
= 2[(t 4)
2
+ 4]
= 2(t 4)
2
+ 8
TP = (4, 8)
When t = 0 V(t) = 40
When t = 10
V(t) = 2 6
2
+ 8
= 80

a minimum V = 8 m
3
b maximum V = 80 m
3

13 h(t) = 3t
2
+ 12t + 36
h(t) = 3[t
2
4t 12]
= 3[t
2
4t + 4 4 12]
= 3[(t 2)
2
16]
= 3(t 2)
2
+ 48
TP = (2, 48)
a maximum height = 48 m
b When h(t) = 0
0 = 3[(t 2 4)(t 2 + 4)]
0 = 3(t 6)(t + 2)
t = 6 or 2
Since time 6 seconds
c Domain [0, 6]
Range [0, 48]

14 a h(t) = t
2
12t + 48, t [0, 11]
The lowest point is the
y-coordinate of the turning point
h(t) = t
2
12t + 36 36 + 48
= (t 6)
2
+ 12
TP = (6, 12)
Lowest point is 12 m above the
ground.
b Time taken is the x-coordinate of
the turning point.
t = 6 seconds
c Check the end points of the
domain
h(0) = 48
h(11) = 11
2
12 11 + 48
= 37
The highest point above the
ground is 48 m.
d Domain = [0, 11]
Range = [12, 48]
e

Exercise 1F Cubic graphs
1 a Positive cubic so a = 1. Goes
through origin so x is a factor.
y = x(x a)(x b)
= x(x + 6)(x 5)
b Positive cubic in form
y = a(x m)(x n)
2

a = 1, m = 1, n = 2
y = 1(x 1)(x + 2)
2

2 a Positive cubic in form
y = (x l)(x m)(x n)
l = 3, m = 1, n = 4
y = (x + 3)(x 1)(x 4)
(v)
b Negative cubic in form
y = a(x m)(x n)
2

a = 1, m = 5, n = 2
y = 1(x 5)(x + 2)
2

y = (5 x)(x + 2)
2

(iv)
c Negative cubic in form
y = a(x l)(x m)(x n)
a = 1, l = 3, m = 1, n = 4
y = 1(x + 3)(x 1)(x 4)
y = (x + 3)(1 x)(x 4)
(ii)
d Positive cubic in form
y = a(x t)
3

a = 1, t = 3
y = (x 3)
3

(i)
e Positive cubic in form
a = 1, l = 4, m = 2, n = 1
y = (x + 4)(x + 2)(x 1)
(vi)
f Positive cubic in form
y = a(x m)(x n)
2

a = 1, m = 5, n = 2
y = (x 5)(x + 2)
2

(viii)
g Negative cubic in form
y = a(x t)
3

a = 1, t = 3
y = 1(x 3)
3

y = (3 x)
3

(vii)
h Negative cubic in form
a = 1, l = 4, m = 2, n = 1
y = 1(x + 4)(x + 2)(x 1)
y = (x + 4)(x + 2)(1 x)
(iii)
3 a y = x
3
+ x
2
4x 4
y-intercept x = 0
y = 4
Factorise to find x-intercepts
Test x = 1, y = 0
x + 1 is a factor

2
3 2
3 2
4
4 4
1
4 4

4 4
0
x
x x x
x
x x
x
x
+
+
+

y = (x + 1)(x
2
4)
y = (x + 1)(x 2)(x + 2)
If y = 0, x = 1, 2, or 2

b y = 2x
3
8x
2
+ 2x + 12
y-int x = 0
y = 12
Test x = 1 so y = 0
(x + 1) is a factor

2
3 2
3 2
2
2
2 10 12
2 8 2 12
1
2 2
10 2

10 10
12 12

12 12
0
x x
x x x
x
x x
x x
x x
x
x
+
+ +
+
+
+

+

y = (x + 1)(2x
2
10x + 12)
y = 2(x + 1)(x 2)(x 3)
If y = 0, then x = 1, 2 or 3

c y = 2x
3
+ 26x + 24
y-int x = 0
y = 24
Test x = 1 so y = 0
(x + 1) is a factor.

2
3 2
3 2
2
2
2 2 24
2 0 26 24
1
2 2
2 26

2 2
24 24

24 24
0
x x
x x x
x
x x
x x
x x
x
x
+ +
+ + +
+

+

+

y = (x + 1)(2x
2
+ 2x + 24)
y = 2(x + 1)(x 3)(x 4)
If y = 0, then x = 1, 3 or 4.

d y = x
3
+ 8x
2
21x + 18
y-int x = 0
y = 18
x-intercept
Factorise:
Test x = 3 so y = 0
(x 3) is a factor.

2
3 2
3 2
2
2
5 6
8 21 18
3
3
5 21

5 15
6 18

6 18
0
x x
x x x
x
x x
x x
x x
x
x
+
+ +

+

y = (x 3)(x
2
+ 5x 6)
= (x 3)(x
2
5x + 6)
y = 1(x 3)(x 3)(x 2)
x = 3 or 2

4 a x
3
+ 6x
2
+ 12x + 8 = y
Test x = 2 so y = 0
(x + 2) is a factor

2
3 2
3 2
2
4 4
6 12 8
2
2
4 12

4 8
4 8

4 8
0
x x
x x x
x
x x
x x
x x
x
x
+ +
+ + +
+
+

y = (x + 2)(x
2
+ 4x + 4)
= (x + 2)(x + 2)
2

y = (x + 2)
3

The answer is B.

b In form y = a(x t)
3

a = 1, t is intercept
The answer is E.
5 Function graph is a negative cubic
so a = 1
Point of inflection (2, 2)
The answer is C.
y = (2 x)
3
+ 2
6 f(x) = 5(x + 1)
3
3
Graph is a positive cubic
he answer is A.
7 Positive cubic
Turning point at (1, 0) because of
repeated factor
x-intercept at (3, 0)
y-intercept at (0, 6)
The answer is B.
8 Negative cubic A or D
Point of inflection is (a, b)
a < 0 so,
y = (x + a)
3
+ b
The answer is D.
9 y = h(x a)
2
(x c)
x = 0, y = ha
2
(c)
b = ha
2
c
h =
2
b
a c

y =
2
b
a c
(x a)
2
(x c)
The answer is E.
10 a f(x) = x
3
+ x
2
10x + 8 x [2, )
a > 1 positive
b > 1 so 2 turning points.
y-intercept x = 0
y = 8
When x = 2
y = 2
3
+ 2
2
20 + 8
= 0
Closed end point = (2, 0)

i Domain [2, )
ii range [0, )
b f(x) = 3x
3
5x
2
4x + 4 for
x [2, 1]
a > 1 so positive
b 0 2 turning points.
y-intercept x = 0
y = 4
When x = 2
y = 3 (2)
3
5 (2)
2
4 2
+ 4
= 32
When x = 1
y = 3 (1)
3
5 (1)
2
4 1
+ 4
= 0
Closed end point (2, 32)

i Domain [2, 1]
ii Range [
32, 0]
c f(x) = 3x
3
+ 4x
2
+ 27x 36
x (0, 1]
a < 1 negative
b 0 2 turning points
y-intercept x = 0
y = 36
When x = 0 y = 36
Open end point (0, 36)
When x = 1
y = 3 1
3
+ 4 1
2
+ 27 1 36
= 8
i Domain (0, 1]
ii Range (36, 8]

d f(x) = x
3
3x for x [1, 2)
a < 1 negative
b = 0
c < 1
y-int x = 0 y = 0
When x = 1, y = 4 closed end
point
x = 2, y = 14 open end point

i Domain [1, 2)
ii Range (14, 4]
e f(x) = x
3
+ 2x for
x [2, 1) (0, 3]
a > 1 positive
b = 0
c > 1
y-int x = 0 y = 0
When x = 2, y = 12 closed end
point
x = 0 y = 0 open end point
x = 3 y = 33 closed end point

i Domain [2, 1) (0, 3]
ii Range [12, 3) (0, 33]
f f(x) = 2x
3
x
for x (1, 1) [2, 3)
a < 1 negative
b = 0
c < 1
y-int x = 0, y = 0
When x = 1, y = 3 open end
point
x = 2, y = 18 closed end point

i Domain (1, 1) [2, 3)
ii Range (3, 3) (57, 18]
11 f(x) = x
3
+ ax
2
+ bx 64
0 = (2)
3
+ (2)
2
a + (2)b 64
= 8 + 4a 2b 64
72 = 4a 2b
36 = 2a b
b = 2a 36 [1]
f(x) = x
3
+ ax
2
+ bx 64
0 = 4
3
+ 16a + 4b 64
0 = 16a + 4b
0 = 4a + b [2]
Sub [1] into [2]
0 = 4a + 2a 36
0 = 6a 36
36 = 6a
6 = a
b = 12 36
= 24
12 0 = 1 2 a + 10
0 = 7 a [1]
a = 7
y = 6 + (7 + b)x 4x
2
x
3

0 = 6 + (7 + b) (1) 4 1
(1)
0 = 6 7 b 4 + 1
0 = 4 b
b = 4
13 a f(x) = a(x + b)
3
+ c
point of inflection (3, 3)
b = 3 and c = 3
f(x) = a(x 3)
3
+ 3
When x = 2, f(x) = 0
0 = a(2 3)
3
+ 3
0 = a (1)
3
+ 3
0 = a + 3
a = 3
f(x) = 3(x 3)
3
+ 3
b Point of inflection due to
reflection = (3, 3)
g(x) = 3(x + 3)
3
+ 3
domain [4, 2]
range [0, 6]
c When f(x) = 3.375
3.375 = 3(x 3)
3
+ 3
x = 3.5
width = 3.5 2
= 7 cm
14 d(t) = at
2
(b t)
a (2, 3) and (5, 0)
3 = 4a(b 2) [1]
0 = 25a(b 5) [2]
3 = 4ab 8a 25
0 = 25ab 125a 4
75 = 100ab 200a
0 = 100ab 500a
75 = 300a

1
4
= a
Sub
1
4
= a into [1]
3 = 4
1
4
(b 2)
3 = 1(b 2)
5 = b
b Rule: d(t) =
2
4
t
(5 t) for
domain = [0, 5]
c

d d(t) =
2 3
5
4 4
t t

d (t) =
2
10 3
4 4
t t

Let d (t) = 0 =
2
10 3
4
t t

0 = 10t 3t
2
0 = t(10 3t)
t = 0 or 10 3t = 0
10 = 3t
time is
1
3
3
hours
When time is
1
3
3
,
d(t) =
2
(3.3)
4
1.6

Maximum distance = 4.6 km
Exercise 1G Quartic graphs
1 a y = (x 2)(x + 3)(x 4)(x + 1)
y = 2 + 3 4 + 1
y = 24
x = 3, 1, 2 and 4

b y = 2x
4
+ 6x
3
16x
2
24x + 32
y = 32
Test x = 1, y = 0
(x 1) is a factor
Test x = + 2 so y = 0
(x 2) is a factor
(x 1)(x 2) = x
2
3x + 2
2
4 3 2
2
4 3 2
3 2
3 2
2
2
2 12 16
2 6 16 24 32
3 2
2 6 4
12 20 24

12 36 24
16 48 32

16 48 32
0
x x
x x x x
x x
x x x
x x x
x x x
x x
x x
+ +
+ +
+
+
+

+
(x 1)(x 2)(2x
2
+ 12x + 16) = y
(x 1)(x 2)2(x
2
+ 6x + 8) = y
2(x 1)(x 2)(x + 4)(x + 2) = y
When using N.F.L, x = 1, 2, 4, 2
then y = 0.

c y = x
4
4x
2
+ 4
y = 4
Let a = x
2

y = a
2
4a + 4
y = (a 2)
2
Sub a = x
2
back in
y = (x
2
2)
2

x = 2

d y = 2x
4
+ 15x
3
37x
2
+ 30x
y-intercept, when x = 0
y = 0
Test x = 2 y = 0
Test x = 3 y = 0
(x 2)(x 3) are factors
(x 2)(x 3) = x
2
5x + 6
2
4 3 2
2
4 3 2
3 2
3 2
2 5
2 15 37 30
5 6
2 10 12
5 25 30

5 25 30
0
x x
x x x x
x x
x x x
x x x
x x x
+
+ +
+
+
+

+
(x 2)(x 3)(2x
2
+ 5x) = y
x(x 2)(x 3)(2x + 5) = y
Using N.F.L, x = 0, 2, 3 or
5
2

e y = 6x
4
+ 11x
3
37x
2
36x + 36
y = 36
Test x = 3 y = 0
Test x = 2
(x + 3)(x 2) are factors
(x + 3)(x 2) = x
2
+ x 6
2
4 3 2
2
4 3 2
3 2
3 2
2
2
6 5 6
6 11 37 36 36
6
6 6 36
5 36

5 5 30
6 6 36

6 6 36
0
x x
x x x x
x x
x x x
x x x
x x x
x x
x x
+
+ +
+
+
+

+
(x + 3)(x 2)(3x 2)(2x + 3) = y

Using N.F.L
x = 3, 2,
2
3
,
3
2

2 a y = x
2
(x 2)(x 3)
y = 0, x
2
(x 2)(x 3) = 0
Turning point (0, 0)
Intercepts at x = 2 and x = 3
y = 0(2)(3)
= 0
Positive quartic
Maximum turning point at (1.16, 2.08)
Minimum turning points at (0, 0)
and (2.59, 1.62)

b y = (x + 1)
2
(x 1)
2

x = 0, y = 1 y-intercept is 1
y = 0, (x + 1)
2
(x 1)
2
= 0
x = 1, x = 1
Minimum turning points at (1, 0)
and (1, 0).
Maximum turning point (0, 1)

c y = (x 1)
2
(x + 1)(x + 3)
y = 0, (x 1)
2
(x + 1)(x + 3) = 0
x = 1, 1, 3
Positive quartic
Minimum turning points
(2.28, 9.91) and (1, 0)
Maximum turning point
(0.22, 3.23)

d y = (x + 2)
3
(1 x)
y = 0, (x + 2)
3
(1 x) = 0
x = 2, 1
x-intercept is 1
Negative quartic (1 x) = (x 1)
Maximum turning point (0.25, 8.54)

3 a f(x) = x
4
8x
2
+ 16
Let x
2
= a
f(x) = a
2
8a + 16
= (a 4)
2

Substitute x
2
= a back in:
f(x) = (x
2
4)
2

(x 2)
2
(x + 2)
2

The answer is E.
b f(x) = x
4
8x
2
+ 16
y-int when x = 0
y = 16 (0, 16)
x-int when y = 0
2, 2
The answer is B.
c range = [0, 16]
The answer is A.
d 25 = x
4
8x
2
+ 16
0 = x
4
8x
2
9
Let x
2
= a
0 = a
2
8a 9
0 = (a 9)(a + 1)
Substitute x
2
= a back in
0 = (x
2
9)(x
2
+ 1)
x = 3
(3, +3) is the restricted domain.
The answer is D.
4 a x = 2, 1, 1, 3
y = a(x + 2)(x + 1)(x 1)(x 3)
(0, 6)
6 = a(0 + 2)(0 + 1)(0 1)(0 3)
6 = a 6
a = 1
y = (x + 2)(x + 1)(x 1)(x 3)
b x = 4, 2, 1
Repeated factor at x = 2.
y = a(x 4)(x 2)
2
(x + 1)
(0, 8)
8 = a(0 4)(0 2)
2
(0 + 1)
8 = 16a
a =
1
2

y =
1
2
(x 4)(x 2)
2
(x + 1)
5 a y = (2 x)(x
2
4)(x + 3) x [2, 3]
y-int when x = 0
y = 2 4 3
= 24
x-int when y = 0
x = 2, 2, 3.
when x = 2, y = 0 closed end
point
x = 3, y = 15 closed end point

i Domain [2, 3]
ii Range [15, 0]
b y = 9x
4
30x
3
+ 13x
2
+ 20x + 4x
(2, 1]
y-int when x = 0 y = 4
x-int when y = 0
Test x = 2 y = 0
(x 2) factor

3 2
4 3 2
4 3
3 2
3 2
2
2
9 12
9 30 13 20 4
2
9 18
12 13

12 24
11 20

11 22
2 4

2 4
0
x x
x x x x
x
x x
x x
x x
x x
x x
x
x

+ + +

+

+
+

+
11 2 x

y = (x 2)(9x
3
12x
2
11x 2)
Try for 2nd factor of x 2
Test x = 2, 9x
3
12x
2
11x 2 = 0
x 2 is a factor. So turning point
at (2, 0)

2
3 2
3 2
2
2
9 6 1
2 9 12 11 2
9 18
6 11
6 12
2
x x
x x x x
x x
x x
x x
x
+ +

y = (x 2)
2
(9x
2
+ 6x + 1)
y = (x 2)
2
(9x
2
+ 6x + 1)
= (x 2)
2
(3x + 1)
2

Turning points at (2, 0) and

1
, 0
3
| |
|
\ .

when x = 2, y = 400 open end
point
when x = 1, y = 36 closed end
point

i Domain (2, 1]
ii Range [36, 400)
c y = (x 2)
2
(x + 1)
2
x (, 2]
y-int when x = 0
y = 1 4 1
y = 4
x-int when y = 0
0 = 1(x 2)
2
(x + 1)
2

x = 1 or 2
When x = 2, y = 16.
y = (2 2)
2
(2 + 1)
2

y = (4)
2
(1)
2

y = 16 1
y = 16

i Domain (,2]
ii Range (,16]
d y = x
4
+ 4x
2

x [3, 2]
y-int when x = 0
y = 0
x-int when y = 0
0 = x
2
(x
2
+ 4)
0 = x
2
(4 x
2
)
0 = x
2
(2 x)(2 + x)
x = 0 2
When x = 3, y = 45
x = 2, y = 0
Both of these are closed end points.

i Domain [3, 2]
ii Range [45, 0]
6 f(x) = x
4
+ ax
3
4x
2
+ bx + 6
(2, 0):
0 = 2
4
+ 2
3
a 4 2
2
+ 2b + 6
16 + 8a 16 + 2b + 6 = 0
6 + 8a + 2b = 0
8a + 2b = 6
Divide both sides by 2:
4a + b = 3
4a 3 = b [1]
4a + 3 = b
(3, 0):
0 = (3)
4
+ (3)
3
a 4 (3)
2
3b + 6
0 = 81 27a 36 3b + 6
0 = 51 27a 3b
0 = 17 9a b [2]
Sub [1] into [2]
0 = 17 9a + 4a + 3,
0 = 20 5a
5a = 20
a = 4
If a = 4 then
b = 4 4 3
b = 16 3
b = 19
7 f(x) = x
4
+ ax
3
+ bx
2
x + 6
(x 1) is a factor
P(1) = 1 + a + b 1 + 6
a + b = 6 [1]
(x + 3) is a factor
P(3) = 81 27a + 9b + 3 + 6 = 0
27a 9b = 90
3a b = 10 [2]
[1] + [2] 4a = 4
a = 1
b = 7
8 y = (a 2b)x
4
3x 2
Sub in (1, 0):
0 = (a 2b)1
4
3 2
0 = a 2b 5
5 = a 2b
5 + 2b = a [1]
Sub (1, 0) into equation.
y = x
4
x
3
+ (a + 5b)x
2
5x + 7
0 = 1 1 + (a + 5b)1 5 + 7
0 = a + 5b + 2
2 = a + 5b [1]
Sub [1] into [2]
2 = 5 + 2b + 5b
7 = 7b
1 = b
If 1 = b then 5 2 = a
3 = a
Chapter review
Short answer
1 a (2y 3x)
5

= (2y)
5
+ 5(2y)
4
(3x) + 10(2y)
3
(3x)
2
+
10(2y)
2
(3x)
3
+ 5(2y)(3x)
4
+ (3x)
5

= 32y
5
+ 5 16 (3)y
4
x + 10 8
9y
3
x
2
+ 10 4 (27)y
2
x
3
+ 5
2 81yx
4
243x
5

= 32y
5
240y
4
x + 720y
3
x
2

1080y
2
x
3
+ 810yx
4
243x
5

b
8
2
2
x
x
| |
|
\ .
=
8
2
x | |
|
\ .
+ 8
7
2
2
x
x
| |
|
\ .
+
28
6 2
2
2
x
x
| | | |
| |
\ . \ .
+ 56
5 3
2
2
x
x
| | | |
| |
\ . \ .
+
70
4 4
2
2
x
x
| | | |
| |
\ . \ .
+ 56
3 5
2
2
x
x
| | | |
| |
\ . \ .

+ 28
2 6
2
2
x
x
| | | |
| |
\ . \ .
+ 8
5
2
2
x
x
| || |
| |
\ .\ .

+
8
2
x
| |
|
\ .

=
8 6
256 8
x x
+
4
7
4
x
14x
2
+ 70

3
224
x
+
4
448
x

6
512
x
+
8
256
x

2 (x
2
1) = (x 1)(x + 1)
solutions are x = 1 or 1
If x = 1 then 0 = 7 a + 5 15 + b
0 = 17 a + b
17 + a = b [1]
If x = 1, then 0 = 7 + a + 5 + 15 + b
0 = 13 + a + b [2]
Sub [1] into [2]
0 = 13 + a + 17 + a
0 = 30 + 2a
30 = 2a
15 = a
b = 17 15
b = 2
3 a x
3
12x
2
+ 17x + 90 = y
Test x = 2. y = 0
(x + 2) is a factor

2
3 2
3 2
2
2
14 45
12 17 90
2
2
14 17

14 28
45 90

45 90
0
x x
x x x
x
x x
x x
x x
x
x
+
+ +
+
+

(x + 2)(x
2
14x + 45)
(x + 2)(x 9)(x 5)
b 2x
4
+ 7x
3
31x
2
+ 0x + 36 = y
Test x = 1 y = 0
Test x = 2 y = 0
(x + 1)(x 2) are factors
(x
2
x 2) is a factor
2
4 3 2
2
4 3 2
3 2
3 2
2 9 18
2 7 31 0 36
2
2 2 4
9 27 0

9 9 18
x x
x x x x
x x
x x x
x x x
x x x
+
+ + +

2
2
18 18 36
18 18 36
0
x x
x x
+ +
+ +

(x + 1)(x 2) (2x
2
+ 9x 18)
(x + 1)(x 2) (2x 3)(x + 6)
4 a (
5, 6), (1, 1)
m =
6 1
5 1
+

=
7
6

y =
7
6
x + c
Sub in (1, 1) to find c:
1 =
7
6
1 + c
1 +
7
6
= c

1
6
= c
y =
7
6
x +
1
6

6y = 7x + 1
7x + 6y 1 = 0
b 2x y + 10 = 0
2x + 10 = y
Perpendicular m =
1
2

y =
1
2
x + c
Sub in point (3, 3)
3 =
3
2
+ c
3 +
3
2
= c so c =
9
2
.
y =
1
2
x +
9
2

2y = x + 9
x + 2y 9 = 0
5 y = x
2
2x + 8
y-int when x = 0
y = 8
x-int when y = 0
0 = 1(x
2
+ 2x 8)
0 = 1(x + 4)(x 2)
x = 4 or 2
TP y = 1(x
2
+ 2x 8)
= 1(x
2
+ 2x + 1 1 8)
= 1[(x + 1)
2
9]
= 1(x + 1)
2
+ 9
TP = (1, 9)

Domain = R
Range = (
, 9]
6 y = 3x
2
+ 8x 3
x [3, 0)
y-int when x = 0
y = 3
0 = 3x
2
+ 8x 3
0 = (3x 1)(x + 3)

x =
1
3
or 3
TP y =
2
8
3 1
3
x x
| |
+
|
\ .

Now x
2
+
8
3
x 1
=
2
2
8 8 64 36
3 6 36 36
x x
| |
| |
+ + |
|
|
\ .
\ .

y =
2
8 100
3
6 36
x
(
| |
+ (
|
\ . (

=
2
8 100
3
6 2
x
| |
+
|
\ .

TP =
8 100
,
6 12
| |
|
\ .

=
4 25
,
3 3
| |
|
\ .

Domain [3, 0)
Range:
When x = 3, y = 0 closed end point
When x = 0, y = 3 open end point

25
, 0
3
(
(

7 a f(x) = x
3
+ bx
2
+ ax 18
0 = (3)
3
+ b(3)
2
+ a (3) 18
0 = 27 + 9b 3a 18
0 = 9 + 9b 3a
0 = 3 + 3b a
a = 3 + 3b [1]
g(x) = ax
2
+ bx 75
0 = a(3)
2
+ b (3) 75
0 = 9a 3b 75
25 = 3a b [2]
Sub [1] into [2]
25 = 3(3 + 3b) b
25 = 9 + 9b b
16 = 8b
2 = b
a = 3 + 6
= 9
b f(x) = x
3
+ 2x
2
+ 9x 18
y-int when x = 0
y = 18
x-int when y = 0
(x + 3) is a factor

2
3 2
3 2
2
2
5 6
2 9 18
3
3
5 9

5 15
x x
x x x
x
x x
x x
x x
+
+ +
+

+

+

6 18

6 18
0
x
x

(x + 3)(x
2
+ 5x 6) = 0
1(x + 3)(x
2
5x + 6) = 0
1(x + 3)(x 3)(x 2) = 0
x = 3, 3, or 2

8 f(x) = x
4
7x
3
+ 12x
2
+ 4x 16
y-int when x = 0
y = 16
x-int when y = 0
Test x = 1 (x + 1) is a factor
x = 2 (x 2) is a factor
2
4 3 2
2
4 3 2
3 2
3 2
2
2
6 8
7 12 4 16
2
2
6 14 4

6 6 12
8 8 16

8 8 16
0
x x
x x x x
x x
x x x
x x x
x x x
x x
x x
+
+ +

+ +

+ +

(x + 1)(x 2)(x
2
6x + 8)
(x + 1)(x 2)(x 4)(x 2)
x = 1, 2, or 4.

Multiple choice
1 (1 2x)
5

= 1
5
+ 5 1
4
(2x) + 10 1
3
(2x)
2

+ 10 1
2
(2x)
3
+ 5 1(2x)
4

+ (2x)
5

= 1 10x + 40x
2
80x
3
+ 80x
4
32x
5

The answer is E.
2
8
2
1
4x
x
| |
|
\ .
= x
8
,
7
2
x
x
= x
5

x
5
= 2nd term so r = 1
2nd term =
8
1
| |
|
\ .
(4x)
7
1
2
1
x
| |
|
\ .

= 8 16 384x
7

2
1
x

= 131 072x
5

The answer is B.
3
10
1
3x
x
| |
+
|
\ .

5
th
=
10
4
| |
|
\ .
(3x)
6
4
1
x
| |
|
\ .

= 210 729x
6

4
1
x

= 153 090x
2

The answer is A.
4 D x
4
+ 5x
3

3
2
2x + 5x 3
Positive whole number indices only
for polynomials.
5 P(3) = (3)
5
4 (3)
3
3(3)
2

+ 10 (3) + 1
= 243 + 108 27 30 + 1
= 191
The answer is C.
6 (5 6x + x
3
+
6 2 4
10
7 )( 3
21
x x x
x
+ 2)
The answer is C.
7
5 4 3 2
5 4
4 3
4 3
3 2
3 2
2
2 4 0 5 3
3
3
4

3
7 0

7 21
21 5

21 63
58 3

58 174

x x x x x
x
x x
x x
x x
x x
x x
x x
x x
x
x
+ + + +
+
+
+

+
4 3 2
7 21 58
171
x x x x + +
The answer is C.
8 The answer is B.
If (x 2) was a factor, when x = 2
was substituted the expression would
be zero.
2
4
2 2
3
6 2
2
8 2 + 2
16 16 24 16 + 2 = 38
9 2x
4
4x
3
10x
2
+ 12x
To check if (x 3) is a factor,
substitute in x = 3
2 3
4
4 3
3
10 3
2
+ 12 3
= 162 108 90 + 36 = 0
The answer is E.
10 (4, 0), (0, 2)
m =
2 0
0 4
=
2
4
=
1
2

y =
1
2
x + c
Sub in (4, 0):
0 =
4
2
+ c
0 = 2 + c
2 = c
y =
1
2
x + 2
2y = x + 4
2y + x 4 = 0
The answer is D.
11 (2, b), (3, 5)
m =
5
3 2
b

= 2

5
5
b
= 2
5 b = 10
5 + 10 = b
5 = b
The answer is A.
12 y = 2x + c
Sub in (2, 5)
5 = 4 + c
1 = c
y-int (0, 1)
The answer is D.
13 3x
2
+ 4x 5 = 0
b
2
4ac = 4
2
4 3 5
= 16 + 60
= 76
The answer is E.
14 y = 2x
2
+ 8x 10
x (6, 2)
y-int when x = 0
y = 10
x-int when y = 0
0 = 2(x
2
+ 4x 5)
0 = 2(x + 5)(x 1)
x = 5, or 1
When x = 6, y = 2 36 48 10
y = 14 open ended
When x = 2, y = 8 + 16 10
= 14 open ended
The answer is B.
15 y = 2(x
2
+ 4x 5)
= 2(x
2
+ 4x + 4 4 5)
= 2((x + 2)
2
9)
= 2(x + 2)
2
18
TP = (2, 18)
Range = [18, 14)
The answer is C.
16 y = 3x
3
a < 1 negative
b = 0
c = 0
he answer is B.
17 f(x) = 2x
3
+ 3x
2
+ 11x 6
Test x = 2, f(x) = 0
x + 2 is a factor

2
3 2
3 2
2
2
2 7 3
( 2 ) 3 11 6
2
2 4
7 11

7 14
3 6

3 6
0
x x
x x x
x
x x
x x
x x
x
x
+
+ +
+

+

+

f(x) = (x + 2)(2x
2
+ 7x 3)
= (x + 2)(2x + 1)(x 3)
x = 2,
1
,
2
3 are x-intercepts
and (0, 6) is the y-intercept.
The answer is A.
18 TP at (x + 1)
2

Other intercept (x 3)
he answer is E.
f(x) (x 3)(x + 1)
2

19 Two intercepts x = 2 or 0
x(x 2)
3

The answer is D.
20 (3, 0) is a TP so (x + 3)
2
is a factor.
(1, 0) infers (x 1) is a factor and
(3, 0) means (x 3) is a factor.
a is positive.
he answer is A.
21 y = x
2

Translate 3 units down y = x
2
3
Translate 2 units to the right
y = (x 2)
2
3
C
Extended response
1 a y = a(x b)
2
+ c
Turning point (2.5, 4)
y = a(x + 2.5)
2
+ 4
(0, 18) 18 = 2.5
2
a + 4
6.25a = 14
a = 2.24
y = 2.24(x + 2.5)
2
+ 4
b Domain [5, 0]
Range [4, 18]
c y = 5
5 = 2.24(x + 2.5)
2
+ 4
(x + 2.5)
2
= 0.446
x + 2.5 = 0.668 (x < 0)
x = 1.83
Coordinates are (1.83, 5)
d x + 2.5 = 0.668
x = 3.17
f:[ 3.17, 1.83] R, f(x) = 5
(Check answers using a graphics
calculator.)
2 a Initial distance is the day of launch.
t = 0, d = 0 km
b t = 0, d = 0 km
t = 1, d = 4000 km
t = 2, d = 2000 km
t = 3, d = 0 km

c d(t) = at
3
+ bt
2
+ ct + d
t = 0, d = 0
d(t) = at
3
+ bt
2
+ ct
When t = 1, d = 4
4 = a + b + c [1]
When t = 2, d = 2
2 = 8a + 4b + 2c [2]
When t = 3, d = 0
0 = 27a + 9b + 3c [3]
Solving [1], [2] and [3]
simultaneously, then
a = 1, b = 6 and c = 9
so, d(t) = t
3
6t
2
+ 9t
d When t = 8, d(8) = 8
3
6 8
2
+ 9 8
= 200
Distance is 200 000 km from Earth.
The moon is 240 000 km from
Earth. So, the satellite is closer by
40 000 km.
e 490 = t
3
6t
2
+ 9t
t
3
6t
2
+ 9t 490 = 0
When t = 10, d(10) = 490
So, the satellite will self-destruct
490 000 km from Earth, 10 days
after launching.
Thus, the life span of the satellite
is 10 days.
f Domain is [0, 10]
Range is [0, 490]
3 a Turning Point form: y = ax
2
+ 3
(2, 0) 0 = 4a + 3
3 = 4a
a = 0.75
y = 0.75x
2
+ 3
b Assuming symmetry, x = 1.5
y = 0.75(1.5)
2
+ 3
y = 1.3125 m and therefore cannot fit
c 1.7 1.3125
= 0.3875 m
Remove 0.4 m (to 1 dp)
4

Liney Starts 2.4 m in front of start
line moving forwards at a
constant speed of 0.75
m/min.
Passed by Cubric after 0.3
mins and 2.6 m from the
start line, meets Cubric
coming back towards Limey
at 3.8 min and 5.24 m from
the start line.
Quadder Starts at start line, travelling
1.3 m the wrong way for
2.55 mins, stopping
momentarily then moving
forward with increasing
speed
Meets Cubric at the start
line after 5.1 mins.
Cubric Starts at start line moving
very fast towards the finish
passing Liney at (0.3, 2.6),
then slowing, stopping
momentarily at (2.1, 8.8),
then moving back towards
the start.
Meets Liney at (3.8, 5.24)
and Quadder at the start line
at 5.1 min.
Slows down, stopping at
(7.37, 5.8) and then
speeding for the finish.


The Finish: Quadder overtakes Limey at (10.04, 9.9)
Cubric overtakes Limey at (10.0899, 9.97)
Quadder finishes race in 10.07 min, Cubric in
10.092 min, Liney in 10.13 min.
Quadder wins by 1.2 sec, Cubric second by
2.4 sec to Liney.
5 a C = (3, 0) and D = (2.25, 8.54)
b y = ax
3
(x 3)
8.54 = 2.25
3
(2.25 3)a
a =
3
8.54
2.25 0.75

0.9997
a 1
y = x
3
(x 3)
so, y = x
4
3x
3
c Find y when x = 1 to obtain B.
y = x
4
3x
3

y = (1)
4
3(1)
3

= 1 3
= 2
B is (1, 2)
Distance from road at A to river at B is 2 km.
d Distance OD =
2 2
2.25 8.54 +
= 5.0625 72.9316 +
= 77.99
8.83
Distance CD =
2 2
0.75 8.54 +
= 0.5625 72.9316 +
= 73.49
8.57
Total distance is 17.4 km
Yes because the straight route from O to D to C is
approximately 17.4 km and the river course is longer than
this.
6 a

x-intercepts 3, 1, 1, 3
y = a(x + 3)(x + 1)(x 1)(x 3)

1
0, 2
4
| |
|
\ .

9
4
= a 9
a =
1
4

y =
1
4
(x + 3)(x + 1)(x 1)(x 3)
b x = 4,
y =
1
4
(4 + 3)(4 + 1)(4 3)(4 1)
=
1
4
(7 5 1 3)
=
1
26
4

Coordinates are
1 1
4, 26 4, 26
4 4
| || |
| |
\ .\ .

c Domain is [4, 4]
d (2.236,
4)(2.236, 4)
Range
1
4, 26
4
(
(

e y =
1
4
(x + 3)(x + 1)(x 3)(x 1) + 4
=
1
4
(x
2
+ 4x + 3)(x
2
4x + 3) + 4
=
1
4
(x
4
4x
3
+ 3x
2
+ 4x
3
16x
2
+ 12x + 3x
2
12x + 9) + 4
=
1
4
(x
4
10x
2
+ 25) or
y =
1
4
(x 2.236)
2
(x + 2.236)
2

f Domain [4, 4]
Range
1
0, 30
4
(
(

7 Since smooth landing, the graph could have a turning point
at (0, 0). So, a factor of
2
( 0) x is possible. A further
x intercept (to the right of 50 km) of b, indicates a factor of
(x b). A dilation factor of a from the x-axis results in
y = ax
2
(x b)
a (50, 10) 10 = 50
2
a(50 b)
10 = 2500a(50 b) [1]
If gradient is 0 at x = 50,

d
d
y
x
= 3ax
2
2abx
0 = 3a 50
2
2ab 50
0 = 7500a 100ab
100ab = 7500a (divide by 100a, since a 0)
b = 75
Substituting into [1]
10 = 2500a(50 75)
10 = 6250a
a =
1
6250

y =
2
( 75)
6250
x x

b x = 2, y =
2
2 (2 75)
6250
= 0.04672 km
= 46.72 m
c Seems to be extremely low 2 km from touchdown.
Therefore, not very accurate.
8 a x-intercepts and turning points at x = 4
y = a(x 4)
2
(x + 4)
2

(0, 3) 3 = a(0 4)
2
(0 + 4)
2

3 = 256a
a =
3
256

y =
2 2
3( 4) ( 4)
256
x x +
b If there is a smooth connection to the platform then x = 4 could be a turning point and an intercept. So, (x 4)
2
could be a
factor. The other turning point at (0, 3) suggests another x intercept to the left at x = b, where b is negative. So, in factor form:
y = a(x 4)
2
(x b), where a is a dilation constant.
(0, 3) 3 = a(0 4)
2
(0 b)
3 = 16ab
ab =
3
16
[1]
But zero gradient at G y = a(x
2
8x + 16)(x b)
y = a(x
3
bx
2
8x
2
+ 8bx + 16x 16b)

d
d
y
x
= a(3x
2
2bx 16x + 8b + 16)
Gradient = 0 at x = 0: 0 = a(8b + 16)
0 = 8b + 16 since a 0
8b = 16
b = 2
Substitute in [1]: a 2 =
3
16

a =
3
32

y =
2
3
( 4) ( 2)
32
x x +
c i y = ax
2
3
Since strut is 1 m long, F has coordinates (2, 2).
(2, 2) 2 = a 4 3
1 = 4a
a =
1
4

y =
2
3
4
x

ii y = a(x 4)
2

(2, 2) 2 = a(2 4)
2

2 = 4a
a =
1
2

y =
2
1
( 4)
2
x
=
2
1
( 8 16)
2
x x +
=
2
4 8
2
x
x +
Lower parabola
d
d
y
x
=
2
x
Upper parabola
d
d
y
x
= x + 4
x = 2
d
d
y
x
= 1
d
d
y
x
= 2
As the gradients are different, the connection is not smooth.
iii Lower equation is still y =
2
3
4
x

Upper y =
2
( 4) a x
(3, 0.75) 0.75 =
2
(3 4) a
a =
3
4

y =
2
3
( 4)
4
x
y =
2
3
( 8 16)
4
x x +
Lower parabola
d
d
y
x
=
2
x
Upper parabola
d
d
y
x
=
3
(2 8)
4
x
x = 3
d
d
y
x
=
3
2

d
d
y
x
=
3
( 2)
4

=
3
2


As the gradients are the same, the graphs meet smoothly at (3, 0.75).
d quartic: x = 2 y =
2 2
3(2 4) (2 4)
256
+

y =
3 4 36
256

= 1.6875 m
Difference from strut = 1.6 (1.6875)
= 0.0875 m
cubic: x = 2 y =
2
3
(2 4) (2 2)
32
+
y =
3
4 4
32

y = 1.5 m
Difference from strut = 1.6 (1.5)
= 0.1 m
quadratic: x = 2 y =
2
2
3
4

y = 2 m
Difference from strut = 1.6 (2)
= 0.4 m
The quartic model is the closest to the actual ramp with 1.6875 m.
F u n c t i o n s a n d t r a n s f o r ma t i o n s MM1 2 - 2 21
Exercise 2A Transformations
and the parabola
1 y = a(x h)
2
+ k
a a = 2
Dilation by a factor of 2 in the
y direction.
b a =
1
3

Dilation by a factor of
1
3
in
the y direction.
c a = 3
y direction and reflection in the
x-axis
d k = 6
Translation 6 units down.
e a =
1
2
, k = 1
1
2
in
the y direction, reflection in the
x-axis, translation 1 unit up.
f h = 2
Translation of 2 units to the
right.
g a = 1, h = 3
Reflection in the x-axis and
translation of 3 units to the left.
h a = 2, h = 3
y direction and translation of 3
units to the right.
i h = 2, k = 1
Translation of 2 units to the
left and translation of 1 unit
down.
j h = 0.5, k = 2
Translation of 0.5 units to the
right and translation of 2 units up.
k a = 2, h = 3, k = 1
y direction, reflection in the
x-axis, translation of 3 units to the
left and translation of 1 unit up.
l y = 12
2
3
2
x
| |
|
\ .

1
4

a = 12, h =
3
2
, k =
1
4

Dilation by a factor of 12 in
the y direction, translation of
3
2

(1.5) units to the right and
translation of
1
4
(0.25) units
down.
2 Increasing m a decreases.
Therefore the graph will be wider.
The answer is D.
3 a k = 2
graph (ii)
b a = 2, h = 2
graph (v)
c a = 1, h = 2, k = 2
graph (i)
d a =
1
2
, h = 2
graph (iv)
e a = 2, h = 2, k = 2
graph (iii)
4 y = a(k h)
2
+ k
a Turning point (2, 2)
h = 2, k = 2
y = a(x 2)
2
+ 2
Using (0, 0):
0 = a(0 2)
2
+ 2
0 = 4a + 2
4a = 2
a =
1
2

Equation is y =
1
2
(x 2)
2
+ 2
b Turning point (1, 2)
h = 1, k = 2
y = a(x + 1)
2
2
Using (0, 0):
0 = a(0 + 1)
2
2
0 = a 2
a = 2
Equation is y = 2(x + 1)
2
2
c Turning point (1, 3)
h = 1, k = 3
y = a(x 1)
2
+ 3
Using (0, 0)
0 = a(0 1)
2
+ 3
0 = a + 3
a = 3
Equation is y = 3(x 1)
2
+ 3
d Turning point (2, 4)
h = 2, k = 4
y = a(x + 2)
2
4
Using (0, 0):
0 = a(0 + 2)
2
4
0 = 4a 4
4a = 4
a = 1
Equation is y = (x + 2)
2
4
5 Turning point (c, d)
h = c, k = d
y = a(x c)
2
+ d
Parabola is negative a < 0
Only alternative is
y = d (x c)
2

The answer is E.
6 y = x
2

a a =
1
2

y =
1
2
x
2

b a = 1
y = x
2

c h = 2, k = 1
y = (x 2)
2
1
d a = 3, k = 2
y = 3x
2
2
e a = 1, h = 3
y = (x + 3)
2

7 y = a(x h)
2
+ k
a Turning point (3, 4)
h = 3, k = 4
y = a(x 3)
2
4
Using (5, 0)
0 = a(5 3)
2
4
0 = 4a 4
4a = 4
a = 1
Equation is y = (x 3)
2
4
b Turning point (1, 1)
h = 1, k = 1
y = a(x + 1)
2
+ 1
Using (0, 1)
1 = a(0 + 1)
2
+ 1
1 = a + 1
a = 2
y = 2(x + 1)
2
+ 1
c Turning point (3, 4)
h = 3, k = 4
y = a(x + 3)
2
4
Using (0, 1)
1 = a(0 + 3)
2
4
1 = 9a 4
9a = 3
a =
1
3

y =
1
3
(x + 3)
2
4
d Turning point (2, 2)
h = 2, k = 2
y = a(x 2)
2
+ 2
Using (0, 0)
0 = a(0 2)
2
+ 2
0 = 4a + 2
4a = 2
a =
1
2

y =
1
2
(x 2)
2
+ 2
e Turning point (1, 6)
h = 1, k = 6
y = a(x 1)
2
+ 6
Using (0, 9)
9 = a(0 1)
2
+ 6
9 = a + 6
a = 3
y = 3(x 1)
2
+ 6
f Turning point (2, 8)
h = 2, k = 8
y = a(x + 2)
2
+ 8
Using ( 2 2, 0)
0 = a( 2 2 + 2)
2
+ 8
0 = 2a + 8
2a = 8
a = 4
y = 4(x + 2)
2
+ 8
Chapter 2 Functions and transformations
MM1 2 - 2 22 F u n c t i o n s a n d t r a n s f o r ma t i o n s
8 y = x
2

a dilation of 2 from the x-axis
y = 2x
2

b reflection in the x-axis
y = 2x
2

c translation of 1 parallel to the
x-axis y = 2(x + 1)
2

d translation of 3 parallel to the
y-axis y = 2(x + 1)
2
+ 3
9 point (x, y)
a Reflection in the y-axis (x, y)
b Reflection in the x-axis (x, y)
c Dilation of 3 from the x-axis
(x, 3y)
d Dilation of 2 from the y-axis
(2x, y)
e Dilation of
1
3
from the y-axis

1
,
3
x y
| |
|
\ .

f A translation of 2 units
horizontally in the positive
direction (x + 2, y)
g A translation of 1 unit parallel to
the y-axis (x, y 1)
10 a y = a(x h)
2
+ k
Turning point (z, 8)
y = a(x z)
2
8
Using (0, 10):
10 = a(0 z)
2
8
10 = az
2
8
az
2
= 18
a =
2
18
z
1
Using (5, 0):
0 = a(5 z)
2
8
or 0 =
2
18
z
(5 z)
2
8 (using
equation 1 )
8 =
2
18
z
(25 10z + z
2
)
8z
2
= 18(25 10z + z
2
)
8z
2
= 450 180z + 18z
2

10z
2
180z + 450 = 0
or z
2
18z + 45 = 0
(z 3)(z 15) = 0
z = 3 or z = 15
b Substitute z = 3 or z = 15 into
equation 1
a =
2
18
3
or
2
18
15

a = 2 or
2
25

y = 2(x 3)
2
8 or
y =
2
25
(x 15)
2
8
11 y = a(x h)
2
+ k
a Range is y 3 a < 0
and k = 3 is the y-coordinate of
turning point.
h = 4
b y = a(x + 4)
2
+ 3
Using
1
0, 2
3
| |
|
\ .

2
1
3
= a(0 + 4)
2
+ 3

7
3
= 16a + 3
16a =
16
3

a =
1
3

y =
1
3
(x + 4)
2
+ 3
c x-intercepts: y = 0

1
3
(x + 4)
2
+ 3 = 0

1
3
(x + 4)
2
= 3
(x + 4)
2
= 9
x + 4 = 3 or 3
x = 7 or 1
12 1 h = 2, k = 3
f(x + 2) 3, 4 x 0
2 h = 2, k = 3
f(x 2) 3, 0 x 4
3 h = 4
f(x + 4), 6 x 2
4 h = 4
f(x 4), 2 x 6
5 a < 0, k = 6
f(x) + 6, 2 x 2
6 a < 0, h = 4, k = 6
f(x + 4) + 6, 6 x 2
7 a < 0, h = 4, k = 6
f(x 4) + 6, 2 x 6
8 a < 0, h = 2, k = 9
f(x + 2) + 9, 4 x 0
9 a < 0, h = 2, k = 9
f(x 2) + 9, 0 x 4
Exercise 2B The cubic
function in power form
1 a y = 7x
3

a = 7
The graph is dilated by a factor of
7 in the y direction.
b y =
2
3
x
3

a =
2
3

The graph is dilated by a factor of
2
3
in the y direction and also a
reflection in the x-axis.
c y = x
3
+ 4
k = 4
The graph is translated 4 units up.
d y = 6 x
3

a = 1
Reflected in the x-axis.
k = 6
Translated 6 units up.
e y = (x 1)
3

h = 1
Translated 1 unit right.
f y = (x + 3)
3

a = 1
h = 3
Translated 3 units left.
g y = 4(2 x)
3

a = 4
Dilated in the y direction by a
factor of 4.
Reflection in the y-axis.
h = 2
Translated 2 units right.
h y = 6(7 x)
3

a = 6
Dilated by a factor of 6 in the y
direction.
Reflected in the x-axis, reflected
in the y-axis
h = 7
Translated 7 units right.
i y = 3(x + 3)
3
2
a = 3, h = 3, k = 2
direction, translated 3 units left,
translated 2 units down.
j y = 6
1
2
(x 1)
3

a =
1
2
, h = 1, k = 6
Dilated by a factor of
1
2
in the
y direction, reflected in the x-axis,
translated 1 unit right, translated
6 units up.
k y =
1
4
(2x + 5)
3

=
3
1 5
2
4 2
x
( | |
+
| (
\ .

=
3
5
2
2
x
| |
+
|
\ .

a = 2, h =
5
2

Dilated by a factor of 2 in the
y direction, translated
5
2
units
left.
l y = 3 2
3
1
4
2
x
| |
+
|
\ .

= 3 2 ( )
3
1
8
2
x
(
+
(

= 3
1
4
(8 + x)
3

a =
1
4
, h = 8, k = 3
1
4
in the
y direction, reflected in the x-axis,
translated 8 units left, translated 3
units up.
2 a (i), (iv)
b (iii), (v)
c (ii)
d (i), (ii), (iv)
e (ii), (v)
f (iii), (iv)
3 a y =
3
4
x
3

a =
3
4
, h = 0, k = 0
3
4
in the
y direction.
a > 0: A positive cubic.
Stationary point of inflection is
(0, 0)
y-intercept: x = 0
y =
3
4
(0)
3

= 0
x-intercept: y = 0

3
4
x
3
= 0
x
3
= 0
x = 0

b y = 1 2x
3

a = 2, h = 0, k = 1
Dilated by a factor of 2 in the
y direction, reflected in the x-axis.
a < 0: A negative cubic
Stationary point of inflection
(0, 1)
y-intercept: x = 0
y = 1 2(0)
3

y = 1
x-intercept: y = 0
1 2x
3
= 0
2x
3
= 1
x
3
=
1
2

x =
3
1
2

0.8

c y =
2
3
x
3
6
a =
2
3
, h = 0, k = 6
a > 0: A positive cubic
(0, 6)
y-intercept: x = 0
y =
2
3
(0)
3
6
y = 6
x-intercept: y = 0

2
3
x
3
6 = 0

2
3
x
3
= 6
x
3
= 9
x =
3
9
2.08

d y = 2(x 4)
3

a = 2, h = 4, k = 0
(4, 0)
y-intercept: x = 0
y = 2(0 4)
3

y = 128
x-intercept: y = 0
2(x 4)
3
= 0
(x 4)
3
= 0
x 4 = 0
x = 4

e y =
1
2
(x 2)
3

a =
1
2
, h = 2, k = 0
a < 0: A negative cubic.
(2, 0).
y-intercept: x = 0
y =
1
2
(0 2)
3

=
1
2
8
= 4
x-intercept: y = 0

1
2
(x 2)
3
= 0
(x 2)
3
= 0
x 2 = 0
x = 2

f y = 4(1 x)
3

= 4(x 1)
3

a = 4, h = 1, k = 0
(1, 0)
y-intercept: x = 0
y = 4(1 0)
3

= 4 1
= 4
x-intercept: y = 0
4(1 x)
3
= 0
(1 x)
3
= 0
1 x = 0
x = 1

g y = (x 1)
3
+ 2
a = 1, h = 1, k = 2
a > 0: A positive cubic.
(1, 2)
y-intercept: x = 0
y = (0 1)
3
+ 2
= 1 + 2
= 1
x-intercept: y = 0
(x 1)
3
+ 2 = 0
(x 1)
3
= 2
x 1 =
3
2
x = 1
3
2
0.26

h y = 3 (x + 2)
3

a = 1, h = 2, k = 3
(2, 3)
y-intercept: x = 0
y = 3 (0 + 2)
3

= 3 8
= 5
x-intercept: y = 0
3 (x + 2)
3
= 0
(x + 2)
3
= 3
x + 2 =
3
3
x = 2 +
3
3
0.56

i y = 2(x + 1)
3
6
a = 2, h = 1, k = 6
(1, 6)
y-intercept: x = 0
y = 2(0 + 1)
3
6
= 2 6
= 4
x-intercept: y = 0
2(x + 1)
3
6 = 0
2(x + 1)
3
= 6
(x + 1)
3
= 3
x + 1 =
3
3
x = 1 +
3
3
0.44

Questions 4 to 6
y = 2(mx 4)
3
3
= 2
3
4
m x
m
( | |
| (
\ .
3
= 2m
3
3
4
x
m
| |
|
\ .
3
4 h =
4
m
, k = 3

4
, 3
m

| |
|
\ .

The answer is E.
5 a = 2m
3

The answer is C.
6 If m > 1,
h =
4
m
decreases and a = 2m
3

increases
Graph is thinner and not shifted
as far to the right.
The answer is B.
7 a a =
1
2

y =
1
2
x
3

b a = 1, h = 5
y = (x + 5)
3

c h = 3, k = 1
y = (x 3)
3
1
d a = 2, k = 3
y = 2x
3
+ 3
e a = 1, h = 1, k = 1
y = (x + 1)
3
1
8 y = x
3

a dilation by a factor of 2 from the
x-axis y = 2x
3

b a reflection in the y-axis
y = 2(x)
3

y = 2x
3

c a translation of 2 in the positive
direction parallel to the x-axis
y = 2(x 2)
3

d a translation of 1 in the negative
direction parallel to the y-axis
y = 2(x 2)
3
1
9 a h = 0, k = 4
y = ax
3
+ 4
Using (2, 0):
0 = a 2
3
+ 4
0 = 8a + 4
8a = 4
a =
1
2

y =
1
2
x
3
+ 4
b h = 1, k = 2
y = a(x 1)
3
+ 2
Using (0, 0):
0 = a(0 1)
3
+ 2
0 = a + 2
a = 2
y = 2(x 1)
3
+ 2
c h = 1, k = 1
y = a(x + 1)
3
+ 1
Using (0, 2)
2 = a(0 + 1)
3
+ 1
2 = a + 1
a = 3
y = 3(x + 1)
3
+ 1
d h = 3, k = 0
y = a(x 3)
3

Using (0, 9):
9 = a(0 3)
3

9 = 27a
a =
1
3

y =
1
3
(x 3)
3

e h = 1, k =
1
2

y = a(x + 1)
3

1
2

Using
1
, 0
2
| |
|
\ .
:
0 = a
3
1
1
2
| |
+
|
\ .

1
2

=
8
a

1
2

8
a
=
1
2

a = 4
y = 4(x + 1)
3

1
2

10 y = 2(x + 3)
3
+ 1
Reflected in x-axis:
y = 2(x + 3)
3
1
Shifted 3 units to the right:
y = 2(x + 3 3)
3
1
y = 2x
3
1
Shifted 1 unit up:
y = 2x
3
1 + 1
y = 2x
3

The answer is E.
11 y = a(x h)
3
+ k
h = 1, k = 4
y = a(x + 1)
3
4
Using (0, 2)
2 = a(0 + 1)
3
4
2 = a 4
a = 2
y = 2(x + 1)
3
4
12 a y = a(h x)
3
+ k
h = 2, k = 1
y = a(2 x)
3
+ 1
Using
1
1,
2
| |
|
\ .

1
2
= a(2 1)
3
+ 1

1
2
= a + 1
a =
1
2

y =
1
2
(2 x)
3
+ 1
b y =
1
2
[(x 2)]
3
+ 1
y =
1
2
(x 2)
3
+ 1
a =
1
2

Therefore it is a positive cubic.
13 a y = a(x h)
3
+ k
a = 1
y = (x h)
3
+ k
Using (0, 28):
28 = (0 h)
3
+ k
h
3
+ k = 28
Using (4, 0):
0 = (4 h)
3
+ k
0 = 64 48h 12h
2
h
3

+ k 2
From 1 k = 28 + h
3

Substitute into 2 :
0 = 64 48h 12h
2
3
h
+ 28

3
h +
12h
2
+ 48h + 36 = 0
12(h
2
+ 4h + 3) = 0
12(h + 3)(h + 1) = 0
h = 3 or h = 1
Substitute h into 1
h = 3, k = 28 + (3)
3

= 28 27
= 1
h = 1, k = 28 + (1)
3

= 28 1
= 27
Therefore the stationary points
are (3, 1) or (1, 27).
b For y = (x + 3)
3
+ 1
y-intercept: x = 0
y = (0 + 3)
3
+ 1
= 27 + 1
= 28
x-intercept: y = 0
(x + 3)
3
+ 1 = 0
(x + 3)
3
= 1
x + 3 = 1
x = 4
For y = (x + 1)
3
+ 27
y-intercept: x = 0
y = (0 + 1)
3
+ 27
= 1 + 27
y = 28
x-intercept: y = 0
(x + 1)
3
+ 27 = 0
(x + 1)
3
= 27
x + 1 = 3
x = 4

Exercise 2C The power
function (the hyperbola)
1 y =
a
x h
+ k
a a = 2, h = 0, k = 0
Dilation in the y direction by a
factor of 2.
b a = 3
factor of 3, reflection in the
x-axis.
c a = 1, h = 6,
Translation 6 units right.
d a = 2, h = 4
factor of 2, translation 4 units left.
e a = 1, k = 7
Translation 7 units up.
f a = 2, k = 5
y direction, translation 5 units
down.
g a = 1, h = 4, k = 3
Translation 4 units left,
translation 3 units down.
h a = 2, h = 3, k = 6
y direction, translation 3 units
right, translation 6 units up.
i a = 4, h = 1, k = 4
x-axis, translation 1 unit right,
translation 4 units down.
2 a (v)
b (iii)
c (i)
d (v), (iii)
e (v), (ii), (iii)
f (i), (iii)
g (v), (i), (iv)
h (ii), (iv)
3 y =
a
x h
+ k
a i h = 0, k = 0
Horizontal asymptote: y = 0
Vertical asymptote: x = 0
ii Domain: R\{0}
iii Range: R\{0}
b i h = 6, k = 0
Vertical asymptote: x = 6
ii Domain: R\{6}
iii Range: R\{0}
c i h = 2, k = 0
x = 2 Vertical asymptote
y = 0 Horizontal asymptote
ii Domain: R\{2}
iii Range: R\{0}
d i h = 3, k = 0
ii Domain: R\{3}
iii Range: R\{0}
e i h = 0, k = 4
ii Domain: R\{0}
iii Range: R\{4}
f i h = 0, k = 5
ii Domain: R\{0}
iii Range: R\{5}
g i h = 6, k = 2
ii Domain: R\{6}
iii Range: R\{2}
h i h = 2, k = 1
ii Domain: R\{2}
iii Range: R\{1}
i i h = n, k = m
x = n Vertical asymptote
y = m Horizontal asymptote
ii Domain: R\{n}
iii Range: R\{m}
4 a i h = 4, k = 0
x = 4
y = 0
ii Domain: R\{4}
iii Range: R\{0}
b i h = 0, k = 2
x = 0
y = 2
ii Domain: R\{0}
iii Range: R\{2}
c i h = 3, k = 2
x = 3
y = 2
ii Domain: R\{3}
iii Range: R\{2}
d i h = 1, k = 1
x = 1
y = 1
ii Domain: R\{1}
iii Range: R\{1}
e i h = m, k = n
x = m
y = n
ii Domain: R\{m}
iii Range: R\{n}
f i h = b, k = a
x = b
y = a
ii Domain: R\{b}
iii Range: R\{a}
5

y =
2
3x
is dilated by a factor
2
3
in
the y direction.
y =
3
x
is dilated by a factor 3 in the
y direction.
y =
4
3x
is dilated by a factor
4
3
in
the y direction and reflected through
the x-axis.
6 y =
a
x h
+ k
a a = 1, h = 3, k = 0
Asymptotes: x = 3
y = 0
y-intercept: x = 0
y =
1
0 3 +

y =
1
3

x-intercept: y = 0

1
3 x +
= 0
No solution.
No x-intercept.

b a = 1, h = 2, k = 1
Asymptotes: x = 2
y = 1
y-intercept: x = 0
y =
1
0 2 +
1
=
1
2

x-intercept: y = 0

1
2 x +
1 = 0

1
2 x +
= 1
x + 2 = 1
x = 1

c a = 3, h = 1, k =
3
4

Asymptotes: x = 1
y =
3
4

y-intercept: x = 0
y =
3
0 1

3
4

= 3
3
4

= 3
3
4

x-intercept: y = 0

3
1 x

3
4
= 0

3
1 x
=
3
4

3(x 1) = 12
3x 3 = 12
3x = 15
x = 5

d a = 2, h = 5, k = 0
Asymptotes: x = 5
y = 0
y-intercept: x = 0
y =
2
0 5 +

=
2
5

x-intercept: y = 0

2
5 x +
= 0
No solution
No x-intercept.

e a = 6, h = 1, k = 3
Asymptotes: x = 1
y = 3
y-intercept: x = 0
y =
6
1 0
3
= 6 3
= 3
x-intercept: y = 0

6
1 x
3 = 0

6
1 x
= 3
6 = 3(1 x)
6 = 3 3x
3x = 3
x = 1

f a = 3, h = 2, k = 6
Asymptotes: x = 2
y = 6
y-intercept: x = 0
y =
3
0 2
+ 6
=
3
2
+ 6
= 7
1
2

x-intercept: y = 0

3
2 x
+ 6 = 0

3
2 x
= 6
3 = 6(x 2)
= 6x 12
6x = 15
x = 2
1
2

g a = +1, h = 2, k = 1
Asymptotes: x = 2
y = 1
y-intercept: x = 0
y = 1
1
2 0

= 1
1
2

=
1
2

x-intercept: y = 0
1
1
2 x
= 0

1
2 x
= 1
1 = 2 x
x = 1
x = 1

h a = 4, h = 1, k =
2
5

Asymptotes: x = 1
y =
2
5

y-intercept: x = 0
y =
2
5
+
4
1 0 +

=
2
5
+ 4
= 4
2
5

x-intercept: y = 0

2
5
+
4
1 x +
= 0

4
1 x +
=
2
5

2(1 + x) = 20
2 + 2x = 20
2x = 22
x = 11

i y =
1
2 3 x +
+ 4
=
1
3
2
2
x
| |
+
|
\ .
+ 4
a =
1
2
, h =
3
2
, y = 4
Asymptotes: x =
3
2

y = 4
y-intercept: x = 0
y =
1
2 0 3 +
+ 4
=
1
3
+ 4
= 4
1
3

x-intercept: y = 0

1
2 3 x +
+ 4 = 0

1
2 3 x +
= 4
4(2x + 3) = 1
8x 12 = 1
8x = 13
x =
13
8

j y =
2
3 4x
1
=
2
3
4
4
x
| |

|
\ .
1
a =
1
2
, h =
3
4
, k = 1
Asymptotes: x =
3
4

y = 1
y-intercept: x = 0
y =
2
3 4 0
1
=
2
3
1
=
1
3

x-intercept: y = 0

2
3 4x
1 = 0

2
3 4x
= 1
2 = 3 4x
4x = 1
x =
1
4

k y =
3
2
x
x
+

=
( 2) 5
2
x
x
+

=
2 5
2 2
x
x x
+

=
5
1
2 x
+

x-asymptote: x = 2
y-asymptote: y = 1
x-intercept, y = 0
0 =
3
2
x
x
+

0 = x + 3
x = 3
y-intercept, x = 0
y =
3
2

l y =
4 3
1
x
x
+

=
4( 1) 7
1
x
x
+

=
4( 1) 7
1 1
x
x x
+

=
7
4
1 x
+

x-asymptote: x = 1
y-asymptote: y = 4
y-intercept, x = 0
y =
3
1

= 3
x-intercept, y = 0
0 =
4 3
1
x
x
+

0 = 4x + 3
3 = 4x
x =
3
4

7 a < 0, h = 4, k = 3
y =
1
4 x
+ 3
The answer is E.
8 Asymptotes: x = 1 (vertical)
y = 3 (horizontal)
Domain: R\{1}
Range: R\{3}
The answer is C.
9 a h = 2, k = 0
y =
2
a
x

Using (0, 1)
1 =
0 2
a

=
2
a

a = 2
y =
2
2 x

b h = 0, k = 1
y =
a
x
+ 1
Using (3, 0):
0 =
3
a
+ 1

3
a
= 1
a = 3
y =
3
x
+ 1
c h = 4, k = 0
y =
4
a
x +

Using
3
0,
4
| |
|
\ .

3
4
=
0 4
a
+

=
4
a

3 = a
y =
3
4 x
+

d h = 0, k = 1
y =
a
x
1
Using (4, 0)
0 =
4
a
1

4
a
= 1
a = 4
y =
4
x
1
e h = 4, k = 2
y =
4
a
x
+ 2
Using
1
0, 1
2
| |
|
\ .

1
1
2
=
0 4
a
+ 2

1
2
=
4
a

a = 2
y =
2
4 x
+ 2
f h = 1, k = 1
y =
1
a
x +
1
Using (0, 5)
5 =
0 1
a
+
1
= a 1
a = 6
y =
6
1 x +
1
10 f(x) =
1
x

Asymptotes: x = 0
y = 0
a f(x + 2) =
1
2 x +

Asymptotes: x = 2
y = 0
y-intercept: x = 0
y =
1
0 2 +

=
1
2

x-intercept: y = 0
0 =
1
2 x +

No x-intercept.

b f(x) 1 =
1
x
1
Asymptotes: x = 0
y = 1
x-intercept: y = 0
0 =
1
x
1
1 =
1
x

x = 1
y-intercept: x = 0
y =
1
0
1
No y-intercept.

c f(x) 2 =
1
x
2
Asymptotes: x = 0
y = 2
y-intercept: x = 0
y =
1
0
2
No y-intercept.
x-intercept: y = 0

1
2
x
= 0

1
x
= 2
2x = 1
x =
1
2

d f(1 x) + 2 =
1
1 x
+ 2
Asymptotes: x = 1
y = 2
y-intercept: x = 0
y =
1
1 0
+ 2
= 1 + 2
= 3
x-intercept: y = 0
0 =
1
1 x
+ 2
2 =
1
1 x

2(1 x) = 1
2 + 2x = 1
2x = 3
x =
3
2

e f(x 1) 1 =
1
1 x
1
Asymptotes: x = 1
y = 1
y-intercept: x = 0
y =
1
0 1
1
= 1 1
y = 0
So the x-intercept is at the origin.

f 1 f(x 2) = 1
1
2 x

Asymptotes: x = 2
y = 1
y-intercept: x = 0
y = 1
1
0 2

= 1
1
2

= 1
1
2

x-intercept: y = 0
0 = 1
1
2 x

1 =
1
2 x

x 2 = 1
x = 3

11 yx 3x + 1 = 0
y 3 +
1
x
= 0
y = 3
1
x

Asymptotes: x = 0
y = 3
y-intercept: x = 0
y = 3
1
0

No y-intercept
x-intercept: y = 0
0 = 3
1
x

1
x
= 3
3x = 1
x =
1
3

Domain: R\{0}
Range: R\{3}
Exercise 2D The power
function (the truncus)
1 y =
( )
2
a
x h
+ k
a a = 2, h = 0, k = 0
factor of 2.
b a = 3, h = 0, k = 0
x-axis.
c a = 1, h = 2, k = 0
Translation 2 units left.
d a = 2, h = 3
y direction, translation 3 units right.
e a = 5, h = 4
x-axis, translation 4 units left.
f a = 2, k = 6
factor of 2, translation 6 units up.
g a = 1, k = 3
Reflection in the x-axis,
translation 3 units up.
h a = 4, h = 3, k = 1
factor of 4, translation 3 units
right, translation 1 unit up.
i a = 1, h = 2, k = 5
Reflection in the x-axis,
translation 2 units left, translation
5 units up.
2 a < 0 Reflected in the x-axis
h = 2 Translated 2 units right.
The answer is D.
3 Translated m units left, translated
n units up
The answer is C.
4 y =
2
( )
a
x h
+ k
a i h = 0, k = 0
Asymptotes: x = 0
y = 0
ii Domain: R\{0}
iii a = 2(> 0)
Range: y > 0
b i h = 0, k = 0
Asymptotes: x = 0
y = 0
ii Domain: R\{0}
iii a =
4
3

Range: y < 0
c i h = 2, k = 0
Asymptotes: x = 2
y = 0
ii Domain: R\{2}
iii a = 1
Range: y > 0
d i h = 1, k = 0
Asymptotes: x = 1
y = 0
ii Domain: R\{1}
iii a = 2
Range: y > 0
e i h = 4, k = 0
Asymptotes: x = 4
y = 0
ii Domain: R\{4}
iii a = 5
Range: y < 0
f i h = 0, k = 3
Asymptotes: x = 0
y = 3
ii Domain: R\{0}
iii a = 2
Range: y > 3
g i h = 0, k =
4
5

Asymptotes: x = 0
y =
4
5

ii Domain: R\{0}
iii a = 1
Range: y >
4
5

h i h = 0, k =
1
2

Asymptotes: x = 0
y =
1
2

ii Domain: R\{0}
iii a = 3
Range: y <
1
2

i i h = 1, k = 4
Asymptotes: x = 1
y = 4
ii Domain: R\{1}
iii a = 2
Range: y > 4
5 Vertical asymptote at x = 3 in
graphs (ii) & (iii)
The answer is C.
6 Horizontal asymptote y = 3 and
a < 0 in graphs (iii), (v) & (vi)
The answer is B.
7 Asymptotes y = 0 and x = 3 in
graph (ii)
The answer is B.
8 y =
2
( )
a
x h
+ k
a a =
2
5
, h = 0, k = 0
Reflected in the x-axis
Asymptotes: x = 0
y = 0
x-intercept: y = 0

2
2
(5 ) x
= 0
No solution.
No x-intercept.
y-intercept: x = 0
y =
2
2
5 0

Undefined
No y-intercept.

b a = 1, h = 3, k = 0
Asymptotes: x = 3
y = 0
No x-intercepts.
y-intercept: x = 0
y =
2
(0 3)
1

=
1
9

c a = 2, h = 4, k = 0
Asymptotes: x = 4
y = 0
No x-intercepts.
y-intercept: x = 0
y =
2
2
(4 0) +

=
2
16

=
1
8

d a = 1, h = 1, k = 0
Asymptotes: x = 1
y = 0
No x intercepts.
y-intercept: x = 0
y =
2
1
(0 1)

= 1

e a = 4, h = 0, k = 1
Asymptotes: x = 0
y = 1
No y-intercept
x-intercept: y = 0
1
2
4
x
= 0

2
4
x
= 1
x
2
= 4
x = 2

f a =
1
2
, h = 0, k = 3
Asymptotes: x = 0
y = 3
No y-intercept.
x-intercepts: y = 0

2
1
2x
3 = 0

2
1
2x
= 3
6x
2
= 1
x
2
=
1
6

x =
1
6
0.4

g a = 2, h = 1, k = 2
Asymptotes: x = 1
y = 2
x-intercept: y = 0

2
2
( 1) x
2 = 0

2
2
( 1) x
= 2
2(x 1)
2
= 2
(x 1)
2
= 1
x 1 = 1 or 1
x = 2 or 0
y-intercept: x = 0
y =
2
2
(0 1)
2
= 2 2
= 0

h a = 2, h = 3, k = 4
Asymptotes: x = 3
y = 4
x-intercepts: y = 0
4
2
2
(3 ) x +
= 0

2
2
(3 ) x +
= 4
4(3 + x)
2
= 2
(3 + x)
2
=
1
2

3 + x =
1
2

x = 3 +
1
2
or
3
1
2

x 2.3 or 3.7
y-intercept: x = 0
y = 4
2
2
(3 0) +

= 4
2
9

= 3
7
9

i a = 1, h = 2, k =
2
3

Asymptotes: x = 2
y =
2
3

x-intercept: y = 0

2
3
+
2
1
( 2) x
= 0

2
1
( 2) x
=
2
3

(x 2)
2
=
3
2

No solution
No x-intercepts.
y-intercept: x = 0
y =
2
3
+
2
1
(0 2)

=
2
3
+
1
4

=
11
12

j a =
3
4
, h = 1, k =
1
4

Asymptotes: x = 1
y =
1
4

x-intercepts: y = 0

2
3
4( 1) x +

1
4
= 0

2
3
4( 1) x +
=
1
4

2
3
( 1) x +
= 1
(x + 1)
2
= 3
x + 1 = 3
x = 1 + 3,
1 3
0.7, 2.7
y-intercept: x = 0
y =
2
3
4(0 1) +

1
4

=
3
4

1
4

=
1
2

k a = 1, h = 2, k = 3
Asymptotes: x = 2
y = 3
x-intercepts:
2
1
(2 ) x
+ 3 = 0

2
1
(2 ) x
= 3
(2 x)
2
=
1
3

No solution
No x-intercepts.
y-intercept: x = 0
y =
2
1
(2 0)
+ 3
=
1
4
+ 3
= 3
1
4

l y =
2
4
[2( 2)] x
1
=
2
4
4( 2) x
1
=
2
1
( 2) x
1
a = 1, h = 2, k = 1
Asymptotes: x = 2
y = 1
x-intercepts: y = 0

2
1
( 2) x
1 = 0

2
1
( 2) x
= 1
(x 2)
2
= 1
x 2 = 1
x 2 = 1 or 1
x = 3 or 1
y-intercept: x = 0
y =
2
4
[2( 2)]
1
=
4
16
1
=
3
4

9 y =
2
( )
a
x h
+ k where a = 1 or 1.
a a = 1, h = m, k = n
y =
2
1
( ) x m
+ n
b a = 1, h = q, k = p
y =
2
1
( ) x q
+
+ p
c a = 1, h = r, k = 0
y =
2
1
( ) x r

d a = 1, h = 0, k = t
y =
2
1
x
+ t
e a = 1, h = a, k = b
y =
2
1
( ) x a +
b
f a = 1, h = g, k = e
y =
2
1
( ) x g
e
g a = 1, h = 0, k = k
y =
2
1
x
k
h a = 1, h = 0, k = c
y =
2
1
x
c
10 y =
2
( )
a
x h
+ k
a h = 0, k = 2
y =
2
a
x
2
Using (1, 0):
0 =
2
1
a
2
2 = a
y =
2
2
x
2
b h = 2, k = 0
y =
2
( 2)
a
x

Using
3
0,
4
| |
|
\ .
:
3
4
=
2
(0 2)
a

3
4
=
4
a

a = 3
y =
2
3
( 2) x

c h = 2, k = 1
y =
2
( 2)
a
x +
+ 1
Using (5, 0): 0 =
2
( 5 2)
a
+
+ 1
0 =
9
a
+ 1

9
a
= 1
a = 9
y =
2
9
( 2) x

+
+ 1
d h = 1, k = 4
y =
2
( 1)
a
x +
+ 4
Using (0, 7):
7 =
2
(0 1)
a
+
+ 4
7 = a + 4
a = 3
y =
2
3
( 1) x +
+ 4
e h = 4, k = 3
y =
2
( 4)
a
x
3
Using (0, 2.5):
2.5 =
2
(0 4)
a
3
0.5 =
16
a

a = 8
y =
2
8
( 4) x
3
f h = 1, k = 2
y =
2
( 1)
a
x
2
Using (0, 7):
7 =
2
(0 1)
a
2
5 =
1
a

a = 5
y =
2
5
( 1) x
2
11 h = 2, k = 3, a > 0
y =
2
( 2)
a
x +
3
Using (1, 0):
0 =
2
( 1 2)
a
+
3
3 =
1
a

a = 3
y =
2
3
( 2) x +
3
12 h = 1, k = 2, a > 0
y =
2
( 1)
a
x
+ 2
Using (0, 5):
5 =
2
(0 1)
a
+ 2
3 =
1
a

a = 3
y =
2
3
( 1) x
+ 2
Exercise 2E The square root
function in power form
1 y = a x h + k
a a = 2, h = 0, k = 0
direction.
b a =
1
3
, h = 0, k = 0
1
3
in the y
direction, reflected in the x-axis.
c a = 3, h = 1, k = 0
factor of 3, translated 1 unit right.
d a = 2, h = 4, k = 0
factor of 2, reflected in the x-axis,
translated 4 units left.
e a = 1, h = 0, k = 1
Translated 1 unit down.
f a = 3, h = 0, k = 2
Dilated in the y-direction by a
translated 2 units up.
g a = 1, h = 4, k = 3
Translated 4 units right, translated
3 units up.
h a = 2, h = 3, k = 6
translated 3 units left, translated 6
units up.
i a =
1
,
2
h = 2, k =
2
3

1
2
in
the y direction, reflected in the
x-axis, reflected in the y-axis,
translated 2 units right, translated
2
3
units up.
2 (h, k) are the coordinates of the end
point.
a (0, 0)
b (0, 0)
c (1, 0)
d (4, 0)
e (0, 1)
f (0, 2)
g (4, 3)
h (3, 6)
i
2
2,
3
| |
|
\ .

3 The graph is translated 3 units up.
The answer is E.
4 The graph is reflected in the y-axis,
translated 2 units right, translated 4
units up.
The answer is D.
5 y = a x h + k
a y = 1 x +
h = 1, k = 0
Domain: x 1
Range: y 0
b y = 3 x
h = 3, k = 0
Domain: x 3
Range: y 0
c y = x 3
h = 0, k = 3
Domain: x 0
Range: y 3
d y = 4 + 2 x
h = 0, k = 4
Domain: x 0
Range: y 4
e y = 5 x
a < 0, h = 0, k = 5
Domain: x 0
Range: y 5
f y = 1 x + 3
h = 1, k = 3
Domain: x 1
Range: y 3
g y = 2 x + 1
h = 2, k = 1
Domain: x 2
Range: y 1
h y = 4 2 2 1 x +
2x + 1 0
2x 1
x
1
2

Domain: x
1
2

k = 4, a < 0
Range: y 4
i y =
3
3 4
5
x + 2
3x 4 0
3x 4
x
4
3

Domain: x
4
3

k = 2, a < 0
Range: y 2
j y = 3 x 7
h = 3, k = 7
Domain: x 3
Range: y 7
k y = 6 + 4 2x
4 2x 0
2x 4
x 2
Domain: x 2
k = 6,
Range: y 6
l y = 1 2 x
a < 0, h = 2, k = 1
Domain: x 2
Range: y 1
6 Since x 2 and y 2, graph is of
the form
y = a h x + k
The answer is D.
7 Domain: (, 2]
Range: (, 2]
The answer is D.
8 a y = a x h + k
a = 1, h = 2, k = 0
End point: (2, 0)
x-intercept: y = 0
0 = 2 x +
x = 2
y-intercept: x = 0
y = 0 2 +
= 2

b a =
1
3
, h = 0, k = 3
End point: (0, 3)
x-intercept: None since y 3
y-intercept: x = 0
y =
1
0
3
+ 3
y = 3

c a = 1, h = 0, k = 2
End point: (0, 2)
x-intercept: y = 0
2 x = 0
x = 2
x = 4
y-intercept: x = 0
y = 2

d a = 1, h = 6, k = 1
End point: (6, 1)
y-intercept: None since x 6

e a = 1, h = 3, k = 2
End point: (3, 2)
y-intercept: x = 0
y = 3 0 + + 2
= 3 + 2
3.7

f a = 1, h = 4, k =
1
2

End point:
1
4,
2
| |
|
\ .

x-intercept: y = 0

1
2
4 x + = 0
4 x + =
1
2

4 + x =
1
4

x = 3
3
4

y-intercept: x = 0
y =
1
2
4 0 +
=
1
2
2
= 1
1
2

g y = 2 3 x
=
3
2
2
x
| |
|
\ .

=
3
2
2
x
| |
|
\ .

a = 2, h =
3
2
, k = 0
End point:
3
, 0
2
| |
|
\ .

x-intercept: y = 0
2 3 x = 0
2x 3 = 0
2x = 3
x =
3
2

y-intercept: None since x
3
2

h y = 6 3x + + 2
= 3(2 ) x + + 2
= 3 2 x + + 2
a = 3 , h = 2, k = 2
End point: (2, 2)
y-intercept: x = 0
y = 6 3 0 + + 2
= 6 + 2
4.4

i h = 2, k = 1
End point: (2, 1)
x-intercept: y = 0
2 x 1 = 0
2 x = 1
2 x = 1
x = 1
y-intercept: x = 0
y = 2 0 1
= 2 1
0.4

9 y = a x h + k
h = 1, k = 2
y = a 1 x + 2
Using (2, 0)
0 = a 2 1 + 2
0 = a + 2
a = 2
y = 2 1 x + 2
The answer is E.
10 a y = a x h + k
a = 2, h = m, k = 4
y = 2 x m 4
Using (5, 0)
0 = 2 5 m 4
2 5 m = + 4
5 m = + 2
5 m = 4
m = 1
b y = 2 1 x 4
11

Since x 4
y = a h x + k
h = 4, k = 3
y = a 4 x + 3
Using (0, 9)
9 = a 4 0 + 3
6 = a 4
= 2a
a = 3
y = 3 4 x + 3
12 a y = a x h + k
a = 4, h = 1, k = p
y = 4 1 x + + p
Using (0, 4):
4 = 4 0 1 + + p
4 = 4 + p
8 = p
p = 8
b y = 4 1 x + + 8
c x-intercept: y = 0
4 1 x + + 8 = 0
4 1 x + = 8
1 x + = 2
x + 1 = 4
x = 3
d Domain: x 1
e Range: y 8
f
Exercise 2F The absolute
value function
1 a Let y = 2x
Let x = 0:
y = 2 0
= 0 (0, 0)
Let x = 1:
y = 2 1
= 2 (1, 2)

b Let y = x 1
x-intercept: y = 0
x 1 = 0
x = 1
y-intercept: x = 0
y = 0 1
= 1

c Let y = 3 6x
x-intercept: y = 0
3 6x = 0
6x = 3
x =
1
2

y-intercept: x = 0
y = 3 6 0
= 3

d Let y = x
2
6
Shape: Positive parabola
translated 6 units down.
Turning point: (0, 6)
x-intercept: y = 0
x
2
6 = 0
x
2
= 6
x = 6

e Let y = 4 x
2

Shape: Negative parabola
x-intercept: y = 0
4 x
2
= 0
x
2
= 4
x = 4
x = 2 or 2
f Let y = (x 3)
2
4
Shape: Positive parabola translated
3 units right and 4 units down.
x-intercept: y = 0
(x 3)
2
4 = 0
(x 3)
2
= 4
x 3 = 4
= 2 or 2
x = 5 or 1
y-intercept: x = 0
y = (0 3)
2
4
= 9 4
= 5

g Let y = 3x
3

Shape: Positive cubic dilated by a
factor of 3 in y direction.
Stationary point of inflection:
(0, 0)

h Let y = (x + 2)
3
1
Shape: Positive cubic translated 2
units left and 1 unit down.
Stationary point of inflection:
(2, 1)
x-intercept: y = 0
(x + 2)
3
1 = 0
(x + 2)
3
= 1
x + 2 = 1
x = 1
y-intercept: x = 0
y = (0 + 2)
3
1
= 8 1
= 7

i Let y =
2
1 x

Asymptotes: x = 1
y = 0
y-intercept: x = 0
y =
2
0 1

= 2

2 For x 1: Positive cubic with
stationary point of inflection (0, 1)
y = x
3
+ 1
So graph is y = |x
3
+ 1|
The answer is C.
3 a Let y = 2x
Domain: R
Range: R
y = 2|x|
Domain: R
Range: y 0
b Let y = x + 1
Domain: R
Range: R
y = |x| + 1
Domain: R
Range: y 1
c Let y = 4 3x
Domain: R
Range: R
y = 4 3|x|
Domain: R
Range: y 4
d Let y = |x
2
3|
Domain: R
Range: y 0
y = |x
2
3| 2 (shifted down 2
units)
Domain: R
Range: y 2
e Let y =
1
1 x +

Domain: R\{1}
Range: y > 0
y =
1
1 x +
+ 1 (shifted up 1 unit)
Domain: R\{1}
Range: y > 1
f Let y = 2
2
1
x

Asymptotes: x = 0
y = 2
Domain: R\{0}
Range: y 2
y =
2
1
2
x

Domain: R\{0}
Range: y 0
4 a Let y = |x|
factor of 2 and reflected through
x-axis.
b The graph of y = |x + 5| is shifted
down 6 units.
Let y = x + 5
y-intercept: x = 0
y = 0 + 5
y = 5
x-intercept: y = 0
x + 5 = 0
x = 5

c The graph of y = |3 x| is dilated
in the y direction by a factor of 4
and shifted 1 unit up.
Let y = 3 x
x-intercept: y = 0
3 x = 0
x = 3
y-intercept: x = 0
y = 3 0
= 3

d The graph of y = |x
2
1| is shifted
up 1 unit.
Let y = x
2
1
x-intercept: x
2
1 = 0
x
2
= 1
x = 1 or 1

e The graph of y = |x
2
2| is
reflected through the x-axis and
translated 2 units up
Let y = x
2
2
x-intercept: y = 0
x
2
2 = 0
x
2
= 2
x = 2

f The graph of y = |(x + 1)
2
1| is
shifted down 2 units
Let y = (x + 1)
2
1
x-intercept: y = 0
(x + 1)
2
1 = 0
(x + 1)
2
= 1
x + 1 = 1 or 1
x = 0 or 2
y-intercept: x = 0
y = (0 + 1)
2
1
= 0

g The graph of y =
1
x
is translated
down
3
4
units
Let y =
1
x

Asymptotes: x = 0
y = 0

h The graph of y =
2
6 x
is
shifted up 3 units
Let y =
2
6 x

Asymptotes: x = 6
y = 0
y-intercept: x = 0
y =
2
6 0

=
1
3

i The graph of y =
2
1
x
is dilated in
the y direction by a factor of
1
4

and shifted down 4 units.
Let y =
2
1
x

Asymptotes: x = 0
y = 0

j The graph of y =
2
1
1
x
is
reflected through the x-axis.
Let y =
2
1
x
1
Asymptotes: x = 0
y = 1
x-intercept: y = 0

2
1
x
1 = 0

2
1
x
= 1
x
2
= 1
x = 1

k The graph of y = 2 2 x is
shifted up 3 units
Let y = 2 x 2
End point: (2, 2)
x-intercept: y = 0
2 x 2 = 0
2 x = 2
2 x = 4
x = 2
y-intercept: x = 0
y = 2 0 2
= 2 2 0.6

l The graph of y = 1 8 x + is
reflected through the x-axis and
shifted 2 units up.
Let y = 1 x + 8
End point: (1, 8)
x-intercept: y = 0
1 x + 8 = 0
1 x + = 8
x + 1 = 64
x = 63
y-intercept: x = 0
y = 0 1 + 8
= 1 8
= 7

5 f(x) = 3 1 x
a f(x) =
3 1 where 3 1 0
(3 1) where 3 1 0
x x
x x

<

1st function: 3x 1
1st domain: 3x 1 0
3x 1
x
1
3

2nd function: (3x 1)
= 3x + 1
2nd domain: 3x 1 < 0
x <
1
3

f(x) =
1
3 1 where
3
1
3 1 where
3
x x
x x
+ <

b f(0). x = 0 is in the domain of
the 2nd function.
f(0) = 3 0 + 1
= 1
f(2). x = 2 is in the domain of
the 1st function.
f(2) =3 2 1
= 5
c

y-intercept, x = 0
y = |3 0 1|
= |1|
= 1
6 f(x) = |x
2
3x| + 2
a
f(x) =
2 2
2 2
3 2 when 3 0
( 3 ) 2 when 3 0
x x x x
x x x x
+ <

1st function: x
2
3x + 2
1st domain: x
2
3x 0
x(x 3) 0
x (, 0] [3, )
2nd function: (x
2
3x) + 2
= x
2
+ 3x + 2
2nd domain: x
2
3x < 0
x(x 3) < 0
x (0, 3)
f(x) =
2
2
3 2 when ( , 0] [3, )
3 2 when (0, 3)
x x x
x x x
+ +

b f(1). x = 1 is in the domain of
the 1st function.
f(1) = (1)
2
3(1) + 2
= 1 + 3 + 2
= 6
f(2). x = 2 is in the domain of the
2nd function.
f(2) = 2
2
+ 3(2) + 2
= 4 + 6 + 2
= 4
c y-intercept, x = 0.
y =|0 0| + 2
= 2
Cusp points need to find x-
intercept of original positive
graph.
y = x
2
3x
0 = x(x 3)
x = 0, 3.
As the graph has been translated
2 units up,
Cusp points are (0, 2) and (3, 2)
Turning point of original graph:
y = x
2
3x
=
2 2
2
3 3
3
2 2
x x
| | | |
+
| |
\ . \ .

=
2
3 9
2 4
x
| |

|
\ .

T.P.
3 9
,
2 4
| |
|
\ .

T.P. of absolute value function
is
3 9
,
2 4
| |
|
\ .

7 a y = ax, x 0
Using (2, 3)
3 = 2a
a =
3
2

y =
3
2
x
Rule is y =
3
2
x , 2 x 2
b Blue: Reflection through x-axis.
y =
3
2
x , 2 x 2
Green: Translated 6 units down.
y =
3
2
x 6, 2 x 2
Yellow: Reflection through x-axis
and shifted 6 units up.
y = 6
3
2
x , 2 x 2.
Exercise 2G Transformations
with matrices
1 i reflection in the y-axis, dilation
by factor 2 from the x-axis.
ii dilation factor
1
2
from the y-axis,
reflection in the x-axis, dilation
factor 4 from the x-axis.
iii reflection in the y-axis, dilation
by factor 2 from the y-axis,
dilation by factor 3 from the
x-axis.
iv reflection in the x-axis, dilation
by factor
1
2
from the x-axis.
2 (3, 5)
i
x
y
(
(

=
1 0 3
0 2 5
( (
( (

=
3
10
(
(

(3, 10)
ii
x
y
(
(

=
1
3 0
2
5
0 4
(
(
(
(
(

(

=
3
2
20
(
(
(
(

3
, 20
2
| |

|
\ .

iii
x
y
(
(

=
2 0 3
0 3 5
( (
( (

=
6
15
(
(

(6, 15)
iv
x
y
(
(

=
1 0
3
1
5 0
2
(
(
(
(
(

(

=
3
5
2
(
(
(
(

5
3,
2
| |

|
\ .

3 a y =
2
1
x

i reflection in the y-axis
y =
2
1
( ) x

=
2
1
x

x-axis y =
2
2
x

ii dilation factor
1
2
from the
y-axis y =
2
1
(2 ) x

y =
2
1
4x

reflection in the x-axis
y =
2
1
4x

dilation factor 4 from the
x-axis y =
2
4
4x

=
2
1
x

b y = x
3
5
y = (x)
3
5
= x
3
5
x-axis y = 2 [x
3
5]
y = 2x
3
10
ii dilation factor
1
2
from the
y-axis y = (2x)
3
5
= 8x
3
5
y = [8x
3
5]
= 8x
3
+ 5
x-axis y = 4[8x
3
+ 5]
= 32x
3
+ 20
c y = x
y = x
x-axis y = 2 x
ii dilation factor
1
2
from the
y-axis y = 2x
y = 2x
x-axis y = 4 2x
4 i
3
2
(
(

translation of 3 units in the
positive x-direction,
positive y-direction.
ii
2
2
(
(

positive x-direction, translation
of 2 units in the negative
y-direction
iii
1
5
0
(
(
(
(

translation of
1
5
units in the
negative x-direction.
5 i
x
y
(
(

=
1 3
2 2
( (
+
( (

=
4
0
(
(

(4, 0)
ii
x
y
(
(

=
1 2
2 2
( (
+
( (

=
3
4
(
(

(3, 4)
iii
x
y
(
(

=
1
1
5
2
0
(
(
(
+
(
(

(

=
4
5
2
(
(
(
(

4
, 2
5
| |
|
\ .

6 a y = |x|
i translation of 3 units in the
positive x-direction
y = |x 3|
positive y-direction
y = |x 3| + 2
ii translation of 2 units in the
y = |x 2|
negative y-direction
y = |x 2| 2
b y = x
2
3x
i translation of 3 units in the
y = (x 3)
2
3(x 3)
= x
2
6x + 9 3x + 9
= x
2
9x + 18
y = x
2
9x + 18 +2
= x
2
9x + 20
ii translation of 2 units in the
y = (x 2)
2
3(x 2)
= x
2
4x + 4 3x + 6
= x
2
7x + 10
y = x
2
7x + 10 2
= x
2
7x + 8
7 y = x
3
y = (3x 6)
3
+ 1
= (3(x 2))
3
+ 1
dilation factor
1
3
from the y-axis,
then translation 2 units right, then
translation 1 unit up
C.
8 f(x) =
1
x

a translation 6 units in the positive
x-direction y =
1
6 x

translation 1 unit in the positive
y-direction y =
1
1
6 x
+

reflection in the y-axis
y =
1
1
6 x
+

=
1
1
6 x
+
+

dilation factor 2 from the x-axis
y =
1
2 1
6 x
(
+
(
+

=
2
2
6 x
+
+

b dilation factor 2 from the y-axis
y =
1
1
2
x
| |
|
\ .
=
2
x

reflection in the x-axis y =
2
x

dilation factor
1
2
from the x-axis
y =
1 2
2 x
| |
|
\ .

=
1
x

translation 3 units in the positive
x-direction
y =
1
( 3) x

translation 1 unit in the negative
y-direction
y =
1
1
( 3) x

c translation 1 unit in the positive
x-direction
y =
1
1 x

translation 2 units in the negative
y-direction
y =
1
2
1 x

dilation factor
1
3
from the y-axis
y =
1
2
3 1 x

y =
1
2
3 1 x
(

(

=
1
2
3 1 x

9 g(x) h(x)
h(x) = g(4(x + 1)) + 3
reflection in x-axis
dilation factor
1
4
from the y-axis
translation 1 unit in the negative
x-direction
y-direction

x
T
y
| | (
|
(
\ .
=
1
1 0
4
3
0 1
x
y
(
( (
(
+
( (
(

(

10 y = x
3
4x
a 1st two transformations

1 0
0 2
(
(

x
T
y
| | (
|
(
\ .
=
x
y
(
(

=
1 0
0 2
x
y
( (
( (

=
2
x
y
(
(

translation
0
1
(
(

x
T
y
| | (
|
(
\ .
=
x
y
(
(

=
1 0 0
0 2 1
x
y
( ( (
+
( ( (

=
0
2 1
x
y
( (
+
( (

=
2 1
x
y
(
(

Therefore, x = x and y = 2y 1
x = x and y =
1
2
y +

y = x
3
4x
the resultant equation:

1
2
y +
= (x)
3
4(x)

1
2
y +
= x
3
+ 4x
y + 1 = 2(x
3
+ 4x)
= 2x
3
+ 8x
y = 2x
3
+ 8x 1
b
x
y
(
(

=
1 0 2 0
0 2 0 1
( ( (
+
( ( (

=
2 0
0 1
( (
+
( (

=
2
1
(
(

(2, 1)
x = 2 y = 2(2)
3
+ 8 (2) 1
= 16 16 1
= 1
the points lies on the curve
11 f(x) =
2
1
x
g(x) =
2
3
1
( 2) x

x-direction
y-direction

x
T
y
| | (
|
(
\ .
=
x
y
(
(

=
1 0 2
0 3 1
x
y
( ( (
+
( ( (

12 f(x) = g(2(x + 1)) + 1
g(x) = x
a reflection in the x-axis
x
dilation factor
1
2
from the
y-axis 2x
translation 1 unit in the
negative x-direction
2( 1) x +
2( 1) 1 x + +
f(x) = 2( 1) 1 x +
b T
x
y
| | (
|
(
\ .
=
x
y
(
(

=
1
1 0
2
1
0 1
x
y
(
( (
(
+
( (
(

(

13 f(x) = 2g(x 1) 2
g(x) = x
2
3x
a dilation factor 2 from the
x-axis 2(x
2
3x)
= 2x
2
6x
2(x 1)
2
6(x 1)
= 2(x
2
2x + 1) 6x + 6
= 2x
2
4x + 2 6x + 6
= 2x
2
10x + 8
translation 2 units in the
2x
2
10x + 8 2
= 2x
2
10x + 6
f(x) = 2x
2
10x + 6
b
x
T
y
| | (
|
(
\ .
=
x
y
(
(

=
1 0 1
0 2 2
x
y
( ( (
+
( ( (

14
1
( 2) 1
2
h x + + =
3
2
1
3 6
2 2
x
x x
h(x) = ?
dilation factor
1
2
from the x-axis
translation 2 units in the negative
x-direction
y-direction

x
T
y
| | (
|
(
\ .
=
x
y
(
(

=
1 0
2
1
1 0
2
x
y
(
( (
(
+
( (
(

(

2
1
x
y
( (
( (

=
1 0
1
0
2
x
y
(
(
(
(
(

(

x
y
(
(

=
1
2 0
2 2
1
0 1
x
y
(
| | ( (
(

|
( (
(
\ .
(

=
1 0 2
0 2 1
x
y
+ ( (
( (

=
2
2( 1)
x
y
+ (
(

x = x + 2 and y = 2(y 1)
x = x 2 y 1 =
2
y

y = 1
2
y
+
y =
3
2
1
3 6
2 2
x
x x

1
2
y
+ =
3
2
( 2) 1
3( 2) 6( 2)
2 2
x
x x

= 3.5 0.5x
3
(using CAS)

2
y
= 2.5 0.5x
3

y = 5 x
3

y = x
3
5
Exercise 2H Sum, difference
and product functions
1 a

Domain g = R Domain h = R
Domain f = domain g domain h
Domain f: R
b

Domain g = R Domain h = [0, )
Domain f: [0, )
c

Domain g = R Domain h = R
Domain f: R
d

Domain g = R\{0} Domain h = R
Domain f: R\{0}
2 a g(x) h(x) = 1 x x +

b g(x) h(x) = |x| |x + 1| + 2

3 a Domain f = R Domain g = (, 3]
Domain f(x)g(x) =
domain f domain g
Domain f(x)g(x): (, 3]
b Domain f = R Domain g = R
Domain f(x)g(x) =
domain f domain g
Domain f(x)g(x): R
c Domain f = [0, )
Domain g = (, 1]
Domain f(x)g(x) =
domain f domain g
Domain f(x)g(x): [0, 1]
d Domain f = R Domain g = R
Domain f(x)g(x) =
domain f domain g
Domain f(x)g(x): R
e Domain f = R Domain g = [2, )
Domain f(x)g(x) =
domain f domain g
Domain f(x)g(x): [2, )
4

5 a

b Domain f = [2, 2]
Domain g = [0, 2]
Domain h(x) = domain f domain g
Domain h(x) = [0, 2]
a = 0
c f(0) = 0 g(0) = 0
h(0) = 0 + 0
= 0
d f(1) = 1 g(1) = 1
h(1) = 1 + 1
= 0
e f(2) = 4 g(2) = 2
h(2) = 4 + 2
= 2 4
f range h(x) = [0.47, 2 4] or
[0.47, 2.59]

6 a

b f(2) = 8 g(2) = 2
h(2) = 8 + 2
= 10
c f(0) = 0 g(0) = 0
h(0) = 0 + 0
= 0
d f(1) = 1 g(1) = 1
h(1) = 1 + 1
= 0
e f(2) = 8 g(2) =2
h(2) = 8 + 2
= 6
f range h(x) = [6, 10]
g

7 a Domain f = R Domain g = [0, )
Domain h(x) = [0, )
b

c f(0) = 3 g(0) = 0
h(0) = 3 0
= 0
d f(1) = 2 g(1) = 1
h(1) = 2 1
= 2
e f(2) = 1 g(2) = 2
h(2) = 1 2
= 2
f range h(x) = [2, )
g

8

Domain f= [5, )
Domain g = (, 8]
Domain h(x) = [5, 8]
9

Exercise 2 I Composite
functions and functional
equations
1 a f(x) = 2x 1, g(x) = 3 x +
i
f(x) g(x)
Domain R [3, )
Range R [0, )
for f (g(x)) ran g(x) dom f(x)
[0, ) R
f(g(x)) is defined
ii f(g(x)) = 2 3 1 x +
dom f(g(x)) = dom g(x)
= [3, )
b f(x) =
1
2 x +
, g(x) = |x| + 1
i
f(x) g(x)
Domain R\{2} R
Range R\{0} [1, )
ran g(x) dom f(x)
[1, ) R\{2}
f(g(x)) is defined.
ii f(g(x)) =
1
1 2 x + +

domain f(g(x)) = R
=
1
3 x +

c f(x) = 3(x 2)
3
, g(x) = x
2

i
f(x) g(x)
Domain R R
Range [0, ) [0, )
ran g(x) dom f(x)
[0, ) R
f(g(x)) is defined.
ii f(g(x)) = 3(x
2
2)
3

domain f(g(x)) = R
d f(x) = |x|, g(x) = x
3

i
f(x) g(x)
Domain R R
Range [0, ) R
ran g(x) dom f(x)
R R
f(g(x)) is defined.
ii f(g(x)) = |x
3
|
domain f(g(x)) = R
e f(x) = (x + 1)(x + 3), g(x) = x
2

i
f(x) g(x)
Domain R R
Range [1, ) [0, )
ran g(x) dom f(x)
[0, ) < R
f(g(x)) is defined.
ii f(g(x)) = (x
2
+ 1)(x
2
+ 3)
dom f(g(x)) = R
2 f(x) = 3x

3
x y
f
+ | |
|
\ .
= 3
3
x y + | |
|
\ .

= x + y

( ) ( )
3
f x f y +
=
3 3
3
x y +

= x + y
f(x) = 3x satisfies the equation:

3
x y
f
+ | |
|
\ .
=
( ) ( )
3
f x f y +

3 f(x) =
2
x

( ) ( )
( )
f x f y
f xy
+
=
2 2
2
x y
xy
+

=
2 2
2
y x
xy
xy
+

=
2 2
2
y x +

= y + x
L.H.S = R.H.S
f(x) =
2
x
satisfies the equation
( ) ( )
( )
f x f y
f xy
+
= x + y
4 a f(x) = x
i f(x y) = f(x) f(y)
x y x y
L.H.S R.H.S
ii f(x y) =
( )
( )
f x
f y

x y
x
y

L.H.S R.H.S
iii f(x) + f(y) = (x
2
+ y
2
)f(xy)
x y + =
2 2
( ) x y x y +
L.H.S R.H.S
iv
x
f
y
| |
|
\ .
=
( )
( )
f x
f y

x
y
=
x
y

L.H.S = R.H.S
v f(xy) = f(x) f(y)
xy = x y
L.H.S = R.H.S
Ans: iv, v hold true
b f(x) = |x|
|x y| |x| |y|
L.H.S R.H.S
ii f(x y) =
( )
( )
f x
f y

|x y|
x
y

L.H.S R.H.S
2
+ y
2
)f(xy)
|x| + |y| (x
2
+ y
2
)|xy|
L.H.S R.H.S
iv
x
f
y
| |
|
\ .
=
( )
( )
f x
f y

x
y
=
x
y

L.H.S = R.H.S
v f(xy) = f(x) f(y)
|xy| = |x| |y|
L.H.S = R.H.S
Ans: iv, v hold true
c f(x) =
1
x


1
x y

1 1
x y

L.H.S R.H.S
ii f(x y) =
( )
( )
f x
f y

1
x y

1
1
x
y
=
y
x

L.H.S R.H.S
2
+ y
2
)f(xy)

1 1
x y
+ =
2 2
1
( ) x y
xy
+

y x
xy
+

2 2
x y
xy
+

L.H.S R.H.S
iv
x
f
y
| |
|
\ .
=
( )
( )
f x
f y

1
x
y
=
1
1
x
y

y
x
=
y
x

L.H.S = R.H.S
v f(xy) =f(x) f(y)

1
xy
=
1 1
x y

L.H.S = R.H.S
Ans: iv, v hold true.
d f(x) =
2
1
x


2
1
( ) x y

2 2
1 1
x y

L.H.S R.H.S
ii f(x y) =
( )
( )
f x
f y

2
1
( ) x y

2
2
1
1
x
y
=
2
2
y
x

L.H.S R.H.S
2
+ y
2
) f(xy)

2 2
1 1
x y
+ = (x
2
+ y
2
)
2
1
( ) xy

2 2
2 2
y x
x y
+
=
2 2
2 2
x y
x y
+

L.H.S = R. H.S
iv
x
f
y
| |
|
\ .
=
( )
( )
f x
f y

2
1
x
y
| |
|
\ .
=
2
2
1
1
x
y

2
2
y
x
=
2
2
y
x

L.H.S = R.H.S
v f(xy) = f(x) f(y)

2
1
( ) xy
=
2 2
1 1
x y

L.H.S = R.H.S
Ans: iii, iv, v hold true
e f(x) = x
2

(x y)
2
x
2
y
2

L.H.S R.H.S
ii f(x y) =
( )
( )
f x
f y

(x y)
2

2
2
x
y

L.H.S R.H.S
2
+ y
2
) f(xy)
x
2
+ y
2
(x
2
+ y
2
)(xy)
2

L.H.S R.H.S
iv
x
f
y
| |
|
\ .
=
( )
( )
f x
f y

2
x
y
| |
|
\ .
=
2
2
x
y

L.H.S = R.H.S
v f(xy) = f(x) f(y)
(xy)
2
= x
2
y
2

L.H.S = R.H.S
Ans: iv, v hold true.
f f(x) = 2
x

2
x y
2
x
2
y

L.H.S R.H.S
ii f(x y) =
( )
( )
f x
f y

2
x y
=
2
2
x
y

L.H.S = R.H.S
2
+ y
2
)f(xy)
2
x
+2
y
(x
2
+y
2
)2
xy

L.H.S R.H.S
iv
x
f
y
| |
|
\ .
=
( )
( )
f x
f y

2
x
y

2
2
x
y

L.H.S R.H.S
v f(xy) = f(x) f(y)
2
xy
2
x
2
y

L.H.S R.H.S
Ans: ii holds true
5 f(x) =
2
1
( ) x a +
, g(x) = x
for f(g(x)) to exist: range g(x) dom f
[0, ) dom f
dom f [0, )
dom f: R\{a}
a > 0
6 f(x) = 2 x , g(x) =
1
2
1 x
+
+

f(x) g(x)
Domain [2, ) R\{1}
range [0, ) R\{2}
f (g(x)) range g(x) dom f(x)
R\{2} [2, )
f (g(x)) is not defined.
g(f(x)) range f(x) dom g(x)
[0, ) R\{1}
g(f (x)) exists
g(f (x)) =
1
2
2 1 x
+
+

7 f(x) = 3 x , g(x) = x
2
1
f(g(x)) range g(x) dom f(x)
[1, ) [0, )
f(g(x)) is note defined.
want range g(x) = [0, )
x
2
1 0
x R\(1, 1)
h(x) = x
2
1, x R\(1, 1)
8 w(x) = x + 3, x > 3, v(x) = |x| 2,
x R
+

w(x) v(x)
Domain (3, ) R
+

range (0,) (2, )
w(v (x)) range v (x) domain w(x)
(2, ) (3, )
w(v(x)) is defined.
w (v(x)) = |x| 2 + 3
= |x| + 1, x R
+

v (w(x)) range w(x) domain v (x)
(0, ) R
+

v (w(x)) exists
v(w(x)) = |x + 3| 2, x (3, )
9 g(x) = x
3

g(x) = g(x)
(x)
3
= x
3

x
3
= x
3

L.H.S = R.H.S
g(x) = x
3
g(x) = g(x)
g(x) = x
n
, when n = odd natural
number
g(x) = g(x)
(x)
n
= x
n

x
n
= x
n

g(x) = x
n
g(x) = g(x)
10 g(x) = x
4

g(xy) = g(x )g(y)
(xy)
4
= x
4
y
4

x
4
y
4
= x
4
y
4

L.H.S = R.H.S
g(x) = x
4
g(xy) = g(x)g(y)
g(x) = x
n
, n is a natural number
g(xy) = g(x) g(y)
(xy)
n
= x
n
y
n

x
n
y
n
= x
n
y
n

L.H.S = R.H.S
g(x) = x
n
g(xy) = g(x)g(y)
11 f: [0, b] R, f(x) =
2
1
( 6)
4
x x
g: [0, b] R, g(x) = x
2
+ bx
|f(x) g(x)|
=
2 2
1
( 6) ( 6 )
4
x x x x +
=
2 2
1
( 12 36) 6
4
x x x x x + +
=
3 2 2
1
3 9 6
4
x x x x x + +
=
3 2
1
2 3
4
x x x +
Maximum: (4.43, 4.23)
max value is 4.23 and this occurs
when x = 4.43
12 f: [4, ) R, f(x) = 4 x
g: R R, g(x) = 1 x
f(g(x)) = 1 4 x
= 3 x
= ( 3) x +
f(x) f(g(x))
reflection in the y-axis
x-direction
Exercise 2J Modelling
1 a

y =
a
x
+ b
(iii)
b

y = ax
3
+ b
(ii)
c

y =
2
a
x
+ b
(iv)
d

y = ax
2
+ b
(i)
e

y = a x + b
(v)
2 a

Assume y = ax
3

Using (1, 0.3):
0.3 = a 1
3

a = 0.3
y = 0.3x
3

Verifying;
(3, 8.1): y = 0.3 (3)
3

= 8.1
(2, 2.4): y = 0.3 (2)
3

= 2.4
(1, 0.3): y = 0.3 (1)
3

= 0.3
(0, 0): y = 0.3 0
3

= 0
(1, 0.3): y = 0.3 1
3

= 0.3
(2, 2.4): y = 0.3 2
3

= 2.4
(3, 8.1): y = 0.3 3
3

= 8.1
The rule that fits the data is y = ax
3

where a = 0.3.
b

Assume that y = ax
2

Using (1, 6):
6 = a 1
2

= a
a = 6
y = 6x
2

Verifying,
(2, 24): y = 6 (2)
2

= 24
(1, 6): y = 6 (1)
2

= 6
(0, 0): y = 6 0
2

= 0
(1, 6): y = 6 1
2

= 6
(2, 24): y = 6 2
2

= 24
(3, 54): y = 6 3
2

= 54
The rule is y = ax
2
where a = 6.
c

Assume y =
2
a
x

Using (1, 2):
2 =
2
1
a

=
1
a

a = 2
y =
2
2
x

Verifying,
(5, 0.08): y =
2
2
( 5)

=
2
25
= 0.08
(2, 0.5): y =
2
2
( 2)

=
2
4
= 0.5
(1, 2): y =
2
2
( 1)

= 2
(1, 2): y =
2
2
1

= 2
(2, 0.5): y =
2
2
2

= 0.5
(5, 0.08): y =
2
2
5

=
2
25
= 0.08
The rule is y =
2
a
x
where a = 2.
d

Assume y = a x
Using (1, 1.6):
1.6 = a 1
a = 1.6
y = 1.6 x
Verifying,
(0, 0): y = 1.6 0
= 0
(0.5, 1.13): y = 1.6 0.5
= 1.13
(1.5, 1.96): y = 1.6 1.5
= 1.96
(2, 2.26): y = 1.6 2
= 2.26
The rule is y = a x where a = 1.6
e

Assume y =
a
x

Using (1, 5):
5 =
1
a

a = 5
y =
5
x

Verifying,
(2, 2.5): y =
5
2

= 2.5
(4, 1.25): y =
5
4

= 1.25
(5, 1): y =
5
5

= 1
(10, 0.5): y =
5
10

= 0.5
The rule is y =
a
x
where a = 5.
f

Assuming y = ax
3

Using (1, 1.5):
1.5 = a 1
3

a = 1.5
Verifying,
(3, 40.5): y = 1.5 (3)
3

= 40.5
(2, 12): y = 1.5 (2)
3

= 12
(1, 1.5): y = 1.5 (1)
3

= 1.5
(0, 0): y = 1.5 0
3

= 0
(2, 12): y = 1.5 2
3

= 12
The rule is y = ax
3
where
a = 1.5.
3 i, ii, and iv as they have clear vertical
asymptotes along the y-axis.
The answer is D.
4 a

b
x
2
0 1 4 9 16 25
y 3.2 1 4.9 14.5 29 46.8

c a = m =
2 1
2 1
y y
x x

Using (0, 3.2) and (25, 46.8)
a =
46.8 3.2
25 0

=
50
25

= 2
y = 2x
2
+ b
If x = 0, y = 3.2
b = 3.2
5
x
3
64 8 0 8 64 216
y 28 13.5 12.5 10 4.3 41
Given y = ax
3
+ b
a = m =
2 1
2 1
y y
x x

=
41 28
216 64

=
69
280

a
1
4

Using (0, 12.5) b = 12.5
b 12
y =
1
4
x
3
12.
6 a

b Assume f =
a

c
1
3.33 2 1 0.33 0.2 0.125 0.1

f 1130 680 340 110 70 40 35

f = a
1

a = m =
1130 35
3.33 0.1

=
1095
3.23

340
f =
340

7 a

It seems I =
a
d
or
2
a
d

b Assume I =
2
a
d

Using (1, 270):
270 =
2
1
a

a = 270
I =
2
270
d

8

Assuming y = a x + b
x
0 1 1.7 2.2 2.6 3
y 4 7 9 11 12 13

The graph is very close to a straight line so the assumption is
correct.
a = m =
2 1
2 1
y y
x x

=
13 4
3 0

=
9
3

= 3
Using (0, 4): b = 4
y = 3 x + 4
9 a

b Assume P = a m + b
m
1 1.4 1.7 2 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3 3.2
P 6 6.8 7.45 8 8.5 8.9 9.3 9.65 10 10.3

The graph closely fits a straight line so the assumption is
correct.
a = m =
10.3 6
3.2 1

=
4.3
2.1

2
P = 2 m + b
m = 0, P = 4
b = 4
P = 2 m + 4
c m = 11, P = 2 11 + 4
= 10.63
That is, $10.63
m = 12, P = 2 12 + 4
= 10.93
That is, $10.93
Chapter review
Short answer
1 y = 2(x 3)
2
4
a Turning point: (3, 4)
b Domain: R
Range: [4, )
c x-intercept: y = 0
2(x 3)
2
4 = 0
2(x 3)
2
= 4
(x 3)
2
= 2
x 3 = 2 or 2
x = 3 + 2 or 3 2
4.4 or 1.6
y-intercept: x = 0
y = 2(0 3)
2
4
= 18 4
= 14

2 a b = 2, a = 1
b y = 1
2
a
x

reflection in x-axis: y = 1
2
a
x

dilation by factor 3 from x-axis:
y =
3
1
2
a
x

horizontal shift of 2 units right:
y =
3
1
4
a
x

at (m, 2) 2 =
3
1
4
a
m
[1]
and 2 = 1
2
a
m

[2]
Solving equations [1] and [2]
simultaneously for m and a using
a CAS calculator gives m =
11
5

and a =
3
5

Ans: m =
11
5

c The equation of the transformed
graph is y =
3
1
4
a
x

3 f(x) =
6 5
3 1
x
x
+

=
2(3 1) 7
3 1
x
x
+
+

=
2(3 1) 7
3 1 3 1
x
x x
+
+ +

= 2
3 1 x
7
+

reflection in x-axis
translation 1 unit left
dilation factor
1
3
from the y-axis
or
dilation factor of 7 from the x-axis
dilation factor
1
3
from the y-axis
translation
1
3
units left
4 y = a(x h)
3
+ k
h = 1, k = 1
y = a(x 1)
3
+ 1
Using (0, 4): 4 = a(0 1)
3
+ 1
= a + 1
a = 3
a = 3
y = 3(x 1)
3
+ 1
5 y =
( )
a
x h
+ k
a = 4, h = 2, k = 1
a Asymptotes: x = 2
y = 1
b Domain: R\{2}
Range: R\{1}
c y =
4
2 x
+
1
x-intercept: y = 0

4
2 x
+
1 = 0

4
2 x
+
= 1
x + 2 = 4
x = 6
y-intercept: x = 0
y =
4
0 2
+
1
= 3
d

6 a y =
2
( )
a
x h
+ k
h = 2, k = 1
y =
2
( 2)
a
x +
1
Using
3
0,
2
| |
|
\ .
:

3
2
=
2
(0 2)
a
+
1
=
4
a
1

4
a
=
1
2

a = 2
Dilation by a factor of 2 in
the y direction, reflection in the
x-axis, translate 2 units left,
translate 1 unit down.
b y =
2
2
( 2) x

+
1
7 Vertical asymptote x = 1
Horizontal asymptote y = 2
(0, 3)
y =
a
x b
+ c
y =
1
a
x
2
3 =
1
a
2
1 = a
a = 1
y =
2
1
( 1) x
2
8 y = h x + k
Using (0, 1):
1 = 0 h + k
1 = h + k
k = 1 + h 1
Using (5, 0):
0 = ( 5) h + k
= 5 h + + k
k = 5 h + 2
Equate equations 1 and 2
5 h + = 1 + h
Square both sides:
h + 5 = 1 + 2 h + h
5 = 1 + 2 h
4 = 2 h
2 = h
Square both sides:
4 = h
Substitute h = 4 into 1
k = 1 + 4
= 1 + 2
= 3
Translations are 4 units right and
3 units up.
y = 4 x + 3
9 a Let y =
2
2
( 2) x +
2

Asymptotes: x = 2, y = 2
x-intercept: y = 0

2
2
( 2) x +
2 = 0

2
2
( 2) x +
= 2
2 = 2(x + 2)
2

(x + 2)
2
= 1
x + 2 = 1 or 1
x = 1 or 3
y-intercept: y =
2
2
(0 2) +
2
= 1
1
2

y =
2
2
2
( 2) x

+

y =
2
2
2
( 2) x

+

y =
2
2
2 2
( 2) x

+

x-intercept.

2
2
( 2) x +
= 0 or 4
cannot = 0

2
2
( 2) x +
= 4
4(x + 2)
2
= 2
(x + 2)
2
=
1
2

x + 2 =
1
2
or
1
2

x = 2 +
1
2
or 2
1
2

1.3 or 2.7

b Domain = R\{2}
Range = (, 2]
10 a

b range = [0, | f(5)|]
= [0, 20]
11 (1, 3) (2, 0) via translations
indicates horizontal shift +3 units
and a vertical shift 3 units.

a
b
(
(

=
3
3
(
(

so a = 3 and b = 3
12 a
7
4
(
(

=
0 1 1
0 2 2
a
b
( ( (
+
( ( (

=
1
2 2
a
b
( (
+
( (

7
4
(
(

=
1
2 2
a
b
+ (
(
+

7 = a +1 4 = 2b + 2
a = 8 2 = 2b
b = 1
b
x
y
(
(

=
8 0 1
0 1 2
x
y
( ( (
+
( ( (

=
8 1
2
x
y
( (
+
( (

=
8 1
2
x
y
+ (
(
+

x = 8x + 1 y = y + 2
8x = x 1 y = y 2
x =
1
8
x

i y = 2 x
y 2 =
1
2
8
x

y =
1
2 2
8
x
+
ii y = x
3
+ x
y 2 =
3
1 1
8 8
x x | |
+
|
\ .

y =
3
(1 ) 1
2
512 8
x x
+ +
13 a
x
y
(
(

=
0
0 2
a x
y
( (
( (

=
2
ax
y
(
(

x = ax y = 2y
x =
x
a
y =
2
y

b y = 2x
2
x

2
y
=
2
2
x x
a a

| | | |
| |
\ . \ .

y =
2
2
2
4
x x
a a

=
2
2
4 2 x x
a a

c (3, 6) 6 =
2
2
4 3 2 3
a a

6 =
2
36 6
a a

6 =
2
36 6a
a

6a
2
= 36 6a
0 = 6a
2
+ 6a 36
0 = a
2
+ a 6
(a + 3)(a 2)
a = 3, 2
a = 2 (a > 0)
y =
2
2
4 2
2 2
x x

= x
2
x
14

15

16 f(x) = x
2

a f(x) f(y) = f(x) f(y)
x
2
(y)
2
= x
2
y
2

x
2
y
2
= x
2
y
2

L.H.S = R.H.S
b f(x) f(y) = f(x) + f(y)
x
2
y
2
x
2
+ y
2

L.H.S R.H.S
c f(x) + f(y) = f(x) + f(y)
(x)
2
+ (y)
2
= x
2
+ y
2

x
2
+ y
2
= x
2
+ y
2

L.H.S = R.H.S
d f(x) f(y) =f(x) + f(y)
x
2
(y)
2
= x
2
+ y
2

x
2
y
2
x
2
+ y
2

L.H.S R.H.S
Ans a and c satisfy the given equations

17 a

Assume y =
2
a
x

b
2
1
x
0.25 0.0625 0.04 0.01 0.0025 0.0016
y 25 6.25 4 1 0.25 0.16

The graph is a straight line so our assumption that
y =
2
a
x
is correct.
c a = m =
0.16 25
0.0016 0.25

=
24.84
0.2484

= 100
a = 100
Multiple choice
1 Turning point (3, m) for a negative parabola. As m
increases, the range increases
The answer is D.
2 y = 2(3x + 6)
2
3
= 2[3(x + 2)]
2
3
= 18(x + 2)
2
3
Turning point (2, 3)
The answer is E.
3 y =
2
3
(bx 3)
3
+ 1
=
3
2 3
3
b x
b
( | |
| (
\ .
+ 1
=
2
3
b
3
3
3
x
b
| |
|
\ .
+ 1
Dilation in the y direction by a factor of
3
2
3
b
.
The answer is C.
4 y = 2 (3 + 4x)
3

= 2
3
3
4
4
x
( | |
+
| (
\ .

= 2 64
3
3
4
x
| |
+
|
\ .

3
, 2
4
| |
|
\ .
.
The answer is D.
5 f(x) + 2 =
2
x
+ 1 + 2
=
2
x
+ 3
Asymptotes: x = 0
y = 3
The answer is C.
6 y =
a
x h
+ k
a < 0, h = 2, k = 1
y =
2
2 x
+
1
The answer is E.
7 Reflection makes graph negative
vertical translation + 2
horizontal translation 4x 3
The answer is D.
8 The range is (4, )
The answer is D.
9 None of the transformations to y =
2
1
x
produce
the graph.
The answer is E.
10 y = a x h + k
= a x m + n where a < 0.
The answer is C.
11 y = a h x + k
y = a x + d
The answer is A.
12 2x 1 0
2x 1
x
1
2

[0.5, )
The answer is C.
13 Let y = 3
2
1
x

Range = (, 3)
y = |
2
1
3
x
|
Range = [0, )
y = |
2
1
3
x
|
Range = (, 0]
y = |
2
1
3
x
| 2
Range = (, 2]
The answer is E.
14

Rule is y = 2 |x + 2| (after translation 2 units up.)
The answer is B.
15 |2k + 1| = k + 1
2k + 1 = k + 1 or 2k + 1 = (k + 1)
k = 0 or 2k + 1 = k 1
3k = 2
k =
2
3

C
16
x
T
y
| | (
|
(
\ .
=
2 0 1
0 1 3
x
y
| | ( ( (
+
|
( ( (

\ .

translation 1 unit right |x 1|
translation 3 units down |x 1| 3
dilation factor 2 from the y-axis =
1
1 3
2
x
E
17 g(x) = x
2
(x 3), x [2, 4]
h(x) = 3 x, x (0, 3]
f(x) = g(x) h(x)
= x
2
(x 3)(3 x)
= x
2
(x 3) (x 3)
= x
2
(x 3)
2

domain f(x) = dom g(x) dom h(x)
= [2, 3]
C
18 f(x) = 3 x
for f(h(x)) range h(x) domain f(x)
range h(x) [3, )
if h(x) = x + 2, range = R
h(x) = x
2
3, range = [3, )
h(x) = x
3
, range = R
h(x) = x
2
+ 3, range = [3, )
h(x) = 2 x , range = [2, )
D
19

Assume y = ax
2

Using (1, 0.3):
0.3 = a 1
2

= a
a = 0.3
The answer is E.
20 Assume y = a
1
x
+ b
a = m =
19 1
1 0.1

=
18
0.9

= 20
Using (1, 19): 19 = 20
1
1
+ b
b = 1
y =
20
x
1
The answer is E.
Extended response
1 a i

A(2, 0), B(0, 2), C(2, 3), D(4, 6)
ii

A(2, 0), B(0, 2), C(2, 3), D(4, 6)
iii

A(0, 0), B(2, 2), C(4, 3), D(6, 6)
iv

A(2, 3), B(0, 5), C(2, 6), D(4, 9)
v

A(2, 0), B(0, 4), C(2, 6), D(4, 12)
vi

A(3, 1), B(1, 1), C(1, 2), D(3, 5)
b Translate the function f(x) up and down in multiples of 2,
that is, f(x) + 2, f(x) + 4, f(x) 2 and so on, keeping the
domain [3, 7] fixed.
2 f: R R, f(x) = (x 1)
2
(x 2) + 1
a Using the CAS calculator, the T.Ps are (1, 1) and

5 25
,
3 27
| |
|
\ .

a = 1, b =
5
3

b f(x) = p has one solution for p > 1 and p <
25
27

c i f(x) 1
x
f
k
| |
|
\ .

dilation by factor k from the y-axis
translation 1 unit down
ii y = 1
x
f
k
| |
|
\ .

=
2
1 2
x x
k k
| | | |

| |
\ . \ .

x-int, y = 0
0 =
2
1 2
x x
k k
| | | |

| |
\ . \ .

1
x
k
= 0 or 2
x
k
= 0

x
k
= 1
x
k
= 2
x = k x = 2k
x-intercepts are x = k and x = 2k
d f(x + h) = 1
f(x + h) 1 = 0
f(x) 1 = (x 1)
2
(x 2)
x-int: x = 1, 2.
A horizontal shift of h, so that there is only 1 positive
solution indicates h [1, 2)
3 f(x) =
2
1
x

a f(2x) + 1
dilation factor
1
2
from the y-axis
translation of 1 unit in the positive y-direction
b
1
0
2
0 1
(
(
(
(

and
0
1
(
(

c
x
y
(
(

=
1
1 0 0
2
1 1
0 1
(
( (
(
+
( (
(

(

=
1
0
2
1
1
(
(
(
+
(
(

(

=
1
2
2
(
(
(
(

1
, 2
2
| |
|
\ .

x
y
(
(

=
2 1
0 0
2 1
1
0 1
4
( (
(
( (
+
(
( (

( (

=
1
0
1
1
4
(
(
(
+
(
(

(

=
1
5
4
(
(
(
(

5
1,
4
| |
|
\ .

(1, 1)
1
, 2
2
| |
|
\ .

1
2,
4
| |
|
\ .

5
1,
4
| |
|
\ .

d

e f(x) =
2
1
x

f(2x) + 1 =
2
1
1
(2 ) x
+
=
2
1
1
4x
+
4 y =
2 3
1
(600 25 )
500
x x x +
a y =
2
( 25 600)
500
x
x x

= ( 15)( 40)
500
x
x x
+
x-int, y = 0
0 = ( 15)( 40)
500
x
x x
+
x = 0, 15, 40.
distance from A E = 40 + 15
= 55 m.
b Using the CAS calculator to find the T.P.
T.P.S. (8.08, 5.37)
(24.75, 30.01)
the greatest depth is 5.37 m
the greatest height is 30.01 m
c i dilation factor > 1 from the x-axis would have the effect
of increasing the height + depth as the graph would be
stretched along the y-axis.
ii dilation factor > 1 from the x-axis would not effect the x-intercepts. the point where the rollercoaster emerged from the
tunnel would be unchanged.
iii as the dilation change would increase height and depth, therefore the gradient would increase where the rollercoaster
emerges from the tunnel.
5 a

Assume y = a(x h)
2
+ k
b h = 9 since turning point is (9, 275)
c
(x 9)
2
64 49 36 25 16 9 4 1 0 1 4 9
y 240 248 255 261 266 271 273 274 275 274 272 270

The graph closely fits a straight line.
d a = m =
275 240
0 64

=
35
64

0.55
Using (0, 275): k = 275
e y = 0.55(x 9)
2
+ 275
f The prices are not going up and likely to rise further as the graph is on a decline indicated that the prices are falling.
g x = 13, y = 0.55(13 9)
2
+ 275
= 0.55 16 + 275
= 8.8 + 275
= 266.2
The price in the next month is approximately $266 000.
x = 14, y = 0.55(14 9)
2
+ 275
= 0.55 25 + 275
= 13.75 + 275
= 261.25
The price in 2 months is approximately $261 000.
h 250 = 0.55(x 9)
2
+ 275
25 = 0.55(x 9)
2

(x 9)
2
= 45.45
x 9 = 6.74
x = 15.74
x 16
They will have to wait another (16 12) = 4 months for the price to fall within their range.
6 a h = 50 +
25
a
t

t = 0, h = 48.4
48.4 = 50 +
25
a

25
a
= 1.6
a = 40
b h = 50 +
40
25 t

t = 5, h = 50 +
40
20

= 50 2
= 48
After 5 seconds, the eagle is 48 m
above the ground.
t = 20, h = 50 +
40
5

= 50 8
= 42
After 20 seconds, the eagle is 42 m
above the ground.
c h = 0 50 +
40
25 t
= 0
40 = 50(t 25)
50t + 1250 = 40
50t = 1210
t = 24.2
It takes 24.2 s to reach the
ground.
d The speed is slow to start but
increases as the eagle approaches
its prey on the ground.
e

f h = a(x 24)
2
+ c
h = 50 +
40
25 t

t = 24, h = 50 +
40
1

= 10
(24, 10) when bird begins 2nd part
of the journey
(26, 0) when it reaches the ground.
h = a(t 24)
2
+ c
10 = a(24 24)
2
+ c
c = 10
0 = a(26 24)
2
+ 10
4a = 10
a = 2.5
a = 2.5, c = 10
g
f(t) =
2
40
50 , 0 24
25
2.5( 24) 10, 24 26
t
t
t t

Exam practice 1
Short answer
1

2 f(x) =
2
3 x
For f to be defined: x
2
3 0.
So x
2
3
either x 3 or x 3
Domain: x (, 3 ] [ 3 , )
3 y = (2x 3)
2
1
a TP =
3
, 1
2
| |
|
\ .
, therefore the y-
coordinate of the turning point is 1.
b The x-value of the turning point is

3
2
, so the equation of the axis of
symmetry is x =
3
2

4 a For x + 2 to be a factor, P(2) = 0.
Let P(x) = x
2
7x 6
P(2) = 8 + 14 6
= 0
Hence x + 2 is a factor
b x
3
7x 6 = x
2
(x + 2) 2x(x + 2)
3(x + 2)
= (x + 2)(x
2
2x 4)
So Q(x) = x
2
2x 4
5 This means 2x + c = x
2
+ x 2 has
two solutions.
So x
2
3x + 2 + c = 0 has two
solutions.
This means > 0
b
2
4ac > 0
(3)
2
4 1 (2 + c) > 0
9 8 4c > 0
4c > 1
c <
1
4

6 f(x) = |3(x 3)
2
10| for x [1, 4)
First, sketch y = 3(x 3)
2
10.
TP = (3, 10)
y-intercept, x = 0
y = 3(3)
2
10
= 17
x-intercept, y = 0
0 = 3(x 3)
2
10

10
3
= (x 3)
2

10
3
= x 3
x =
10
3
3

x = 3
10
3
as x [1, 4)
Endpoints: f(1) = 3(1 3)
2
10
= 38
f(4) = 3(4 3)
2
10
= 7
For f(x) = |3(x 3)
2
10| the
negative portion of the graph is
reflected in the x-axis, therefore the
TP will become (3, 10), and the
right endpoint (4, 7).

Multiple choice
1 The graph is a positive hyperbola so
the basic form is y =
1
x

Translated a units right so y =
1
x a

Translated b units up so y =
1
b
x a
+
. This is not one of the

options, however,
y =
1
b
a x
is equivalent.
The answer is B.
2 Triple root at x = a. Double root at x
= c, so y = (x a)
3
(x c)
2

The answer is C.
3 (2x
2

3
x
)
5
(a + b)
5
= +
5
5
n n
a b
n

| |
|
\ .
+
In this case a = 2x
2
and b =
3
x
so to
obtain x
4
we need n = 3.
So the term for x
4
is
3 5 3
5
3
a b

| |
|
\ .

= 10 8 x
6

2
9
x

= 720x
4

Therefore, the coefficient of x
4
is 720.
The answer is E.
4 y =
3 2
4
x
x

=
3(4 ) 10
4
x
x
+

=
3(4 ) 10
4 4
x
x x

+

=
10
3
4 x
+

Therefore, the equation of the
horizontal asymptote is
y = 3.
The answer is B.
5 f:[0, 3] R, f(x) = 2(x + 1)
2
5
TP = (1, 5) this is outside the
domain of [0, 3]
f(0) = 2(1)
2
5
= 3
f(3) = 2(4)
2
5
= 27
Therefore the range is [3, 27]
The answer is D.
6 3x + ay = 12
ax + 3y = 4a
If there are infinitely many solutions
then the equations must be equivalent.
Rewrite each so that the coefficient of
x is 1.
3x + ay = 12 x +
3
ay
= 4
ax + 3y = 4a x +
3y
a
= 4
If the equations are equivalent then
the y-coefficients must be equal.
So
3
a
=
3
a

a
2
= 9
a = 3
The answer is C.
Extended response
1 a v = at + b
Rate of change =
200
2

= 100 km/h
Therefore, a = 100
so v = 100t + b.
At t = 1, v = 0
0 = 100 1 + b
b = 100.
Hence, v = 100t 100
b v = 119
119 = 100t 100
219 = 100t
t =
219
100

= 2.19 hours = 2 hours 11 min.
Hence 2:11 pm
c v = 269
269 = 100t 100
t =
369
100

= 3.69 hours = 3 hours 42 min.
Hence 3:42 pm
d It predicts that the wind speed will
increase indefinitely. It also
predicts a negative speed at noon.
These problems could be avoided
simply by restricting the domain to
be [1, 3.69] for example.
e i If the wind peaked at 5 pm then
(5, 256) would be a turning
point.
In turning point form the rule
for the quadratic model would
be v(t) = a(t 5)
2
+ 256.
Since v(1) = 0,
0 = a(1 5)
2
+ 256
256 = 16a
a =
256
16

= 16
the model is v(t) = 16(t 5)
2

+ 256.
Using this model:
v(3) = 16 (2)
2
+ 256
= 192 km/hour. This is reasonably
close to the recorded value of
200 km/hour.
ii Predicted value is v(12)
= 16 7
2
+ 256
= 528 km/hour. Clearly the
model is inadequate.
f i t-intercepts when t = 1, 13
v
2
(t) = a(t 1)(t 13).
t = 5, v = 256 km/h.
Using this
256 = a (5 4) (5 13)
256 = 32a
a = 8
The model is
v
2
(t) = 8(t 1)(t 13).
ii Check model for t = 3.
v
2
(3) = 8(3 1)(3 13)
= 8 2 10
= 160 km/hour.
Compared with actual value of
200 km/hour, the model is not
adequate. The maximum wind
speed is predicted at t = 7
(t value of the TP):
v
2
(7) = 8(7 1)(7 13)
= 8 6 6
= 288 km/hour which is
later and faster than the
actual data.
g The full set of data is:
Time Wind speed
1 pm 0
3 pm 200
5 pm 256
1 am 0
Using cubic regression and CAS,
we get
v
3
(t) = x
3
27x
2
+ 195x 169.
h i The graph is symmetrical, so the
vertical asymptote is x =
500
2

x = 250
ii We need an estimate for the
horizontal asymptote. It seems
reasonable to use v = 0.
v(x) =
2
( 250)
a
x

v(0) 30
30 =
2
( 250)
a

a = 30 (250)
2

= 1 875 000
so the rule is v(t) =
2
1875 000
( 250) x

iii This function has the form
P(t) =
2
( 250)
A
B
x

+

B is approximately 1020
(horizontal asymptote) so
P(t) =
2
1020
( 250)
A
x

+
.
P(0) 1010
1010 =
2
1020
( 250)
A
+

10 =
2
( 250)
A

so A = 10 250
2

= 625 000
Hence, the rule is
P(t) =
2
6 25 000
1020
( 250) x

MM1 2 - 3 54 E x p o n e n t i a l a n d l o g a r i t h mi c e q u a t i o n s

Exercise 3A The index laws
1 a x
3
x
4

= x
7

b x
7
x
2

= x
5

c (x
2
)
5

= x
10

d (x
3
)
2

= x
6

=
6
1
x

e
2 3 5
5 2
( )
( )
x x
x

=
6 5
10
x x
x

=
11
10
x
x

= x
f
2 4 5
2 3 2
5 4
2
x y x y
x y

=
7 5
3 2
20
4
x y
x y

= 5x
4
y
3

g
2 3 4 2
5 3 2 3
(2 ) 5( )
4 3
xy x y
x y x y

=
3 3 6 8 2
7 6
2 5
12
x y x y
x y

=
11 8
7 6
40
12
x y
x y

=
4 2
10
3
x y

2 a
2
3
27
=
2 3
( 27)
= 3
2

= 9
b
3
2
25
=
3
( 25)

= 5
3

=
3
1
5

=
1
125

c 81
0.25

=
1
4
(81)
=
4
81
= 3
d
2
3 27
64

=
2
27
3
64

=
2
3
4

=
9
16

e
3
5 243
32

=
3
243
5
32

=
3
3
2

=
3
2
3

=
8
27

3 a
4 5
3
x x
x

=
9
3
x
x

=
6
x
b
3
4
16
=
3
1
4
16

=
3
2
= 8
c
1.5
36
=
3
2
36
=
3
1
2
36

=
3
6
= 216
d
1
2 9
49

=
3
7

e
3
4 256
81

=
3
4 81
256

=
3
1
4 81
256

=
3
3
4

=
27
64

4 a
3 2 2 4
3 ( ) x y x y

=
3 2 8 4
3x y x y

= 3x
11
y
2

=
11 2
3
x y

b
2 1
3 2
2x y
1
3
2
2
2
9x y

=
2 1
3 2
2x y
1 3 2
2 4 2
9 x y
=
2 1
3 2
2x y
3
4
3x y
=
5 5
3 4
6x y
c
5 3
1 1 1
2 2
2
5 2 2
9 x y x y

=
3 5 1 5
3
4 2 2 4
9 x y x y

=
5 8
5
2 4
( 9) x y

=
5
5 2
2
3 x y

=
5
2
2
243x y

=
5
2
2
243x
y

d
2
3
2
2
1
2
2
3
a b c
a bc

3
2
3
3
1 2
3
a b
a c

=
3 4 2
2 2 4
3
a b c
ab c

2 9
3 6
3
a b
a c

=
3 4 2
2 4
2
1
3
a b c
ab c

3 6
2 9
1
3
a c
a b

=
2 6 4
3 7 4
3 4
3
a b c
a b c

= 3a
9
b
3
c
0

=
9 3
3
a b

5 a x
4
y
1
(x
2
y
3
)
1

= x
4
y
1
x
2
y
3

= x
6
y
4

=
6
4
x
y

b
1 3
3 4
5x y

2
1 2 1
3 3 2
8 x y

=
1 3
3 4
5x y

2 4 2
3 3 2
8 x y

=
1 3
3 4
5x y

4
2 1 3
3
( 8) x y

=
3 1
3 4
5x y

2
(2)
Chapter 3 Exponential and logarithmic equations
E x p o n e n t i a l a n d l o g a r i t h mi c e q u a t i o n s MM1 2 - 3 55
=
1
4
20x
y

c
1
2 1 1
2
5 2 4
16 x y

1
2 1
2
5 2
4x y

=
1 1
5 8
4x y

1 1 1
5 2 4
4 x y
=
3
8
8y
d
2
3 3
2 4
2
a b
ab

1
3
2
2 3
9
4
a b
a b

=
6
3
4
2 4
a b
a b

1 3 1
2 2 2
1 3
2 2
9
4
a b
ab

=
3
3
2
2 4
a b
a b

3
2
3 1
2 2
4
9
ab
a b

=
4 0
7 7
2 2
2
3
a b
a b

=
15 7
2 2
2
3
a b

6 a 2
n
4
n + 1
8
n 1

= 2
n
(2
2
)
n + 1
(2
3
)
n 1

= 2
n
2
2n + 2
2
3n 3

= 2
6n 1

b 3
n
9
n 1
27
n + 1

= 3
n
(3
2
)
n 1
(3
3
)
n + 1

= 3
n
3
2n 2
3
3n + 3

= 3
6n + 1

c 2
n
3
n + 1
9
n

= 2
n
3
n + 1
(3
2
)
n

= 2
n
3
n + 1
3
2n

= 2
n
3
3n + 1

d
2 3
3
2
3 2
9
16
=
2 3
3
2
2
3 2
(3 )
2
4

=
2 1
3
3 2
3

= 3
1
2
=
2
3

7 a
1 1
2 3 6
n n n +

=
1 1
2 3 (2 3)
n n n +

=
1 1 1
2 3 2 3
n n n n + +

=
2 2 1
2 3
n n+

b
2 1
2
5 3
125 9

27
5

=
2 1
3 2 2
5 3
5 (3 )

3
5
3

=
2 1
3 4
5 3
5 3

3
5
3

=
3 1
3 1
5 3
5 3

=
0 0
5 3
= 1
8 a
1
1
1
x
x
+
=
1
x
x
+
=
2
1 x
x x
+
=
2
1 x
x
+

b
1 2 2
( ) x x

+
=
2
2
1 1
x x

+

=
2
2
1 x
x
+

=
2
4
( 1) x
x
+

c
1
1
1 x
+
+
1
1
1 x

=
1
1
1
x
+
+
1
1
1
x

=
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
x x
x x

+ +

+

=
2
2
1
1
x
x

=
2
2
2
1
x
x
x

2
2
x
x

=
2
2
1
x
x

d 2x(x
2
y
2
)
1
(x y)
1

=
2 2
2x
x y

1
x y

=
2
( )( )
x
x y x y +

( )( )
x y
x y x y
+
+

=
2
( )( )
x x y
x y x y

+

=
( )
( )( )
x y
x y x y
+

=
1
x y +

9 3 3
x x
+
=
1
3
3
x
x
+
=
2
1 3
3 3
x
x x
+
=
2
1 3
3
x
x
+

The answer is B.
Exercise 3B Logarithm laws
1 Using Laws log
a
(1) = 0, log
a
(a) = 1
and log
a
(0) is undefined.
a log
3
(1) = 0
b log
5
(1) = 0
c log
2
(2)= 1
d log
6
(6)= 1
2 a log
2
(16) = 4
16 = 2
4

b log
x
(25) = 2
25 = x
2

c log
5
(125) = x
125 = 5
x

d log
3
(x) = 5
x = 3
5

e log
5

1
5

= 1

1
5
=
1
5

3 a 2
3
= 8
log
2
(8) = 3
b 3
4
= 81
log
3
(81) = 4
c 4
3
= x
log
4
(x) = 3
d 5
x
= 125
log
5
(125) = x
e
1
2

=
1
2

log
2
1
2

= 1
f x
3
= 27
log
x
(27) = 3
4 a log
6
(3) + log
6
(2) = log
6
(3 2)
= log
6
(6)
= 1
b log
2
(10) log
2
(5)= log
2
10
5

= log
2
(2)
= 1
c log
2
(32) = log
2
(2
5
)
= 5 log
2
(2)
= 5 1
= 5
d log
3
(81)= log
3
(3
4
)
= 4 log
3
(3)
= 4 1
= 4
e log
5
1
5
= log
5
(5
1
)
= 1 log
5
(5)
= 1 1
= 1
f log
3
1
27

= log
3
3
1
3

= log
3
3
(3 )

= 3 log
3
(3)
= 3 1
= 3
5 a log
2
(
x
) = log
2
1
2
x

=
1
2
log
2
(x)

b 3 log
3
3
( ) x
= 3 log
3
3
1
x

= 3
1
3
log
3
(x)
= log
3
(x)
c log
2
4
2
x
y

= log
2
1
4
2
1
2
2
x
y

= log
2
2
x
y

6 a log
4
(10) + log
4
(2) log
4
(5)
= log
4
10 2
5

= log
4
20
5

= log
4
(4)
= 1
b log
5
(25) + log
5
(125) log
5
(625)
= log
5
(5
2
)

+ log
5
(5
3
)

log
5
(5
4
)
= 2 log
5
(5) + 3 log
5
(5) 4 log
5
(5)
= 2 1 + 3 1 4 1
= 5 4
= 1
c
1
2
log
10
(16) + log
10
(5
2
)
=
1
2
log
10
(2
4
)

+ log
10
(5
2
)
= 2 log
10
(2) + 2 log
10
(5)
= 2 (log
10
(2 5))
= 2 log
10
(10)
= 2 1
= 2
d log
3
(2) log
3
(10) + log
3
(15)
= log
3
2
15
10

= log
3

1
1
5
15
3

= log
3
(3)
= 1
e log
2
(16) + log
2
(8) + log
2
(4)
= log
2
(2
4
)

+ log
2
(2
3
)

+ log
2
(2
2
)
= 4log
2
(2) + 3log
2
(2) + 2log
2
(2)
= 4 1 + 3 1 + 2 1
= 4 + 3 + 2
= 9
7 a 4 log
2
(12) 4 log
2
(6)
= 4
2
12
log
6

= 4 log
2
(2)
= 4 1
= 4
b 2 + log
5
(10) log
5
(2)
= 2 log
5
(5) + log
5
(10) log
5
(2)
= log
5
(5
2
)

+ log
5
(10) log
5
(2)
= log
5
25 10
2

= log
5
(125)
= log
5
(5
3
)
= 3 log
5
(5)
= 3 1
= 3
c 1 + log
2
(5) = log
2
(2) + log
2
(5)
= log
2
(2 5)
= log
2
(10)
d
2
2
log (64)
log (8)
=
6
2
3
2
log (2 )
log (2 )

=
2
2
6log (2)
3log (2)

=
6 1
3 1

=
6
3

= 2
e
log ( )
log ( )
a
a
x
x
=
1
2
log
log ( )
a
a
x
x

=
1
log ( )
2
log ( )
a
a
x
x

=
1
2

8 a log
10
(3) = 0.477
b log
5
(4) = 0.861
c log
10
(0.5) = 0.301
d log
2
(0.8) = 0.322
e log
4
(20) = 2.161
f log
3
(60) = 3.727
9 a 5 log
3
(x) + log
3
(x
2
) log
3
(x
7
)
= log
3
5 2
7
x x
x

= log
3
7
7
x
x

= log
3
(1)
= 0
b log
2
(x
4
) + log
2
(x
3
)

log
2
(x
6
)
= log
2
4 3
6
x x
x

=

7
2
6
log
x
x

= log
2
(x)
c 3 log
4
(x) 5 log
4
(x) + 2 log
4
(x)
= log
4
(x
3
) log
4
(x
5
)

+ log
4
(x
2
)
=
3
2
4
5
log
x
x
x

= log
4
(x
2
x
2
)
= log
4
(x
0
)
= log
4
(1)
= 0
d 4 log
6
(x) 5 log
6
(x) + log
6
(x)
= (4 5 + 1)log
6
(x)
= 0 log
6
(x)
= 0
e log
10
(x
2
)

+ 3 log
10
(x) 2 log
10
(x)
= log
10
(x
2
)

+ log
10
(x
3
)

log
10
(x
2
)
=
2 3
10
2
log
x x
x

=
5
10
2
log
x
x

= log
10
(x
3
)
= 3 log
10
(x)
f 4 log
10
(x) log
10
(x) + log
10
(x
2
)
= log
10
(x
4
)

log
10
(x) + log
10
(x
2
)
=
4
2
10
log
x
x
x

= log
10
(x
3
x
2
)
= log
10
(x
5
)
= 5 log
10
(x)
g log
5
(x + 1) + log
5
(x + 1)
2

=
2
5
log (( 1) ( 1) ) x x + +
= log
5
(x + 1)
3

= 3 log
5
(x + 1)
h log
4
(x 2)
3
2 log
4
(x 2)
= log
4
(x 2)
3
log
4
(x 2)
2

=
3
4
2
( 2)
log
( 2)
x
x

= log
4
(x 2)
10 2 log
10
(5) log
10
(20) + log
10
(8)
= log
10
(5
2
)

log
10
(20) + log
10
(8)
=
2
10
5
log 8
20

= log
10
(10)
= 1
The answer is C.
11 log
a
b = 2 b = a
2

The answer is E.
12 y = a log
10
(x) when a = 2 and y = 3
3 = 2log
10
(x)
3 = log
10
(x
2
)
10
3
= x
2

1000 = x
2

x = 31.623
Exercise 3C Exponential
equations
1 a 3
x
= 81
3
x
= 3
4

x = 4
b 10
x
= 1000
10
x
= 10
3

x = 3
x = 3
c
1
2
x
= 32
2
x
= 2
5

x = 5
x = 5
d 7
x
=
1
49

7
x
= 7
2

x = 2
e 243
x
= 3
3
5x
= 3
1

5x = 1
x =
1
5

2 a 3 2
x
= 48
2
x
= 16
2
x
= 2
4

x = 4
b 6
x 2
= 216
6
x 2
= 6
3

x 2 = 3
x = 5
c 5
2x 1
=
1
125

5
2x 1
=
3
1
5

5
2x 1
= 5
3

2x 1 = 3
2x = 2
x = 1
d 2
2x 6
= 1
2
2x 6
= 2
0

2x 6 = 0
2x = 6
x = 3
3 a 3
x

1
3
x
= 243
3
x + x 1
= 3
5

2x 1 = 5
2x = 6
x = 3
b 5
x
5
2x + 1
= 625
5
x + 2x + 1
= 5
4

3x + 1 = 4
3x = 3
x = 1
c 2
x

1
4
x
= 16
2
x

2( 1)
2
x
= 2
4

2 2
2
x x +
= 2
4

3x 2 = 4
3x = 6
x = 2
d
3 1
2
3
9
x
x
+
= 81

3 1
2( 2)
3
3
x
x
+
= 3
4

3
3x + 1 (2x 4)
= 3
4

3
3x + 1 2x + 4
= 3
4

x + 5 = 4
x = 1
4 a (3
x
9)(3
x
1) = 0
3
x
9 = 0 or 3
x
1 = 0
3
x
= 9 3
x
= 1
3
x
= 3
2
3
x
= 3
0

x = 2 or x = 0
b 2
2x
6 2
x
+ 8 = 0
(2
x
)
2
6 2
x
+ 8 = 0
Let a = 2
x

a
2
6a + 8 = 0
(a 2)(a 4) = 0
a = 2 or a = 4
Substitute a = 2
x

2
x
= 2
1
or 2
x
= 2
2

x = 1 or x = 2
c 6
2x
7 6
x
+ 6 = 0
(6
x
)
2
7 6
x
+ 6= 0
Let a = 6
x

a
2
7a + 6 = 0
(a 6)(a 1) = 0
a = 6 or a = 1
Substitute a = 6
x

6
x
= 6 or 6
x
= 1
x = 1 or 6
x
= 6
0

x = 0
d 4
x
6 2
x
16 = 0
2
2x
6 2
x
16 = 0
(2
x
)
2
6 2
x
16 = 0
Let a = 2
x

a
2
6a 16 = 0
(a 8)(a + 2) = 0
a = 8 or a = 2
Substitute a = 2
x

2
x
= 8 or 2
x
= 2
2
x
= 2
3

x = 3
No real solutions for 2
x
= 2
e 9
x
= 2 3
x
+ 3
(3
x
)
2
2 3
x
+ 3 = 0
Let a = 3
x

a
2
2a 3 = 0
(a 3)(a + 1) = 0
a = 3 or 1
Substitute a = 3
x

3
x
= 3 3
x
= 1
x = 1
x
= 1
5 a 25
x
+ 4 5
x
5 = 0
5
2x
+ 4 5
x
5 = 0
(5
x
)
2
+ 4 5
x
5 = 0
Let a = 5
x

a
2
+ 4a 5 = 0
(a + 5)(a 1) = 0
a = 5 or a = 1
Substitute a = 5
x

5
x
= 5 or 5
x
= 1
x
= 5
5
x
= 5
0

x = 0
b 4
2x
20 4
x
= 64
(4
x
)
2
20 4
x
+ 64 = 0
Let a = 4
x

a
2
20a + 64 = 0
(a 16)(a 4) = 0
a = 16 or 4
Substitute a = 4
x

4
x
= 16 or 4
x
= 4
4
x
= 4
2
4
x
= 4
1

x = 2 x = 1
6 a 2
x
= 5
x log
10
(2) = log
10
(5)
x =
10
10
log (5)
log (2)

x = 2.322
b (0.3)
x 1
= 10
(x 1) log
10
(0.3) = log
10
(10)
(x 1) log
10
(0.3) = 1
x 1 =
10
1
log (0.3)

x 1 = 1.912 489 289
x = 0.912
c (1.4)
2 x
= 6
(2 x) log
10
(1.4) = log
10
(6)
2 x =
10
10
log (6)
log (1.4)

2 x = 5.325 13
x = 3.3251
x = 3.325
d 3 5
x
= 27
5
x
= 9
x log
10
(5) = log
10
(9)
x =
10
10
log (9)
log (5)

x = 1.365
e 5 7
x
= 1
7
x
=
1
5

x log
10
(7) =
10
1
log
5

x =
10
10
1
log
5
log (7)

x = 0.827
f 2
x
3
x + 1
= 10
2
x
3
x
3
1
= 10
2
x
3
x
=
10
3

6
x
=
10
3

x log
10
(6) = log
10
10
3

x =
10
10
10
log
3
log (6)

x = 0.672
7 a 3
x
> 5
x log
10
(3) > log
10
(5)
x >
10
10
log (5)
log (3)

x > 1.465
b 2
2x
7
2x log
10
(2) log
10
(7)
2x
10
10
log (7)
log (2)

2x 2.807 354 922
x 1.404
c (0.2)
x
> 3
x log
10
(0.2) > log
10
(3)
x <
10
10
log (3)
log (0.2)

x < 0.683
d 7
x
0.5
x log
10
(7) log
10
(0.5)
x
10
10
log (0.5)
log (7)

x 0.356
e (0.4)
x
> 0.2
x log
10
(0.4) > log
10
(0.2)
x <
10
10
log (0.2)
log (0.4)

x < 1.756
8 5 2
x
= 1255
2
x
= 251
x log
10
(2) = log
10
(251)
x = 7.972
The answer is D.
9 10
2x
= 3 10
x
+ 4
10
2x
3 10
x
4 = 0
(10
x
)
2
3 10
x
4 = 0
Let a = 10
x

a
2
3a 4 = 0

(a 4)(a + 1) = 0
a = 4 or 1
Substitute a = 10
x

10
x
= 4 or 10
x
= 1
10
x
= 4
x log
10
(10) = log
10
(4)
x = log
10
(4)
The answer is E.
Exercise 3D Logarithmic
equations using any base
1 a i log
5
(x) = 2
x = 5
2

= 25
ii log
2
(x) = 3
x = 2
3

=
3
1
2

=
1
8

iii log
10
(x
2
) = 4
x
2
= 10
4

= (10
2
)
2
or (10
2
)
2

x = 10
2
= 100 or 100
iv log
3
(x + 1) = 3
x + 1 = 3
3

= 27
x = 26
v log
4
(2x 3) = 0
4
0
= 2x 3
1 = 2x 3
4 = 2x
x = 2
vi log
2
(x) = 5
2
5
= x

5
1
2
= x

1
32
= x
x =
1
32

vii log
5
(1 x) = 4
5
4
= 1 x
625 = 1 x
x = 624
b i log
3
(x) = 4
x = 3
4

= 81
ii log
4
(x) = 2
x = 4
2

=
2
1
4

=
1
16

iii log
2
(x
3
) = 12
x
3
= 2
12

= (2
4
)
3

x = 2
4

= 16
iv log
5
(x 2) = 3
5
3
= x 2
125 = x 2
127 = x
v log
10
(2x + 1) = 0
10
0
= 2x + 1
1 = 2x + 1
0 = 2x
x = 0
vi log
3
(x) = 2
3
2
= x

1
9
= x
x =
1
9

vii log
10
(5 2x) = 1
10
1
= 5 2x
2x = 5
x =
5
2

2 a i log
x
(9) = 2
x
2
= 9
x
2
9 = 0
(x 3)(x + 3) = 0
x = 3
x = 3 as you cant have a
logarithm to a negative base.
ii log
x
(25) =
2
3

2
3
x = 25
x
2
= 25
3

x =
3
( 25)
= 5
3

= 125
iii log
x
1
8

= 3
x
3
=
1
8

x
3
=
3
1
2

x
3
= 2
3

x = 2
iv log
x
(6
2
) = 2
x
2
= 6
2

x = 6
b i log
x
(16) = 4
x
4
= 16
x
4
16 = 0
x
4
2
4
= 0
(x
2
2
2
)(x
2
+ 2
2
) = 0
x = 2
x = 2
ii log
x
(125) =
3
4

3
4
x = 125
x
3
= 125
4

x =
4 3
( 125)
= 5
4

= 625
iii
1
log
64
x

= 2
x
2
=
1
64

x
2
=
2
1
8

x
2
= 8
2

x = 8
iv log
x
(4
3
) = 3
x
3
= 4
3

x = 4
3 a i log
2
(8) = x
2
x
= 8
2
x
= 2
3

x = 3
ii
5
1
log
5

= x
5
x
=
1
5

5
x
= 5
1

x = 1
iii log
4
(2) = x
4
x
= 2
2
2x
= 2
1

2x = 1
x =
1
2

iv log
6
(1) = x
6
x
= 1 = 6
0

x = 0
v
1
2
log (2) = x

1
2
x
= 2
2
x
= 2
1

x = 1
x = 1
b i log
3
(9) = x
3
x
= 9
3
x
= 3
2

x = 2
ii
4
1
log
16

= x
4
x
=
1
16

4
x
= 4
2

x = 2
iii log
8
(2) = x
8
x
= 2
2
3x
= 2
1

3x = 1
x =
1
3

iv log
8
(1) = x
8
x
= 1 = 8
0

x = 0
v
1
3
log (9) = x

1
3
x

= 9
3
x
= 3
2

x = 2
x = 2
4 a i log
2
(x) + log
2
(4) = log
2
(20)
log
2
(4x) = log
2
(20)
4x = 20
x = 5
ii log
5
(3) + log
5
(x) = log
5
(18)
log
5
(3x) = log
5
(18)
3x = 18
x = 6
iii log
3
(x) log
3
(2) = log
3
(5)

3
log
2
x

= log
3
(5)

2
x
= 5
x = 10
iv log
10
(x) log
10
(4) = log
10
(2)

10
log
4
x

= log
10
(2)

4
x
= 2
x = 8
v log
4
(8) log
4
(x) = log
4
(2)

4
8
log
x

= log
4
(2)

8
x
= 2
x = 4
b i log
3
(10) log
3
(x) = log
3
(5)

3
10
log
x

= log
3
(5)

10
x
= 5
x = 2
ii log
6
(4) + log
6
(x) = 2
log
6
(4x) = 2
4x = 6
2

= 36
x = 9
iii log
2
(x) + log
2
(5) = 1
log
2
(5x) = 1
5x = 2
1

x =
2
5

iv 3 log
10
(x) = log
10
(2)
3 = log
10
(2) + log
10
(x)
3 = log
10
(2x)
2x = 10
3

x = 500
v 5 log
4
(8) = log
4
(x)
5 = log
4
(x) + log
4
(8)
5 = log
4
(8x)
8x = 4
5

= 1024
x = 128
5 a i log
2
(x) + log
2
(6) log
2
(3) = log
2
(10)

2
6
log
3
x

= log
2
(10)
log
2
(2x) = log
2
(10)
2x = 10
x = 5
ii log
2
(x) + log
2
(5) log
2
(10) = log
2
(3)

2
5
log
10
x

= log
2
(3)

2
x
= 3
x = 6
iii log
3
(5) log
3
(x) + log
3
(2) = log
3
(10)

3
5
log 2
x

= log
3
(10)

10
x
= 10
1 = x
iv log
5
(4) log
5
(x) + log
5
(3) = log
5
(6)

5
4
log 3
x

= log
5
(6)

12
x
= 6
x = 2
v log
5
(x) + log
5
(x 2) = log
5
(3)
log
5
(x(x 2)) = log
5
(3)
x(x 2) = 3
x
2
2x = 3
x
2
2x 3 = 0
(x 3)(x + 1) = 0
x = 3 or 1
x = 3 is the only solution as the logarithm of a
negative number is undefined.
b i log
3
(x) + log
3
(x + 2) = log
3
(8)
log
3
(x(x + 2)) = log
3
(8)
x(x + 2) = 8
x
2
+ 2x = 8
x
2
+ 2x 8 = 0
(x + 4)(x 2) = 0
x = 4 or 2
x = 2 is the only solution possible.
ii log
4
(x) + log
4
(x 6) = 2
log
4
(x(x 6)) = 2
log
4
(x
2
6x) = 2 = log
4
(4
2
)
4
2
= x
2
6x
16 = x
2
6x
0 = x
2
6x 16
0 = (x 8)(x + 2)
x = 8 or 2
iii log
5
(x) + log
5
(x + 20) = 3
log
5
(x(x + 20)) = 3
log
5
(x
2
+ 20x) = 3 = log
5
(5
3
)
5
3
= x
2
+ 20x
125 = x
2
+ 20x
0 = x
2
+ 20x 125
0 = (x 5)(x + 25)
x = 5 or 25
iv log
5
(x + 1) + log
5
(x 3) = 1
log
5
(x + 1)(x 3) = 1
log
5
(x
2
2x 3) = 1
= log
5
(5)
5 = x
2
2x 3
0 = x
2
2x 8
0 = (x 4)(x + 2)
x = 4 or 2
x = 4 is the only solution possible as x > 1.
v log
6
(x 2) + log
6
(x + 3) = 1
log
6
(x 2)(x + 3) = 1
= log
6
(6)
6 = x
2
+ x 6
0 = x
2
+ x 12
0 = (x + 4)(x 3)
x = 4 or 3
x = 3 is the only solution possible as x > 2.
6 2 log
a
(x) = log
a
(x
2
)
2 0.7 = log
a
(x
2
)
1.4 = log
a
(x
2
)
The answer is B.
7 If log
10
(x) = a
Then (log
10
(x)
2
) + log
10
(x) 6 becomes
a
2
+ a 6 = (a + 3)(a 2)
The answer is D.

8 a (log
10
(x))
2
+ log
10
(x) 2 = 0
Let a = log
10
(x)
a
2
+ a 2 = 0
(a + 2)(a 1) = 0
a = 2 or 1
Since a = log
10
(x)
log
10
(x) = 2 or log
10
(x) = 1
10
2
= x or 10
1
= x
x =
1
100
or 10
b (log
10
(x))
2
2 log
10
(x) 3 = 0
Let a = log
10
(x)
a
2
2a 3 = 0
(a 3)(a + 1) = 0
a = 3 or 1
Since a = log
10
(x)
log
10
(x) = 3 or log
10
(x) = 1
10
3
= x or 10
1
= x
x = 1000 or
1
10

c (log
2
(x))
2
2 log
2
(x) 8 = 0
Let a = log
2
(x)
a
2
2a 8 = 0
(a 4)(a + 2) = 0
a = 4 or 2
Since a = log
2
(x)
log
2
(x) = 4 or log
2
(x) = 2
2
4
= x or 2
2
= x
x = 16 or
1
4

d (log
2
(x))
2
+ 3 log
2
(x) 4 = 0
Let a = log
2
(x)
a
2
+ 3a 4 = 0
(a + 4)(a 1) = 0
a = 4 or 1
Since a = log
2
(x)
log
2
(x) = 4 or log
2
(x) = 1
2
4
= x or 2
1
= x
x =
1
16
or 2
e (log
3
(x))
2
log
3
(x
4
)

+ 3 = 0
Let a = log
3
(x)
a
2
4a + 3 = 0
(a 3)(a 1) = 0
a = 3 or 1
Since a = log
3
(x)
log
3
(x) = 3 or log
3
(x) = 1
3
3
= x or 3
1
= x
x = 27 or 3
f (log
5
(x))
2
log
5
(x
3
)

+ 2 = 0
Let a = log
5
(x)
a
2
3a + 2 = 0
as log
5
(x
3
) = 3log
5
(x)
(a 2)(a 1) = 0
a = 2 or 1
Since a = log
5
(x)
log
5
(x) = 2 or log
5
(x) = 1
5
2
= x or 5
1
= x
x = 25 or 5
g log
2
(x
4
) = (log
2
(x))
2

0 = (log
2
(x))
2
log
2
(x
4
)
Let a = log
2
(x)
0 = a
2
4a
0 = a(a 4)
a = 0 or 4
Since a = log
2
(x)
log
2
(x) = 0 or log
2
(x) = 4
2
0
= x or 2
4
= x
x = 1 or 16
h log
3
(x
3
) = (log
3
(x))
2

0 = (log
3
(x))
2
log
3
(x
3
)
Let a = log
3
( x)
0 = a
2
3a
0 = a(a 3)
a = 0 or 3
Since a = log
3
(x)
log
3
(x) = 0 or log
3
(x) = 3
3
0
= x or 3
3
= x
x = 1 or 27
i log
10
(x
2
+ 2x 5) = 1
10
1
= x
2
+ 2x 5
0 = x
2
+ 2x 15
0 = (x + 5)(x 3)
x = 5 or 3
j log
3
(x
2
3x 7) = 1
3
1
= x
2
3x 7
0 = x
2
3x 10
0 = (x 5)(x + 2)
x = 5 or 2
9 If
10
10
log ( )
log (2)
x
= 4
log
10
(x) = 4 log
10
(2)
= log
10
(2
4
)
= log
10
(16)
x = 16
Exercise 3E Exponential equations (base e)
1 a e
2
= 7.389
b e
4
= 54.598
c
1
2
e = 1.649
d
1
3
e = 1.396
e
4
e = 1.284
f
5
e = 1.221
g ln (4) = 1.386
h ln (5) = 1.609
i log
e
(1.5) = 0.405
j log
e
(3.6) = 1.281
2 a e
x
= e
1

x = 1
b e
x
= e
2

x = 2
c e
x 2
= e
4

x 2 = 4
x = 6
d e
2x
= e
1

2x = 1
x =
1
2

e e
x + 1
=
1
e

e
x + 1
= e
1

x + 1 = 1
x = 2
x = 2
f e
x 2
=
2
1
e

e
x 2
= e
2

x 2 = 2
x = 0
g e
3x + 6
= e
e
3x + 6
=
1
2
e
3x + 6 =
1
2

6x + 12 = 1
6x = 11
x =
11
6

h e
2x 1
=
3
e
e
2x 1
=
3
2
e
2x 1 =
3
2

4x 2 = 3
4x = 5
x =
5
4

3 a e
x
= 2
x log
e
(e) = log
e
(2)
x = 0.693
b e
x
= 5
x log
e
(e) = log
e
(5)
x = 1.609
c e
x
=
1
2

x log
e
(e) =
1
log
2
e

x = 0.693
d e
x
=
1
4

x log
e
(e) =
1
log
4
e

x = 1.386
e e
x
= 1.3
x log
e
(e) = log
e
(1.3)
x = 0.262
f e
x
= 2.6
x log
e
(e) = log
e
(2.6)
x = 0.956
g 2e
x
= 6
e
x
= 3
x log
e
(e) = log
e
(3)
x = log
e
(3)
x = 1.099 to 3 decimal places
h 3e
x
= 12
e
x
= 4
x log
e
(e) = log
e
(4)
x = log
e
(4)
x = 1.386 to 3 decimal places
4 a (e
x
1)(e
x
+ 2) = 0
e
x
= 1 or e
x
= 2
No real solutions for e
x
= 2
x log
e
(e) = log
e
(1)
x = log
e
(1)
x = 0
b (e
x
2)(e
2x
3) = 0
e
x
= 2 or e
2x
= 3
x log
e
(e) = log
e
(2) or 2x log
e
(e)
= log
e
(3)
x = 0.693 or 2x = 1.0986
x = 0.693 or 0.549
c (3e
x
2)(2e
x
1) = 0
3e
x
= 2 or 2e
x
= 1
e
x
=
2
3
or e
x
=
1
2

x log
e
(e) =
2
log
3
e

or x log
e
(e) =
1
log
2
e

x =
2
log
3
e

or x = 0.693
x = + 0.405 or 0.693
d (e
x
)
2
e
x
= 0
Let a = e
x

a
2
a = 0
a(a 1) = 0
a = 0 or a = 1
Since a = e
x

e
x
= 0 or e
x
= 1
x
= 0
x log
e
(e) = log
e
(1)
x = 0
e (e
x
)
2
e e
x
= 0
Let a = e
x

a
2
ea = 0
a(a e) = 0
a = 0 or a = e
Since a = e
x

e
x
= 0 or e
x
= e
x
= 0
x log
e
(e) = log
e
(e)
x = 1
f (e
x
)
2
7e
x
+ 10 = 0
Let a = e
x

a
2
7a + 10 = 0
(a 5)(a 2) = 0
Since a = e
x

e
x
= 5 or e
x
= 2
x log
e
(e) = log
e
(5) or x log
e
(e) = log
e
(2)
x = log
e
(5) or x = log
e
(2)
x = 1.609 or 0.693
g 6 11e
x
+ 3e
2x
= 0
6 11e
x
+ 3(e
x
)
2
= 0
Let a = e
x

6 11a + 3a
2
= 0
3a
2
11a + 6 = 0
(3a 2)(a 3) = 0
Since a = e
x

3e
x
= 2 or e
x
= 3
e
x
=
2
3
or x log
e
(e) =
2
log
3
e

x log
e
(e) = log
e
(3) or x = 1.099
x = 0.405 or 1.099
h 18 23e
x
+ 7e
2x
= 0
7(e
x
)
2
23e
x
+ 18 = 0
Let a = e
x

7a
2
23a + 18 = 0
(7a 9)(a 2) = 0
Since a = e
x

7e
x
= 9 or e
x
= 2
e
x
=
9
7
or x log
e
(e) = log
e
(2).
x log
e
(e) =
9
log
7
e

or x = 0.693.
x = 0.251 or 0.693
5 a e
x
4e
x
= 0
e
x

4
x
e
= 0
(e
x
)
2
4 = 0

Let a = e
x

a
2
4 = 0
(a 2)(a + 2) = 0
Since a = e
x

e
x
= 2 or e
x
= 2
x
= 2
x log
e
(e) = log
e
(2)
x = 0.693
b e
x
15e
x
2 = 0
e
x

15
x
e
2 = 0
(e
x
)
2
15 2e
x
= 0
Let a = e
x

a
2
2a 15 = 0
(a 5)(a + 3) = 0
Since a = e
x

e
x
= 5 or e
x
= 3
No real solutions e
x
= 3
x log
e
(e) = log
e
(5)
x = 1.609
c 5e
x
12e
x
11 = 0
5(e
x
)
2
12 11e
x
= 0
Let a = e
x

5a
2
11a 12 = 0
(5a + 4)(a 3) = 0
Since a = e
x

5e
x
= 4 or e
x
= 3
No real solutions for 5e
x
= 4
x log
e
(e) = log
e
(3)
x = 1.099
d 3e
x
+ 6e
x
11 = 0
3(e
x
)
2
+ 6 11e
x
= 0
Let a = e
x

3a
2
11a + 6 = 0
(3a 2)(a 3) = 0
Since a = e
x

3e
x
= 2 or e
x
= 3
e
x
=
2
3

x log
e
(e) = log
e
(3)
x = 1.099
x log
e
(e) =
2
log
3
e

x = 0.405
x = 0.405 or 1.099
e 4e
x
+ 6e
x
11 = 0
4(e
x
)
2
+ 6 11e
x
= 0
Let a = e
x

4a
2
11a + 6 = 0
(4a 3)(a 2) = 0
Since a = e
x

4e
x
= 3 or e
x
= 2
e
x
=
3
4

x log
e
(e) = log
e
(2) or
x log
e
(e) =
3
log
4
e

x = 0.288 or 0.693
f e
x
+ 2e
x
= 3
(e
x
)
2
+ 2 3e
x
= 0
Let a = e
x

a
2
3a + 2 = 0
(a 2)(a 1) = 0
Since a = e
x

e
x
= 2 or e
x
= 1
x log
e
(e) = log
e
(2) or
x log
e
(e) = log
e
(1)
x = 0.693 or 0
6 a e
x
> 1
x log
e
(e) > log
e
(1)
x > 0
b e
x
< e
x log
e
(e) < log
e
(e)
x < 1
c e
x
< 2
x log
e
(e) < log
e
(2)
x < 0.693
d 2x log
e
(e) log
e
(4)
2x 1.386
x 0.693
e e
x + 1
6
(x + 1)log
e
(e) log
e
(6)
x + 1 1.7917
x 0.792
f e
1 x
10
(1 x)log
e
(e) log
e
(10)
1 x 2.3025
x 1.30 258
x 1.303
g e
x
> 0.75
x log
e
(e) > log
e
(0.75)
x > 0.287 682
x < 0.288
7 If y = Ae
kt

y = 19.6 when t = 2
y = 19.02 when t = 5
19.6 = Ae
2k
[1]
19.02 = Ae
5k
[2]
Divide [1] by [2]

19.6
19.02
=
2
5
k
k
Ae
Ae

1.0305 = e
3k

log
e
(1.0305) = 3 log ( )
e
k e

0.03 004 = 3k
k = 0.01
When k = 0.01 A = ?
Substituting into [1]
19.6 = Ae
0.02

A =
0.02
19.6
e

= 19.6e
0.02

= 19.9959
= 20 to 2 decimal places
8 =
0
e
kt

0
= 90 18
= 72
= 72e
kt

When t = 10, = 65 18 = 47
47 = 72e
10k

e
10k
=
47
72

10k =
47
log
72
e

k =
1
10

47
log
72
e

= 0.04
Exercise 3F Equations with
natural (base e) logarithms
1 a log
e
(x) = 1
x = e
1

= e
b log
e
(x) = 2
x = e
2

c log
e
(x) = 2
x = e
2

=
2
1
e

d log
e
(x) = 1
x = e
1

=
1
e

2 a log
e
(2x) = 2
2x = e
2

x =
2
2
e

3.695
b log
e
(3x) = 1
3x = e
1

x =
3
e

0.906
c log
e
(x
3
) = 3
3 log
e
(x) = 3
log
e
(x) = 1
x = e
d log
e
(x
2
) = 2
2 log
e
(x) = 2
log
e
(x) = 1
(x) = e
e log
e
(x
2
) = 0.4
2 log
e
(x) = 0.4
log
e
(x) = 0.2
x = e
0.2

1.221
f log
e
(x
3
) = 0.9
3 log
e
(x) = 0.9
log
e
(x) = 0.3
x = e
0.3

1.350
g log
e
(x 1) = 1
x 1 = e
1

x 1 = 0.3678
1.368
h log
e
(2x + 1) = 2
2x + 1 = e
2

2x = e
2
1
= 0.86 466
x 0.432
3 a log
e
(x) = log
e
(2)
x = 2
b log
e
(x) = log
e
(5)
x = 5
c log
e
(x) + log
e
(3) = log
e
(9)
log
e
(3x) = log
e
(9)
3x = 9
x = 3
d log
e
(x) + log
e
(2) = log
e
(8)
log
e
(2x) = log
e
(8)
2x = 8
x = 4
e log
e
(x) log
e
(5) = log
e
(2)
log
5
e
x

= log
e
(2)

2
x
= 2
x = 10
f 1 + log
e
(x) = log
e
(6)
log
e
(x) = log
e
(6) 1
= log
e
(6) log
e
(e)
=
6
log
e
e

x =
6
e

2.207
4 a log
e
(x) + log
e
(5) log
e
(10) = log
e
(3)

5
log
10
e
x

= log
e
(3)

5
10
x
= 3
5x = 30
x = 6
b 2 log
e
(3) + log
e
(x) log
e
(2) = log
e
(3)

9
log
2
e
x

= log
e
(3)

9
2
x
= 3
9x = 6
x =
6
9

x =
2
3

c 3 log
e
(2) + log
e
(x) log
e
(4) = log
e
(5)

3
2
log
4
e
x

= log
e
(5)
2x = 5
x = 2.5
d log
e
(4) + log
e
(3) log
e
(x) = log
e
(2)

4 3
log
e
x

= log
e
(2)

12
x
= 2
12 = 2x
6 = x
e log
e
(x) + log
e
(x + 1) = log
e
(2)
log
e
(x(x + 1)) = log
e
(2)
x
2
+ x = 2
x
2
+ x 2 = 0
(x + 2)(x 1) = 0
x = 2 or 1
No real solution unless x + 1 > 0
So x = 1
f log
e
(x + 1) + log
e
(2x 1) = log
e
(5)
log
e
((x + 1)(2x 1)) = log
e
(5)
2x
2
+ x 1 = 5
2x
2
+ x 6 = 0
(2x 3)(x + 2) = 0
x =
3
2
or 2
No real solution unless x + 1 > 0.
So x =
3
2

5 ln (y) = ln (x) + ln (a)
ln (y) = ln (xa)
y = xa
The answer is B.
6 2 log
e
(x) log
e
(3x) = a

2
log
3
e
x
x

= a

3
x
= e
a

x = 3e
a

The answer is A.
7 2 log
e
(x) + 1 = log
e
(y)
log
e
(x
2
)

log
e
(y) = 1

2
log
e
x
y

= 1

2
x
y
= e
1

y =
2
1
x
e

= ex
2

8 log
e
(x) = a
e
a
= x
But y = e
a
and so y = x.
9 e
ln(x)
= 2
In(x) = log
e
(2)
x = 2
10 A = 5e
kt

a If an amount of 5 grams is halved, then 2.5 grams is the
new amount.
b 2.5 = 5e
kt

1
2
= e
kt

c
1
log
2
e

= kt log
e
(e)

1
log
2
e

= kt

1
log
2
e
k

= t

1
log (2 )
e
k
= t

log (2)
e
k
= t
d
log (2)
0.005
e
= t
138.6 = t
139 days
Exercise 3G Inverses
1 a y = 2e
x

x = 2e
y

2
x
= e
y

log
2
e
x

= y
b y = e
x + 1

x = e
y + 1

log
e
(x) = y + 1
log
e
(x) 1 = y
c y = e
x 1

x = e
y 1


log
e
(x) = y 1
log
e
(x) + 1 = y
d y = e
2x 1

x = e
2y 1

log
e
(x) = 2y 1
1 + log
e
(x) = 2y

1 log ( )
2
e
x +
= y
e y = e
2 x

x = e
2 y

log
e
(x) = 2 y
y = 2 log
e
(x)
f y = e
2 3x

x = e
2 3y

log
e
(x) = 2 3y
3y = 2 log
e
(x)
y =
2 log ( )
3
e
x

2 a y = 2 + e
x

x = 2 + e
y

x 2 = e
y

log
e
(x 2) = y
b y = 2 e
x

x = 2 e
y

e
y
= 2 x
y = log
e
(2 x)
c y = 1 2e
x

x = 1 2e
y

2e
y
= 1 x
e
y
=
1
2
x

y =
1
log
2
e
x

d y = 2 + e
x + 1

x = 2 + e
y + 1

x 2 = e
y + 1

log
e
(x 2) = y + 1
log
e
(x 2) 1 = y
e y = 3 2e
x 2

x = 3 2e
y 2

2e
y 2
= 3 x
e
y 2
=
3
2
x

y 2 =
3
log
2
e
x

y =
3
log
2
e
x

+ 2
f y = 2 3e
x+ 1

x = 2 3e
y+ 1

3e
y + 1
= 2 x
e
y + 1
=
2
3
x

y + 1 =
2
log
3
e
x

y =
2
log
3
e
x

1
3 a y = 2 log
e
(x)
x = 2 log
e
(y)
x = log
e
(y
2
)
y
2
= e
x

y =
x
e
y =
2
x
e
b y = log
e
(x + 1)
x = log
e
(y + 1)
y + 1 = e
x

y = e
x
1
c y = log
e
(x 1)
x = log
e
(y 1)
y 1 = e
x

y = e
x
+ 1
d y = log
e
(2x 1)
x = log
e
(2y 1)
2y 1 = e
x

2y = e
x
+ 1
y =
1
2
x
e +

e y = log
e
(2 x)
x = log
e
(2 y)
2 y = e
x

y = e
x
2
y = 2 e
x

f y = log
e
(2 3x)
x = log
e
(2 3y)
2 3y = e
x

3y = e
x
2
y =
2
3
x
e

4 a y = 2 + log
e
(x)
x = 2 + log
e
(y)
x 2 = log
e
(y)
y = e
x 2

b y = 2 log
e
(x)
x = 2 log
e
(y)
log
e
(y) = 2 x
e
2 x
= y
c y = 2 + 3 log
e
(x)
x = 2 + 3 log
e
(y)
x 2 = 3 log
e
(y)

2
3
x
= log
e
(y)

2
3
x
e
= y
d y = 2 log
e
(x 1)
x = 2 log
e
(y 1)
log
e
(y 1) = 2 x
e
2 x
= y 1
e
2 x
+ 1 = y
e y = 3 + 2 log
e
(x 1)
x = 3 + 2 log
e
(y 1)

3
2
x
= log
e
(y 1)
y 1 =
3
2
x
e

y =
3
2
x
e
+ 1
f y = 1 3 log
e
(x + 2)
x = 1 3 log
e
(y + 2)
3 log
e
(y + 2) = 1 x
log
e
(y + 2) =
1
3
x

1
3
x
e
2 = y
5 If y = 5 log
e
(3x 2) + 1
x = 5 log
e
(3y 2) + 1

1
5
x
= log
e
(3y 2)
3y 2 =
1
5
x
e

3y =
1
5
x
e

+ 2
y =
1
5
2
3
x
e
+

The answer is C.
6 If y = 5e
2x + 1
1
x = 5e
2y + 1
1

1
5
x +
= e
2y + 1

1
log
5
e
x +

= 2y + 1

1
log 1
5
2
e
x +

= y

1
2
ln
1
5
x +

1
2
= y
The answer is E.
7
log (2 )
e
x
e = y
y = 2x
D
Exercise 3H Literal equations
1 5e
2x
= a, a R
+

e
2x
=
5
a

log
e
e
2x
= log
5
e
a

2x = log
5
e
a

x =
1
log
2 5
e
a

2 log
3
(D) = cy + log
3
Z
log
3
(D) = cylog
3
(3) + log
3
Z
log
3
(D) = log
3
(3
cy
) + log
3
Z
= log
3
(3
cy
Z)
D = Z 3
cy

3 e
mx + n
= 3k
log
e
(e
mx + n
) = log
e
(3k)
mx + n = log
e
(3k)
mx = log
e
(3k) n
x =
log (3 )
e
k n
m

4 2 log
3
(p + 5q)= 4
log
3
(p+5q) = 2
3
2
= p + 5q
5q = q p
q =
5
q p

5
2 4 2 5
10 10 10 10
3 3 3 3 4 4
log log log log
x y y z x
y z z x z x z

+

=
2 4 2 5
10 10 10
3 2 3 3 4 4
log log log
x y y z x
y z z x z x z

=
2 5
10 10 10
5 3 4 4
log log log
xy y z x
z z x z

=
3 4 2 5
10 10
5 4
log log
xy z x z x
y z z

=
5 5
10 10
2 2
log log
x x
z z

=
5 2
10
2 5
log
x z
z x

= log
10
(1)
= 0
6 9
xb
27
3a
= 81
a (3
2
)
xb
(3
3
)
3a
= 3
4

3
2xb
3
9a
= 3
4

2xb + 9a = 4
2xb = 4 9a
x =
4 9
2
a
b

b a = 2, 3 b =
x =
4 9 2
2 3

=
4 18
6

=
14
6

=
7
3

7 4
2x b
= 20
log
e
(4
2x b
) = log
e
(20)
(2 ) log (4)
e
x b = log (20)
e

2x b =
log (20)
log (4)
e
e

2x =
log (20)
log (4)
e
e
b +
x =
log (20)
2log (4) 2
e
e
b
+
=
log (20) log (4)
2log (4)
e e
e
b +

=
log (20) 2 log (2)
4log (2)
e e
e
b +

8 2
x 1
= 3
x + a

log
e
(2
x 1
) = log
e
(3
x + a
)
( 1)log (2)
e
x = ( ) log (3)
e
x a +
log (2) log (2)
e e
x = log (3) log (3)
e e
x a +
log (2) log (3)
e e
x x = log (3) log (2)
e e
a +
(log (2) log (3))
e e
x = log (3) log (2)
e e
a +

2
log
3
e
x

= log (3) log (2)
e e
a +
x =
log (3) log (2)
2
log
3
e e
e
a +

9 y = m + Re
bx

Re
bx
= y m
e
bx
=
y m
R

log
e
(e
bx
) =
log
e
y m
R

bx =
log
e
y m
R

x =
log
e
y m
R
b

or
x =
1
log
e
y m
b R


10 (log
2
(5a))
2
= 16b
2

log
2
(5a) = 4b
5a = 2
4b
or 5a = 2
4b

5a = 16
b
or 5a =
1
16
b

a =
16
5
b
or a =
1
5 16
b

11
4 4
1
log ( ) 3log ( )
2
x y = log
4
(3)

1
2
log
4
(x) =
4 4
log (3) 3log ( ) y +

1
2
4
log x

=
3
4 4
log (3) log ( ) y +

1
2
4
log x

= log
4
(3y
3
)

1
2
x = 3y
3

2
1
2
x

= (3y
3
)
2

x = 9y
6

12 2 log
e
(a) 5 log
e
(b) 2 = 0
2 log
e
(a) 2 = 5 log
e
(b)
log
e
(a
2
) 2 log
e
(e) = log
e
(b
5
)
log
e
(a
2
) log
e
(e
2
) = log
e
(b
5
)

2
2
log
e
a
e

= log
e
(b
5
)

2
2
a
e
= b
5

b =
2
5
2
a
e

13 a e
x
= 3x
On a calculator page, complete the entry line as:
solve (e
x
= 3x, x)
Write the solution as:
Solving e
x
= 3x for x gives
x = 0.619, 1.512
b x + 2 = e
x

solve (x + 2 = e
x
, x)
Solving x + 2 = e
x
for x gives
x = 0.443
c x
2
1 = e
2x

solve (x
2
1 = e
2x
, x)
Write the solution as solving x
2
1 = e
2x
for x gives
x = 1.058
14 a log
e
(x) = 2 x
solve (log
e
(x) = 2 x, x)
Solving log
e
(x) = 2 x for x gives:
x = 1.557
b log
e
(x 2) = x 4
solve (log
e
(x 2) = x 4, x)
Solving log
e
(x 2) = x 4 for x gives
x = 2.159, 5.146
c x
2
1 = log
e
(2x)
solve (x
2
1 = log
e
(2x), x)
Solving x
2
1 = log
e
(2x) for x gives:
x = 0.191, 1.433
15 log
7
(x) = log
4
(p)
x =
4
log ( )
7
p

or x =
log ( )
log (4)
7
e
e
p

16 e
kx
=
3
kx
a
e
+

(e
kx
)
2
= 3 e
kx
+ a
0 = (e
kx
)
2
3e
kx
a
Let e
kx
= c
0 = c
2
3c a
solve (0 = c
2
3c a, c)
Solving 0 = c
2
3c a for c gives
c =
3 4 9
2
a + +
or c =
3 4 9
2
a +

Substitute back in for c = e
kx

e
kx
=
3 4 9
2
a + +
or e
kx
=
3 4 9
2
a +

log
e
(e
kx
) =
3 4 9
log
2
e
a

+ +

kx =
3 4 9
log
2
e
a

+ +

x =
1 3 4 9
log
2
e
a
k

+ +

Exercise 3I Exponential and logarithmic
modelling
1 y = y
0
e
0.6t

a y
0
is the initial amount of -gluconolactone. So y
0
= 200
b y = 200 e
0.6t

c y = 200 e
0.6

= 109.76
110 grams of -gluconolactone will be present after 1 hour.
d 200 e
0.6t
= 50
e
0.6t
=
1
4

0.6t =
1
log
4
e

t =
1
log
4
0.6
e

t = 2.310
It will take 2 hours and 15 minutes to reduce the amount
of -gluconolactone to 50 grams.
2 y = y
0
e
0.18t

a y
0
is the initial value when t = 0, so y
0
= 10
b y = 10e
0.18t

c y = 10e
0.18 1

y = 8.353
Approximately 8 grams of radon-222 gas remains.
d 10e
0.18t
= 1
e
0.18t
=
1
10

0.18t = log (0.1)
e

t =
log (0.1)
0.18
e

t = 12.792
It will take approximately 13 days for the radon-222 gas
to decay to 1 gram.
Solution not valid as e
kx

cant be negative.
3 a y = A + B log
e
(x)
3 = A + B log
e
(1)(1)
4.386 = A + B log
e
(2)(2)
Solve eq (1) 3 = A + B 0
3 = A
Substitute A value into (2)
4.386 = 3 + B log
e
(2)
4.386 = 3 + B 0.6931
1.999 = B
2 B
b y = 3 + 2 log
e
(x)
c m = 3 + 2 log
e
(3)
= 5.197
d If y = 7.6, x = ?
7.6 = 3 + 2log
e
(x)

7.6 3
2
= log
e
(x)
2.3 = log
e
(x)
x = e
2.3

x = 9.974
Therefore x is approximately 10 days.
4 A = A
0
e
rt

a A
0
is the initial value = 1000
r is the rate =
5
100
or 0.05
b A = 1000e
0.05t

c i 1 year
A = 1000e
0.05 1

A = $1051.27
A $1051
ii 10 years
A = 1000e
0.05 10

A = $1648.72
A $1649
After 1 year the investment will be $1051 and after
10 years $1649.
d A = 2000
1000e
0.05t
= 2000
e
0.05t
= 2
0.05 t log
e
(e) = log
e
(2)
t =
log (2)
0.05
e

t = 13.863
t 14
It will take approximately 14 years for the investment to
double.
5 P = P
0
e
kt

a P
0
b P = 500e
kt

After 10 years the number of people is 675.
500e
10k
= 675
e
10k
= 1.35
10k = log
e
(1.35)
k =
log (1.35)
10
e

k = 0.03
c P = 500e
0.03t

d 1850 to 1900 = 50 years
P = 500e
0.03 50

P = 2240.8
P 2240
Approximately 2240 people will be present.
e 500e
0.03 t
= 2000
e
0.03t
= 4
0.03t = log
e
(4)
t =
log (4)
0.03
e

t = 46.20.
It will take approximately 46 years, so in 1896 the
population reaches 2000.
6 T T
s
= (T
0
T
s
)e
kt

T = 70C
t = 6 T
s
= 15.
a T
0
is the initial value = 90C
T
s
is the room air temperature = 15C
70 15 = (90 15)e
k 6

55 = 75e
6k

0.73
= e
6k

log (0.73)
e

= 6k

log(0.73)
6
= k
0.05 = k
b T 15 = (90 15)e
0.05t

T 15 = 75e
0.05t

T = 15 + 75e
0.05t

c T = 15 + 75e
0.05 10

T = 60.48
The soup will be approximately 60C.
d 40 = 15 + 75e
0.05 t

40 15
75
= e
0.05t

log (0.3)
e

= 0.05t

log (0.3)
0.05
e
= t
21.97 = t
It will take approximately 22 minutes to cool to 40C.
e T
s
= 2C, T
0
= 90, T = 40
40 2 = (90 2)e
0.05t

38 = 88e
0.05t

log
e
(0.4318) = 0.05t

log (0.4318)
0.05
e
= t
16.79 = t
It will take approximately 17 minutes to cool to 40C.
7 D = D
0
e
kt

a D
0
= 50 cm (initial value)
60 = 50e
2k

log
e
(1.2) = 2k

log (1.2)
2
e
= k
0.09 = k
b D = 50e
0.09t

c D = 50e
0.09 5

D = 78.416
The diameter of the tree will be approximately 78 cm
after 5 years.
d 100 = 50e
0.09t

log
e
(2) = 0.09t

log (2)
0.09
e
= t
7.702 = t
It will take approximately 8 years for the diameter of the
tree to double.
8 M = M
0
e
kt

a When t = 10, M = 98
98 = M
0
e
10k
(i)
When t = 20, M = 96
96 = M
0
e
20k
(ii)

(i) 98
(ii) 96
=
0
M
10
0
k
e
M
20k
e

1.02083 = e
10k

10k = log
e
(1.020 83)
k = 0.002 to 3 decimal places.
Substitute k into (i):
98 = M
0
e
0.020 619 287

M
0
= 100.04
To the nearest gram, M
0
= 100.
b k = 0.002 from above.
c M = 100e
0.002t

d M = 100e
0.002 50

M = 90.48
Mass is approximately 90 grams in 50 years.
e 100e
0.002t
= 50
0.002t =
1
log
2
e

t =
1
log
2
0.002
e

= 346.574
To halve will take approximately 347 years.
9 N = N
0
e
kt

a Take initial value to be N
0
, so double is 2N
0
in 3 hours.
2N
0
= N
0
e
3k

2 = e
3k

log
e
(2) = 3k

log (2)
3
e
= k
0.23 = k
b N = N
0
e
0.23t

c 2500 = N
0
e
0.23 4

2500
2.509 290 39
= N
0

996.3 = N
0

Initial value was approximately 1000.
d N = 1000e
0.23t

e N = 1000e
0.23 8

N = 6296.54
Approximately 6000 bacteria will be present after
8 hours.
10 I = I
0
e
kd

a Let the initial intensity be I
0
. Therefore when d = 5 the
new intensity is
1
2
I
0
.

1
2
I
0
= I
0
e
5k

1
log
2
e

= 5k

1
log
2
5
e

= k
0.1386 = k
b I = I
0
e
0.1386d

c If halved 50% at 5 metres
Let I
0
be initial intensity.
I = ? when d = 10
I = I
0
e
0.1386 10

I = 0.25 I
0

25% of light is available.
d Let I = 0.1I
0
. Find d.
0.1I
0
= I
0
e
0.1386d

0.1 = e
0.1386d

0.1386d = log
e
(0.1)
d =
log (0.1)
0.1386
e

= 16.613
A diver can go approximately 16.6 m before artificial
light is necessary.
Chapter review
Short answer
1
3 2 8
2 6
5 3 5
4 2 x y x y
=
3 2 8
6
5 3 5
4
4
x y
+

=
33
5
14
15
x
y

2
2
5
log
9

=
2 2
log (5) log (9)
= 2.321 3.17
= 0.849
3 3 2
x
7 = 17
3 2
x
= 24
2
x
= 8
2
x
= 2
3

x = 3
4
2
2
log (32)
log (8)
=
5
2
3
2
log (2 )
log (2 )

=
2
2
5log (2)
3log (2)

=
5
3

5 log
x
(2) =
1
3

1
3
x = 2

3
1
3
x

=
3
2
x = 8
6
2
4
x
e
= 128

2 x
e
= 32

2
log ( )
x
e
e
= log (32)
e

2 x = log
e
(32)
x = 2 log (32)
e

= 2 5log (2)
e

7 log
e
5 + log
e
x log
e
2 = log
e
10

5
log
2
e
x
= log
e
10

5
2
x
= 10
5x = 20
x = 4
8 y = 3e
2x
a
x = 3e
2y
a
x + a = 3e
2y

3
x a +
= e
2y

log
3
e
x a +

= 2y

1
log
2 3
e
x a +

= y
9 y = log
e
(1 x) + 3
Swap x and y
x = log
e
(1 y) + 3
x 3 = log
e
(1 y)
1 y = e
x 3
y = 1 e
x 3

10 log
e
(3x + 5) log
e
(2) = 2
log
e
3 5
2
x +

= 2
e
2
=
3 5
2
x +

2e
2
= 3x + 5
3x = 2e
2
5
x =
2
2 5
3
e

11 6e
3x
= k
e
3x
=
6
k

log
e
(e
3x
) = log
e
6
k

3x = log
e
6
k

x =
1
log
3 6
e
k

12 3e
ax + b
6k = 0
e
ax + b
2k = 0
e
ax + b
= 2k
log
e
(e
ax + b
) = log
e
(2k)
ax + b = log
e
(2k)
ax = log
e
(2k) b
x =
log (2 )
e
k b
a
, a R\{0}, k > 0, b R
13 4 log
2
(ax + b) = 12
log
2
(ax + b) = 3
2
3
= ax + b
8 = ax + b
ax = 8 b
x =
8
,
b
a
a 0
14 log
2
(x) = y + log
2
(z), x R
+
, z R
+
, y R
log
2
(x) = ylog
2
(2) + log
2
(z)
= log
2
(2
y
) + log
2
(z)
log
2
(x) = log
2
(z 2
y
)
x = z 2
y

Multiple choice
1 If a > 1, solution of x for the equation x = a
2
is a positive
number greater than 1
The answer is E.
2 2 log
3
(x) + 4 log
3
(

x) log
3
(

x
6
)
= log
3
2 1
6
x x
x

= log
3
6
6
x
x

= log
3
(x
0
)
= log
3
(1)
= 0
The answer is A.
3 3e
2x
= 4
e
2x
=
4
3

log
e
(e
2x
) = log
e
4
3

2x = log
e
4
3

x =
4
log
3
2
e

= 0.144
D.
4 log
3
(24)
=
10
10
log (24)
log (3)

=
1.380
0.477

= 2.893
The answer is B.
5 (2
x
1)(2
2x
4) = 0
2
x
= 1 or 2
2x
= 4
2
x
= 2
0
or 2
2x
= 2
2

x = 0 or 2x = 2
x = 0 or 1
The answer is A.
6 e
x
12e
x
+ 4 = 0
(e
x
)
2
12 + 4e
x
= 0
Let a = e
x

a
2
+ 4a 12 = 0
(a + 6)(a 2) = 0
Since a = e
x

e
x
= 6 or e
x
= 2
e
x
= 6 has no real solutions.
e
x
= 2 means x = log
e
(2)
The answer is D.
7 If log
e
(x) = a then e
a
= x
Then e
2a
+ 3e
a
2e
a
= x
2
+ 3x
2
x

The answer is B.
8 If log
e
(2x) = a
e
a
= 2x

2
a
e
= x
The answer is C.
9 If e
x + 4
= e
2x 1

x + 4 = 2x 1
5 = x
The answer is B.
10 2 log
e
(x) = log
e
(x + 4) + log
e
(2)
log
e
(x
2
) = log
e
(2x + 8)
x
2
= 2x + 8
x
2
2x 8 = 0
(x 4)(x + 2) = 0
x = 4 or 2
But the domain of the equation is x > 0.
So x = 4 is the only answer.
The answer is E.
11 If 2
a
=
2
x
y

2
a
=
x
y

2
a
y = x
y =
2
a
x

y =
2
2
a
x

The answer is B.

12 y = e
x
1
x = e
y
1
x + 1 = e
y

log
e
(x + 1) = y
The answer is D.
13 P = 50e
0.2h

P = 50e
0.2 1

P = 40.94
Air pressure is now approximately 41 cm so it has
decreased by approximately 9 cm.
The answer is B.
14 y = log
a
(7x b) + 3
y 3 = log
a
(7x b)
7x b = a
y 3

7x = a
y 3
+ b
x =
3
7
y
a b
+

C
15 2 log
e
(x) log
e
(x + 2) = 1 + log
e
(y)
log
e
(x
2
) log
e
(x + 2) 1 = log
e
(y)
log
e
2
2
x
x

+

log
e
(e) = log
e
(y)
log
e
2
( 2)
x
e x

+

= log
e
(y)
y =
2
( 2)
x
e x +

E
16
3
log ( 4)
3
x+
= y
y = x + 4
B
17 e
4x
5e
2x
+ 4 = 0

2 2 2
( ) 5 4
x x
e e + = 0
Let a = e
2x

a
2
5a + 4 = 0
(a 4)(a 1) = 0
a = 4 or a = 1
substitute back in for a = e
2x

e
2x
= 4 or e
2x
= 1
log
e
e
2x
= log
e
(4) e
2x
= e
0

2x = log
e
(4) 2x = 0
x =
1
log (4)
2
e
x = 0
x =
1
log (4)
2
e
, 0
= log
e
(2), 0
E
Extended response
1 x = log
3
e
a

= log
e
(a) log
e
(3)
= 0.6932 1.0986
= 0.41
2 a
4 5 6
4! 5! 6!
x x x
+ +
b e
1
= 1 +
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 2 6 24 120 720
+ + + + +
c e = 1 + 1 + 0.5 + 0.16 + 0.0416 + 0.0083 + 0.001 31
2.718 06
3 B = 6 2.5log
10
(A)
= 6 2.5log
10
(3.16)
= 6 2.5 0.500
= 4.75
4 M = log
10
a
T

+ B
a = 10, T = 1, B = 6.8
M = log
10
10
1

+ 6.8
M = log
10
10 + 6.8
M = 1 + 6.8
M = 7.8
5 A = 5e
kt

a The initial amount is 5 g so when halved, A = 2.5 g.
b 2.5 = 5e
kt

1
2
= e
kt

c log
e
1
2

= log ( )
kt
e
e

kt =
1
log
2
e

t =
1
log
2
e
k

=
1
log (2 )
e
k

=
log (2)
e
k

=
log (2)
e
k

d k = 0.005
t =
log (2)
0.005
e

= 138.6
= 139 days.
6 N = N
0
e
kt

30 students in 1995
45 students in 1996
a N
0
45 = 30e
k 1

1.5 = e
k

log
e
1.5 = k
0.4055 = k
b N = 30e
0.4055t

c N = 30e
0.4055 5

N = 227.8
There will be 228 students (to the nearest whole number).
d 30e
0.4055t
= 1000
0.4055t =
1000
log
30
e

t =
1000
log
30
0.4055
e

= 8.648
It will take approximately 9 years.
e E = E
0
e
rt

1000 students in 1995
900 students in 1996
E
0
= 1000
900 = 1000e
r 1

log
e
0.9 = r
0.1054 = r
0.1054 = r
f E = 1000e
0.1054t

g E = 1000e
0.1054 5

E = 590.37
There will be 590 students enrolled after 5 years.
h 30e
0.4055t
= 1000e
0.1054t

e
0.4055t
=
0.1054
1000
30
t
e

0.4055
0.1054
t
t
e
e
=
1000
30

e
0.4055t + 0.1054t
=
100
3

e
0.5109t
=
100
3

0.5109t =
100
log
3
e

t =
100
log
3
0.5109
e

= 6.863
Approximately 7 years
i N = 30e
0.4055 6.863

= 485.09
Approximately 485 students.
7 e
kx
= 4 + ke
-kx

2
( )
kx
e = 4
kx
e k +

2
( ) 4
kx kx
e e k = 0
Let a = e
kx

a
2
4a k = 0
solve (a
2
4a k = 0, a)
Solving a
2
4a k = 0 for a gives:
a = 2 4 k + + or a = 2 4 k +
Substitute back in for a = e
kx

e
kx
= 2 4 k + + or e
kx
= 2 4 k + (not valid as e
kx

cant be negative)
log
e
(e
kx
) = log (2 4)
e
k + +
kx = log (2 4)
e
k + +
x =
log (2 4) e k
k
+ +

=
1
log (2 4)
e
k
k
+ +
MM1 2 - 4 72 E x p o n e n t i a l a n d l o g a r i t h mi c g r a p h s

Exercise 4A Graphs of
exponential functions with
any base
1 a f(x) = 2
x

If x = 0, then y = 2
0

y = 1 is the y-intercept.
Horizontal asymptote is the
x-axis.
No x-intercepts.

The domain is R and the range is
R
+
.
b f(x) = 10
x

If x = 0, then y = 10
0

x-axis.
No x-intercepts.

R
+
.
c f(x) = 2 10
x

An exponential curve with basic
shape f(x) = 10
x

If x = 0, y = 2 10
0

= 2 1
x-axis.
No x-intercepts.

R
+
.
d f(x) = 3 2
x
shape f(x) = 2
x
.
If x = 0, y = 3 2
0

= 3 1
x-axis.
No x-intercepts.

R
+
.
e f(x) = 0.3 2
x

shape f(x) = 2
x
.
If x = 0, then y = 0.3 2
0

= 0.3 1
y = 0.3 is the y-intercept.
x-axis.
No x-intercepts.

R
+
.
f f(x) = 0.5 10
x

shape f(x) = 10
x
.
If x = 0, then y = 0.5 10
0

= 0.5 1
x-axis.
No x-intercepts.

R
+
.
g f(x) = 2
3x

shape f(x) = 2
x

3 0

= 2
0

x-axis.
No x-intercepts.

R
+
.
h f(x) = 10
2x

shape f(x) = 10
x

If x = 0, then y = 10
2 0

= 10
0

x-axis.
No x-intercepts.

R
+
.
i f(x) = 5 3
2x

shape f(x) = 3
x
.
If x = 0, then y = 5 3
2 0

= 5 3
0

= 5 1
x-axis.
No x-intercepts.

R
+
.
Chapter 4 Exponential and logarithmic graphs
E x p o n e n t i a l a n d l o g a r i t h mi c g r a p h s MM1 2 - 4 73
j f(x) = 4 2
3x

shape f(x) = 2
x

If x = 0, then y = 4 2
3 0

= 4 2
0

= 4 1
x-axis.
No x-intercepts.

R
+
.
k f(x) = 2
2
10
x

shape f(x) = 10
x
.
0
2
10
= 2 10
0

= 2 1
x-axis.
No x-intercepts.

R
+
.
l f(x) = 2
3
2
x

shape f(x) = 2
x
.
0
3
2
= 2 2
0

= 2 1
x-axis.
No x-intercepts.

R
+
.
2 a f(x) = 2
x
+ 1
An exponential curve with the
same shape as f(x) = 2
x
.
Vertical translation of 1 unit up.
Horizontal asymptote is y = 1
0
+ 1
= 1 + 1
No x-intercepts.

(1, ).
b f(x) = 3
x
+ 2
same shape as f(x) = 3
x

Vertical translation of 2 units up.
Horizontal asymptote is y = 2.
0
+ 2
= 1 + 2
y = 3
No x-intercepts.

(2, ).
c f(x) = 3
x
3
same shape as y = 3
x
.
Vertical translation is 3 units
down.
0
3
= 1 3
If y = 0, then 3
x
3 = 0
3
x
= 3
1

x = 1 is the x-intercept.

Domain is R and range is (3, ).
d f(x) = 2
x
4
same shape as y = 2
x
.
Vertical translation is 4 units
down.
0
4
= 1 4
If y = 0, then 2
x
4 = 0
2
x
= 4
2
x
= 2
2

x = 2 is the x-intercept

The domain is R and range is (4, )
e f(x) = 2
x + 2

same basic shape as f(x) = 2
x
.
Horizontal translation of 2 units
to the left.
Horizontal asymptote is the x-axis
or y = 0.
0 + 2

= 2
2

No x-intercepts.

R
+
.
f f(x) = 10
x + 1

x
.
Horizontal translation is 1 unit
left.
No x-intercepts.
If x = 0, then y = 10
0 + 1

= 10
1


R
+
.

g f(x) = 3
x 4

x
.
Horizontal translation is 4 units to
the right.
0 4

= 3
4

y =
1
81
is the y-intercept.
No x-intercepts.

R
+
.
h f(x) = 2
x 3

same basic shape of f(x) = 2
x
.
Horizontal translation is 3 units to
the right.
No x-intercepts.
If x = 0, y = 2
0 3

= 2
3

y =
1
8
is the y-intercept.

R
+
.
i f(x) = 2
x + 1
8
x
.
Horizontal translation of 1 unit left.
Vertical translation of 8 units down.
0 + 1
8
= 2
1
8
= 2 8.
If y = 0, then 2
x + 1
8 = 0
2
x + 1
= 8
2
x + 1
= 2
3

x + 1 = 3

(8, )
j f(x) = 10
x 2
+ 1
x

right.
No x-intercepts.
If x = 0, then y = 10
0 2
+ 1
= 10
2
+ 1
=
1
100
+ 1

(1, ).
3 a f(x) = 2
x

shape f(x) = 2
x
.
Reflection in the x-axis.
If x = 0, y = 2
0

No x-intercepts.

R
.
b f(x) = 10
x

An exponential curve with same
basic shape as f(x) = 10
x
.
No x-intercepts.
If x = 0, then y = 10
0

y = 1 is the y-intercept

R
.
c f(x) = 10
x

shape f(x) = 10
x
.
No x-intercepts.
If x = 0, y = 10
0


R
+
.
d f(x) = 2
x

shape f(x) = 2
x
.
No x-intercepts.
If x = 0, y = 2
0


R
+
.
e f(x) = 1 3
x

shape f(x) = 3
x
.
Vertical translation is 1 unit up.
If x = 0, y = 1 3
0

= 1 1
Therefore x = 0 is the x-intercept.

(, 1).
f f(x) = 10 10
x

shape f(x) = 10
x

Vertical translation is 10 units up.
If x = 0, y = 10 10
0

= 10 1
If y = 0, 10 10
x
= 0
10
x
= 10
1


(, 10).
g f(x) = 2 + 10
x

shape f(x) = 10
x
.
No x-intercepts.
If x = 0, y = 2 + 10
0

= 2 + 1

(2, )
h f(x) = 1 + 2
x

shape of f(x) = 2
x
.
No x-intercepts.
If x = 0, y = 1 + 2
0

= 1 + 1

The domain is R and range is
(1, )
i f(x) = 2 2
1 x

shape as f(x) = 2
x

Horizontal translation is 1 unit
right.
If x = 0, y = 2 2
1 0

= 2 2
1

Therefore the x-intercept is x = 0.

(, 2).
j f(x) = 1 3
2 x

shape f(x) = 3
x
.
Horizontal translation is 2 units
right.
Reflection in the x-axis
If x = 0, y = 1 3
2 0

= 1 3
2

= 1 9
If y = 0, 1 3
2 x
= 0
3
2 x
= 1
3
2 x
= 3
0

2 x = 0

(, 1).
4 f(x) = 2 3
1 x

Exponential curve with basic shape
f(x) = 3
x
.
Dilation of 2 units parallel to the
y-axis.
Horizontal translation of 1 unit right.
Horizontal asymptote is the x-axis.
x = 0, f(x) = 2 3
1 0

= 6
The y-intercept is 6.
No x-intercepts.

Domain is R and range is R
+
.

5 f(x) = 3 2
x 1

f(x) = 2
x
.
Dilation of 3 units parallel to y-axis.
No x-intercepts.
x = 0, f(x) = 3 2
1

=
3
2

The y-intercept is
3
2
.


6 f(x) = 5 4 3
1 x

f(x) = 3
x
.
Dilation of 4 units parallel to y-axis.
x = 0, f (x) = 5 4 3
1

= 5 12
= 7
y = 0, 5 4 3
1 x
= 0
4 3
1 x
= 5
3
1 x
= 1.25
ln(3
1 x
) = ln(1.25)
(1 x)ln(3) = ln(1.25)

1 x =
ln(1.25)
ln(3)

1 x = 0.2
x = 0.8
The x-intercept is 0.8.

The domain is R and range is (, 5)
7 a y = 2
3x

Dilation by factor
1
3
from the
y-axis
b y = 2
4x

Dilation by factor
1
4
from y-axis
c y = 2 2
x

Dilation by factor 2 from x-axis
d y = 3 2
x

Dilation by factor 3 from x-axis
e y = 2
x

Reflection in x-axis
f y = 2
x

Reflection in y-axis
g y = 2
x
+ 1
Translation of 1 unit up
h y = 2
x
3
Translation of 3 units down
i y = 2
x 1

Translation of 1 unit right
j y = 2
x + 5

Translation 5 units left
8 a f(x) = 10
x
+ 4
b f(x) = 10
x
2
Vertical translation of 2 units
down.
c f(x) = 10
x + 2

left.
d f(x) = 10x 3
right.
e f(x) = 10
x
3
down.
f f(x) = 2 + 10
x

g f(x) = 10
x 1

Horizontal translation of 1 unit
right.
h f(x) = 10
2 + x

left.
i f(x) = 5 + 10
x + 1

Horizontal translation of 1 unit
left.
j f (x) = 10
x 4
+ 2
right.
k f(x) = 10
x 3
4
down.
right.
l f(x) = 10
x + 2
3
down.
left.
9 a Domain is R and range is R
+
.
b Domain is R and range is (1, ).
c Domain is R and range is (3, ).
d Domain is R and range is (, 1).
e Domain is R and range is (2, ).
f Domain is R and range is (, 1).
10 f(x) = 1 2
x

11 f(x) = 1 3 2
x + 1

12 f(x) = 10
2x 1
+ 3
The answer is E.
13 f(x) = 10
x
+ 1
x = 0, f(x) = 10
0
+ 1
= 1 + 1
= 2
y-intercept is 2
The answer is B.
14 f(x) = 2
x 1
4
Translated 3 units down and 2 units
left becomes:
f(x) = 2
x + 1
7
The answer is C.
15 a P = 50 2
t

t = 0, P = 50 2
0

= 50 1
= 50
When t = 0 there are 50 bacteria.
b t = 3, P = 50 2
3

= 50 8
= 400
When t = 3 there are 400 bacteria.
c

Exercise 4B Logarithmic
graphs to any base
1 a f(x) = log
2
(x)
Vertical asymptote is the y-axis.
b f(x) = log
10
(x)
c f(x) = 2log
10
(x)
d f(x) = 5log
2
(x)
e f(x) = log
2
(3x)
f f(x) = log
10
(4x)
g f(x) = 3log
10
(2x)
h f(x) = 2log
2
(3x)
2 a f(x) = log
2
(x)
y = 0, log
2
(x) = 0
x = 1
The x-intercept is 1.
No y-intercepts.
The vertical asymptote is the
y-axis.

Domain is R
+
and range is R.
b f(x) = log
10
(x)
y = 0, log
10
(x) = 0
x = 1
No y-intercepts
y-axis.

Domain is R
+
and range is R.
c f(x) = 2 log
10
(x)
y = 0, 2 log
10
(x) = 0
log
10
(x) = 0
x = 1
No y-intercepts.
y-axis.

Domain is R
+
and range is R.
d f(x) = 5 log
2
(x)
y = 0, 5 log
2
(x) = 0
log
2
(x) = 0
x = 1
No y-intercept.
y-axis.

Domain is R
+
and range is R.
e f(x) = log
2
(3x)
y = 0, log
2
(3x) = 0
3x = 1
x =
1
3

The x-intercept is
1
3
.
No y-intercept.
y-axis.

Domain is R
+
and range is R.
f f(x) = log
10
(4x)
y = 0, log
10
(4x) = 0
4x = 1
x =
1
4

The x-intercept is
1
4
.
No y-intercept.
y-axis.

Domain is R
+
and range is R.
g f(x) = 3 log
10
(2x)
y = 0, 3 log
10
(2x) = 0
log
10
(2x) = 0
2x = 1
x =
1
2

The x-intercept is
1
2
.
No y-intercept.
y-axis.

Domain is R
+
and range is R.
h f(x) = 2 log
2
(3x)
y = 0, 2 log
2
(3x) = 0
log
2
(3x) = 0
3x = 1
x =
1
3

The x-intercept is
1
3
.
No y-intercept.
y-axis.

Domain is R
+
and range is R.
3 a 2 units left.
b 1 unit left.
c 3 units right.
d 4 units right.
e 5 units right and 1 unit up.
f 3 units right and 2 units up.
g 1 unit left and 2 units up.
h 1 unit left and 3 units up.
i 3 units left and 2 units down.
j 1 unit left and 2 units down.
4 a f(x) = log
2
(x + 2)
Vertical asymptote is x = 2.
y = 0, log
2
(x + 2) = 0
x + 2 = 1
x = 1
x = 0, f(x) = log
2
(2)
= 1

Domain is (2, ) and range is R.
b f(x) = log
2
(x + 1)
Vertical asymptote is x = 1
y = 0, log
2
(x + 1) = 0
x + 1 = 1
x = 0
The x-intercept is 0
Therefore the y-intercept is 0.

c f(x) = log
2
(x 3)
y = 0, log
2
(x 3) = 0
x 3 = 1
x = 4
No y-intercept.

d f(x) = log
2
(x 4)
y = 0, log
2
(x 4) = 0
x 4 = 1
x = 5
No y-intercept.


e f(x) = 1 + log
2
(x 5)
y = 0, 1 + log
2
(x 5) = 0
log
2
(x 5) = 1
x 5 = 2
1

x 5 =
1
2

x = 5
1
2

1
2
.
No y-intercept.

f f(x) = log
2
(x 3) + 2
y = 0, log
2
(x 3) + 2 = 0
log
2
(x 3) = 2
x 3 = 2
2

x 3 =
1
4

x = 3
1
4

1
4
.
No y-intercept.

g f(x) = 2 + log
2
(x + 1)
y = 0, 2 + log
2
(x + 1) = 0
log
2
(x + 1) = 2
x + 1 = 2
2

=
1
4

x =
3
4

The x-intercept is
3
4
.
x = 0, y = 2 + log
2
(1)
= 2 + 0
= 2

h f(x) = 3 + log
2
(x + 1)
y = 0, 3 + log
2
(x + 1) = 0
log
2
(x + 1) = 3
x + 1 = 2
3

=
1
8

x =
7
8

The x-intercept is
7
8

x = 0, y = 3 + log
2
(1)
= 3 + 0
= 3

i f(x) = log
2
(x + 3) 2
y = 0, log
2
(x + 3) 2 = 0
log
2
(x + 3) = 2
x + 3 = 4
x = 1
x = 0, y = log
2
(3) 2
1.6 2
y 0.4
The y-intercept is approximately
0.4.

j f(x) = log
2
(x + 1) 2
y = 0, log
2
(x + 1) 2 = 0
log
2
(x + 1) = 2
x + 1 = 4
x = 3
x = 0, y = log
2
(1) 2
= 0 2
= 2

5 a f(x) = log
10
(x)
Same basic shape as y = log
10
(x)
Reflection in x-axis.
y = 0, log
10
(x) = 0
x = 1
No y-intercept.

Domain is R
+
, range is R
b f(x) = 2 log
10
(x)
Same basic shape as
f(x) = log
10
(x)
Reflection in x-axis
y = 0, 2 log
10
(x) = 0
x = 1
The x-intercept is x = 1.
No y-intercepts.

Domain is R
+
and range is R.
c f(x) = log
10
(x)
Same basic shape as
f(x) = log
10
(x)
Reflection in y-axis.
y = 0, log
10
(x) = 0
x = 1
x = 1
No y-intercept.

Domain is R

and range is R.
d f(x) = 3 log
10
(x)
Same basic shape as
f(x) = log
10
(x).
y = 0, 3 log
10
(x) = 0
x = 1
x = 1
No y-intercept.

Domain is R

and range is R.
e f(x) = 1 log
10
(x)
Same basic shape as
f(x) = log
10
(x)
Vertical Translation of 1 unit up.
y = 0, 1 log
10
(x) = 0
log
10
(x) = 1
x = 10
No y-intercept.

Domain is R
+
and range is R.
f f(x) = 1 + log
10
(x)
Same basic shape as
f(x) = log
10
(x)
No y-intercept.
y = 0, 1 + log
10
(x) = 0
log
10
(x) = 1
x = 10
1

x =
1
10

The x-intercept is
1
10
.

Domain is R
+
and range is R.
g f(x) = 2 + log
10
(x)
Same basic shape as
f(x) = log
10
(x)
y = 0, 2 + log
10
(x)= 0
log
10
(x) = 2
x = 10
2

x = 10
2

=
1
100

The x-intercept is
1
.
100

No y-intercept.

The domain is R

and range is R.
h f(x) = 2 log
10
(x)
Same basic shape as
f(x) = log
10
(x)
Vertical translation 2 units up.
y = 0, 2 log
10
(x) = 0
log
10
(x) = 2
x = 10
2

x = 100
The y-axis is the vertical
asymptote.
No y-intercept.

Domain is R

and range is R.
6 f(x) = log
2
(2x 1)
Same basic shape as y = log
2
(x).
2x 1 = 0
x =
1
2
is the vertical asymptote.
2x 1 = 1
The y-intercept is y = log
2
(1) which
is undefined.
No y-intercept.

Domain is (
1
2
, ) and range is R.
Dilation by factor
1
2
from the
y-axis
Horizontal translation of
1
2
unit
right.
7 a f(x) = 2 log
2
(x) + 3
Logarithmic graph, f(x) = log
2
(x)
x = 0 is the vertical asymptote.
y = 0, 2 log
2
(x) + 3 = 0
log
2
(x) =
3
2

x =
3
2
2
is the x-intercept. This is

approximately 0.4.
No y-intercept.

Domain is R
+
and range is R.
b f(x) = 3 log
10
(x) + 1
10
(x)
y = 0, 3 log
10
(x) + 1 = 0
3 log
10
(x) = 1
log
10
(x) =
1
3

x =
1
3
10

(approximately 0.5)
The x-intercept is
1
3
10 .

No y-intercept.

Domain is R
+
and range is R.
c f(x) = log
10
(1 x)
10
(x)
1 x = 0
y = 0, log
10
(1 x) = 0
1 x = 1
The y-intercept is y = 0.

Domain is (, 1) and range is R.
d f(x) = log
10
(3 x)
Logarithmic graph,
f(x) = log
10
(x).
3 x = 0
y = 0, log
10
(3 x) = 0
3 x = 1
x = 0, y = log
10
(3) is the
y-intercept.

e f(x) = 1 2 log
2
(x)
2
(x)
y = 0, 1 2 log
2
(x) = 0
2 log
2
(x) = 1
log
2
(x) =
1
2

x =
1
2
2 = 2 is the x-intercept.
No y-intercept.

Domain is R
+
and range is R.
f f(x) = 2 5 log
10
(x)
10
(x)
y = 0, 2 5 log
10
(x) = 0
5 log
10
(x) = 2
log
10
(x) =
2
5

x =
2
5
10 is the x-intercept
(approximately 2.5).
No y-intercept.

Domain is R
+
and range is R.
g f(x) = 3 log
10
(x + 1) 2
10
(x)
x + 1 = 0
y = 0,
3 log
10
(x + 1) 2 = 0
log
10
(x + 1) =
2
3

x + 1 =
2
3
10
x =
2
3
10 1
x-intercept 3.6
x = 0, y = 3 log
10
(1) 2
y-intercept = 2.

h f(x) = 4 log
2
(x 2) 1
2
(x).
x 2 = 0
y = 0, 4
log
2
(x 2) 1 = 0
log
2
(x 2) =
1
4

x 2 =
1
4
2
x = 2 +
1
4
2
x-intercept 3.2
x = 0, y = 4 log
2
(2) 1
No y-intercept.

i f(x) = 1 + 2 log
2
(3x)
2
(x)
3x = 0
y = 0, 1 + 2 log
2
(3x) = 0
log
2
(3x) =
1
2

3x =
1
2
2
x =
1
3 2

x-intercept 0.24
No y-intercept as y-axis is the
vertical asymptote.

Domain is R
+
and range is R.
j f(x) = 3 4 log
10
(2x)
Logarithmic graph, y = log
10
(x)
2x = 0
y = 0, 3 4 log
10
(2x) = 0
log
10
(2x) =
3
4

2x =
3
4
10
x =
1
2

3
4
10
x-intercept 2.8
No y-intercept.

Domain is R
+
and range is R.
8 a a = 2
Dilation by factor of 2 from the
x-axis
Translation 3 units up.
b a = 10
x-axis
Translation of 1 unit up.
c a = 10
Translation of 1 unit right.
d a = 10
Translation of 3 units right.
e a = 2
Dilation by factor of 2 parallel to
y-axis.
f a = 10
x-axis
Translation of 2 units up.
g a = 10
x-axis
Translation of 1 unit left and 2
units down.
h a = 2
x-axis
Translation of 2 units right and
1 unit down.
i a = 2
x-axis
Dilation by factor of
1
3
from the
x-axis
j a = 10
x-axis by factor of
1
2
from the
y-axis
9 f(x) = 3 log
2
(2 x) + 1
2
(x).
y-axis.
1 unit up.
2 x = 0
y = 0,
3 log
2
(2 x) + 1 = 0
log
2
(2 x) =
1
3

2 x =
1
3
2

x = 2
1
3
2

x-intercept 1.2
x = 0, y = 3 log
2
(2) + 1
= 3 + 1

10 f(x) = 3 log
10
(x + 1) 2
10
(x)
y-axis.
Translation of 1 unit left and 2 units
down.
x + 1 = 0
y = 0, 3 log
10
(x + 1) 2 = 0
log
10
(x + 1) =
2
3

x + 1 =
2
3
10
x = 1 +
2
3
10
x-intercept 3.6
x = 0, y = 3 log
10
(1) 2
y-intercept = 2.
x = 10, y = 3 log
10
(11) 2
= 1.1

Domain is [0, 10] and range is
approximately [2, 1.1]
11 f(x) = log
2
(x + 2)
Translated 2 units up and 3 units left
becomes:
f(x) = log
2
(x + 5) + 2
The answer is B.
Exercise 4C Graphs of
exponential functions with
base e
1 a f(x) = e
3x

Dilation is by a factor of
1
3
from
the y-axis
b f(x) = e
2x

1
2
from
the y-axis
c f(x) =
2
4
x
e
Dilation is by a factor 4 from the
x-axis
y-axis
d f(x) =
3
2
x
e
x-axis
y-axis
e f(x) = 1 + e
x 2

1 unit up.
f f(x) = 2 + e
x + 5

Translation of 5 units left and
2 units up.
g f(x) = 3 e
2x

1
2
from
the y-axis
h f(x) = 1 e
3x

1
3
from
the y-axis
i f(x) = 3e
2 + x
1
Dilation by a factor of 3 from the
x-axis
1 unit down.
2 a f(x) = e
x 1

x-axis.
x = 0, y = e
0 1

= e
1

=
1
e

0.368

+
.
b f(x) = e
x 3

x-axis.
x = 0, y = e
0 3

= e
3

=
3
1
e

0.050

+
.

c f(x) = 2e
x

x-axis
Horizontal asymptote is x-axis.
x = 0, y = 2e
0

= 2 1
= 2

+
.
d f(x) = 3e
x

Dilation is by a factor of 3 from
the x-axis.
Horizontal asymptote is the x-axis.
x = 0, y = 3e
0

= 3 1
= 3

+
.
e f(x) = 1 + e
x

x = 0, y = 1 + e
0

= 1 + 1
= 2

f f(x) = e
x
2
Translation of 2 units down.
x = 0, y = e
0
2
= 1 2
= 1

g f(x) = e
2 x

x = 0, y = e
2 0

= e
2

7.389

+
.

h f(x) = e
1 x

x = 0, y = e
1 0

= e
2.718

+
.
i f(x) = 3 e
x

x = 0, y = 3 e
0

= 3 1
= 2
y = 0, 0 = 3 e
x

x = ln 3

Domain is R and range is (, 3).
3 a f(x) = e
3x

1
3
from
the y-axis. Horizontal asymptote
is the x-axis.
x = 0, y = e
3 0

= e
0

= 1

+
.
b f(x) = e
2x

1
2
from
the y-axis. Horizontal asymptote
is the x-axis.
x = 0, y = e
2 0

= e
0

= 1

+
.
c f(x) = 4e
x

the x-axis. Horizontal asymptote
is the axis.
x = 0, y = 4e
0

= 4 1
= 4

+
.

d f(x) = 2e
x

Dilation by a factor 2 from the
x-axis. Horizontal asymptote is
the x-axis.
x = 0, y = 2 e
0

= 2 1
= 2

+
.
e f(x) =
4
1
2
x
e
1
2
from
the x-axis and by a factor of
1
4

from the y-axis.
x = 0, y =
1
2
e
4 0

=
1
2
e
0

=
1
2
1
=
1
2

x-axis.

+
.

f f(x) =
2
1
4
x
e
1
4
from
1
2

from the y-axis.
x-axis.
x = 0, y =
1
4
e
2 0

=
1
4
e
0

=
1
4
1
=
1
4

+
.
g f(x) = 2e
3x

1
3

from the y-axis.
x-axis.
x = 0, y = 2e
3 0

= 2e
0

= 2 1
= 2

+
.
h f(x) = 3e
4x

1
4

from the y-axis.
x-axis.
x = 0, y = 3 e
4 0

= 3 e
0

= 3 1
y = 3

+
.
4 a f(x) = e
x + 3

f(x) = e
x
is translated 3 units left.
x-axis.
x = 0, y= e
0 + 3

= e
3

+
.
b f(x) = e
x 3

f(x) = e
x
is translated 3 units right.
x-axis.
x = 0, y = e
0 3

= e
3

+
.
c f(x) = e
x
+ 1
f(x) = e
x
is translated 1 unit up.
x = 0, y = e
0
+ 1
= 1 + 1
= 2

d f(x) = e
x
+ 2
f(x) = e
x
is translated 2 units up.
x = 0, y = e
0
+ 2
= 1 + 2
= 3

e f(x) = e
x + 1
+ 2
f(x) = e
x
is translated 1 unit left
and 2 units up.
x = 0, y = e
0 + 1
+ 2
= e
1
+ 2

Domain is R and range is (2, )
f f(x) = e
x + 2
+ 1
f(x) = e
x
is translated 2 units left
and 1 units up.

x = 0, y = e
0 + 2
+ 1
= e
2
+ 1

g f(x) = e
x 1
+ 3
f(x) = e
x
is translated 1 unit right
and 3 units up.
x = 0, y = e
0 1
+ 3
= e
1
+ 3

h f(x) = e
x

2
+ 5
f(x) = e
x
is translated 2 units right
and 5 units up.
x = 0, y = e
0 2
+ 5
= e
2
+ 5

i f(x) = e
x + 2
1
f(x) = e
x
is translated 2 units left
and 1 unit down.
x = 0, y = e
2
1
y = 0, e
x + 2
1 = 0
e
x + 2
= 1
e
x + 2
= e
0

x + 2 = 0
x = 2

5 a f(x) = e
x

f(x) = e
x
is reflected in the y-axis.
x-axis.
x = 0, y = e
0

= 1
No x-intercept.

+
.
b f(x) = e
x

f(x) = e
x
is reflected in the x-axis.
x-axis.
x = 0, y = e
0

= 1
No x-intercept.

.

c f(x) = 1 e
x

f(x) = e
x
is reflected in the x-axis
and translated 1 unit up.
x = 0, y = 1 e
0

= 1 1
= 0

d f(x) = 2 + e
x

f(x) = e
x
is reflected in the y-axis
and translated 2 units up.
x = 0, y = 2 + e
0

= 2 + 1
= 3
No x-intercept.

e f(x) = 1 + e
x

f(x) = e
x
is reflected in the y-axis
and translated 1 unit up.
x = 0, y = 1 + e
0

= 1 + 1
= 2
No x-intercept.

f f(x) = 1 + e
x

f(x) = e
x
is translated 1 unit up.
x = 0, y = 1 + e
0

= 1 + 1
= 2
No x-intercept.

g f(x) = 3 e
x

f(x) = e
x
is reflected in the y-axis,
reflected in the x-axis and
x = 0, y = 3 e
0

= 3 1
= 2
y = 0, 3 e
x
= 0
e
x
= 3
x = log
e
(3)
x = log
e
(3)

h f(x) = 5 e
x

f(x) = e
x
reflected in the x-axis and
x = 0, y = 5 e
0

= 5 1
= 4
y = 0, 5 e
x
= 0
e
x
= 5
x = log
e
(5)
x = log
e
(5)
1.6

i f(x) = 2e
x

f(x) = e
x
reflected in the x-axis and dilated
by a factor of 2 from the x-axis
x-axis
x = 0, y = 2e
0

= 2 1
= 2
No x-intercept.

.
6 f(x) = e
2x 3
1
=
3
2
2
x
e
| |
|
\ .

1
f(x) = e
x
is translated
3
2
units right
and 1 unit down and dilated by a
factor of
1
2
parallel to the x-axis.
x = 0, y = e
0 3
1
= e
3
1
0.95
y = 0, e
2x 3
1 = 0
e
2x 3
= 1
2x 3 = log
e
(1)
2x 3 = 0
2x = 3
x =
3
2

7 f:[0, )R, f(x) = e
x 2
1
f(x) = e
x
is translated 2 units right
and 1 unit down.
x = 0, y = e
0 2
1
= e
2
1
0.86
y = 0, e
x 2
1 = 0
e
x 2
= 1
x 2 = log
e
(1)
= 0
x = 2

Domain is [0, ) and range is
[0.86, ).
8 a f(x) = e
x
+ 1
x = 0, y = e
0
+ 1
= 1 + 1
= 2
No x-intercept.

b f(x) = e
x
2
x = 0, y = e
0
2
= 1 2
= 1
y = 0, e
x
2 = 0
e
x
= 2
x = log
e
(2)
0.69

c f(x) = 2e
x

x-axis.
x = 0, y = 2e
0

= 2 1
= 2
No x-intercept.

d y =
1
2
e
x

x = 0, y =
1
2
e
0

=
1
2
1
=
1
2

No x-intercept.

e y = 1 e
x

Reflection in the x-axis
x = 0, y = 1 e
0

= 1 1
= 0


f y = 2 e
x

x = 0, y = 2 e
0

= 2 1
= 1
y = 0, 2 e
x
= 0
e
x
= 2
x = log
e
(2)
0.69

g y = e
x + 1

x = 0, y = e
0 + 1

= e
1

= 2.72
No x-intercept.

h y = e
x 2

x = 0, y = e
0 2

= e
2

0.14
No x-intercept.

i y = e
x

Reflected in the y-axis.
x = 0, y = e
0

= 1
No x-intercept.

j y = 1 + e
x

Reflected in the y-axis.
x = 0, y = 1 + e
0

= 1 + 1
= 2
No x-intercept.

9 y = e
2x
+ 3
If horizontal asymptote becomes
y = 1 then there has been a
translation of 4 units down.
The answer is D.
10 Horizontal asymptote of y = 2
Either answer B or E.
x = 0, B: y= e
0
+ 2
= 3
E: y = 2e
0
+ 2
= 2 + 2
= 4
The answer is E.
11 a y = 2e
x b
+ B
If horizontal asymptote is
y = 1 then B = 1.
y = 2e
x b
+ 1
(3, 3): 3 = 2e
3 b
+ 1
2e
3 b
= 2
e
3 b
= 1
= e
0

3 b = 0
b = 3
y = 2e
x 3
+ 1
b Translated down 1 unit, 3 units
left and dilated by a factor of
1
2

parallel to the y-axis implies:
y =
1
2
2e
(x 3 + 3)
+ 1 1
= e
x

Exercise 4D Logarithmic
graphs to base e
1 a f(x) = 5 log
e
(2x)
the x-axis and a factor
1
2
from
the y-axis
b f(x) = 2 log
e
(4x)
the x-axis and a factor
1
4
from
the y-axis
c f(x) = log
e
(x + 1) 3
Translation of 1 unit left and 3
units down.
d f(x) = log
e
(x 2) + 1
1 unit up.
e f(x) = log
e
(x)
Reflection in both the y-axis and
the x-axis.
f f(x) = log
e
(2x)
Reflection in the x-axis and
dilation by a factor of
1
2
from the
y-axis
g f(x) = 1 log
e
(x 2)
1 unit up and reflection in the
x-axis.
h f(x) = 2 log
e
(x + 3)
Translation of 3 units left and 2
units up and reflection in the
x-axis.
i f(x) = 3 log
e
(x + 4) 1
1 unit down and dilation by a
factor of 3 from the x-axis
j f(x) = 1 log
e
(x 4)
1 unit up and reflection in the
x-axis.
k f(x) = 2 log
e
(1 x) + 3
Translation of 1 unit right and
3 units up and dilation by a factor
of 2 from the x-axis and reflection
in the y-axis.
l f(x) = 3 log
e
(2 x) 1
1 unit down and dilation by a
factor of 3 from the x-axis and
reflection in the y-axis.
2 a f(x) = log
e
(2x)
y = 0, log
e
(2x) = 0
2x = e
0

2x = 1
x =
1
2

Domain is R
+
and range is R.
b f(x) = log
e
(3x)
y = 0, log
e
(3x) = 0
3x = e
0

= 1
x =
1
3


Domain is R
+
and range is R.
c f(x) = 3 log
e
(x)
y = 0, 3 log
e
(x) = 0
log
e
(x) = 0
x = e
0

= 1

Domain is R
+
and range is R.
d f(x) = 2 log
e
(x)
y = 0, 2 log
e
(x) = 0
log
e
(x) = 0
x = e
0

= 1

Domain is R
+
and range is R.
e f(x) = 2 log
e
3
x | |
|
\ .

y = 0, 2 log
e
3
x | |
|
\ .
= 0
log
e
3
x | |
|
\ .
= 0

3
x
= e
0

= 1
x = 3

Domain is R
+
and range is R.
f f(x) = 3 log
e
(2x)
y = 0, 3 log
e
(2x) = 0
log
e
(2x) = 0
2x = e
0

= 1
x =
1
2

Domain is R
+
and range is R.
3 a f(x) = 1 + log
e
(x)
y = 0, 1 + log
e
(x) = 0
log
e
(x) = 1
x = e
1

b f(x) = 2 + log
e
(x)
y = 0, 2 + log
e
(x) = 0
log
e
(x) = 2
x = e
2

c f(x) = log
e
(x 1)
x 1 = 0
y = 0, log
e
(x 1) = 0
x 1 = e
0

= 1
x = 2

d f(x) = log
e
(x 2)
x 2 = 0
y = 0, log
e
(x 2) = 0
x 2 = e
0

= 1
x = 3

e f(x) = log
e
(x + 2)
x + 2 = 0
x = 0, y = log
e
(2)
y = 0, log
e
(x + 2) = 0
x + 2 = e
0

= 1
x = 1

f f(x) = log
e
(x + 3)
x + 3 = 0
x = 0, y = log
e
(3)
y = 0, log
e
(x + 3) = 0
x + 3 = e
0

= 1
x = 2

g f(x) = log
e
(x 3) + 2
x 3 = 0
y = 0, log
e
(x 3) + 2 = 0
log
e
(x 3) = 2
x 3 = e
2

x = 3 + e
2

3.1

h f(x) = log
e
(x 1) + 1
x 1 = 0
y = 0, log
e
(x 1) + 1 = 0
log
e
(x 1) = 1
x 1 = e
1

x = 1 + e
1

1.4

i f(x) = log
e
(x + 3) 2
x + 3 = 0
x = 0, y = log
e
(3) 2
0.9
y = 0, log
e
(x + 3) 2 = 0
log
e
(x + 3) = 2
x + 3 = e
2

x = e
2
3
4.4

j f(x) = log
e
(x + 1) 2
x + 1 = 0
x = 0, y = log
e
(1) 2
= 2
y = 0, log
e
(x + 1) 2 = 0
log
e
(x + 1) = 2
x + 1 = e
2

x = e
2
1
6.4

4 a f(x) = log
e
(x)
y = 0, log
e
(x) = 0
x = e
0

= 1
x = 1

Domain is R

and range is R
b f(x) = log
e
(x)
y = 0, log
e
(x) = 0
log
e
(x) = 0
x = e
0

= 1

Domain is R
+
and range is R.
c f(x) = 2 log
e
(x)
y = 0, 2 log
e
(x) = 0
log
e
(x) = 0
x = 1

Domain is R
+
and range is R
d f(x) = log
e
(2x)
y = 0, log
e
(2x) = 0
2x = 1
x =
1
2

Domain is R

and range is R.
e f(x) = 3 log
e
(2x)
y = 0, 3 log
e
(2x) = 0
2x = 1
x =
1
2

Domain is R

and range is R.
f f(x) = 2 log
e
(4x)
y = 0, 2 log
e
(4x) = 0
log
e
(4x) = 0
4x = 1
x =
1
4

Domain is R

and range is R.
g f(x) = log
e
(1 x)
1 x = 0
x = 0, y = log
e
(1)
= 0

h f(x) = log
e
(2 x)
2 x = 0
x = 0, y = log
e
(2) 0.69
y = 0, log
e
(2 x) = 0
2 x = 1
x = 1

i f(x) = log
e
(2 x)
2 x = 0
x = 0, y = log
e
(2) 0.69
y = 0, log
e
(2 x) = 0
2 x = 1
x = 1

Domain (, 2) and range is R.
j f(x) = log
e
(3 x)
3 x = 0
x = 0, y = log
e
(3) 1.1
y = 0, log
e
(3 x) = 0
3 x = 1
x = 2

5 f(x) = ln (x)
a f(x) = ln (x 1)
b f(x) = ln (x) 2
c f(x) = 5 ln (x)
d f(x) = ln
3
x | |
|
\ .

e f(x) = ln (x)
f f(x) = ln (x)
g f(x) = ln (x + 3)
h f(x) = ln
4
x | |
|
\ .
+ 1
i f(x) = 2 ln (x) 3
6 a f(x) = ln (x 1)
x 1 = 0 for vertical asymptote
y = 0, ln (x 1) = 0
x 1 = 1
x = 2

b f(x) = ln (x) 2
y = 0, ln (x) 2 = 0
ln (x) = 2
x = e
2
7.39

Domain is R
+
and range is R.
c f(x) = 5 ln (x)
x = 0 is the vertical asymptote
y = 0, 5 ln (x) = 0
ln (x) = 0
x = 1

Domain is R
+
and range is R.
d f(x) = ln
3
x | |
|
\ .

x = 0 is the vertical asymptote
y = 0, ln
3
x | |
|
\ .
= 0

3
x
= 1
x = 3

Domain is R
+
and range is R.
e f(x) = ln (x)
y = 0, ln (x) = 0
x = 1

Domain is R
+
and range is R.
f f(x) = ln (x)
y = 0, ln (x) = 0
x = 1
x = 1

Domain is R

and range is R.
g f(x) = ln (x + 3)
x + 3 = 0
x = 0, y = ln (3)
1.1
y = 0, ln (x + 3) = 0
x + 3 = 1
x = 2

h f(x) = ln
4
x | |
|
\ .
+ 1
y = 0, ln
4
x | |
|
\ .
+ 1 = 0
ln
4
x | |
|
\ .
= 1

4
x
= e
1

x = 4e
1
1.47

Domain is R
+
and range is R.
i f(x) = 2 ln (x) 3
y = 0, 2 ln (x) 3 = 0
2 ln (x) = 3
ln (x) =
3
2

x =
3
2
e
0.22

Domain is R
+
and range is R.
7 f(x) = 2 log
e
(3x + 6) 1
= 2 log
e
3(x + 2) 1
x-axis and
1
3
from the y-axis.
Translation of 2 units left and 1 unit
down.
3(x + 2) = 0
x = 0, y = 2 log
e
(6) 1
2.58
y = 0, 2 log
e
3(x + 2) 1 = 0
2 log
e
3(x + 2) = 1
log
e
3(x + 2) =
1
2

3(x + 2) =
1
2
e
x + 2 =
1
2
1
3
e
x =
1
2
1
3
e 2
1.45

8 f: (, 1]R, f(x) = 3 log
e
(2 x)
2 x = 0
x = 0, y = 3 log
e
(2) 2.08
y = 0, 3 log
e
(2 x) = 0
2 x = 1
x = 1

9 y = log
e
(x) is transformed to
y = 5 log
e
(2x) by dilations of factor
of 5 from the x-axis and by factor of
1
2
from the y-axis.
The answer is D.
10 y = 3 log
e
(x 2)
x 2 = 0
y = 0, 3 log
e
(x 2) = 0
x 2 = 1
x = 3
x-intercept is (3, 0)
The answer is B.
11 f: [0.5, 6]R, f(x) =
log ( )
e
a
x
is
undefined if x = 1 as log
e
(1) = 0.
The answer is C.
12 a g(x) = f(x 2)
= a b log
e
(x 2)
b Domain is x 2 > 0
x > 2
Range is R.
g: (2, )R,
g(x) = a b log
e
(x 2)
c h(x) = 4g(x)
h(x) = 4a 4b log
e
(x 2)
= 4a + 4b log
e
(x + 2)
Exercise 4E Finding
equations for graphs of
exponential and logarithmic
functions
1 f(x) = Ae
x
+ B
Substitute (0, 3) into f(x):
3 = Ae
0
+ B
3 = A + B 1
Substitute (1, 4) into f(x):
4 = Ae
1
+ B 2
2 1 1 = Ae A
= A(e 1)
A =
1
1 e
0.58
Substitute A = 0.58 into 1
3 = 0.58 + B
B = 2.42
f(x) = 0.58e
x
+ 2.42
2 y = e
x

+

b
+ B
Substitute (0, 2):
2 = e
b
+ B 1
Substitute (1, 6):
6 = e
1 + b
+ B 2
2 1 4 = e
1 + b
e
b

= e
b
(e 1)
e
b
=
4
1 e

b = log
e
4
1 e
| |
|
\ .
0.84
Substitute b = 0.84 into1
2 = e
0.84
+ B
B = 2 e
0.84

= 0.33
f(x) = e
x

+

0.84
0.33
b = 0.84, B = 0.33
3 y = Ae
kx

Substitute (1, 4):
4 = Ae
k
1
Substitute (2, 10):
10 = Ae
2k
2
2 1

10
4
= Ae
2k
Ae
k

2.5 = e
k

k = log
e
(2.5)
k = log
e
(2.5)
= 0.9163
Substitute k = 0.9163 into 1
4 = Ae
0.9163

A =
0.9163
4
e

= 1.60
A = 1.60 and k = 0.92.
4 y = A 2
x
+ B
Substitute (1, 3):
3 = A 2 + B 1
Substitute (3, 1):
1 = A 2
3
+ B 2
2 1
4 = A 2
3
A 2
=
1
2
8
A
| |
|
\ .

=
15
8
A
A = 4
8
15

A =
32
15

Substitute A =
32
15
into 1
3 = 2
32
15
+ B
=
64
15
+ B
B = 3
64
15

=
19
15

5 f(x) = a 2
x
+ b
Since asymptote is y = 1 then b = 1.
f(x) = a 2
x
+ 1
Substitute
3
0,
2
| |
|
\ .
:

3
2
= a 2
0
+ 1
= a + 1
a =
1
2

Therefore a =
1
2
and b = 1.
f(x) =
1
2
2
x
+ 1
6 y = e
x + b
+ B
y = e
x + b
+ 1
y-intercept is 2
2 = e
b
+ 1
e
b
= 1 + 2
= 3
b = log
e
(3) 1.1
y = e
x + 1.1
+ 1
The answer is E.
7 y = e
x + b
+ B
B = 3 since horizontal asymptote is
y = 3
y = e
x + b
+ 3
(2, 4): 4 = e
2 + b
+ 3
1 = e
2 + b

e
0
= e
2 + b

0 = 2 + b
b = 2
So B = 3 and b = 2
8 y = Ae
x
+ B
B = 1 since horizontal asymptote is
y = 1
y = Ae
x
1
(0, 3): 3 = Ae
0
1
= A 1
A = 4
So A = 4 and B = 1
9 y = A log
e
(x + b) + B
b = 2 since vertical asymptote is
x = 2
y = A log
e
(x + 2) + B
(0, 4): 4 = A log
e
(2) + B 1
(2, 6): 6 = A log
e
(4) + B 2
2 1
2 = A log
e
(4) A log
e
(2)
= A (log
e
(4) log
e
(2))
= 0.693 A
A = 2.885
Substitute A = 2.885 into 1
4 = 2.885 log
e
(2) + B
B = 4 2.885 log
e
(2)
= 4 2
= 2
b = 2.0, A = 2.9 and B = 2.0
y = 2.9 log
e
(x + 2.0) + 2.0
10 y = A log
10
(kx)
(1, 1): 1 = A log
10
(k) 1
(3, 2): 2 = A log
10
(3k) 2
2 1

2
1
=
10
10
log (3 )
log ( )
A k
A k

2 =
10
10
log (3 )
log ( )
k
k

2 log
10
(k)= log
10
(3k)
= log
10
(k) + log
10
(3)
log
10
(k) = log
10
(3)
k = 3
Substitute k = 3 into
1

1 = A log
10
(3)
A =
10
1
log (3)

= 2.0959 to 4 decimal places.
A = 2.0959 and k = 3.
11 y = A log
2
(x + b) + B
b = 2 since the horizontal translation
is 2 units left and B = 3 since the
vertical translation is 3.
y = A log
2
(x + 2) + 3
(2, 6): 6 = A log
2
(4) + 3
3 = A log
2
(4)
A =
2
3
log (4)

=
3
2

= 1.5
A = 1.5, b = 2 and B = 3.
Exercise 4F Addition of
ordinates
1 a Let f(x) = g(x) + p(x) where
g(x) = x and p(x) =
1
x
.
Domain g(x) = R
Domain p(x) = R\{0}
Domain f(x) = R R\{0}
= R\{0}
b Let f(x) = g(x) + p(x) where
g(x) = 3 x and p(x) = x
Domain g(x) = R
+
{0}
Domain p(x) = R
Domain f(x) = R
+
{0} R
= R
+
{0} or
[0, )
c Let f(x) = g(x) + p(x) where
g(x) = x
2
1 and p(x) =
1
2
x
Domain g(x) = R
Domain p(x) = [0, )
Domain f(x) = R [0, )
= [0, )
d Let f(x) = g(x) + p(x), where
g(x) = 2 x + and p(x) = x
Domain g(x) = [2, )
Domain p(x) = R
Domain f(x) = [2, ) R
= [2, )
e Let f(x) = g(x) + p(x), where
g(x) = x
2
and p(x) = 3x
3

Domain g(x) = R
Domain p(x) = R
Domain f(x) = R R
= R
f Let f(x) = g(x) + p(x), where
g(x) = 2x
3
and p(x) =
1
3 x

Domain g(x) = R
Domain p(x) = R\{3}
= R\{3}
g Let f(x) = g(x) + p(x), where
g(x) =
2
2
( 1) x +
and p(x) = x
2

Domain g(x) = R\{1}
Domain p(x) = R
Domain f(x) = R\{1} R
= R\{1}
h Let f(x) = g(x) + p(x), where
g(x) = 3x and p(x) = 2 1 x
Domain g(x) = R
Domain p(x) = (, 1]
Domain f(x) = R (, 1]
= (, 1]
i Let f(x) = g(x) + p(x), where
g(x) = 3(2 x)
2
and p(x) =
2
3x

Domain g(x) = R
Domain p(x) = R\{0}
= R\{0}
j Let f(x) = g(x) + p(x), where
g(x) = 2 3 x and
p(x) = 3 ( 1) x +
Domain g(x) = (, 3]
Domain p(x) = [1, )
Domain f(x) = (, 3] [1, )
= [1, 3]
2 Domain g(x) = (, 7]
Domain f(x) = [2, 7]
Maximum domain p(x) = [2, )
and minimum domain p(x) = [2, 7]
The answer is C.
3 a y
1
= 2e
x

x-axis.
x = 0, y = 2e
0

= 2 1
= 2
y
2
= 2e
x

x-axis.
x = 0, y = 2e
0

= 2 1
= 2


y = y
1
+ y
2

When x = 1, y = 2e
1
+ 2e
1

= 6.2
When x = 0, y = 2 + 2
= 4
When x = 1, y = 2e + 2e
1

= 6.2

b y
1
= 3e
x

x-axis.
x = 0, y = 3e
0

= 3
y
2
= 3e
x

x-axis.
x = 0, y = 3e
0

= 3
y = y
1
+ y
2
When x = 1, y = 3e
1
+ 3e
1

= 9.3
When x = 0, y = 3 + 3
= 6
When x = 1, y = 3e
1
+ 3e
1

= 9.3

c y
1
= e
x

x-axis.
x = 0, y = e
0

= 1
y
2
= x
x = 0, y = 0
x = 2, y = 2
x = 2, y = 2
y = y
1
+ y
2
When x = 2, y = e
2
2
= 5.4
When x = 0, y = e
0
+ 0
= 1
When x = 2, y = e
2
+ 2
= 2.1

d y
1
= e
x

x-axis.
x = 0, y = e
0

= 1
y
2
= x
x = 0, y = 0
x = 2, y = 2
x = 2, y = 2
y = y
1
+ y
2
When x = 2, y = e
2
2
= 1.9
When x = 0, y = e
0
+ 0
= 1
When x = 2, y = e
2
+ 2
= 9.4

e y
1
= e
x

x-axis.
x = 0, y = e
0

= 1
y
2
= x
2

Parabola: x = 2, y
2
= 4
x = 0, y
2
= 0
x = 2, y
2
= 4
y = y
1
+ y
2
x = 2, y = e
2
+ (2)
2

= 4.1
x = 0, y = e
0
+ 0
= 1
x = 2, y = e
2
+ 2
2

= 11.4

f y
1
= e
x

Horizontal asymptote is x-axis
x = 0, y = e
0

= 1
y
2
= x
2

x = 2, y
2
= (2)
2

= 4
x = 0, y
2
= 0
x = 3, y
2
= 3
2

= 9
y = y
1
+ y
2
x = 2, y = e
2
+ 4
= 11.4
x = 0, y = e
0
+ 0
= 1
x = 3, y = e
3
+ 9
= 9.0
y = e
x
+ x
2

4 a f(x) = 2 log
e
(x)
Vertical asymptote is the y-axis
y = 0, x = 1
Domain of f(x) is (0, )
g(x) = x
x = 0, y = 0
x = 1, y = 1
Domain of g(x) is R
h(x) = f(x) + g(x)
Domain h(x) is (0, ) R = (0, )
Substituting x = 0.1, x = 1 and
x = 2 respectively into h(x):
h(x) = log
e
(0.1) + 0.1 2.2
h(x) = log
e
(1) + 1 = 1
h(x) = log
e
(2) + 2 2.7

b f(x) = 3 log
e
(x)
y = 0, x = 1
g(x) = x
x = 0, g(x) = 0
x = 1, g(x) = 1
Domain of g(x) is R
h(x) = f(x) + g(x)
Domain h(x) = (0, )
h(x) = 3 log
e
(0.1) + 0.1 6.8
h(x) = 3 log
e
(1) + 1 = 1
h(x) = 3 log
e
(2) + 2 4.1

Domain is R
+
and range is R.
c f(x) = log
e
(x)
y = 0, x = 1
g(x) = 2x
x = 0, g(x) = 0
x = 1, g(x) = 2
Domain of g(x) is R
h(x) = f(x) + g(x)
Domain of h(x) is (0, )
x = 2 into h(x) respectively:
h(x) = log
e
(0.1) + 2(0.1) 2.1
h(x) = log
e
(1) + 2(1) = 2
h(x) = log
e
(2) + 2(2) 4.7

Domain is R
+
and range is R.
d f(x) = log
e
(x)
Vertical asymptote is the y-axis
y = 0, x = 1
g(x) =
1
2
x
Domain of g(x) is R.
h(x) = f(x) + g(x)
x = 2 into h(x) respectively:
h(x) = log
e
(0.1) +
1
2
0.1 2.3
h(x) = log
e
(1) +
1
2
1 = 0.5
h(x) = log
e
(2) +
1
2
2 1.7

Domain is R
+
and range is R.
e f(x) = log
e
(x)
log
e
(x) is reflected in the x-axis.
y = 0, x = 1
g(x) = x
x = 0, g(x) = 0
x = 1, g(x) = 1
Domain of g(x) is R
h(x) = f(x) + g(x)
Domain of h(x) is (0, ).
h(x) = log
e
(0.1) + 0.1 2.4
h(x) = log
e
(1) + 1 = 1
h(x) = log
e
(2) + 2 1.3

Domain is R
+
and range is [1, )
since minimum is (1, 1).
f f(x) = 2 log
e
(x)
log
e
x is reflected in the x-axis.
y = 0, x = 1
g(x) = x
x = 0, g(x) = 0
x = 1, g(x) = 1
Domain of g(x) is R
h(x) = f(x) + g(x)
h(x) = 2 log
e
(0.1) + 0.1 4.7
h(x) = 2 log
e
(1) + 1 = 1
h(x) = 2 log
e
(2) + 2 0.6

Domain is R
+
and range is
(0.6, ) since minimum is (2, 0.6)
5 f(x) =
1
2
e
x
+
1
2
e
x

If y
1
=
1
2
e
x
, the
horizontal asymptote is the x-axis.
x = 0, y =
1
2
e
0

=
1
2

If y
2
=
1
2
e
x
, the horizontal
asymptote is the x-axis.
x = 0, y =
1
2
e
0

=
1
2

Substituting x = 2, x = 0 and x = 2
respectively:
f(x) =
1
2
e
2
+
1
2
e
2
= 3.76
f(x) =
1
2
+
1
2
= 1
f(x) =
1
2
e
2
+
1
2
e
2
= 3.76

Domain is [2, 2] and range is [1, 3.76]
6 Domain of y
1
is (2, 2] and domain
of y
2
is (0, )
Dom of y = y
1
+ y
2
is (2, 2] (0, )
= (0, 2]
The answer is E.
7 a

b

c

d


e

f

8 f(x) = x
2

A positive parabola with turning
point (0, 0)
g(x) = 5x + 6
A straight line with x-intercept
6
5

and y-intercept 6.

9 f(x) = x
3

A positive cubic with stationary
point of inflection (0, 0)
g(x) = x
2
1
A positive parabola with turning
point (0, 1)
x-intercepts: 1 and 1
y-intercept: 1

10 a Let f(x) = g(x) + p(x) where
g(x) = x and p(x) = 2 x
Domain g(x) = [0, )
Domain p(x) = (, 2]
Domain f(x) = [0, ) (, 2]
= [0, 2]

b Let f(x) = g(x) + p(x) where
g(x) = 2x and p(x) = x
Domain g(x) = R
Domain p(x) = [0, )
Domain f(x) = R [0, )
= [0, )

c Let f(x) = g(x) + p(x) where
g(x) = 3 x
and p(x) = x
2

Domain g(x) = [3, )
Domain p(x) = R
Domain f(x) = [3, ) R
= [3, )

d Let f(x) = g(x) + p(x) where
g(x) = 5 x + and p(x) = 5 x
Domain g(x) = [5, )
Domain p(x) = (, 5]
Domain f(x) = [5, ) (, 5]
= [5, 5]

11 The 2 graphs need to be confined to
quadrants 1 and 3.
The answer is E.
12 Let f(x) = g(x) + p(x) where
g(x) = log
e
x and p(x) = x
Domain g(x) = (0, )
Domain p(x) = [0, )
Domain f(x) = (0, ) [0, )
= (0, )

13 f(x) = 3x 3
g(x) = log
e
(x)
Domain f(x) = R
Domain g(x) = (0, )
Domain (f + g)(x) = R (0, )
= (0, )

14 a y = x
2
e
2x

Domain: x R
Range: y = [0, )
Asymptote: x = 0
b y = x
2
e
x

Domain: x R
Range: y = [0, )
Asymptote: x = 0
c y =
2
x
e

Domain: x R
Range: y = [1, )
y-intercept (0,1)
15 a y =
2
log ( )
e
x x

Domain: x = (0, )
Range: y =
1
,
2e
|

|
.

x-intercept (1, 0)
b y =
2
log (3 )
e
x x

Domain: x = (0, )
Range: y =
1
,
18e
| (
(
\

x-intercept
1
, 0
3
| |
|
\ .

c y = log ( )
e
x x

Domain: x = (0, )
Range: y =
1
,
e
|

|
.

x-intercept (1, 0)
Exercise 4G Exponential
and logarithmic functions with
absolute values
1 a y = 3log 2 3
e
x +
x-intercepts, y = 0
3 ln|x 2| + 3 = 0
3 ln|x 2| = 3
3 ln|x 2| = 1
3 ln(x 2) = 1 for x > 2
3 ln((x 2)) = 1 for x < 2
x 2 = e
1
or (x 2) = e
1

x = 2 + e
1
x = 2 e
1

y -intercept, x = 0
y = 3 ln|0 2| + 3
y = 3 ln| 2| + 3
y = 3 ln(2) + 3

Domain: x R\{2}
Range: y R
b y = log 1 2
e
x +
x-intercepts, y = 0
ln|x + 1| 2 = 0
ln|x + 1| = 2
ln|x + 1| = 2
ln(x + 1) = 2 for x > 1
ln((x + 1)) = 2 for x < 1
x + 1 = e
2
or (x + 1) = e
2

x = 1 + e
2
or x = 1 e
2

x = 0.86 x = 1.14
y intercept, x = 0
y = ln|0 + 1| 2
y = ln|1| 2
y = ln(1) 2
y = 2
(0, 2)

Domain: x R\{1}
Range: y R
c y =
10
log 3 1 x +
x-intercepts, y = 0
log
10
|3 x| + 1 = 0
log
10
|3 x| = 1
log
10
| (x 3)| = 1
log
10
|x 3| = 1
log
10
(x 3) = 1 for x > 3
log
10
((x 3)) = 1 for x < 3
x 3 = 10
1
or (x 3) = 10
1

x = 3 + 10
1
or x = 3 10
1

y -intercept, x = 0
y =
10
log 3 0 1 +
y =
10
log 3 1 +
y =
10
log (3) 1 +
y = 1.48

Domain: x R\{3}
Range: y R
2 a y = log ( 2)
e
x
x-intercepts, y = 0
|ln(x 2)| = 0
ln(x 2) = 0
x 2 = e
0

x = 2 + 1
x = 3
y -intercept, x = 0
y = |ln(0 2)|
y = |ln( 2)| which is not defined
no y-intercept

Domain: x (2, )
Range: y [0, )
b y = log (1 ) 2
e
x
x-intercepts, y = 0

ln(1 ) 2 0 x =

ln(1 ) 2 0 x =

ln(1 ) 2 x =

2
1 x e
=

2
1 x e
=
x-intercepts, y = 0
y = ln(1 0) 2
y = ln(1) 2
y = 0 2
y = 2
y = 2
(0, 2)

Domain: x (, 1)
Range: y [0, )
c y =
10
log ( 3) 1 x + +
x-intercepts, y = 0
log
10
(x + 3)| + 1 = 0
log
10
(x + 3)| = 1
This is false no x-intercepts
y-intercept, x = 0
y = |log
10
(0 + 3)| + 1
y = |log
10
(3)| + 1
y = log
10
(03) + 1

Domain: x (3, )
Range:y [1, )
3 a y =
1
4
x
e
+
x-intercepts, y = 0

1
4
x
e
+ = 0

1 x
e
= 4
Cannot be solved as e
a
> 0
no x-intercepts
y-intercept, x = 0
y =
0 1
4 e
+
y =
1
4 e
+
y =
1
4 e +

Domain: x R
Range: y [5, )
b y =
4
3
x
e

x-intercepts, y = 0

4
3
x
e
= 0

4 x
e
= 3

4 x
e
= 3 or
(4 ) x
e

= 3
4 x = ln(3) (4 x) = ln(3)
x = 4 ln(3) x = 4 + ln(3)
y-intercept, x = 0
y =
4 0
4 e
+
y =
4
4 e +

Domain: x R
Range: y [2, )
c y =
1
2
x
e

+
x-intercepts, y = 0

1
2
x
e

+ = 0

1 x
e

= 2

1 x
e

= 2

1 x
e

= 2 or
( 1) x
e

= 2
x 1 = ln(2) (x 1) = ln(2)
x = ln(2) 1 x = ln(2) 1
y-intercept, x = 0
y =
0 1
2 e
+
y =
1
2 e
+
y =
1
2 e +

Domain: x R
Range: y (, 1]
4 a y = |e
x
3|
x-intercepts, y = 0
3
x
e = 0
e
x
3 = 0
e
x
= 3
x = ln(3)
y-intercept, x = 0
y = |e
0
3|
y = |1 3|
y = | 2|
y = 2
(0, 2)

Domain: x R
Range: y [0, )
b y = 2 4
x
e +
x-intercepts, y = 0
2 4
x
e + = 0
2
x
e = 4
e
x
2 = 4 or (e
x
2) = 4
e
x
= 6 e
x
= 2
x = ln(6) No solution
y-intercept, x = 0
y =
0
2 4 e +
y = |1 2| + 4
y = 1 | 1| + 4
y = 1 1 + 4
y = 3

Domain: x R
Range: y (, 4]
c y = 1 2
x
e
+
x-intercepts, y = 0
y = 1 2
x
e
+
1 2
x
e
+ = 0
1
x
e
= 2
No x-intercepts as 0 a
y-intercept, x = 0

0
1 2 y e = +
y = |1 1| + 2
y = 0 + 2
y = 2
(0, 2)

Domain: x R
Range: y [2, )
Exercise 4H Exponential
and logarithmic modelling
using graphs
1 a K = 50e
0.04t

t = 0, K = 50e
0

= 50
The initial population is 50.
b t = 2, K = 50e
0.04 2

= 50e
0.08

= 54
After 2 years, the population is 54.
t = 10, K = 50e
0.04 10

= 50e
0.4

= 74.6
The population after 10 years is 75
c

d From the graph when t = 15, K 92
The population is approximately
92 after 15 years.
2 a W = 150 1.08
t

t = 0, W = 150 1.08
0

= 150
The initial population is 150.
b t = 1, W = 150 1.08
1

= 162
After 1 year the population is 162.
t = 5, W = 150 1.08
5

= 220
The population after 5 years is 220.
c

d The population after 15 years is
approximately 475 from the graph.
e W = 300 when t = 9 from the graph
The population doubles after
9 years.
3 A = A
0
e
rt

a A
0
= $500, r = 6% = 0.06
b A = 500e
0.06t

t = 1, A = 500e
0.06

= 530.92
After 1 year, the student had
$530.90
c t = 5, A = 500e
0.06 5

= 500e
0.3

= 674.93
Interest = 674.95 500
= 174.95
After 5 years the student had
$174.95 interest.
d

e From the graph when t = 8,
A = 810
After 8 years the student has $810.
4 a E = E
0
e
kt

t = 0, E = E
0
= 200
t = 10, E = 200e
10k
= 33
e
10k
= 0.165
10k = log
e
(0.165)
k =
1
10
log
e
(0.165)
k = 0.18
b E = 200e
0.18t

t = 1, E = 200e
0.18

= 167
After 1 day there are 167
radioactive nuclei.
t = 5, E = 200e
0.18 5

= 200e
0.9

= 81
After 5 days there are 81
radioactive nuclei.
c
d From the graph 50 radioactive
nuclei are left after 7 days.
e No, there would never be no
radioactive nuclei as the graph is
always above E = 0 (a horizontal
asymptote).
f From the graph the half-life
(E = 100) occurs after 4 days.
5 a T T
1
= (T
0
T
1
) e
kt

T
0
= 98
T
1
= 18
T 18 = (98 18) e
kt

= 80e
kt

T = 18 + 80e
kt

b t = 5, T = 38
38 = 18 + 80e
5k

20 = 80e
5k

e
5k
= 0.25
5k = log
e
(0.25)
k =
1
5
log
e
(0.25)
k = 0.277
c T = 18 + 80e
0.277t

d T = 25
25 = 18 + 80e
0.277t

7 = 80e
0.277t

e
0.277t
= 0.0875
0.277t = log
e
(0.0875)
t =
1
0.277
log
e
(0.0875)
= 8.8
It takes approximately 9 minutes
for the temperature to reach 25C.
e

f From the graph after 15 minutes
the temperature is 19C.
g The egg will never reach the
temperature of the water (18C)
since T = 18 is a horizontal
asymptote and T > 18 for all t.
6 a P = A log
e
(t) + B
t = 1, P = 10 000
10 000 = A log
e
(1) + B
= B
B = 10 000
t = 5, P = 8000
8000 = A log
e
(5) + 10 000
2000 = A log
e
(5)
A =
2000
log (5)
e

= 1242.67
b P = 1242.67 log
e
(t) + 10 000
t = 10,
P = 1242.67 log
e
(10) + 10 000
= 7138.6
The population after 10 weeks is
7139.
c P = 3000
3000 = 1242.67 log
e
(t) + 10 000
7000 = 1242.67 log
e
(t)
log
e
(t) =
7000
1242.67

= 5.633
t = e
5.633

t = 279.4
The population is 3000 after
279 weeks.
d

e From the graph, after 20 weeks the
population is approximately 6300.
7 m = log
10
(an + b)
(1, 0): 0 = log
10
(a + b)
a + b = 1 (i)
(4, 1): 1 = log
10
(4a + b)
4a + b = 10 (ii)
Take (i) from (ii): 3a = 9
a = 3
If a = 3, b = 2.
The answer is C.

8 a C = 20n
b R(n) = 2000(1 e
0.1n
)
R(0) = 2000(1 e
0
)
= 2000 (1 1)
= 0
c R = 2000
Revenues plateau at $2000.
d and e
n 0 20 55
C 0 400 1100
R 0 1729 1992

P 0 1329 892

The graph of R is becoming steeper
and steeper until at some point the
graph becomes less steep. C has
the same gradient all the way. The
maximum turning point of P is
where the gradient of R begins to
decrease.
P and C intersect at some point
before n = 55.
f P = 2000(1 e
0.1n
) 20n.
g 23 jackets must be sold to
maximise profits. They would have
a profit of $1339.
h When profit = 0 or
when revenue = costs.
When 100 jackets were made, the
company would begin to make a
loss.
i It is not a reasonable model unless
the jackets were hand made
because not enough jackets are
made before the profits begin to
decrease.
Chapter review
Short answer
1 f(x) = 2
(x + 1)
4
x = 0, y = 2
1
4
= 2
y = 0, 2
x + 1
4 = 0
2
x + 1
= 4
= 2
2

x + 1 = 2
x = 1

Domain is R and range is (4, )
2 f(x) = 3 log
10
(2x)
y = 0, 3 log
10
(2x) = 0
2x = 1
x =
1
2

Domain is R
+
and range is R.
3 f(x) = Ae
x
+ B
B = 4
f(x) = Ae
x
4
(0, 1): 1 = Ae
0
4
= A 4
A = 3
f(x) = 3e
x
4
4 Choose suitable points in each graph
in which to add ordinates. For
example,
the end points of each graph
the points of intersection of each
graph
any x-intercepts.
a

b

5 a f(x) = log
10
(x
2
)
= 2 log
10
(x) if x > 0 or
2 log
10
(x) if x < 0.
y = 0, 2 log
10
(x) = 0
x = 1
or
2 log
10
(x) = 0
x = 1
x = 1
b

6 P = P
0
e
t

t = 0, P = 120
120 = P
0
e
0

P
0
= 120
P = 120e
t

When t = 20, P = 120e
20

7 a g(x) = 2e
x + 1
4
Asymptote is at y = 4.
0 = 2e
x + 1
4

4
2
= e
x + 1

2 = e
x + 1

log
e
(2) = x + 1
x = log
e
(2) 1
y = 2e
1
4

b x = 2e
y + 1
4
x + 4 = 2e
y + 1

4
2
x +
= e
y + 1

log
e
4
2
x + | |
|
\ .
= y + 1
y = g
1
(x) = log
e
4
2
x + | |
|
\ .
1
Domain is (4, )
(Range of g(x))
Range is R
(Domain of g(x))
8 f(x) = x
2
+ 1 Domain is R
g(x) = log
e
(x) Domain is R
+

h(x) = x
2
+ 1 + log
e
(x) Domain is R
+

Range is R

9 y = 2f(3 x) + 5
Dilation by a factor of 2 parallel to
the y-axis, reflection in the y-axis
and translations of 3 units to the
right and 5 units up.
10 a T = 50 1
= 50
E = 400 1
= 400
There were 50 tigers and 400
elephants on January 1, 2006.
b April 1 2007, t = 15
T = 50 2
0.4 15

= 50 2
6

= 50 64
= 3200
E = 400 4
0.1 15

= 400 4
1.5

= 50
There is a higher population of
tigers on 1 April 2007.
c T(t) = E(t)
50 2
0.4t
= 400 4
0.1t

2
0.4t
= 8 4
0.1t

2
0.4t
= 8 (2
2
)
0.1t

= 2
3
(2
2
)
0.1t

= 2
3 0.2t

0.4t = 3 0.2t
0.6t = 3
t =
3
0.6

= 5
t = 5 on 1 June 2006.
d E(t) = 400 4
0.1t

25 = 400 4
0.1t

25
400
= 4
0.1t

1
16
= 4
0.1t

4
2
= 4
0.1t

2 = 0.1t
t = 20
t = 20 on 1 September 2007.
11 y = log ( 3)
e
x +
x-intercepts, y = 0
log ( 3)
e
x + = 0
log ( 3)
e
x + = 0
x + 3 = e
0

x = 1 3
x = 2
y-intercept, x = 0
y = log (0 3)
e
+
y = log (3)
e

y = log (3)
e

Domain: x (3, )
Range: y (, 0]
12 : , ( ) f D R f x = 2log 3 1
e
x + +
a As there is an asymptote at
x = 3, therefore the maximal
domain is:
R\{3}
b x-intercepts, y = 0
2log
e
(|x + 3|) + 1 = 0
log
e
(|x + 3|) =
1
2

log
e
(x + 3) =
1
2
or
log((x + 3)) =
1
2

x + 3 =
1
2
e
or (x + 3) =
1
2
e

x = 3 +
1
2
e
or x = 3
1
2
e

1
2
3 , 0 e
| |
+ |
|
\ .
,
1
2
3 , 0 e
| |
|
|
\ .

y-intercept, x = 0
f(0) = 2log
e
(|0 + 3|) + 1
= 2log
e
(3) + 1
(0, 2 log
e
(3) + 1)
c

Multiple choice
1 f(x) = 2
x
1
The answer is D.
2 f(x) = 3 10
x
+ 1
Domain is R.
Range is (1, ).
The answer is B.
3 f(x) = 1 2
x

x = 0, y = 1 2
0

= 1 1
= 0
The answer is A.
4 New rule for f(x) is:
log
10
(x 1 + 1) + 2
= log
10
(x) + 2
The answer is C.
5 f(x) = log
2
(x + 1)
Domain is (1, )
The answer is C.
6 f(x) = log
10
(x 2) + 1
x = 4, f(x) = log
10
(2) + 1
1.3
The answer is D.
7 f(x) = 2e
x + 1

The graph of f(x) = e
x
is translated
1 unit left and dilated by a factor of
2 parallel to the y-axis.
The answer is C.
8 The graph has horizontal asymptote
y = 2 and y-intercept 1.
The answer is B.
9 For horizontal asymptote y = 2
A or E are the only possibilities.
y-intercept is 1.
A: x = 0, y = e
0
+ 2
= 3 No.
E: y = 2 e
0

= 2 1
= 1 Yes.
The answer is E.
10 f(x) = 3 log
e
(x 2) + 1 has vertical
asymptote: x 2 = 0
x = 2.
The answer is D.
11 f:[1, ) R, f(x) = 3 log
e
(x + 2)
Domain is [1, )
x = 1, f(x) = 3 log
e
(1)
= 0
Range is [0, )
The answer is D.
12 f(x) = log
e
(x + 1)
2f(x) + 3 = 2 log
e
(x + 1) + 3
x = 0, y = 2 log
e
(1) + 3
= 0 + 3
= 3
The answer is D.
13 y = Ae
x
+ B
B = 1.
y = Ae
x
1
(0, 3): 3 = Ae
0
1
= A 1
A = 4
The answer is C.
14 f(x) = log
e
(x + 2) + 1
f(1) = log
e
(3) + 1
2.10
f(0) = log
e
(2) + 1
1.69
The answer is A.
15 Domain of {f(x) + g(x)} is
dom f(x) dom g(x)
The answer is B.
16 f(x) = g(x) + p(x)
dom g(x) = (, 5]
dom p(x) = (2, )
Domain of f(x) = dom g(x) dom p(x)
= (, 5] (2, )
= (2, 5]
The answer is A.

17 y = 4 x + + 4 x
let g(x) = 4 x +
dom g(x) = (4, )
let p(x) = 4 x
dom p(x) = (, 4)
Domain of y is (4, 4)
when x = 4, y = 0 + 8
= 2 2
when x = 0, y = 4 + 4
= 4
when x = 4, y = 8 + 0
= 2 2
The answer is B.
18 u = u
0
e
kt

t = 0, u = 1000
1000 = u
0
e
0

u
0
= 1000
u = 1000e
kt

t = 100, u = 907
907 = 1000e
100k

0.907 = e
100k

100k = log
e
(0.907)
k =
1
100
log
e
(0.907)
= 0.000 976
The answer is B.
19 g(x) = log
e
|x b|
Maximal domain = R\{b} as there is an asymptote at x = b.
B.
20 f(x) = log
e
(|x 3|) + 6
Maximal domain = R\{3} as there is an asymptote at x = 3
A.
21
2
x y
f
+ | |
|
\ .
=
( ) ( )
2
f x f y +

f(x) = log
e
|x| log
2
e
x y + | |
|
\ .

log log
2
e e
x y +

LHS RHS
f(x) =
1
x

1
2
x y + | |
|
\ .
=
1 1
2
x y
+

2
x y +
=
2
y x
xy
+

2
x y +

2
x y
xy
+

LHS RHS
f(x) = 2
x

2
2
x y +

2 2
2
x y
+

LHS RHS
f(x) = 2x 2
2
x y + | |
|
\ .
=
2 2
2
x y +

x + y = x + y
LHS = RHS
D.
22 f(x) + f(y) = (x + y) f(xy)
f(x) = 2x 2x + 2y = (x + y) 2xy
2x + 2y 2x
2
y + 2xy
2

LHS RHS
f(x) = 5 2x 5 2x + 5 2y = (x + y)(5 2xy)
10 2x 2y 5x 2x
2
y + 5y 2xy
2

LHS RHS
f(x) =
1
x

1 1
x y
+ = (x + y)
1
xy
| |
|
\ .

x y
xy
+
=
x y
xy
+

LHS = RHS
C.
23 f(x) = e
x

f(x + y) = e
x + y

f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y)
e
x +y
e
x
+ e
y

LHS RHS
f(x + y) = f(x) f(y)
e
x+y
= e
x
e
y

= e
x + y

LHS = RHS.
B.
Extended response
1 f(x) = 2e
x 1
+ 1
x = 0, y = 2e
1
+ 1
1.74

2 f(x) = 1 log
e
(2 x)
Vertical asymptote is: 2 x = 0
x = 2
x = 0, y = 1 log
e
(2) 0.31
y = 0, 1 log
e
(2 k) = 0
log
e
(2 x) = 1
2 x = e
1

x = 2 e
0.72

3 y
1
= log
10
(2x)
y = 0, log
10
(2x) = 0
2x = 1
x =
1
2

Domain of y
1
is (0, )
y
2
= log
10
(x)
y = 0, log
10
(x) = 0
x = 1
Domain of y
2
is (0, )
f(x) = y
1
+ y
2

When x = 0.1,
f(x) = log
10
(0.2) + log
10
(0.1)
= 1.70
x = 1, f(x) = log
10
(2) + log
10
(1)
= 0.30
x = 4, f(x) = log
10
(8) + log
10
(4)
= 1.51

Domain is R
+
and range is R.
4 a N = 10 000e
0.04t

t = 0, N = 10 000e
0

= 10 000
The initial number is 10 000.
b t = 10, N = 10 000e
0.4

= 14 918.2
The number of bacteria after 10 hours is approximately
15 000.
5 y = 4 |e
x
1|
x-intercepts, y = 0
4 |e
x
1| = 0
e
x
1 = 4 or (e
x
1) = 4
e
x
= 5 e
x
= 3
x = ln(5) No solution
y-intercept, x = 0
y = 4 |e
0
1|
y = 4 |1 1|
y = 4 |0|
y = 4

Domain: x R
Range: y (, 4]
6 f : R R, f(x) = a + be
x

a a =1 because it is where the horizontal asymptote cuts
the y-axis.
(0, 0) satisfies the equation, so
0 = 1 + be
0

b = 1
b h:[0, 2] R, h(x) = 1 e
x
.
h(0) = 1 e
0
h(2) = 1 e
2

= 1 1
= 0
Range: y [0, 1 e
2
]
c Let y = 1 e
x

Interchange x and y.
x = 1 e
y

x 1 = e
y

1 x = e
y

log
e
(1 x ) = y
y = log
e
(1 x )
h
1
:[0, 1 e
2
] R, where h
1
(x) = log
e
(1 x).
7 f(x) = log
e
(5 x) + 1
a x-intercepts, y = 0 y-intercept, x = 0
log
e
(5 x) + 1 = 0 f(x) = log
e
(5 0) + 1
= log
e
(5) + 1
log
e
(5 x) = 1 (0, log
e
(5) + 1)
5 x = e
1

x = 5 e
1

1
(5 , 0) e

b Let y = log
e
(5 x) + 1
Interchange x and y to find inverse function
x = log
e
(5 y) + 1
x 1 = log
e
(5 y)
e
x 1
= 5 y
y = 5 e
x 1

f
1
(x) = 5 e
x 1

8 a Kerri first invests $5000.
A = A
0
e
kt

t = 0, A = A
0
e
0

= A
0

= 5000
A = 5000e
rt

r = 0.05
A = 5000e
0.05t

b t = 1, A = 5000e
0.05

= 5256.35
After 1 year Kerri has $5256.35.
c t = 5, A = 5000e
0.05 5

= 5000e
0.25

= 6420.3
After 5 years Kerri has $6420.15.
d A = 5000
4
0.05
1
4
t

+

= 5000(1.0125)
4t

t = 5, A = 5000(1.0125)
20

= 6410.20
After 5 years Kerri has $6410.20.
e A = 10 000
10 000 = 5000(1.0125)
4t

2 = 1.0125
4t

log
e
(2) = log
e
(1.0125)
4t

= 4t log
e
(1.0125)
4t =
log (2)
log (1.0125)
e
e

t =
log (2)
4log (1.0125)
e
e

= 13.95
It takes 13.95 years to double the investment.

f The first investment is better since the interest is
compounded continuously.
g After 5 years the difference is
6420.15 6410.20 = $9.95
h Continuous interest:
t = 50, A = 10 000e
0.05 5

= 5000e
0.25

= 12 840.25
Quarterly interest:
t = 5, A = 10 000(1.0125)
20

= 12 820.35
The difference after 10 years is
$2840.25 12820.35 = $19.90
9 a Using coordinates of the bridge, (5.5, 5):
5 = 2 log
10
(11 a) + 3
log
10
(11 a) =
5 3
2

log
10
(11 a) = 1
10 = 11 a
a = 1
b y = 2 log
10
(2x 1) + 3
x-intercept:
2 log
10
(2x 1) + 3 = 0
2 log
10
(2x 1) = 3
log
10
(2x 1) = 1.5
2x 1 = 10
1.5

2x = 1 + 10
1.5

x =
1.5
(1 10 )
2
+

0.516
The x-coordinate where the road begins is approximately
0.52. From the vertical axis it is
0.516 km or 516 metres.
c Shortest distance is 516 500 = 16 metres.
d It is in line with the ship when
x = 1.5
y = 2 log
10
(2 1.5 1) + 3
= 2 log
10
(2) + 3
3.6
The road is 3.6 kilometres from the main highway when
it is in line with the ship.
10 a P = ae
bx

b is between 0.1 and 0.2.
When x = 0, P = 101.3
101.3 = ae
b 0

= ae
0

= a
P = 101.3e
bx

When x = 1, P = 89.4.
89.4 = 101.3e
b 1

= 101.3e
b

e
b
=
89.4
101.3

b = log
e
89.4
101.3
| |
|
\ .

= 0.125
P = 101.3e
0.125x

b Height of Mount Kosciuszko is 2.228 km
P = 101.3e
0.125 2.228

= 76.7 kPa.
11 a f(x) = e
2x
be
x
+ c
Horizontal asymptote at y = 6, so c = 6.
f(x) = e
2x
be
x
+ 6
y-intercept is 2.
2 = e
0
be
0
+ 6
2 = 1 b + 6
b = 1 2 + 6
= 5
b f(x) = e
2x
5e
x
+ 6
Let e
x
= a
f(x) = a
2
5a + 6
= (a 2)(a 3)
0 = (a 2)(a 3)
a = 2 or a = 3
e
x
= 2 or e
x
= 3
x = log
e
(2) or log
e
(3)
c From the CAS calculator, the turning point is
(0.92, 0.25)
d e
2x
5e
x
+ 6 = 6
e
2x
5e
x
= 0
e
x
(e
x
5) = 0
e
x
= 0 or e
x
= 5
x = log
e
5
Point of intersection (log
e
5, 6).
e g(x) = f(x)
= e
2x
+ 5e
x
6
g: R R, g(x) = e
2x
+ 5e
x
6
f h(x) = f(x)
= e
2x
5e
x
+ 6
h: R R, h(x) = e
2x
5e
x
+ 6
g k(x) = f(x)
= e
2x
+ 5e
x
6
Domain of k(x) is R, range is (, 0.25)
k: R R, k(x) = e
2x
+ 5e
x
6

h f (2 x) + 1
f(x) = e
2x
5e
x
+ 6
f(2 x) = e
2(2 x)
5e
2 x
+ 6
= e
4 2x
5e
2 x
+ 6
f (2 x) + 1 = e
4 2x
5e
2 x
+ 7
From the CAS calculator, the turning point is
(1.08, 0.75) (This can also be obtained by applying the
appropriate transformations to the turning point obtained
in part c, that is, reflect in y-axis, translate 2 units right,
then 1 unit up.)
Domain is R and the range is (0.75, )
I n v e r s e f u n c t i o n s MM1 2 - 5 103
Exercise 5A Relations and
their inverses
1 a

Domain = {0, 1, 3}
Range = {1, 2, 5}
b

Domain = {8, 5, 2, 1}
Range = {1, 1, 2, 7}
c

Domain = R
Range = R
d

Domain = R
Range = R
e

Domain = R
Range = R
f

Domain = R
Range = [4, )
g

Domain = R
Range = [1, )
h

Domain = R
Range = [0, )
i

Domain = [2, 2]
Range = [2, 2]
j

Domain = R\{0}
Range = R\{0}
k

Domain = R
Range = {2}
l

Domain = {4}
Range = R
m

Domain = R
Range = R
2 a (0, 1), (1, 2), (3, 2), (3, 5)
The inverse is
(1, 0), (2, 1), (2, 3), (5, 3)

Domain = {1, 2, 5}
Range = {0, 1, 3}
b {(8, 7), (5, 2), (2, 1),
(1, 1)}
The inverse is
{(7, 8), (2, 5), (1, 2),
(1, 1)}
Chapter 5 Inverse functions
MM1 2 - 5 104 I n v e r s e f u n c t i o n s

Domain = {1, 1, 2, 7}
Range = {8, 5, 2, 1}
c y = x
The inverse is
x = y
y = x

Domain = R
Range = R
d y = 2x 5
The inverse is
x = 2y 5
x + 5 = 2y
y =
5
2
x +

y =
1 5
2 2
x +

Domain = R
Range = R
e 2x + 4y = 8
The inverse is
2y + 4x = 8
y = 2x + 4

Domain = R
Range = R
f y = x
2
+ 4x
The inverse is
x = y
2
+ 4y
x = (y + 2)
2
4
(y + 2)
2
= x + 4
y + 2 = 4 x +
y = 2 4 x +

Domain = [4, )
Range = R
g y = x
2
1
The inverse is
x = y
2
1
x + 1 = y
2

y = 1 x +

Domain = [1, )
Range = R
h y = (x + 1)
2

The inverse is
x = (y + 1)
2

y + 1 = x
y = 1 x

Domain = [0, )
Range = R
i x
2
+ y
2
= 4
The inverse is
x
2
+ y
2
= 4

Domain = [2, 2]
Range = [2, 2]
j y =
3
x

The inverse is
x =
3
y

xy = 3
y =
3
x

Domain = R\{0}
Range = R\{0}
k y = 2
The inverse is
x = 2

Domain = {2}
Range = R
l x = 4
The inverse is
y = 4

Domain = R
Range = {4}
m y = 2x
3

The inverse is
x = 2y
3

y
3
=
2
x

y =
3
2
x

Domain = R
Range = R
3 {(0, 1), (1, 2), (3, 3)}
Inverse is
{(1, 0), (2, 1), (3, 3)}
The answer is A.
4 To find the inverse, swap x and y.
x-intercepts of relation = y-intercepts
of inverse
The answer is C.
5 a

b

c

d

e

f

g

h

i

j

k

l

m

n

o

p

Exercise 5B Functions and
their inverses
1 a

b

c

d

e

f

g

h

2 a

Domain = {4, 2, 0, 2, 3}
Range = {2, 0, 1, 4, 6}
b

Domain = R
Range = R
c

Domain = R
Range = R
d

Domain = R
Range = [9, )
e

Domain = R
Range = [0, )
f

Domain = R\{0}
Range = R\{0}
g

Domain = R
Range = [16, )
h

Domain = R
Range = R
i

Domain = R
Range = R
+

j

Domain = R
+

Range = R
k

Domain = [2, 2]
Range = [0, 2]
3 a

{(2, 4), (0, 2)(1, 0)(4, 2) (6, 3)}
Domain = {2, 0, 1, 4, 6}
Range = {4, 2, 0, 2, 3}
b 3x + 4y = 12
The inverse is
3y + 4x = 12 or 4x + 3y = 12

Domain = R
Range = R
c f(x) = 5 2x
The inverse is
x = 5 2y
2y = x 5
2y = 5 x
y =
5
2
x

y =
1 1
2
2 2
x +

Domain = R
Range = R
d f(x) = x
2
9
The inverse is
x = y
2
9
y
2
= x + 9
y = 9 x +
The inverse is y = 9 x +

Domain = [9, )
Range = R
e f(x) = (x + 2)
2

The inverse is
x = (y + 2)
2

y + 2 = x
y = 2 x

Domain [0, )
Range R
f f(x) =
4
x

The inverse is
x =
4
y

y =
4
x

Domain = R\{0}
Range = R\{0}
g f(x) = x
2
+ 8x
The inverse is
x = y
2
+ 8y
x = y
2
+ 8y + 16 16
x = (y + 4)
2
16
x + 16 = (y + 4)
2

y + 4 = 16 x +
y = 4 16 x +

Domain = [16, )
Range = R
h f(x) =
3
2
x

The inverse is
x =
3
2
y

2x = y
3

y =
3
2x
f
1
(x) =
3
2x

Domain = R
Range = R
i f(x) = 2e
x

The inverse is
x = 2e
y

2
x
= e
y

y = log
2
e
x | |
|
\ .

f
1
(x) = log
2
e
x | |
|
\ .


Domain = R
+

Range = R
j f(x) = log
e
(2x)
The inverse is
x = log
e
(2y)
e
x
= 2y
y =
1
2
x
e
f
1
(x) =
1
2
x
e

Domain = R
Range = R
+

k f(x) =
2
4 x
x =
2
4 y
x
2
= 4 y
y
2
= 4 x
2

y =
2
4 x

Domain [0, 2]
Range [2, 2]
4 a i

ii Domain = R
Range = R
iii Domain = R
Range = R
b i

ii Domain = R

Range = R
+

iii Domain = R
+

Range = R

c i

ii Domain = R
Range = [4, ]
iii Domain = [4, )
Range = R
d i

ii Domain = R
Range = R
+

iii Domain = R
+

Range = R
e i

ii Domain = [3, 3]
Range = [0, 3]
iii Domain = [0, 3]
Range = [3, 3]
f i

ii Domain = (1, )
Range = R
iii Domain = R
Range = (1, )
g i

ii Domain = R
Range = R
iii Domain = R
Range = R
h i

ii Domain = R
Range = [1, )
iii Domain = [1, )
Range = R
i i

ii Domain = [5, 5]
Range = [5, 0]
iii Domain = [5, 0]
Range = [5, 5]
j i

ii Domain = [2, 6]
Range = [2, 0]
iii Domain = [2, 0]
Range = [2, 6]
k i

ii Domain = (3, )
Range = R
iii Domain = R
Range = (3, )
l i

ii Domain = [2, 3)
Range = [0, 4)
iii Domain = [0, 4)
Range = [2, 3)
5 Range of f(x) = (, 0)
The answer is D.
6 Domain of the inverse = (, 0)
The answer is A.
7 Range of the inverse = (0, )
The answer is E.
8 f (x) = x
The inverse has the rule
x = y
x = y
y = (x)
2

y = x
2

Function f(x) has
Domain = R
+

Range = R

Hence the inverse function has
Domain = R

Range = R
+

The answer is B.
9 a f(x) = (x 2)
2
3
domain [2, ), range [3, )
x = (y 2)
2
3
x + 3 = (y 2)
2

y 2 = 3 x +
y = 2 3 x +
f
1
: [3, ) R,
where f
1
(x) = 2 3 x +
b y = 3e
x 1
+ 2 domain R, range (2, )
x = 3e
y 1
+ 2

2
3
x
= e
y 1

2
log
3
e
x | |
|
\ .
= y 1
y =
2
1 log
3
e
x | |
+
|
\ .

f
1
: (2, ) R,
f
1
=
2
1 log
3
e
x | |
+
|
\ .

Exercise 5C Inverse
functions
1 a f(x) = 4x + 1
i f(x) is a straight line, so it is a
one-to-one function. Its inverse
is also a function.
ii

iii 4x + 1 =
1 1
4 4
x
From the CAS calculator, the
point of intersection is

1 1
3 3
| |

|
\ .

iv Domain = R
Range = R
v Domain = R
Range = R
b f(x) = 6x
i f(x) is a straight line, so it is a
one-to-one function. Its inverse
is also a function.
ii

iii 6x =
1
6
x
point of intersection is (0, 0)
iv Domain = R
Range = R
v Domain = R
Range = R
c f(x) = 5
i f(x) is a horizontal line, so it is
not a one-to-one function.
f
1
(x) does not exist.
d f(x) = x
2
+ 2
i f(x) is a parabola. It is not a one-
to-one function as a horizontal
line cuts the parabola twice.
f
1
(x) does not exist.
e f(x) = (x 3)
2

i f(x) is a parabola. It is not a one-
to-one function as a horizontal
line cuts the parabola twice.
f
1
(x) does not exist.
f f(x) = (x + 1)
3

i f(x) is a cubic graph with a point
of inflection at (1, 0). It is a
one-to-one function so its
inverse is also a function.
ii

iii (x + 1)
3
=
3
1 x
point of intersection is
(2.3, 2.3).
iv Domain = R
Range = R
v Domain = R
Range = R
g f(x) =
2
x

i A hyperbola is a one-to-one
function, so its inverse is also a
function.
ii

iii There is no point of intersection.
iv Domain = R\{0}
Range = R\{0}
v Domain = R\{0}
Range = R\{0}
h f(x) =
2
16 x
i f(x) is a semicircle [4, 4] and is not a one-to-one
function, so its inverse is not a function.
i f(x) = x
2
6x + 3
i f(x) is a parabola and is not a one-to-one function, so its
inverse is not a function.
j f(x) = e
4x
2
i f(x) is an exponential graph that is a one-to-one
function. Its inverse exists as a function.
ii

iii e
4x
2 =
1
log ( 2)
4
e
x +
From the CAS calculator, the point of intersections are
(0.2, 0.2) and (1.99, 1.99)
iv Domain = R
Range = (2, )
v Domain = (2, )
Range = R
k f(x) = 2log
e
(x 1)
i f(x) is a logarithmic graph that is a one-to-one function.
Its inverse exists as a function.
ii

iii 2log ( 1)
e
x =
2
1
x
e +
There are no points of intersection.
iv Domain = (1, )
Range = R
v Domain = R
Range = (1, )
2 a f(x) = 4x is a straight line. It is one-to-one, so f
1
(x) exists.
f(x) = 4x
Its inverse is
x = 4y
y =
4
x

f
1
(x) =
4
x

b f(x) =
2
1
2
x

The graph shows that f(x) is not one-to-one, so f
1
(x) does
not exist.
c f(x) is a parabola reflected in the x-axis and translated 5
units up. It is not a one-to one function and so f
1
(x) does
not exist.
d f(x) = (x 1)
2
is a parabola. Not one-to-one, so f
1
(x) does
not exist.
e f(x) =
3
2
x
is a cubic. One-to-one, so f
1
(x) exists.
The inverse is x =
3
2
y

2x = y
3

y =
3
2x
f
1
(x) =
3
2x
f f(x) = x
2
+ 10x 3 is a parabola. Not one-to-one, so f
1
(x)
does not exist.
g f(x) = 2 x is one-to-one, so f
1
(x) exists.
The inverse is x = 2 y
x
2
= y 2
y = x
2
+ 2
f
1
(x) = x
2
+ 2, x [0, )
h f(x) =
2
16 x
Semicircle. Not one-to-one, so f
1
(x) does not exist.
i f(x) = 2e
x
+ 1
Exponential function. One-to-one, so f
1
(x) exists.
The inverse is x = 2e
y
+ 1

1
2
x
= e
y

y =
1
log
2
e
x | |
|
\ .

f
1
(x) =
1
log
2
e
x | |
|
\ .
, x > 1
j f(x) = 5 e
x 2

Exponential function, reflected in the x-axis and translated
2 units to the right and 5 units up.
Hence one-to-one, so f
1
(x) exists
The inverse is x = 5 e
y 2

e
y 2
= 5 x
y 2 = log
e
(5 x)
y = log
e
(5 x) + 2
f
1
(x) = log
e
(5 x) + 2, x < 5
k f(x) = 3e
x
2
Exponential function, so one-to-one, so f
1
(x) exists.
The inverse is x = 3e
y
2

2
3
x +
= e
y

y =
2
log
3
e
x + | |
|
\ .

f
1
(x) =
2
log
3
e
x + | |
|
\ .
, x > 2
l f(x) = log
e
(3x)
Logarithmic function. So one-to-one, so f
1
(x) exists.
The inverse is x = log
e
(3y)
e
x
= 3y
f
1
(x) =
1
3
x
e , x R
m f(x) = 2log
e
(x 4)
1
(x) exists.
The inverse is x = 2 log
e
(y 4)

2
x
= log
e
(y 4)
y 4 =
2
x
e
f
1
(x) =
2
x
e + 4, x R
n f(x) = 1 + 2log
e
(x)
1
(x) exists.
The inverse is:
x = 1 + 2 log
e
(y)

1
2
x
= log
e
(y)
f
1
(x) =
1
2
x
e
| |
|
\ .
, x R
o f(x) = 3 log
e
(2x + 3)
1
(x) exists.
The inverse is
x = 3 log
e
(2y + 3)
x + 3 = log
e
(2y + 3)
2y + 3 = e
(x + 3)

2y = e
x + 3
3
f
1
(x) =
3
3
2
x
e
, x R
3
Function Inverse of function
Domain Range Domain Range
dom f = ran f
1
ran f = dom f
1
dom f
1
= ran f ran f
1
= dom f
a R R
R
b [1, ) R R [1, )
c [3, 3] [0, 3] [0, 3] [3, 3]
d R R
+
R
+
R
e R [10, ) [10, ) R
f R
(0, ) (0, ) R

g [5, 5] [0, 8] [0, 8] [5, 5]
h R
+
R R R
+

4 a The function can be divided into two one-to-one functions
over the domains (, 2] and [2, ). Any one-to-one
function would need its domain to be contained in one of
these.
The answer is B.
b Using the above logic, the answer is (, 2] or [2, )
The answer is E.
5 a f(x) =
2
2
1
( 3) x
+

Domain restricted to (3, )
The answer is C.
b Domain restricted to [0, 3)
The answer is D.
6 The graph of the function f(x) = x
2
+ 1 is as follows:
It is not a one-to-one function but could be made one-to-one
by splitting the domain into either R
+
{0} or R
{0}, the
right and left arms of the parabola respectively.
a The answer is D.
b The positive set above is R
+
{0} and so [0, ) satisfies.
The answer is C.
7 a Select either the right half of the parabola or the left half.
These will both form one-to-one functions, So f
1
exists.
The largest domain is (, 0] or [0, ).
b Right half of parabola has domain [3, ]. Left half has
domain (, 3]. Solution [3, ).
c Divide the graph into three sections with vertical lines
through x = 3 and x = 1. Each section is one-to-one,
therefore has an inverse function f
1
.
The largest domain is [1, ).
d The function is one-to-one, with domain (0, ). So f
1

exists over the whole domain (0, ), or R
+
.
e The function is one-to-one, with domain R. So f
1
exists
over the entire domain R.
f The function can be split into two one-to-one functions
each with an inverse. So f
1
exists over the domains
[9, 0] or [0, 9].
g The function can be split into two one-to-one functions by
a vertical line through x = 5. So f
1
exists over the
domains [1, 5] or [5, 9].
h The y-axis divides f(x) into two one-to-one functions. So
f
1
exists over (, 0) or (0, ).
i The vertical line x = 5 divides f(x) into two one-to-one
functions, so f
1
exists over the domain (, 5) or (5, ).
Exercise 5D Restricting functions
1 a

f is one-to-one over (, 0] and [0, ). Largest possible
domain for f
1
to exist is (, 0] or [0, ).
b

f is one-to-one over (, 0] and [0, ). The largest
possible domain for f
1
to exist is (, 0] or [0, ).
c

f is one-to-one over (, 3] and [3, ). The largest
1
to exist is [3, ).
d

f is one-to-one over (, 0) and (0, ). The largest
1
to exist is (, 0) or (0, ).
e

1
to exist is (, 4) or (4, ).
f

1
to exist is R\{2}.
g

f is one-to-one over [5, 0] and [0, 5]. The largest
1
to exist is [5, 0] or [0, 5].
h

f is one-to-one over [1, 0] and [0, 1]. The largest
1
to exist is [1, 0] or [0, 1].
i

f is one-to-one over its domain [4, ). Hence the inverse
f
1
exists over its entire domain [4, ).
j f(x) = x
2
2x + 5
= (x 1)
2
+ 4

f is one-to-one over (, 1] and [1, ). Hence the largest
domain for the inverse f
1
to exist is (, 1].
k

f is one-to-one over its entire domain. Hence f
1
exists
over R.
l

f is one-to-one over its entire domain. Hence f
1
exists
over (5, ).
2 a Choose f(x) to have domain [0, ).
Range of f(x) = [3, )
dom f
1
= [3, )
ran f
1
= [0, )
y = x
2
+ 3
Rule for f
1
:
x = y
2
+ 3
y = 3 x
As ran f
1
= [0, ), we choose the positive square root.
f
1
(x) = 3 x
Hence f
1
: [3, ) R, f
1
(x) = 3 x
b Choose f(x) to have domain [0, ).
dom f
1
= [1, )
ran f
1
= [0, )
y = 3x
2
1
Rule for f
1
:
x = 3y
2
1
y
2
=
1
3
x +

y =
1
3
x +

As ran f
1
= [0, ), choose the positive square root.
f
1
(x) =
1
3
x +

Hence f
1
: [1, ) R, f
1
(x) =
1
3
x +

c f(x) has a domain [3, ).
dom f
1
= [2, )
ran f
1
= [3, )
y = (x + 3)
2
2
Rule for f
1
:
x = (y + 3)
2
2
y + 3 = 2 x +
y = 3 2 x +
As ran f
1
= [3, ), we choose the positive square root.
f
1
(x) = 3 2 x + +
Hence f
1
: [2, )R, f
1
(x) = 3 2 x + +
d Choose f(x) to have domain (0, ).
Ran f = (3, )
dom f
1
= (3, )
ran f
1
= (0, )
y =
2
1
3
x

Rule for f
1
:
x =
2
1
3
y

x + 3 =
2
1
y

y =
1
3 x
+

As ran f
1
= (0, ), choose the positive square root.
f
1
(x) =
1
3 x +

Hence f
1
: (3, ) R, f
1
(x) =
1
3 x +

e Choose f(x) to have domain (4, ).
Ran f = (1, )
dom f
1
= (1, )
ran f
1
= (4, )
y =
2
1
1
( 4) x
+

Rule for f
1
:
x =
2
1
1
( 4) y
+

x 1 =
2
1
( 4) y

(y 4)
2
=
1
1 x

y 4 =
1
1 x

y =
1
4
1 x

As ran f
1
= (4, ), choose the positive square root.
f
1
(x) =
1
4
1 x
+

Hence f
1
: (1, ) R, f
1
(x) =
1
4
1 x
+

f f(x) has a domain R\{2}.
dom f
1
= R\{0}
ran f
1
= R\{2}
f(x) =
1
:
2 x
find f
1
(x)
x =
1
2 y

y 2 =
1
x

y =
1
2
x
+
f
1
(x) =
1
2
x
+
Hence f
1
: R\{0} R, f
1
(x) =
1
2
x
+
g Choose f(x) to have domain [0, 5].
Ran f = [5, 0]
dom f
1
= [5, 0]
ran f
1
= [0, 5]
f(x) =
2
25 : x find f
1
(x)
x =
2
25 y
x
2
= 25 y
2

y
2
= 25 x
2

y =
2
25 x
As ran f
1
= [0, 5], choose the positive square root.
f
1
(x) =
2
25 x
Hence f
1
: [5, 0] R, f
1
(x) =
2
25 x
h Choose f(x) to have domain [0, 1].
Ran f = [0, 1]
dom f
1
= [0, 1]
ran f
1
= [0, 1]
f(x) =
2
1 : x find f
1
(x)
x =
2
1 y
x
2
= 1 y
2

y
2
= 1 x
2

y =
2
1 x
As ran f
1
= [0, 1], choose the positive square root.
f
1
(x) =
2
1 x
Hence f
1
: [0, 1] R, f
1
(x) =
2
1 x
i dom f = [4, )
ran f = [0, )
dom f
1
= [0, )
ran f
1
= [4, )
f(x) = 4: x find f
1
(x)
x = 4 y
x
2
= y 4
y = x
2
+ 4
f
1
(x) = x
2
+ 4
Hence f
1
: [0, ) R, f
1
(x) = x
2
+ 4
j f(x) = x
2
2x + 5
= (x 1)
2
+ 4
Choose dom f = [1, )
Ran f = [4, )
dom f
1
= [4, )
ran f
1
= [1, )
f(x) = (x 1)
2
+ 4: find f
1
(x)
x = (y 1)
2
+ 4
(y 1)
2
= x 4
y 1 = 4 x
y = 1 4 x
As ran f
1
= [1, ), choose the positive square root.
f
1
(x) = 1 4 x +
Hence f
1
: [4, ) R, f
1
(x) = 1 4 x +
k dom f = R
ran f = (0, )
dom f
1
= (0, )
ran f
1
= R
f(x) = e
x

+

2
: find f
1
(x)
x = e
y + 2

y + 2 = log
e
(x)
y = log
e
(x) 2
f
1
(x) = log
e
(x) 2
Hence f
1
: (0, ) R, f
1
(x) = log
e
(x) 2
l dom f = (5, )
ran f = R
dom f
1
= R
ran f
1
= (5, )
f(x) = 2 log
e
(x 5): find f
1
(x)
x = 2 log
e
(y 5)
y 5 =
2
x
e
y =
2
5
x
e +
f
1
(x) =
2
5
x
e +
Hence f
1
: R R, f
1
(x) =
2
5
x
e +
3 a

A function and its inverse can only intersect on the line
y = x.
The answer is B.
b Domain of function [0, )
f(x) = x
2
: find rule for f
1
(x).
x = y
2

y = x
f
1
(x) = x
dom f = [0, ), then ran f
1
= [0, ) so we take the
positive square root. Hence f
1
(x) = x , x [0, )
The answer is C.
c From solution for b above, [0, ].
The answer is D.
d Intersect at f(x) = f
1
(x)
x
2
= x
x
4
= x
x
4
x = 0
x(x
3
1) = 0
x = 0 or 1.
x = 0 f(x) = 0 (0, 0)
x = 1 f(x) = 1 (1, 1)
The answer is A.
4 a

b

c

d

e

f

g

h

5 a f(x) = 3 1 x +
Graph of f(x) = , x translated 1 unit right and 3 units
up.

Hence f(x) is a one-to-one function over its domain.
S = [1, )
b Graph is sketched using dotted line on axes above.
f(x) = 3 1: x + find f
1
(x)
x = 3 1 y +
1 y = x 3
y = (x 3)
2
+ 1
ran f = [3, )
dom f
1
= [3, )
Hence f
1
: [3, ) R, f
1
(x) = (x 3)
2
+ 1
6 a f(x) = (x 4)
2
5

Graph is one-to-one over [2, 4] and so a = 4.
b dom f = [2, 4]
x = 2 f(x) = 31
x = 4 f(x) = 5
ran f = [5, 31]
Hence
dom f
1
= [5, 31],
ran f = [2, 4]
f(x) = (x 4)
2
5: find f
1
(x)
x = (y 4)
2
5
x + 5 = (y 4)
2

y 4 = 5 x +
y = 4 5 x +
As ran f
1
= [2, 4] we take the negative square root.
y = 4 5 x +
Hence f
1
: [5, 31] R,
f
1
(x) = 4 5 x +
7 a

From the graph dom f = R
+

ran f
1
= dom f = R
+

f(x) =
1
:
x
find f
1
(x)
x =
1
y

x
2
=
2
1
y
| |
|
|
\ .

=
1
y

y =
2
1
x

Hence f
1
(x) =
2
1
x
, x R

Range is R
+
.
b f [f
1
(x)]
=
2
1
f
x
(
(

=
2
1
1
x

Now
2
1
x
=
1
x
if x > 0 or
1
x
if x < 0.
The domain of f
1
(x) is R
and so
1
x
is taken.
f [f
1
(x)] =
1
1
x

= x for x R

c f
1
[f(x)]
= f
1
1
x
(
(

=
2
1
1
x
| |
|
\ .

=
1
1
x

= 1
1
x

= x for x > 0.
d Both equate to x.
8 a

b f
1
exists if f(x) is one-to-one. Choose either the left half,
or the right half, that is, domain is (, 0] or [0, ).
c

d Find f
1
(x), given f(x) =
2
1
2 x +

x =
2
1
2 y +

y
2
+ 2 =
1
x

y
2
=
1
2
x

y =
1
2
x

Choose the positive square root, as the graph shows
f
1
(x) is positive.
f
1
(x) =
1
2
x

Find f [f
1
(x)]
f [f
1
(x)] =
1
2 f
x
| |
|
|
\ .

=
2
1
1
2 2
x
| |
+
|
|
\ .

=
1
1
2 2
x
| |
+
|
\ .

=
1
1
x

= 1
1
x

= x for x > 0
Find f
1
[f(x)]
f
1
[f(x)] =
1
2
1
2
f
x
| |
|
+ \ .

=
2
1
2
1
2 x
+

=
2
2
1 2
1
x +

=
2
2 2 x +
=
2
x
= x for x > 0.
Hence they are both equivalent and equal to x.
9 a

g(x) is an inverted parabola translated upwards 9 units.
For g
1
(x) to exist, we must restrict the domain of g so
that g(x) is a one-to-one function. Choose the left or right
half of the parabola, that is, domains (, 0] or [0, ).
Given the domain is [b, 8], we have a section of the right
half of the parabola. The smallest value of b is 0.
b Find g
1
, given g(x) = 9 x
2

x = 9 y
2

y
2
= 9 x
y = 9 x
Now
Dom g = [0, 8]
x = 0 g(x) = 9
x = 8 g(x) = 55
Ran g = [55, 9]
Hence
dom g
1
= [55, 9]
ran g
1
= [0, 8]
As ran g
1
is positive, we take the positive square root.
Hence g
1
: [55, 9] R, g
1
(x) = 9 x
c ran g
1
= dom g = [0, 8].
10 g(x) =
2
3 4 x + defines a circle, radius 2 units,
translated 3 units upwards.

The two maximal domains are [2, 0] and [0, 2]
Choose the domain [2, 0] range = [3, 5]
dom g
1
= [3, 5]
ran g
1
= [2, 0]
Find the rule for g
1
(x):
x =
2
3 4 y +
x 3 =
2
4 y
4 y
2
= (x 3)
2

y
2
= 4 (x 3)
2

y =
2
4 ( 3) x
As ran g
1
is negative, choose the negative square root.
Hence g
1
: [3, 5] R,
g
1
(x) =
2
4 ( 3) x
Now choose the domain [0, 2] range = [3, 5]
dom g
1
= [3, 5]
ran g
1
= [0, 2]
Find the rule for g
1
(x): y =
2
4 ( 3) , x as before.
As ran g
1
is positive, choose the positive square root.
Hence g
1
: [3, 5] R,
g
1
(x) =
2
4 ( 3) x
The two inverse functions g
1
are:
g
1
: [3, 5] R, g
1
(x) =
2
4 ( 3) x
g
1
: [3, 5] R, g
1
(x) =
2
4 ( 3) . x
Chapter review
Short answer
1 a

b

2 a Bottom half of a semicircle, radius 6.

Domain = [6, 6]
Range = [6, 0]
b Exponential graph, dilated by a factor of 2 parallel to the
y-axis, translated 2 units to the right. The x-axis is an
asymptote.
At x = 0, y = 2e
2

y-intercept (0, 2e
2
)

Domain = R
Range = R
+

3 a

b

c

4 a f(x) = 3 log
e
(x + 4) is a log function reflected in the
x-axis and translated (4, 3). Hence its domain is (4, ).
As the log function is one-to-one, f(x) is defined over its
entire domain.
Domain = (4, )
b g(x) = (x 2)
2
is a parabola. A vertical line at x = 2
divides g(x) into two one-to-one functions. Hence g(x) is
one-to-one over (, 2] or [2, ).
c f(x) =
2
1
5
x

This graph shows that f(x) is one-to-one over R
or R
+
.
5 a f(x) = 2x 1
i

f(x) is a 1:1 function.
iii Let f(x) = y
inverse swap x and y
x = 2y 1
x + 1 = 2y
y =
1
2
x +

b f(x) = 2(x 1)
3
+ 1
i

f(x) is a 1:1 function
iii Let f(x) = y
x = 2(y 1)
3
+ 1
x 1 = 2(y 1)
3

(y 1)
3
=
1
2
x

y 1 =
3
1
2
x

y =
3
1
1
2
x
+
c f(x) =
2
x x +
i

f(x) is a many: 1 function
ii cusps: (1, 0) and (0, 0)
restrict domain to [0, )
iii For the domain [0, ), f(x) = x
2
+ x
Let f(x) = y
x = y
2
+ y
x = y
2
+ y +
1
4

1
4

x = (y +
1
2
)
2

1
4

x +
1
4
= (y +
1
2
)
2

(y +
1
2
)
2
= x +
1
4

y +
1
2
=
1
4
x +
y =
1 1
4 2
x +
y =
1 1
4 2
x + as dom f(x) = [0, )
d f(x) = 2 3 x
i

iii Let f(x) = y
x = 2 3 y
x + 3 = 2 y
2 y = (x + 3)
2

y = 2 (x + 3)
2

= 2 (x
2
+ 6x + 9)
= x
2
6x 7
The whole parabola is not needed, ran f(x) = [3, )
domain of inverse = [3, )
y = x
2
6x 7, x [3, )
e f(x) = 3e
x
+ 1
i

iii Let f(x) = y
x = 3e
y
+ 1
x 1 = 3e
y

e
y
=
1
3
x

y =
1
log
3
e
x | |
|
\ .

f f(x) =
2
1
3( 2) x

i

iii Let f(x) = y
x =
2
1
3( 2) y

x + 1 =
2
3( 2) y

3(y 2) =
2
1 x +

y 2 =
2
3( 1) x +

y =
2
2
3( 1) x
+
+

g f(x) =
2
1
1
( 3) x
+
+

i

f(x) is a many:1 function
ii asymptote: x = 3 domain f(x) = (3, )
iii Let f(x) = y
x =
2
1
1
( 3) y
+
+

x 1 =
2
1
( 3) y +

(y + 3)
2
=
1
1 x

y + 3 =
1
1 x

y + 3 =
1
1 x
(discard negative because
dom f(x) = (3, ))
y =
1
3
1 x

6 a f(x) = log
e
(x 2) + 1 is a log graph with an asymptote at
x = 2.
x-intercept (y = 0):
log
e
(x 2) + 1 = 0
log
e
(x 2) = 1
x 2 = e
1

x = 2 + e
1

y-intercept (x = 0):
There is no y-intercept.

Domain = (2, )
Range = R
b f(x) = log
e
(x 2) + 1: find f
1
(x)
x = log
e
(y 2) + 1
y 2 = e
x 1

y = 2 + e
x 1

Inverse function
f
1
(x) = 2 + e
x 1
, x R
c f
1
(m) = 3
2 + e
m 1
= 3
e
m 1
= 1
e
m 1
= e
0

m 1 = 0
m = 1
d

f
1
: Domain R; Range (2, )
e Mark (3, 1) on graph of f(x)
7 g(x) = x
2
+ 5x 1
=
2
5 25
1
2 4
x
| |
+
|
\ .

=
2
5 29
2 4
x
| |
+
|
\ .

g(x) is a parabola. A vertical line at x =
5
2
divides g(x) into
two one-to-one functions. Hence g(x) is one-to-one over
(,
5
2
]
b =
5
2

8 a a = 1 for horizontal asymptote using (0, 0)
1 + be
0
= 0
1 + b = 0
b = 1
b range h(x) =
2
1
0, 1
e
(
(

c let h(x) = y for inverse interchange x and y
x = 1 e
y

e
y
= 1 x
y = log
e
(1 x)
y = log
e
(1 x)
h
1
:
2
1
0, 1
e
(
(

R, h
1
(x) = log
e
(1 x)
d

9 f(x) = e
2x
1
a let f(x) = y for inverse interchange x and y
x = e
2y
1
e
2y
= x + 1
2y = log
e
(x + 1)
y =
1
log ( 1)
2
e
x +
f
1
: (1, ) R, f
1
(x) =
1
log ( 1)
2
e
x +
b

c f(f
1
(2x)) =
1
2 log (2 1)
2
1
e
x
e
| |
+
|
\ .

=
log (2 1)
1
e
x
e
+

=
1
log (2 1)
1
e
x
e
+

=
1
1
2 1 x
+

=
1 (2 1)
2 1
x
x
+
+

=
2
2 1
x
x
+

Multiple choice
1 Relation has coordinates (4, 0) and (0, 2)
Inverse relation has coordinates (0, 4) and (2, 0)
The answer is B.
2

The answer is E.
3 f(x) has an asymptote at y = 1.
f
1
(x) will have an asymptote at x = 1. The mirror image
of f(x) through y = x is graph C.
C
4 x
2
+ (y + 1)
2
= 16 is a circle.
Many-to-many relation. Therefore the inverse will also
be a many-to-many relation
C
5 The x-intercept of f
1
(x) = y-intercept of f(x)
f(x) = 3 3 x
f(0) = 3 3
1.27
D
6 The y-intercept of f
1
(x) = x-intercept of f(x).
f(x) =
2
3
( 2) x
+

0 =
2
3
2 x
+

3 =
2
2 x

x 2 =
2
3

x =
2
2
3
+
=
4
3

A.
7 f(x) =
2
3
2 x
+

asymptotes: x = 2 and y = 3
For f
1
(x), asymptotes: x = 3 and y = 2
C
8 y =
2
4
:
x
find the inverse
x =
2
4
y

y
2
=
4
x

y =
2
x

The answer is A.
9 dom f
1
= ran f = R
+

The answer is C.
10

The function is defined except where the denominator is 0.
This occurs at x
2
1 = 0.
(x 1)(x + 1) = 0
x = 1, 1
Hence dom f = R\{1, 1}
The answer is D.
11 f(x) is a log graph, dilated by a factor of 4 parallel to the
y-axis, and translated 3 units left and 2 units down.
dom f = (3, )
The answer is D.
12 dom f
1
= ran f = R
The answer is C.
13 f(x) = 4 log
e
(x + 3) 2: find f
1
(x)
x = 4 log
e
(y + 3) 2

2
4
x +
= log
e
(y + 3)
y + 3 =
2
4
x
e
+ | |
|
\ .

y =
2
4
3
x
e
+ | |
|
\ .

Dom f
1
= R (from question 7)
Hence f
1
: R R, f
1
(x) =
2
4
3
x
e
+ | |
|
\ .

The answer is B.
14 A function and its inverse must intersect on the line y = x
The answer is A.
15 f [f
1
(x)] = x

1
1
3
f f
( | |
| (
\ .
=
1
3

The answer is D.
16 Vertical lines as shown divide f(x) into three one-to-one
functions.

The right part has domain [2, ).
The answer is A.
17 f(x) = x
2
10x + 18
= (x 5)
2
7

The function is one-to-one, and hence has an inverse
function, over (, 5] or [5, ).
The answer is E.
Extended response
1 f(x) = 0.213x
2
+ 1.127x 2.124
a Let y = f(x)
Solve (0.213y
2
+ 1.127y 2.124 = x, y)
Solving 0.123y
2
+ 1.127y 2.124 = x for y gives:
y =
852 000 3 079 777 1127
426
x +

b Inverse is a one-to-many relation (doesnt pass vertical
line test)
c TP = (2.65, 3.61)
a = 2.65
d domain f
1
(x) = range f(x) = [3.61, )
range f
1
(x) = domain f(x) = [2.65, )
e Find intersection of f(x) and line y = x within domain
Solve (0.213x
2
+ 1.127x 2.124 = x, x)
Solving 0.213x
2
+ 1.127x 2.124 = x for x gives:
x = 2.87
2 a f(x) is an inverted parabola with turning point (0, 4)
f(x) = ax
2
+ 4
To find a, substitute the point (2, 2).
2 = a(2)
2
+ 4
2 = 4a + 4
6 = 4a
a =
3
2

Hence f(x) =
2
3
4
2
x +
b A lies on the line y = x
f(x) = x

2
3
4
2
x + = x

2
3
4
2
x x + = 0
3x
2
+ 2x 8 = 0
(3x 4)(x + 2) = 0
x =
4
3
, x = 2
We want the solution in the first quadrant, so choose
x =
4
3
.
Hence A =
4 4
,
3 3
| |
|
\ .

c dom f =
4
2,
3
(
(

ran f = [2, 4]
d

e Heart-shaped graph
f i To make f
1
(x) a function, we need to cut out the part of
f
1
(x) which lies on or right of x =
4
3
.
Required domain is
4
[ 2, )
3
.

4
3
is not included because f
1
has two points with this
x-coordinate.
ii f(x) =
2
3
4:
2
x + find f
1
(x)
x =
2
3
4
2
y +

2
( 4)
3
x = y
2

y =
2
( 4)
3
x
From the graph of f
1
, we can see that over
4
[ 2, )
3
,
y is negative
f
1
(x) =
2
( 4)
3
x
Hence f
1
:
4
[ 2, )
3
R, f
1
(x) =
2
( 4).
3
x
g i The inverse of f(x) is not a function over
4
, 4
3
(
(

.
ii Using the same method as in part f, we obtain
y =
2
( 4)
3
x
In this region we require both the positive and negative
square roots. Hence the inverse relation here can be
called g(x), where
g:
4
, 2
3
(
(

R, g(x) =
2
( 4)
3
x .
3 a (2, 0.54) and (0, 0)
b Domain f(x) = R, Range f(x) = [0, )
c

d Domain f
1
(x) = [0, ), range f
1
(x) = R.
e (0.57, 0.57)
f (, 2]
g [0, 0.54]
4 a y = 6log 3
e
x

b horizontal asymptote at x = 3
a = 3
c Find intersection of g(x) and line y = x
solve (6log 3 , )
e
x x x =
Solving 6log 3
e
x x = for x gives:
x = 5.50
d The graph of f(x) and its inverse must both touch the line
y = x at the same point. This means this line is a tangent to
both curves and therefore at this point, the gradient of
each is 1.

3
a
x
= 1
a = x 3
x = a + 3 [1]
and

1
x
a
e
a
= 1 [2]

x
a
e = a
e
x
= a
a

x = log
e
(a
a
)
[2] [1] gives log
e
(a
a
) a 3 = 0
solve (log
e
(a
a
) a 3 = 0, a)
Solving log
e
(a
a
) a 3 = 0, a for a gives:
a = 4.97
Ci r c u l a r ( t r i g o n o me t r i c ) f u n c t i o n s MM1 2 - 6 123
Exercise 6A Revision of
radians and the unit circle
1 a 3
c
=
180
3
| |
|
\ .

=
540
| |
|
\ .

= 171.89
b 5
c
=
5 180
| |
|
\ .

=
900
| |
|
\ .

= 286.48
c 4.8
c
=
4.8 180
| |
|
\ .

=
864
| |
|
\ .

= 275.02
d 2.56
c
=
180
2.56
| |
|
\ .

=
460.8
| |
|
\ .

= 146.68
e
c
7
20
| |
|
\ .
=
7 180
20
| |
|
\ .

= 63
f
c
3
10
| |
|
\ .
=
3 180
10
| |
|
\ .

= 54
g
c
5
6
| |
|
\ .
=
5 180
6
| |
|
\ .

= 150
h
c
5
4
| |
|
\ .
=
5 180
4
| |
|
\ .

= 225
2 a 5 =
c
5
180
| |
|
\ .

=
c
5
180

=
c
36

b 15 =
c
15
180
| |
|
\ .

=
15
180

=
c
12

c 120 =
c
120
180
| |
|
\ .

=
120
180

=
c
2
3

d 130 =
c
130
180
| |
|
\ .

=
130
180

=
c
13
18

e 63.9 =
c
63.9
180
| |
|
\ .

= 1.12
c

f 78.82 =
c
78.82
180
| |
|
\ .

= 1.38
c

g 235 =
c
235
180
| |
|
\ .

= 4.10
c

h 260 =
c
260
180
| |
|
\ .

= 4.54
c

i 310 =
c
310
180
| |
|
\ .

= 5.41
c

j 350 =
c
350
180
| |
|
\ .

= 6.11
c

3 a sin(0.4) = 0.389
b sin(0.8) = 0.717
c cos(1.4) = 0.170
d cos(1.7) = 0.129
e tan(2.9) = 0.246
f tan(2.4) = 0.916
g sin(75) = 0.966
h sin(68) = 0.927
i cos(160) = 0.940
j cos(185) = 0.996
k tan(265) = 11.430
l tan(240) = 1.732
4 a sin(0) = 0
b sin() = 0
c cos(2) = 1
d cos() = 1
e tan
2
| |
|
\ .
is undefined.
f
3
tan
2
| |
|
\ .
is undefined.
g sin(90) = 1
h sin(360) = 0
i cos(180) = 1
j cos(0) = 1
k tan(270) is undefined.
l tan(720) = 0
5 a sin
2
(20) + cos
2
(20) = 1
b cos
2
(50) + sin
2
(50) = 1
c sin
2
() + cos
2
() = 1
d sin
2
(2.5) + cos
2
(2.5) = 1
e
2
sin
2
| |
|
\ .
+
2
cos
2
| |
|
\ .
= 1
f
2
sin
2
| |
|
\ .
+
2
cos
2
| |
|
\ .
= 1
g 2 sin
2
() + 2 cos
2
()
= 2(sin
2
() + cos
2
())
= 2 1
= 2
h 5 sin
2
() + 5 cos
2
()
= 5(sin
2
() + cos
2
())
= 5 1
= 5
6 a sin(35) = 0.574
sin(70) = 0.940
sin(120) = 0.866
sin(150) = 0.500
sin(240) = 0.866
ORDER: sin(240), sin(150),
sin(35), sin(120), sin(70).
b cos(0.2) = 0.980
cos(1.5) = 0.071
cos(3.34) = 0.980
cos(5.3) = 0.554
cos(6.3) = 1.000
ORDER: cos(3.34), cos(1.5),
cos(5.3), cos(0.2), cos(6.3).
7 tan( ) =
sin( )
cos( )

=
8
17
15
17

=
8
15

8 tan(A) =
sin( )
cos( )
A
A

=
0.6
0.8

= 0.75 or
3
4

9
c
3
=
180
3
| |
|
\ .

=
180
3

= 60
The answer is D.
10 cos
2
() + sin
2
() = 1
cos
2
() = 1 sin
2
()
The answer is B.
Chapter 6 Circular (trigonometric) functions
MM1 2 - 6 124 Ci r c u l a r ( t r i g o n o me t r i c ) f u n c t i o n s

11 T = 15
4
3cos
12
| |
|
\ .

= 15 3cos
3
| |
|
\ .

= 15 3 0.5
= 15 1.5
= 13.5
The temperature after 4 hours is
13.5C.
t = 7, T = 15
7
3cos
12
| |
|
\ .

= 15 3cos(1.833)
= 15 3 0.26
= 15 + 0.78
= 15.78
The temperature at 9.00 am is
approximately 15.8C.
Exercise 6B Symmetry and
exact values
1 a sin (120) = sin(180 60)
= sin(60)
=
3
2

b cos (135) = cos(180 45)
= cos(45)
=
2
2

c tan (330) = tan(360 30)
= tan(30)
=
1
3

=
3
3

d cos (225) = cos(180 + 45)
= cos(45)
=
2
2

e sin (210) = sin(180 + 30)
= sin(30)
=
1
2

f tan (150) = tan(180 30)
= tan(30)
=
3
3

g sin (315) = sin(360 45)
= sin(45)
=
2
2

h cos (300) = cos(360 60)
= cos(60)
=
1
2

i tan (225) = tan(180 + 45)
= tan(45)
= 1
j cos (390) = cos(360 + 30)
= cos(30)
=
3
2

k sin(405) = sin(360 + 45)
= sin(45)
=
2
2

l tan(420) = tan(360 + 60)
= tan(60)
= 3
2 a
3
sin
4
| |
|
\ .
= sin
4
| |
|
\ .

= sin
4
| |
|
\ .

=
2
2

b
5
cos
6
| |
|
\ .
= cos
6
| |
|
\ .

= cos
6
| |
|
\ .

=
3
2

c
2
tan
3
| |
|
\ .
= tan
3
| |
|
\ .

= tan
3
| |
|
\ .

= 3
d
4
cos
3
| |
|
\ .
= cos
3
| |
+
|
\ .

= cos
3
| |
|
\ .

=
1
2

e
5
sin
4
| |
|
\ .
= sin
4
| |
+
|
\ .

= sin
4
| |
|
\ .

=
2
2

f
7
tan
6
| |
|
\ .
= tan
6
| |
+
|
\ .

= tan
6
| |
|
\ .

=
3
3

g
11
sin
6
| |
|
\ .
= sin 2
6
| |
|
\ .

= sin
6
| |
|
\ .

=
1
2

h
5
cos
3
| |
|
\ .
= cos 2
3
| |
|
\ .

= cos
3
| |
|
\ .

=
1
2

i
7
tan tan 2
4 4

| | | |
=
| |
\ . \ .

= tan
4
| |
|
\ .

= 1
j
9
cos cos 2
4 4

| | | |
= +
| |
\ . \ .

cos
4
| |
=
|
\ .

2
2
=

k
13
sin
6
| |
|
\ .
= sin 2
6
| |
+
|
\ .

= sin
6
| |
|
\ .

=
1
2

l
7
tan
6
| |
|
\ .
= tan
6
| |
+
|
\ .

= tan
6
| |
|
\ .

=
3
3

3 a sin( x) = sin(x)
= 0.3
b cos( a) = cos(a)
= 0.5
c tan(2 b) = tan(b)
= 2.4
d cos( x) = cos(x)
=
2
1 sin x
=
2
1 (0.3)
= 1 0.09
= 0.91
=
91
100

=
91
10

e sin( a) = sin(a)
=
2
1 cos a
=
2
1 0.5
= 1 0.25
= 0.75
=
3
4

=
3
2

f tan( + b) = tan(b)
= 2.4
g sin(2 x) = sin(x)
= 0.3
h cos(2 a) = cos(a)
= 0.5
i tan( b) = tan(b)
= 2.4
j cos(2 + x) = cos(x)
=
91
10
(from part d)
k sin(2 + a) = sin(a)
=
3
2
(from part e)
l tan(2 + b) = tan(b)
= 2.4
m sin(3 x) = sin( x)
= sin(x)
= 0.3
n cos(3 + a) = cos( + a)
= cos(a)
= 0.5
o tan(3 b) = tan( b)
= tan(b)
= 2.4
4 tan() = sin() cos()
=
7
25

24
25

=
7
25

25
24

=
7
24

sin
2
() =
2
7
25
| |
|
\ .

=
49
625

cos
2
() =
2
24
25
| |
|
\ .

=
576
625

sin
2
() + cos
2
() =
49
625
+
576
625

=
625
625

= 1
5 a
2
< x < and so both cos(x) and

tan(x) are negative.
cos(x) =
3
2

tan(x) =
1
3

=
3
3

b < x <
3
2
, 3rd quadrant
sin(x) =
1
2

tan(x) = 1

c
3
2
< x < 2, 4th quadrant

cos(x) =
1
2

tan(x) = 3

d < x <
3
2
, 3rd quadrant
sin(x) =
3
2

cos(x) =
1
2

6 a sin(30) = sin(30)
=
1
2

b cos(45) = cos(45)
=
2
2

c tan(60) = tan(60)
= 3
d cos(150) = cos(150)
= cos(180 30)
= cos(30)
=
3
2

e sin(120) = sin(120)
= sin(180 60)
= sin(60)
=
3
2

f tan(135) = tan(135)
= tan(180 45)
= (tan 45)
= tan(45)
= 1
g sin(225) = sin(225)
= sin(180 + 45)
= (sin 45)
= sin(45)
=
2
2

h cos(210) = cos(210)
= cos(180 + 30)
= cos(30)
=
3
2

i tan(240) = tan(240)
= tan(180 + 60)
= tan(60)
=
3

j cos(330) = cos(330)
= cos(360 30)
= cos(30)
=
3
2

k sin(315) = sin(315)
= sin(360 45)
= (sin 45)
= sin(45)
=
2
2

l tan(300) = tan(300)
= tan(360 60)
= (tan 60)
= tan(60)
=
3

m sin(420) = sin(420)
= sin(360 + 60)
= sin(60)
=
3
2

n cos(390) = cos(390)
= cos(360 + 30)
= cos(30)
=
3
2

o tan(405) = tan(405)
= tan(360 + 45)
= tan(45)
= 1
7 (sin() + cos())
2
+ (sin() cos())
2

= sin
2
() + 2 sin() cos() + cos
2
()
+ sin
2
() 2 sin() cos() + cos
2
()
= 2 sin
2
() + 2 cos
2
()
= 2(sin
2
() + cos
2
())
= 2 1
= 2
8 a sin
3
| |
|
\ .
= sin
3
| |
|
\ .

=
3
2

b cos
6
| |
|
\ .
= cos
6
| |
|
\ .

=
3
2

c tan
4
| |
|
\ .
= tan
4
| |
|
\ .

= 1
d cos
3
4
| |
|
\ .
= cos
3
4
| |
|
\ .

= cos
4
| |
|
\ .

= cos
4
| |
|
\ .

=
2
2


e sin
2
3
| |
|
\ .
= sin
2
3
| |
|
\ .

= sin
3
| |
|
\ .

= sin
3
| |
|
\ .

=
3
2

f tan
5
6
| |
|
\ .
= tan
5
6
| |
|
\ .

= tan
6
| |
|
\ .

= tan
6
| |
|
\ .

= tan
6
| |
|
\ .

=
3
3

g sin
7
6
| |
|
\ .
= sin
7
6
| |
|
\ .

= sin
6
| |
+
|
\ .

= sin
6
| |
|
\ .

= sin
6
| |
|
\ .

=
1
2

h cos
5
4
| |
|
\ .
= cos
5
4
| |
|
\ .

= cos
4
| |
+
|
\ .

= cos
4
| |
|
\ .

=
2
2

i tan
4
3
| |
|
\ .
= tan
4
3
| |
|
\ .

= tan
3
| |
+
|
\ .

= tan
3
| |
|
\ .

= 3
j cos
5
3
| |
|
\ .
= cos
5
3
| |
|
\ .

= cos 2
3
| |
|
\ .

= cos
3
| |
|
\ .

=
1
2

k sin
13
6
| |
|
\ .
= sin
13
6
| |
|
\ .

= sin 2
6
| |
+
|
\ .

= sin
6
| |
|
\ .

=
1
2

l tan
9
4
| |
|
\ .
= tan
9
4
| |
|
\ .

= tan 2
4
| |
+
|
\ .

= tan
4
| |
|
\ .

= 1
9 cos
2
4
| |
|
\ .
+ sin
2
4
| |
|
\ .

=
2
cos
4
| |
|
\ .
+
2
sin
4
| |
|
\ .

=
2
2
2
| |
|
|
\ .
+
2
2
2
| |
|
|
\ .

=
2
4
+
2
4

=
4
4

= 1
10 a sin
2
x
| |
|
\ .
= cos(x)
= 0.7
b cos
3
2
| |
+
|
\ .
= sin( )
= 0.3
c tan
2
| |
|
\ .
= cot()
=
1
tan ( )

=
1
0.4

= 2.5
d cos
2
| |
+
|
\ .
= sin( )
= 0.3
e sin
3
2
x
| |
+
|
\ .
= cos(x)
= 0.7
f tan
2
| |
+
|
\ .
= cot()
=
1
tan( )

=
1
0.4

= 2.5
g sin
2
x
| |
+
|
\ .
= cos(x)
= 0.7
h cos
3
2
| |
|
\ .
= sin()
= 0.3
i tan
3
2
| |
|
\ .
= cot()
=
1
tan( )

=
1
0.4

= 2.5
j cos
3
2
| |
+
|
\ .
= sin()
= 0.3
k sin
3
2
x
| |
|
\ .
= cos(x)
= 0.7
l tan
3
2
| |
+
|
\ .
= cot()
= 2.5
11 3 sin 2
12
| |
|
\ .

= 3 sin
6
| |
|
\ .

= 3 0.5
= 1.5
3
or
2
| |
|
\ .

The answer is C.
12 1 sin
2
2
| |
|
\ .

= cos
2
2
| |
|
\ .

The answer is D.
13 a v(0) = 10 + 2 sin(0)
= 10 cm/s
b v(5) = 10 + 2 sin
5
6
| |
|
\ .

= 10 + 2 sin
6
| |
|
\ .

= 10 + 2 sin
6
| |
|
\ .

= 10 + 2 0.5
= 10 + 1
= 11 cm/s
c Maximum value of sin
6
t | |
|
\ .
is 1
Max v = 10 + 2 1
= 10 + 2
= 12 cm/s
14 H = 0.4 cos
12
t | |
|
\ .
+ 0.5
a t = 0 so H = 0.4 cos(0) + 0.5
= 0.4 + 0.5
= 0.9 m
b t = 8 so H = 0.4 cos
8
12
| |
|
\ .
+ 0.5
= 0.4 cos
2
3
| |
|
\ .
+ 0.5
= 0.4 cos
3
| |
|
\ .
+ 0.5
= 0.4 cos
3
| |
|
\ .
+ 0.5
=
0.4
2
+ 0.5
= 0.3 m
c t = 20 so H = 0.4 cos
20
12
| |
|
\ .
+ 0.5
H = 0.4 cos 2
3
| |
|
\ .
+ 0.5
= 0.4 cos
3
| |
|
\ .
+ 0.5
= 0.7 m
Exercise 6C Trigonometric
equations
1 a cos( ) = 0
=
2
,
3
2

b sin( ) =
1
2

Basic angle is
4

sin is negative in 3rd and 4th
quadrants.
= +
4
, 2
4

=
5
4
,
7
4

c cos( ) =
1
2

Basic angle is
4

cos is positive in 1st and 4th
quadrants.
=
4
, 2
4

=
4
,
7
4

d sin( ) = 1
=
3
2

e cos( ) =
3
2

Basic angle is
6

cos is negative in 2nd and 3rd
quadrants.
=
6
, +
6

=
5
6
,
7
6

2 a sin( ) = 1
= 90
b cos( ) =
1
2

Basic angle is 60
cos is positive in 1st and 4th
quadrants.
= 60, (360 60)
= 60, 300
c sin() =
3
2

Basic angle is 60
sin is positive in the 1st and 2nd
quadrants.
= 60, (180 60)
= 60, 120
d cos() = 1
= 180
e sin() =
1
2

Basic angle is 45
sin is positive in 1st and 2nd
quadrants.
= 45, (180 45)
= 45, 135
3 a cos(x) = 0.6591
Basic angle is 0.8512
cos(x) is negative is 2nd and 3rd
quadrants.
x = 0.8512, + 0.8512
= 2.2904, 3.9928
x = 2.2904, 3.9928, 2.2904 + 2,
3.9928 + 2
x = 2.2904, 3.9928, 8.5736,
10.2760
b sin(x) = 0.9104
sin(x) is positive in 1st and 2nd
quadrants.
x = 1.1442, 1.1442
= 1.1442, 1.9973
x = 1.1442, 1.9973, 1.1442 + 2,
1.9973 + 2
x = 1.1442, 1.9973, 7.4274,
8.2805
c cos(x) = 0.48
cos(x) is positive in 1st and 4th
quadrants.
x = 1.0701, 2 1.0701
= 1.0701, 5.2130
x = 1.0701, 5.2130, 1.0701 + 2,
5.2130 + 2
x = 1.0701, 5.2130, 7.3533,
11.4962
d sin(x) = 0.371
sin(x) is negative in 3rd and 4th
quadrants.
x = + 0.3801, 2 0.3801
= 3.5217, 5.9031
x = 3.5217, 5.9031, 3.5217 + 2,
5.9031 + 2
= 3.5217, 5.9031, 9.8049,
12.1863
4 a sin(x) = 0.2686
sin(x) is positive in 1st and 2nd
quadrants.
x = 15.58, (180 15.58)
= 15.58, 164.42
b cos(x) = 0.7421
cos(x) is negative is 2nd and 3rd
quadrants.
x = (180 42.09),
(180 + 42.09)
= 137.91, 222.09
c sin(x) = 0.5 + 32
sin(x) is negative in 3rd and 4th
quadrants.
x = (180 + 32.90),
(360 32.90)
= 212.90, 327.10
d cos(x) = 0.1937
cos(x) is positive in 1st and 4th
quadrants.
x = 78.83, (360 78.83)
= 78.83, 281.17
5 a 2 sin(x) = 1
sin(x) =
1
2

Basic angle is
6

sin(x) > 0 in quadrants 1 and 2.
x =
6
,
6

=
6
,
5
6

b 3 cos(x) = 0
cos(x) = 0
x =
2
,
3
2

c 2 sin(x) = 3
sin(x) =
3
2

Basic angle is
3

sin(x) < 0 in quadrants 3 and 4.
x = +
3
, 2
3

=
4
3
,
5
3

d 2 cos(x)= 1
cos(x) =
1
2

Basic angle is
4

cos(x) > 0 in quadrants 1 and 4.
x =
4
, 2
4

=
4
,
7
4

6 a cos(2x) = 1, 0 2x 720
Basic angle is 0
2x = 0, 360, 720
x = 0, 180, 360
b 2 sin(2x) = 1,
0 2x 720
sin(2x) =
1
2

Basic angle is 30
Sine is negative in the 3rd and 4th
quadrants.
2x = 180 + 30, 360 30, 360
+ 180 + 30, 360 + 360
30
= 210, 330, 570, 690
x = 105, 165, 285, 345
c 2 cos(3x) = 2 , 0 3x 1080
cos(3x) =
2
2


Basic angle is 45
Cosine is negative in 2nd and 3rd
quadrants.
3x = 180 45, 180 + 45, 360
+ 180 45, 360 + 180
+ 45, 720 + 180 45,
720 + 180 + 45
= 135, 225, 495, 585,
855, 945
x = 45, 75, 165, 195, 285,
315
d 2 sin(3x) = 3 , 0 3x 1080
sin(3x) =
3
2

Basic angle is 60
Sine is positive in the 1st and 2nd
quadrants.
3x = 60, 180 60, 360 + 60,
360 + 120, 720 + 60,
720 + 120
= 60, 120, 420, 480, 780,
840
x = 20, 40, 140, 160, 260,
280
e sin(3x) = 0.1254,
0 3x 1080
Basic angle is 7.20
Sine is negative in the 3rd and 4th
quadrants.
3x = 180 + 7.20, 360 7.20,
360 + 187.20, 360 +
352.80, 720 + 187.20,
720 + 352.80
= 187.20, 352.80, 547.20,
712.80, 907.20, 1072.80
x = 62.40, 117.60, 182.40,
237.60, 302.40, 357.60
f 3 cos(2x) = 0.5787,
0 2x 720
cos(2x) = 0.1929
Cosine is positive in the 1st and
4th quadrants.
2x = 78.88, 360 78.88, 360
+ 78.88, 360 + 281.12
= 78.88, 281.12, 438.88,
641.12
x = 39.44, 140.56, 219.44,
320.56
g 4 sin
1
2
x
| |
|
\ .
= 0.913,
0
1
2
x 180
sin
1
2
x
| |
|
\ .
= 0.228 25

1
2
x = 13.194, 180 13.194
= 13.194, 166.806
x = 26.39, 333.61
h 2 cos(x) = 0.2751,
0 x 360
cos(x) = 0.1945
Cosine is negative in the 2nd and
3rd quadrants.
x = 180 78.78, 180 + 78.78
= 101.22, 258.78
7 a 4 sin(x) + 2 = 6
4 sin(x) = 4
sin(x) = 1
x =
2

b 3 cos(x) 3 = 0
3 cos(x) = 3
cos(x) = 1
x = 0, 2
c cos
2
x | |
|
\ .
+ 4 = 4.21, 0
2
x

cos
2
x | |
|
\ .
= 0.21

2
x
= 1.3592
x = 2.7184
d sin
3
x | |
|
\ .
+ 5 = 5.32, 0
3
x

2
3

sin
3
x | |
|
\ .
= 0.32

3
x
= 0.325 73
x = 0.9772
e 2 sin(3x) 5 = 4, 0 3x 6
2 sin(3x) = 1
sin(3x) =
1
2

Basic angle =
6

Sine is positive in the 1st and 2nd
quadrants.
3x =
6
,
6
, 2 +
6
,
2 +
6
, 4 +
6
,
4 +
6

=
6
,
5
6
,
13
6
,
17
6
,
25
6
,
29
6

x =
18
,
5
18
,
13
18
,
17
18
,
25
18
,
29
18
.
f 2 cos(3x) + 2 = 3, 0 3x 6
2 cos(3x) = 1
cos(3x) =
1
2

Basic angle is
4

Cosine is positive in 1st and 4th
quadrants.
3x =
4
, 2
4
, 2 +
4
, 2 + 2

4
, 4 +
4
, 4 + 2
4

=
4
,
7
4
,
9
4
,
15
4
,
17
4
,
23
4

x =
12
,
7
12
,
9
12
,
15
12
,
17
12
,
23
12

g 2 cos(2x) + 3 = 0, 0 2x 4
2 cos(2x) = 3
cos(2x) =
3
2

Basic angle is
6

Cosine is negative in 2nd and 3rd
quadrants.
2x =
6
, +
6
, 2 +
6
,
2 + +
6

=
5
6
,
7
6
,
17
6
,
19
6

x =
5
12
,
7
12
,
17
12
,
19
12

h
1
3
sin
1
2
x
| |
|
\ .
1 = 0.8039,
0
1
2
x

1
3
sin
1
2
x
| |
|
\ .
= 0.1961
sin
1
2
x
| |
|
\ .
= 0.5883

1
2
x = 0.628 95, 0.628 95
= 0.628 95, 2.512 64
= 1.2579, 5.0253
8 a sin(x) = cos(x), 0 x 2
tan(x) = 1
Basic angle =
4

x =
4
, +
4

=
4
,
5
4

Sum =
4
+
5
4

=
3
2

b sin(2x) = cos(2x), 0 x 2
tan(2x) = 1, 0 2x 4
Basic angle =
4

2x =
4
, +
4
, 2 +
4
, 3 +
4

=
4
,
5
4
,
9
4
,
13
4

x =
8
,
5
8
,
9
8
,
13
8

Sum =
8
+
5
8
+
9
8
+
13
8

=
28
8

=
7
2

c sin(2x) = 3 cos(2x), 0 x 2
tan(2x) = 3 , 0 2x 4
Basic angle =
3

2x =
3
, +
3
, 2 +
3
, 3 +
3

=
3
,
4
3
,
7
3
,
10
3

x =
6
,
2
3
,
7
6
,
5
3

Sum =
6
+
2
3
+
7
6
+
5
3

=
22
6

=
11
3

d 3 sin(3x) = cos(3x), 0 x 2
3 tan(3x) = 1, 0 3x 6
tan(3x) =
1
3

Basic angle =
6

3x =
6
, +
6
, 2 +
6
, 3 +
6
,
4 +
6
, 5 +
6

=
6
,
7
6
,
13
6
,
19
6
,
25
6
,

31
6

x =
18
,
7
18
,
13
18
,
19
18
,
25
18
,

31
18

Sum =
18
+
7
18
+
13
18
+
19
18

+
25
18
+
31
18

=
96
18
=
16
3

e sin 3x + 2 cos 3x = 0, 0 x 2
tan 3x + 2 = 0, 0 3x 6
tan 3x = 2
Basic angle = 1.107 15
3x = 1.107 15, 2 1.107 15,
3 1.107 15, 4 1.107 15,
5 1.107 15, 6 1.107 15
= 2.0344, 5.1760, 8.3176,
11.4592, 14.6008, 17.7424
x = 0.6781, 1.7253, 2.7725,
3.8197, 4.8669, 5.9141
Sum = 19.7766
f sin(x) + 3 cos(x) = 0, 0 x 2
tan(x) + 3 = 0
tan(x) = 3
Basic angle = 1.24905
Tan is negative in the 2nd and 4th
quadrants.
x = 1.24905, 2 1.24905
= 1.8925, 5.0341
Sum = 6.9266
9 a t = 0, x = 3 + 4 sin 0
= 3 + 0
= 3 m.
The particle is 3 metres from O
when it begins to move.
b x = 0, 3 + 4 sin(2t) = 0
4 sin(2t) = 3
sin(2t) =
3
4
= 0.75
2t = + 0.848
= 3.990
t = 1.99 seconds
The particle first reaches O after
1.99 seconds.
10 a 2cos(x) 3 = 0
cos(x) =
3
2

x = 2 , 2
6 6
n n

+ +
x =
1 12 12 1
,
6 6
n n

+ | | | |
| |
\ . \ .

n = 1, x =
11
6

n = 0, x = ,
6 6

n = 1, x =
11
6

solutions for 2 x 2 are:
x =
11 11
, , ,
6 6 6 6

b tan(x) =
1
3

x =
6
n
+
n = 2, x =
11
6

n = 1, x =
5
6

n = 0, x =
6

n = 1, x =
7
6

x =
11 5 7
, , ,
6 6 6 6

c 2sin( ) x = 1
sin(x) =
1
2

x =
3
2 , 2
4 4
nx n

+ +
x =
8 1 8 3
,
4 4
n n

+ + | | | |
|
\ . \ .

n = 1, x =
7 5
,
4 4

n = 0, x =
4

n = 1, x =
3
4

solution for 2 x 2 are:
x =
7 5 3
, , ,
4 4 4 4

11 2 sin(2x) 1 = 0
sin(2x) =
1
2

2x =
5
2 , 2
6 6
n n

+ +
x =
12 1 12 5
,
12 12
n n

+ + | | | |
| |
\ . \ .

n = 1
x =
11 7
,
12 12

n = 0
x =
5
,
12 12

solution for n x are:
x =
11 7 5
, , ,
12 12 12 12

12 2cos(3x) 1 = 0
cos(3x) =
1
2

3x = 2 , 2 ,
3 3
n n

+ +
x =
2 2
,
3 9 9 3
n n
+
x =
6 1 6 1
,
9 9
n n

+ | | | |
| |
\ . \ .

n = 1
x =
7 5
,
9 9

n = 0
x = ,
9 9

n = 1
x =
5 7
,
9 9

solution for x are:
x =
7 5 5 7
, , , , ,
9 9 9 9 9 9

13 a 3sin( ) x = cos(x)
3 tan( ) x = 1
tan(x) =
1
3

x =
6
n
+
n = 0
x =
6

n = 1
x =
7
6

x =
7
,
6 6

b sin(2x) = cos(2x)
tan(2x) = 1
2x =
4
n
+

x =
8 2
n
+
x =
1 4
8
n
+ | |
|
\ .

n = 0, x =
8

n = 1, x =
5
8

n = 2, x =
9
8

n = 3, x =
13
8

x =
5 9 13
, , ,
8 8 8 8

c 3sin(3 ) x = cos(3x)
3 tan(3 ) x = 1
tan(3x) =
1
3

3x =
6
n
+
x =
18 3
n
+
x =
6 1
18
n
| |
|
\ .

n = 1, x =
5
18

n = 2, x =
11
18

n = 3, x =
17
18

n = 4, x =
25
18

n = 5, x =
29
18

n = 6, x =
35
18

x =
5 11 17 25 29 35
, , , , ,
18 18 18 18 18 18

14 sin(2x) + sin(3x) =
3
2

On a calculator page, complete the
entry line as:
Solve (sin(2x) + sin(3x) =
3
, )
2
x

Solving sin(2x) + sin(3x) =
3
2
for
x gives
x = 2.0944, 1.5116, 0.1799,
1.0472
Exercise 6D Trigonometric
graphs
1 a y = cos(x)
Period = 2
Amplitude = 1
b y = sin(x)
Period = 2
Amplitude = 1
c y = 4 sin(x)
Period = 2
Amplitude = 4
d y =
1
3
cos(x)
Period = 2
Amplitude =
1
3

e y = 2 cos(3x)
Period =
2
3

Amplitude = 2
f y = 3 sin(2x)
Period =
2
2
=
Amplitude = 3
g y = 3 sin
1
2
x
| |
|
\ .

Period =
2
1
2
= 4
Amplitude = 3
h y = 2 cos
1
3
x
| |
|
\ .

Period =
2
1
3
= 6
Amplitude = 2
i y =
1
3
cos(2x)
Period =
2
2
=
Amplitude =
1
3

j y = 4 sin(3x)
Period =
2
3

Amplitude = 4
2 a y =
2
3
cos()
Period = 2
Amplitude =
2
3

Range =
2 2
,
3 3
(
(

b y = 4 sin()
Period = 2
Amplitude = 4

Range = [4, 4]
c y = 3 sin(2)
Period =
2
2

=
Amplitude = 3

Range = [3, 3]
d y = 2 cos(3)
Period =
2
3

Amplitude = 2

Range = [2, 2]
e y =
1
2
cos(3)
Period =
2
3

Amplitude =
1
2

Range =
1 1
,
2 2
(
(

f y =
1
3
sin(2 )
Period =
2
2

=
Amplitude =
1
3


Range =
1 1
,
3 3
(
(

g y = 4 sin
1
2
| |
|
\ .

Period =
2
1
2

= 4
Amplitude = 4

Range = [4, 4]
h y = 3 cos
1
3
| |
|
\ .

Period =
2
1
3

= 6
Amplitude = 3

Range = [3, 3]
3 f(x) = 4 cos(3), 0 2
Period =
2
3

Amplitude = 4

Range = [4, 4]
4 y = 2 sin(2x), x
Period =
2
2

=
Amplitude = 2

Range = [2, 2]
5 a 5 sin
3
x
| |
+
|
\ .
+ 3

3
left, up 3
b y = cos
2
x
| |
|
\ .
+ 1

2
right, up 1
c y = 3 cos
4
x
| |
|
\ .
2

4
right, down 2
d y = 2 sin
3
x
| |
+
|
\ .
1

3
left, down 1.
6 a y = sin(x) + 1
Period = 2
Amplitude = 1
Translation: up 1

Range = [0, 2]
b y = cos(x) 1
Period = 2
Amplitude = 1
Translation: 1 down

Range = [2, 0]
c y = 2 cos(x) 2
Period = 2
Amplitude = 2
Translation: 2 down.

Range = [4, 0]
d y = 2 sin(x) + 3
Period = 2
Amplitude = 2
Translation: up 3.

Range = [1, 5]
e y = sin(3x) 1
Period =
2
3

Amplitude = 1
Translation: down 1

Range = [2, 0]
f y = cos(2x) + 1
Period =
2
2

=
Amplitude = 1
Translation: up 1

Range = [0, 2]

g y = 3 cos(3x) 2
Period =
2
3

Amplitude = 3
Translation: 2 down

Range = [5, 1]
h y =
1
2
sin(2x) + 3
Period =
2
2

=
Amplitude =
1
2

Translation: up 3

Range = [2.5, 3.5]
i y = 3 sin
1
2
x
| |
|
\ .
+ 4
Period =
2
1
2

= 4
Amplitude = 3
Translation: up 4

Range = [1, 7]
j y = 2 cos
1
3
x
| |
|
\ .
1
Period =
2
1
3

= 6
Amplitude = 2
Translation: down 1

Range = [3, 1]
7 a y = sin(
4
)
Period = 2
Amplitude = 1

b y = cos( +
2
)
Period = 2
Amplitude = 1
Translation: left
2

c y = 3 cos(
3
)
Period = 2
Amplitude = 3
Translation: right
3

d y = 2 sin(
4
)
Period = 2
Amplitude = 2
Translation: Right
4

e y = 2 sin 2( +
2
)
Period =
2
2

=
Amplitude = 2
Translation: Left
2
.

f y = 3 cos 3
3
| |
+
|
\ .

Period =
2
3

Amplitude = 3
Translation: Left
3

g y = cos 3
6
| |
|
\ .
+ 1
Period =
2
3

Amplitude = 1
Translation: Right
6
, up 1.

h y = 2 sin 2
2
| |
|
\ .
2
Period =
2
2

=
Amplitude = 2
Translation: Right
2
, down 2.

i y = 2 sin
4
| |
|
\ .
1
Period = 2
Amplitude = 2
Translation:
4
right, 1 down.

j y = cos
1
2
( ) + 1
Period =
2
1
2

= 4
Amplitude = 1
Translation: Right , up 1.

8 a Period =
Amplitude = 4
Range = [4, 4]
b Period = 4
Amplitude = 3
Range = [3, 3]
c Period =
2
3

Amplitude = 2
Range = [2, 2]
d Period = 6
Amplitude = 1
Range = [1, 1]
e Period =
Amplitude = 3
Range = [2, 4]
f Period =
2

Amplitude = 5
Range = [7, 3]
g Period = 2
Amplitude = 1
Range = [1, 1]
h Period = 2
Amplitude = 1
Range = [1, 1]
9 a Max = 1
Min = 1
b Max = 1
Min = 1
c Max = 3
Min = 3
d Max = 2
Min = 2
e Max = 2
Min = 2
f Max = 3
Min = 3
g Max = 1 + 4
= 5
Min = 1 4
= 3
h Max = 1 2
= 1

Min = 1 2
= 3
i Max = 2 3
= 1
Min = 2 3
= 5
j Max = 4 + 1
= 5
Min = 4 + 1
= 3
k Max =
1
2
+ 2
= 2
1
2

Min =
1
2
+ 2
= 1
1
2

l Max =
1
3
4
= 3
2
3

Min =
1
3
4
= 4
1
3

10 a y = cos(x)
Period = 2
Amplitude = 1

Range = [1, 1]
b y = sin(x)
Period = 2
Amplitude = 1

Range = [1, 1]
c y = 2 sin(x)
Period = 2
Amplitude = 2

Range = [2, 2]
d y = 3 cos(x)
Period = 2
Amplitude = 3

Range = [3, 3]
e y = 3 cos(2x)
Period =
2
2

=
Amplitude = 3

Range = [3, 3]
f y = sin(3x)
Period =
2
3

Amplitude = 1

Range = [1, 1]
g y = 1 4 sin(x)
Period = 2
Amplitude = 4

Range = [3, 5]
h y = 2 cos(2x) 2
Period =
2
2

=
Amplitude = 2

Range = [4, 0]
i y =
1
2
cos 3(x + ) + 1
Period =
2
3

Amplitude =
1
2

y =
1
2
cos 3(x + ) + 1
Translation: Left , up 1.

Range =
1 1
, 1
2 2
(
(

j y = 2 sin(x 2)
Period = 2
Amplitude = 1

Translation: Right 2 (No effect),
up 2.

Range = [1, 3]
11 y = sin
3
x
| |
+
|
\ .
+ 1
12 y = 2 cos 3
4
x
| |
|
\ .
2 + 3
= 2 cos 3
4
x
| |
|
\ .
+ 1
13 y = 3 sin
3
x
| |
+
|
\ .
+ 1 3
= 3 sin
2
3
x
| |
|
\ .
2
14 a Amplitude = 1
b Period = 12
c Max = 3 metres
d Min = 1 metre
e Max at 3 am, 3 pm.
f Min at 9 am, 9 pm.
g A = 1

2
a
= 12
12a = 2
a =
6

B = 2
Rule is y = sin
6
x
| |
|
\ .
+ 2
Exercise 6E Graphs of the
tangent function
1 a y = 4 tan(x)
n = 1; Period =
n

=
Asymptote is at
2

b y = tan(2x)
n = 2; Period =
n

=
2

Asymptote is at
4

c y = tan(3x)
n = 3; Period =
n

=
3

Asymptote is at
6

Graph is reflected in the x-axis

d y = 2 tan(4x)
n = 4; Period =
n

=
4

Asymptote is at
8

e y = tan
1
4
x
| |
|
\ .

n =
1
4
; Period =
n

=
1
4

= 4
Asymptote is at 2

f y = 2 tan
3
x | |
|
\ .

n =
1
3
; Period =
n

=
1
3

= 3
Asymptote is at
3
2


g y = 3 tan
2
x | |
|
\ .

n =
1
2
; Period =
n

=
1
2

= 2
Asymptote is at

h y = 5 tan(2x)
n = 2; Period =
n

=
2

Asymptote is at
4


i y =
1
2
tan(4x)
n = 4; Period =
n

=
4

Asymptote is at
8


j y =
1
3
tan
1
2
x
| |
|
\ .

n =
1
2
; Period =
n

=
1
2

= 2
Asymptote is at

2 a y = 2 tan(3x)
i n = 3; Period =
n

=
3

ii Dilated by a factor of 2 parallel
to the y-axis and by a factor of
1
3
b y = tan(4x) + 1
i n = 4; Period =
n

=
4

ii Reflected in the x-axis, dilated
by a factor of
1
4
parallel to the
x-axis and translated 1 unit up.
c y = 3 tan(2x) 4
i n = 2; Period =
n

=
2

to the y-axis and by a factor of
1
2
Translated 4 units down.
d y = tan
1
2
x
| |
|
\ .
2
i n =
1
2
; Period =
n

= 2
ii Dilated by a factor of 2 parallel to
the x-axis, reflected in the x-axis
and translated 2 units down.
e y = 5 tan
2
x
| |
+
|
\ .

i n = 1; Period =
n

=
to the y-axis, reflected in the
x-axis and translated
2
units left.
f y = tan 2
4
x
| |
|
\ .

i n = 2; Period =
n

=
2

ii Dilated by a factor of
1
2
parallel
to the x-axis and translated
4

units right.
g y =
1
4
tan 3
6
x
| |
+
|
\ .

i n = 3; Period =
n

=
3

1
4
parallel
to the y-axis, dilated by a factor
of
1
3
parallel to the x-axis and
translated
6
units to the left.

h y = 6
1
2
tan
3
x | |
|
\ .

i n =
1
3
; Period =
n

=
1
3

= 3
1
2
parallel
to the y-axis, dilated by a factor
of 3 parallel to the x-axis and
reflected in the x-axis.
i y = tan 4
12
x
| |
|
\ .

1
3

i n = 4; Period =
n

=
4

1
4
parallel
to the x-axis. Translated
12

units to the right and
1
3
units
down.
j y = 2 tan
3
x
| |
+
|
\ .
+ 5
i n = 1; Period =
n

=
to the y-axis. Translated
3

units to the left and 5 units up.
3 a y = tan(x) + 2, 0 x
n = 1; Period =
Translation 2 units up

b y = tan(2x) 3, 0 x
n = 2; Period =
2

Translation 3 units down

c y = tan
4
x
| |
+
|
\ .
, 0 x
n = 1; Period =
Translation
4
units to the left.

Asymptote is at
2

=
4

d y = 2 tan
2
x
| |
|
\ .
, 0 x
n = 1; Period =
the y-axis. Translation
2
units to
the right.
Asymptotes at 0 and

e y = tan
1
4
(x ), 0 x
n =
1
4
; Period = 4
the x-axis, reflection in the x-axis
and translation units to the right.
There are no asymptotes in this
domain.

f y = 3 tan
6
x | |
|
\ .
+ 1
1
2
, 0 x
n =
1
6
; Period = 6
the y-axis and by a factor of 6
parallel to the x-axis. Reflection in
the x-axis and translated 1
1
2
units
up. There are no asymptotes in this
domain.

g y =
1
2
tan
2
x | |
|
\ .
1, 0 x
n =
1
2
; Period = 2
Asymptote at
1
2
parallel
to the y-axis and a factor of 2
parallel to the x-axis. Translation 1
unit down.

h y = 2 tan 2
8
x
| |
+
|
\ .
, 0 x
n = 2; Period =
2

Asymptotes at

4
and 3
4

=
8
and 5
8

Dilated by a factor of 2 parallel to
the y-axis and by a factor of
1
2

parallel to the x-axis. Reflected in
the x-axis and translated
8
units
to the left.

i y =
3
4
tan 4
12
x
| |
+
|
\ .
+ 1,
0 x
n = 4; Period =
4

Asymptotes at
8

12
,

3
8

12
,
5
8

12
,
7
8

12

=
24
,
7
24
,
13
24
,
19
24

3
4
parallel
to the y-axis and
1
4
parallel to the
x-axis.
Reflection in the x-axis, translation
12
units left and 1 unit up.

j y =
1
3
tan
1
2 2
x
| |
|
\ .
2,
0 x
n =
1
2
; Period 2
No asymptotes in this domain.
1
3
parallel
to the y-axis and by 2 parallel to
the x-axis.
Translation
2
units to the right

and 2 units down.

Exercise 6F Finding
equations of trigonometric
graphs
1 a a =
1
2
(3 + 3) = 3

2
n
=
n = 2
y = 3 sin(2x)
b a =
1
2
(2 + 2) = 2

2
n
= 12
12n = 2
n =
6

y = 2 sin
6
x
| |
|
\ .

2 a a =
1
2
(2 + 2) = 2

2
n
=
2

n = 4
y = 2 cos(4x)
b a =
1
2
(2 + 2) = 2

2
n
= 6
6n = 2
n =
3

y = 2 cos
3
x
| |
|
\ .

3 a a =
1
2
(0.5 + 0.5) = 0.5

2
n
= 2
n = 1
c = 1
y = 0.5 sin(x) + 1
b a =
1
2
(1 + 5) = 3

2
n
= 8
8n = 2
n =
4

c = 2
y = 3 sin
4
x
| |
|
\ .
2
4 a a =
1
2
(4 + 4) = 4

2
n
=
n = 2
=
2

y = 4 cos 2
2
x
| |
|
\ .

b a =
1
2
(5 + 5) = 5

2
n
=
n = 2
=
4

y = 5 cos 2
4
x
| |
|
\ .

5 a a =
1
2
(1 + 3) = 2

2
n
= 2
n = 1
c = 1
=
3

y = 2 sin
3
x
| |
+
|
\ .
1
b a =
1
2
(5 + 1) = 3

2
n
= 2
n = 1
c = 2
=
2

y = 3 sin
2
x
| |
+
|
\ .
+ 2

6 a a =
1
2
(1 + 1) = 1

2
n
= 12
12n = 2
n =
6

c = 3
y = cos
6
x
| |
|
\ .
+ 3
b a =
1
2
(3 1) = 1

2
n
= 8
8n = 2
n =
4

c = 2
y = cos
4
x
| |
|
\ .
+ 2
7 a = 2

2
n
= 6
6n = 2
n =
3

b = 2
y = 2 sin
3
x
| |
|
\ .
2
The answer is D.
8 a =
1
2
(4 + 2) = 3

2
n
=
n = 2
=
4

c =
1
2
(2 + 4) = 1
y = 3 cos 2(x
4
) + 1
The answer is E.
Exercise 6G Trigonometric
modelling
1 a d = 6 + 2.5 sin
6
t | |
|
\ .

Max. d = 6 + 2.5 1
= 8.5 m
It occurs when
6
t
=
2

t =
2

= 3 hours
Therefore the maximum depth is
8.5 m at 3 pm.
b Period =
2
6

= 12
Next maximum depth is in 12
hours after 3 pm.
c Min. d = 6 + 2.5 1
= 3.5
Least amount of water is 3.5 m
deep.
d

e 6 + 2.5 sin
6
t
| |
|
\ .
= 7.25
2.5 sin
6
t
| |
|
\ .
= 1.25
sin
6
t
| |
|
\ .
= 0.5

6
t =
6
,
5
6
,
13
6
,
17
6

t = 1, 5, 13, 17
From the graph Fred can enter
between 1 pm and 5 pm and 1 am
and 5 am.
2 a d = 7 + 3 sin
6
t
| |
|
\ .

Max. d = 7 + 3 1
= 10
Min. d = 7 + 3 1
= 4
The minimum depth is 4 m and the
maximum depth is 10 m.
b Period =
2
6

= 12
Midnight on Friday to midday on
Sunday = 36 hours.

c Max. when
6
t
| |
|
\ .
=
2

t = 3
First at maximum depth at 3 am on
Saturday.
d 7 + 3 sin
6
t
| |
|
\ .
= 8.5
3 sin
6
t
| |
|
\ .
= 1.5
sin
6
t
| |
|
\ .
= 0.5
6
t =
6
,
5
6
,
13
6
,
17
6
,
25
6
,
29
6

t = 1, 5, 13, 17, 25, 29
From the graph the student should
fish between 1 am and 5 am on
Saturday, 1 pm and 5 pm on
Saturday and 1 am and 5 am on
Sunday.
e 2 hours prior to 5 am on Sunday, that
is, from 3 am to 5 am on Sunday.
3 a T = 18 + 7 cos
6
m
| |
|
\ .

m = 3, T = 18 + 7 cos
3
6
| |
|
\ .

= 18 + 7 cos
2
| |
|
\ .

= 18 + 7 0
= 18
The mean average temperature in
March is 18C.
m = 8, T = 18 + 7 cos
8
6
| |
|
\ .

= 18 + 7 cos
4
3
| |
|
\ .

= 18 + 7 0.5
= 18 3.5
= 14.5
The mean average temperature in
August is 14.5C.
b Max. T, when m = 0
m = 0, T = 18 + 7 cos(0)
= 18 + 7
= 25
Period,
6
m
| |
|
\ .
= 2
m = 12
Next maximum when m = 12
Therefore the maximum average
temperature is 25C and it occurs
in January and December.
c m = 2, T = 18 + 7 cos
2
6
| |
|
\ .

= 18 + 7 cos
3
| |
|
\ .

= 18 + 7 0.5
= 21.5
The maximum average temperature
in February is 21.5C.
d If
6
m =
5
3

m = 10
It will also be a maximum of
21.5C in October or 8 months
from February.
4 a h = a sin(nt) + c
c =
1
2
(0 + 1.8) = 0.9

2
n
= 2
n =
c =
1
2
(1.8 0) = 0.9
h = 0.9 sin(t) + 0.9
b
c 0.9 sin(t) + 0.9 = 0.25
0.9 sin(t) = 0.65
sin(t) = 0.722
Basic angle = 0.807
sin (t) is first negative in the 3rd
quadrant
t = + 0.807
= 3.95
t = 1.3
The rope will be 25 cm above the
ground after approximately 1.3
seconds.
5 a Height = 2 m
a =
1
2
(2 + 0) = 1
b Distance = 8 m since the period
is 8.
6 a b =
1
2
(34 2) = 16

2
n
= 3
3n = 2
n =
2
3

a =
1
2
(34 + 2) = 18
b h = 18 16 cos
2
3
t
| |
|
\ .

c 5 times at a height of 34 metres.
d t = 0, h = 18 16 cos(0)
= 18 16 1
= 2 metres.
e Period = 3
At this height after another
3 minutes.
f t = 1, h = 18 16 cos
2
3
| |
|
\ .

= 18 16 0.5
= 18 + 8
= 26 m
g Translate: Left 1 unit
h = 18 16 cos
2
3
(t + 1)
h

7 a a =
1
2
(30 10) = 10
b Period = 2 12 = 24
c Middle =
1
2
(30 + 10) = 20
d 20 units
e Max. at 3 pm and min. at 3 am.
f T = c + a cos n(t + )
Since maximum first occurs at
3 pm or t = 15
= 15
c = 20
a = 10

2
n
= 24
24n = 2
n =
12

T = 20 + 10 cos
12
(t 15) or
T = 20 + 10 cos
12
(t + 9)
(since period = 24)
g t = 3, T = 20 + 10 cos()
= 20 10
= 10C (correct)
t = 9, T = 20 + 10 cos
2
| |
|
\ .

= 20 + 0
= 20C (correct)
t = 15, T = 20 + 10 cos(0)
= 20 + 10
= 30C (correct)
t = 21, T = 20 + 10 cos
2
| |
|
\ .

= 20 + 0
= 20C (correct)
Note: if one took
T = c a cos n (t + )
Min. first occurs at 3 am or t = 3
= 3
a, c, n as above
T = 20 10 cos
12
(t 3) or
T = 20 10 cos
12
(t + 21)
(since period = 24)
h t = 0, T = 20 + 10 cos
5
4
| |
|
\ .

= 20 + 10
2
2
| |
|
|
\ .

= 20 5 2
12.93C
The temperature at midnight is
approximately 13C.
This makes sense, since it is just
above the minimum temperature of
10C.
Exercise 6H Further graphs
1 a

y = sin(x) + cos(2x)
x = 0, y = 0 + 1 = 1
x =
4
, y = sin
4
| |
|
\ .
+ cos
2
| |
|
\ .

=
2
2
+ 0 = 0.707
x =
2
, y = 1 + 1 = 0
x = , y = 0 + 1 = 1
x =
3
2
, y = 1 1 = 2
x = 2, y = 0 + 1 = 1

b y = cos(x) + sin(2x)
x = 0, y = 1 + 0 = 1
x =
4
, y =
2
2
+ 1 = 1.707
x =
2
, y = 0 + 0 = 0
x = , y = 1 + 0 = 1
x =
3
2
, y = 0 + 0 = 0
x = 2, y = 1 + 0 = 1

c y = 2 sin(x) + cos(x)
x = 0, y = 0 + 1 = 1
x =
4
, y = 2 +
2
2
= 2.12
x =
2
, y = 2 + 0 = 0
x = , y = 0 1 = 1
x =
3
2
, y = 2 + 0 = 2
x = 2, y = 0 + 1 = 1

d y = 2 cos(x) + sin(x)
x = 0, y = 2 + 0 = 2
x =
4
, y = 2 +
2
2

= 2.12
x =
2
, y = 0 + 1 = 1
x = , y = 2 + 0 = 2
x =
3
2
, y = 0 1 = 1
x = 2, y = 2 + 0 = 2

e y = 2 sin(x) + cos(2x)
x = 0, y = 0 + 1 = 1
x =
4
, y = 2 + 0 = 1.414
x =
2
, y = 2 + 1 = 1
x = , y = 0 + 1 = 1
x =
3
2
, y = 2 1 = 3
x = 2, y = 0 + 1 = 1

f y = 2 cos(x) + sin(2x)
x = 0, y = 2 + 0 = 2
x =
4
, y = 2 + 1 = 2.414
x =
2
, y = 0 + 0 = 0
x = , y = 2 + 0 = 2
x =
3
2
, y = 0 + 0 = 0
x = 2, y = 2 + 0 = 2

g y = 2 sin(2x) + cos(x)
x = 0, y = 0 + 1 = 1
x =
4
, y = 2 +
2
2
= 2.707
x =
2
, y = 0 + 0 = 0
x = , y = 0 + 1 = 1
x =
3
2
, y = 0 + 0 = 0
x = 2, y = 0 + 1 = 1

h y = 2 cos(2x) + sin(x)
x = 0, y = 2 + 0 = 2
x =
4
, y = 0 +
2
2
= 0.707
x =
2
, y = 2 + 1 = 1
x = , y = 2 + 0 = 2
x =
3
2
, y = 2 1 = 3
x = 2, y = 2 + 0 = 2

2 a y = sin(x) + x

b y = cos(x) x

c y = 3sin(x) 2x

d y = cos(2x) +
1
4
x
2

e y = 2sin(4x)
1
8
x
3

f y = tan(x) 2x
2

g y = 4sin(8x) 5log
e
(x + 1)

h y = 3cos(2x)
2
20
( 2) x +

3 a

b

c

d

e

f

g

h

4 a

b

c

5 a y = 0.5x sin(x)
Let f(x) = 0.5x and g(x) = sin(x)
Domain of f(x) = R
Domain of g(x) = R
dom f(x)g(x) = dom f(x) dom g(x)
= R

b y = (x 1) cos(x)
Let f(x) = x 1 and g(x) = cos(x)
Domain of f(x) = R
Domain of g(x) = R
= R

c y = 3sin(x) log
e
(x)
Let f(x) = 3sin(x) and g(x) = log
e
(x)
Domain of f(x) = R
Domain of g(x) = (0, )
= (0, )

d y = 2cos(x) x
Let f(x) = 2cos(x) and g(x) = x
Domain of f(x) = R
Domain of g(x) = [0, )
= [0, )

e y = 8cos(x) sin(x)
Let f(x) = 8cos(x) and g(x) = sin(x)
Domain of f(x) = R
Domain of g(x) = R
= R

f y = (4 2x) sin(2x)
Let f(x) = 4 2x and g(x) = sin(2x)
Domain of f(x) = R
Domain of g(x) = R
= R

g y = 1.2
x
cos(x)
Let f(x) = 1.2
x
and g(x) = cos(x)
Domain of f(x) = R
Domain of g(x) = R
= R

h y = 2
2
x
x
Let f(x) =
2
x
and g(x) = 2 x
Domain of f(x) = R
Domain of g(x) = (, 2]
= (, 2]

6 a dom f(x) g(x) = dom f(x) dom g(x)
= [2, )

b dom f(x) g(x) = dom f(x) dom g(x)
= R

c dom f(x) g(x) = dom f(x) dom g(x)
= (0, )

d dom f(x) g(x) = dom f(x) dom g(x)
= R

e dom f(x) g(x) = dom f(x) dom g(x)
= [2, )

f dom f(x) g(x) = dom f(x) dom g(x)
= R

g dom f(x) g(x) = dom f(x) dom g(x)
= [0, ) (, 1]
= [0, 1]

h dom f(x) g(x) = dom f(x) dom g(x)
= (0, )

7 a f(x) = cos(x) and g(x) = log
e
(x)
i Domain of f(x) = R
Range of g(x) = R
Range of g(x) domain of f(x)
so, f(g(x)) is defined.
ii f(g(x)) = cos log
e
(x)
Domain is the same as g(x), that is, (0, )
iii

b f(x) = sin(2x) and g(x) = x
Range of g(x) = [0, )
ii f(g(x)) = sin(2 x )
Domain is the same as the domain of g(x), that is, [0, )
iii

c f(x) = 2sin(x) and g(x) =
2
4
x

ii f(g(x)) = 2sin
2
4
x
| |
|
|
\ .
, domain = R
iii

d f(x) = 2 x + and g(x) = 2cos(x)
i Domain of f(x) = [2, )
Range of g(x) = [2, 2]
ii f(g(x)) = 2cos( ) 2 x +
The domain is the same as g(x), that is, R
iii

e f(x) = x
2
and g(x) = sin(x)
Range of g(x) domain of f(x), so f(g(x)) is defined.
ii f(g(x)) = (sin(x))
2
, domain is R
iii

f f(x) = 2
x
and g(x) = cos(2x)
ii f(g(x)) = 2
cos(2x)
, domain is R
iii

g f(x) = cos
4
x | |
|
\ .
and g(x) =
1
2
x
2

ii f(g(x)) = cos
2
1
2
4
x
| |
|
|
|
|
\ .

= cos
2
8
x
| |
|
|
\ .
, domain is R
iii

h f(x) = 2sin(x) +1 and g(x) = x 3
Range of g(x) is [3, )
ii f(g(x)) = 2sin( x 3) + 1
Domain is equal to domain of g(x), that is, [0, )
iii

8 a f(x) = x 2, g(x) = e
x

i f(g(x)): Domain of f(x) is R
Range of g(x) is (0, ).
Since Range g(x) dom f(x)
f(g(x)) is defined.
g(f(x)): Domain of g(x) is R
Range of f(x) is R
Since Range f(x) dom of g(x) g(f(x)) is defined.
ii f(g(x)) = e
x
2
Domain is R, range is (2, )
g(f(x)) = e
x 2

Domain is R, range is (0, )
iii Sketch f(g(x)).
when x = 0, y = 1
when y = 0, 0 = e
x
2
2 = e
x

x = 0.69

Sketch g(f(x))
when x = 0, y = e
2

when y = 0 0 = e
x 2

no x-intercepts.

b f(x) = |x|, g(x) = x
2
1
i f(g(x)): Domain f(x) is R and the
range of g(x) is (1, ). Since
range g(x) dom f(x) f(g(x)) is
defined.
g(f(x)): Domain g(x) is R and the
range of f(x) is [0, ) so, range
f(x) dom g(x) g(f(x)) is
defined.
ii f(g(x)) = |x
2
1|
Domain is R
Range is [0, )
g(f(x)) = |x
2
| 1
Domain is R
Range is [1, )
iii Sketch f(g(x))
when x = 0 y = 1
when y = 0 x = 1

Sketch g(f(x))
when x = 0 y = 1
when y = 0 x = 1

c f(x) = 1 x
2
, g(x) = e
x

i f(g(x)): Domain f(x) is R and the
range of g(x) is (0, ). Range
g(x) dom f(x), so f(g(x)) is
defined.
g(f(x)): Domain of f(x) is R and
the range of f(x) is (, 1].
Range f(x) dom g(x), so
g(f(x)) is defined.
ii f(g(x)) = 1 (e
x
)
2

= 1 e
2x

Domain is R
Range is (, 1)
g(f(x)) = e
1 x
2

Domain is R
Range is (0, e
1
)
iii Sketch f(g(x)):
When x = 0 y = 0
Asymptote at y = 1

Sketch g(f(x))
when x = 0 y = e
1

when y = 0, 0 = e
1 x
2

No x-intercepts

d f(x) = , x g(x) = sin(x)
i f(g(x)): Domain of f(x) = [0, ),
range of g(x) = [1, 1] f(g(x)) is
not defined as range of g(x)
/

of domain of f(x)
g(f(x)): Domain of g(x) is R and
the range of f(x) is [0, ). Range
f(x) domain g(x) so g(f(x)) is
defined.
ii f(g(x)) is not defined.
g(f(x)) = sin( x )
Domain is [0, )
Range is [1, 1]
iii Sketch g(f(x)):
when x = 0, y = 0
when y = 0, 0 = sin ( ) x
x = , 2
x =
2
, 4
2
,

e f(x) = e
x
, g(x) = cos(x)
i Domain of f(x) = R, range of
g(x) = [1, 1] range g(x) dom
f(x), so f(g(x)) is defined.
Domain of g(x) = R, range of
f(x) = (0, ) range f(x) dom
f(x), so g(f(x)) is defined.
ii f(g(x)) = e
cos(x)

Domain is R
Range is [e
1
, e
1
] or
1
, e
e
(
(

g(f(x)) = cos(e
x
)
Domain is R
Range is [1, 1]
iii Sketch f(g(x))
when x = 0 y = e
1

when y = 0 0 = e
cos(x)

No x-intercepts

Sketch g(f(x))
when x = 0 y = cos(1)
when y = 0 0 = cos(e
x
)
cos(e
x
) =
2
,
3
2
,
5
2
,
e
x
=
2
,
3
2
,
5
2

x = ln
2
| |
|
\ .
, ln
3
2
| |
|
\ .
,
ln
5
2
| |
|
\ .
,

f f(x) = log
e
(x), g(x) = sin(x)
i Domain f(x) = (0, ) range of
g(x) = [1, 1]
f(g(x)) is not defined as range of
g(x)
/
of domain f(x).
Domain of g(x) = R, range of
f(x) = R
Range f(x) domain g(x), so
g(f(x)) is defined.
ii f(g(x)) is not defined
g(f(x)) = sin(log
e
(x))
Domain is (0, )
Range is [1, 1]
iii Sketch g(f(x))
When x = 0 y = undefined
When y = 0, 0 = sin(log
e
(x))
log
e
(x) = 0, , 2,
e
0
= x, e
= x, e
2
= x,
x = 1, e
, e
2
,

Exercise 6I Trigonometric
functions with an increasing
trend
1 T(m) = 12 + 0.2 m + 5 cos
6
m
| |
|
\ .

a

b Dec 2009 m = 23
T(23) = 12 + 0.2 23 + 5 cos 23
6
| |
|
\ .

= 20.9301
= 20.9
c 18 = 12 + 0.2m + 5 cos
6
m
| |
|
\ .

solve (18 12 0.2 5 cos , )
6
m m m
| |
= + +
|
\ .

Solving 18 = 12 + 0.2m + 5 cos
6
m
| |
|
\ .
for m gives
m = 10.68 i.e. during the 11th month
December 2008
2 M = 15 000 + 100t 4000 cos
6
t
| |
|
\ .

a 100 mice are added each month
b

c Dec 2008 t = 5
M = 15 000 + 100 5 4000 cos 5
6
| |
|
\ .

= 15 500 + 4000
3
2

= 15 500 + 2000 3
= 18 964.102
18 964 mice are present in Dec 2008
d 20 000 = 15 000 +100t 4000 cos
6
t
| |
|
\ .

solve (20 000 15 000 100 4000 cos , )
6
t t t
| |
= +
|
\ .

Solving 20 000 = 150 000 + 100t 4000 cos
6
t
| |
|
\ .

for t gives
t = 16.86 i.e. during the 17th month
December 2009
3 V(t) = 20 + 0.02t + 5 sin
6
t
| |
|
\ .

a 0.02 = 2% inflation rate per month
b V(0) = 20 + 0.02 0 + 5 sin 0
6
| |
|
\ .

= $20
c V(6) = 20 + 0.02 6 + 5 sin 6
6
| |
|
\ .

= $ 20.12
d 25.50 = 20 + 0.02t + 5 sin
6
t
| |
|
\ .

solve (25.50 = 20 + 0.02t + 5 sin
6
t
| |
|
\ .
, t)
Solving 25.50 = 20 + 0.02t + 5 sin
6
t
| |
|
\ .
for t gives
t = 26.77 i.e. during the 27th month
April 2008
Chapter review
Short answer
1 a 60
180

=
3

b 30
180

=
6

c 45
180

=
4

d 90
180

=
2

e 360
180

= 2
f 270
180

=
3
2

g 150
180

=
5
6

h 300
180

=
5
3

i 225
180

=
5
4

j 120
180

=
2
3

k 210
180

=

7
6

l 315
180

=
7
4


2 a cos
2
3
| |
|
\ .

= cos
3
| |
|
\ .

=
1
2

b sin
4
| |
|
\ .

=
1
2

=
2
2

c tan
7
6
| |
|
\ .

= tan
6
| |
|
\ .

=
1
3

=
3
3

d sin
5
4
| |
|
\ .

= sin
4
| |
|
\ .

=
2
2

e tan(2)
= 0
f sin(120)
= sin(60)
=
3
2

g cos(135)
= cos(45)
=
1
2

=
2
2

h tan(30)
=
1
3

=
3
3

i cos(315)
= cos(45)
=
1
2

=
2
2

j tan(225)
= tan(45)
= 1
3 sin(x) = 0.85
a sin( x)
= sin(x)
= 0.85
b sin( + x)
= sin(x)
= 0.85
c sin(2 + x)
= sin(x)
= 0.85
d sin(4 x)
= sin(x)
= 0.85
4 2 cos(x) 2 = 0
cos(x) =
2
2

x = 2 , 2
4 4
n n

+ +
x =
(8 1) (8 1)
,
4 4
n n +

5 3sin(2 ) x = cos(2x)
3 tan(2 ) x = 1
tan(2x) =
1
3

2x =
6
n
+
x =
12 2
n
+
x =
6
12
n +

x =
(6 1)
12
n +

n = 0, x =
12

n = 1, x =
7
12

n = 2, x =
13
12

n = 3, x =
19
12

x =
7 13 19
, , ,
12 12 12 12

6 a Dilation by a factor of 3 parallel
to the y-axis, translation
4
units
to the right and 2 units up.
b y = 3sin
4
x
| |
|
\ .
+ 2
amplitude is 3, period is
2
1
= 2.
c

7 y = tan(2x) + 2
period is
2

8 y = a sin(nx) + b
Period = 4

2
n
= 4
n =
2
4

=
1
2

Amplitude is 3
a = 3
Graph is translated down 1
so b = 1
y = 3 sin
2
x | |
|
\ .
1
9 a

Period is
2
6
= 12, a = 3
b 6.5 = 5 + 3 sin
6
t
| |
|
\ .

1.5
3
= sin
6
t
| |
|
\ .

sin
6
t
| |
|
\ .
=
1
2

= sin
6
| |
|
\ .
, sin
6
| |
|
\ .
,
sin 2
6
| |
+
|
\ .
,
sin 3
6
| |
|
\ .

6
t =
6
,
5
6
,
13
6
,
17
6

t = 1, 5, 13, 17 hours after 9 am.
t = 10 am, 2 pm, 10 pm, 2 am
(next day)
c Water sports may run between
10 am and 2 pm.
10 Sketch the graph of y = 2 sin(2x),
then reflect any part below the x-axis
in the x-axis.

11 a, b and c

12 a, b and c

13 f(x) = sin x and g(x) = x
2
+ 2
a Domain of f(x) is R
Range of g(x) is [2, )
Since range of g(x) is of
domain of f(x), f(g(x)) is defined.
b f(g(x)) = sin(x
2
+ 2)
c Domain of f(g(x)) is R (same as
domain of g(x))
Range of f(g(x)) is [1, 1]
14 f: [, ] R, f(x)
= 5 cos 2
3
x
| | | |
+
| |
\ . \ .

a amplitude = 5
period =
2
n
=
2
2
=
b First sketch the graph of
f(x) = 5 cos(2x)
x-intercept, y = 0
0 = 5 cos(2x) 2 2x 2
0 = cos(2x)
2x =
3 3
, , ,
2 2 2 2

x =
3 3
, , ,
4 4 4 4

Translating the graph left
3

units gives x-intercepts of:
x =
7 5 11
, , ,
12 12 12 12

To find the y intercept let x = 0
f(0) = 5 cos 2 0
3
| | | |
+
| |
\ . \ .

= 5 cos
2
3
| |
|
\ .

= 5 cos
3
| |
|
\ .

= 5
1
2

=
5
2

Multiple choice
1 320
180

=
32
18

=
16
9

The answer is E.
2
13
6

180

= 13 30
= 390
The answer is A.
3 sin
5
3
| |
|
\ .
= sin 2
3
| |
|
\ .

= sin
3
| |
|
\ .

=
3
2

The answer is D.
4 a = 3,
Period =
2
2

=
Range = [3 1, 3 1]
= [4, 2]
The answer is C.
5 Period =
2
1
2

= 4
sin
1
2
(x + ) =
1
2

1 solution, over [0, 2]
The answer is B.
6 sin(2x) + cos(2x) = 0, x
tan(2x) + 1 = 0 2 2x 2
tan(2x) = 1
Basic angle is
4

tan(2x) < 0 in quadrants 2 and 4.
2x =
4
, 2
4
, 2 +
4
,
2 + 2
4

=
3
4
,
7
4
,
5
4
,
4

x =
8
,
5
8
,
3
8
,
7
8

The answer is D.
7 4 sin(x) = 2 3
sin(x) =
3
2

In 3rd quadrant, basic angle
3
:
x =
3
+
=
4
3

The answer is C.
8 Domain = [0, ]
Period =
2
3

A full cycle is completed.
Range = [4 + 2, 4 + 2]
= [2, 6]
The answer is B.
9 x =
3
, y = 2 cos
3
| |
|
\ .
3 sin
3
| |
|
\ .

= 2
1
2
3
3
2

= 1
3 3
2

=
2 3 3
2

The answer is E.
10 Period =
1
3

= 3
The answer is D.
11 Amplitude =
3.5 1.5
2

= 2.5
b = 2.5
Period = 3
=
2
n

n =
2
3

a =
3.5 1.5
2

= 1
The answer is A.
12 bsin(x c) = 0
sin(x c) = 0
x c = 0, , 2
x = c, + c, 2 + c
Over [0, 2] x = c, + c only since
0 c
The answer is E.
13 2 2 sin(t) = 0
2 sin(t) = 2
sin(t) = 1
t =
2

t = 0.5
The answer is C.

14 tan(2x) = 1
Basic angle =
4

1
st
quadrant: 2x =
4

x =
8

B
Extended response
1 a a =
1
2
(10 + 0)
= 5
b =
1
2
(10 0)
= 5

2
n
= 24
24n = 2
n =
12

D = 5 5 sin ( )
12
t c
| |
+
|
\ .

When D = 5, t = 6
5 = 5 5 sin (6 )
12
c
| |
+
|
\ .

sin (6 )
12
c
| |
+
|
\ .
= 0

12
(6 + c) = 6 or
c = 6, or
12
(6 + c) =
6 + c = 12
c = 6
c = 6 since it is positive.
Hence D(t) = 5 5 sin ( 6)
12
t
| |
+
|
\ .

b t = 6, D = 5 5 sin()
= 5
The angle at 6 am is 5.
t = 21, D = 5 5 sin
27
12
| |
|
\ .

= 5 5 sin
4
| |
|
\ .

= 5
5 2
2

= 1.46
The angle at 9 pm is 1.46.
c From the graph, D = 8 when
t = 8.5 and 15.5.
That is, at 8.30 am and 3.30 pm
and again at 8.30 am the next day.
d 5 5 sin ( 6)
12
t
| |
+
|
\ .
= 8
5 sin ( 6)
12
t
| |
+
|
\ .
= 3
sin ( 6)
12
t
| |
+
|
\ .
= 0.6

( 6)
12
t
+
= + 0.6435,
2 0.6435 = 3.7851, 5.6397
t + 6 = 14.458, 21.542
t = 8.458, 15.542
= 8 hours and 28 minutes,
15 hours and 32 minutes.
The actual times are 8.28 am and
3.32 pm. Differences occur due to
inaccuracy of graphical answers.
e At t = 0, D = 5
Translate D(t) up 5 units
G(t) = 5 5 sin ( 6)
12
t
| |
+
|
\ .
+ 5
= 10 5 sin ( 6)
12
t
| |
+
|
\ .

2 d = 10.5 9 cos
30
t
| |
|
\ .

a t = 0
d = 10.5 9 cos
0
30
| |
|
\ .

= 10.5 9
= 1.5 m
b Maximum distance is 10.5 9
= 19.5 m
c 9 9
= 18 m
d 1 full circle is the period.
Period =
2
n
; n =
30

=
2
30

= 60 seconds
e i Time for 1 full circle is
60 seconds.
Circle circumference is 18
Average speed =
18
60

=
3
10
m/s
ii
3
10
= 0.94 m/s
f 2.5 minutes = 2.5 cycles of the
graph

g Translation 6 units
d = 10.5 9 cos ( 6)
30
t
| |
|
\ .

h t = 2.5 minutes (150 seconds)
d = 10.5 9 cos (150 6)
30
| |
|
\ .

= 10.5 7.28
= 17.78 m (correct to 2 decimal
places.)
3 C(t) = 1000
2
( 8)
cos 2
2
t | | | |
+
| |
\ . \ .

1000
a For the function to be continuous,
then m = C(8) or C(16)
C(8) = 1000(cos(0) + 2)
2
1000
C(8) = 1000(1 + 2)
2
1000
C(8) = 9000 1000
C(8) = 8000
Hence, for the function to be
continuous, m = 8000
b

c Minimum concentration occurs
when
cos
( 8)
2
t | |
|
\ .
= 1
hence
C(t) = 1000(
1 + 2)
2
1000
C(t) = 0
this occurs at t = 10 and t = 14
d 1250 = 1000
2
( 8)
cos 2
2
t | | | |
+
| |
\ . \ .

1000
On a calculator page, complete the
entry line as:
Solve
(1250 = 1000
2
( 8)
cos 2
2
t | | | |
+
| |
\ . \ .

1000, t)
Solving 1250 =
1000
2
( 8)
cos 2
2
t | | | |
+
| |
\ . \ .
1000
for t gives
t =
28
3
, hence 9:20 am
e All values of t within the domain
are
28 32 40 44
, , ,
3 3 3 3

From graph at can be seen that the
concentration is less than 1250
from

28
3

32
3

4
3
hrs

40
3

44
3

4
3
hrs
Hence, total time the concentration
is less than 1250:
2
4
3
=
8
3
hrs
= 2 hours 40 minutes
Exam practice 2
Short answer
1 log
2
(2x 3) log
2
(3) = 1
log
2
2 3
3
x | |
|
\ .
= 1

2 3
3
x
= 2
2x 3 = 6
2x = 9
x =
1
4
2

2 3
2x + 3
3
3
= 9
3
2x + 6
= 3
2

2x + 6 = 2
x = 2
3 a Reflected in y-axis f(x) = e
x

Translated 2 units left so x x + 2
f(x) = e
(x + 2)
= e
x 2

Translated 3 units up
f(x) = e
x 2
+ 3
b f(2) = e
0
+ 3
= 4
f(0) = e
2
+ 3
=
2
1
3
e
+
So the range is
2
1
3, 4
e
| |
+
|
\ .
.
4 a Dilation of from the x-axis, dilation of
1
2
from the y-axis. Translation of
3
left.
b Dilation of from the x-axis
y =
1
sin( )
2
x
Dilation of from the y-axis
y =
1
sin(2 )
2
x
Translation of
3
left y =
1
sin 2
2 3
x
| |
+
|
\ .

5 sin(3x) cos(3x) = 0 domain: [0, ]
sin(3x) = cos(3x) domain: [0, 3]
tan(3x) = 1
basic angle:
4

3x =
4
, +
4
, 2 +
4

3x =
5 9
, ,
4 4 4

x =
5 3
, ,
12 12 4

6 f: [ ,
4 8

) R, f(x) = 2 tan 2 1
4
x
| |
+
|
\ .

We need a sketch of tan 2
4
x
| |
|
\ .
in order to determine any discontinuity or areas where f is not defined.
tan 2
4
x
| |
|
\ .
= tan 2
8
x
| |
|
\ .
so the period is
2
and is translated
8
to the right.


The interval [ , )
4 8

corresponds to [0.25, 0.125).
tan 2
4
x
| |
|
\ .
is continuous in that interval and is positive so tan 2
4
x
| |
|
\ .
is defined.

4
f
| |
|
\ .
= 2
3
tan 1.
4
| |
+
|
\ .

= 2 1 + 1
= 3

8
f
| |
|
\ .
=
So the range is [3, )
7 e
2x
e
x
= 2
Let a = e
x

a
2
a = 2
a
2
a 2 = 0
(a 2)(a + 1) = 0
a = 2 or a = 1
x

e
x
= 2 or e
x
= 1
x = log
e
(2) no real solution
x = log
e
(2)
8 a f: [1, 3] R where f(x) = x sin(x)

b Minimum value is 0.
c Maximum value between 1 and 2. We need some specific values to help here.
When x =
2
, sin(x) = 1 and x sin(x) =

2
1.6
When x =
2
3
, sin(x) =
3
2
and x sin(x) =
3
3
1.7
When x =
3
4
, sin(x) =
2
2
and x sin(x) =
3 2
8
1.5
The maximum is at least 1.7. Best estimate to one decimal place would be 1.8.
Multiple choice
1 y = 2a
bx 1
+ 5
a
bx 1
=
5
2
y

bx 1 = log
a
5
2
y | |
|
\ .

x =
5
log 1
2
a
y
b
| |
+
|
\ .

The answer is E.
2 e
2x
3e
x
= 4
Let a = e
x

a
2
3a = 4
a
2
3a 4 = 0
(a 4)(a + 1) = 0
a = 4 or a = 1
x

e
x
= 4 or e
x
= 1
x = log
e
(4) or no real solution
x = log
e
(4)
The answer is C.
3 f: [2, 5] R where f(x) = log
e
(x)
Reflection in the y-axis domain is [5, 2].
Translating 2 units left domain is [7, 4].
The vertical translation of 3 has no effect on the domain.
The answer is C.
4 f: [1, ) R where f(x) = x
2
+ 1
Let y = x
2
+ 1.
For the rule of the inverse function, interchange x and y
x = y
2
+ 1.
y
2
= x 1
y = 1 x
Since the domain of the function is [1, ) the appropriate
choice is y = 1. x The range of the function is [2, ) so
this will be the domain of the inverse function.
The answer is B.
5 a sin(3 ) b = 0
sin(3 ) =
b
a

3 = sin
1
b
a
| |
|
\ .
or sin
1
b
a
| |
|
\ .
.
If = 2 then 3 = 6
so 3 = 6 is also a possibility. Hence = 2
3
could
be a solution.
The corresponding general solutions would be
3 = sin
1
b
a
| |
|
\ .
= sin
1
b
a
| |
|
\ .
+ 2n
=
1 2
6
3 3
n
+
= 2 +
2
3
n

or =
1 2
( 6)
3 3
n
+
= 2 +
(2 1)
3
n +

If n = 1 then 2 +
2
3
is a solution.
The answer is D.
6 Basic graph is sine or cosine.
Period is T, so A and E are eliminated.
Amplitude is 2a so C is eliminated.
Check B amplitude of 2a produces reflected cosine
graph with no horizontal translation.
This fits
Check D Need a sine graph translated
2
to the right.
In this case the translation has to be a function of T so D
cannot be correct.
The answer is B.
7 If x = a is one solution to an equation of the form
cos(2x) = k, then x = a will also be a solution. The third
solution will be a period beyond x = a at x = a + .
So the two adjacent solutions are x = a and x = a + . The
difference between them will be (a + ) a = 2a
The answer is E.
Extended response
1 a
500 100
2
= 200 birds
b takes 6 months from maximum to minimum. period
is 12 months.
c mean population
500 100
2
+
= 300 birds
d Population is a minimum after 7 months
e P(t) = a sin(b(t + c)) + d
a is the amplitude so is 200
b is related to the period by T =
2
b
12 =
2
b

b =
6

c is the horizontal translation which is two months left
so c = 2
d is the vertical translation so d = 300
So P(t) = 200 sin ( 2)
6
t
| |
+
|
\ .
+ 300
f Initial population: P(0) = 200 sin
3
| |
|
\ .
+ 300
= 200
3
2
+ 300
= 473 birds
g Q(t) = Ae
kt

(0, 500) 500 = Ae
k

0

A = 500
(60, 370) 370 = 500e
k

60

370 = 500e
60

e
60
=
370
500

= 0.74
60k = log
e
(0.74)
k =
log (0.74)
60
e

k = 0.005018
So Q(t) = 500e
0.005018t

h Population =
( ) ( )
500
P x Q x

=
200sin ( 2) 300 500
6
t
( | |
+ +
| (
\ .
0.005018
500
t
e

=
0.005018
200sin ( 2) 300
6
t
e t
( | |
+ +
| (
\ .

t = 0 Population = 1 [200 sin
3
| |
|
\ .
+ 300]
= 200
3
2
+ 300
= 473
This value is consistent with the sine model and close to
the exponential model.
t = 7 population = 96.5
This is consistent with the sine model
t = 60 population = 350
This is consistent with the exponential model.
t = 120 population = 259
This is consistent with the exponential model.
MM1 2 - 7 152 Di f f e r e n t i a t i o n
Exercise 7A Review
gradient and rates of change
1 a m =
rise
run

=
1
1

= 1
gradient function
y = 1

b m =
rise
run

=
3
1

= 3
gradient function
y = 3

c m =
rise
run

=
1
2

=
1
2

gradient function
y =
1
2

d m =
rise
run

=
5
2
or 2.5
gradient function
y =
5
2

e m = 0

2 a m =
rise
run

=
2
1

= 2
The answer is B.
b The graph of the gradient
function is given by f (x) = 2.
The answer is C.
3 a g(x) < 0 if x < 0
g(x) = 0 if x = 0
g(x) > 0 if x > 0

b g(x) > 0 if x < 0
g(x) = 0 if x = 0
g(x) < 0 if x > 0

c g(x) < 0 if x < 0
g(x) = 0 if x = 0
g(x) > 0 if x > 0

d g(x) < 0 if x < 3
g(x) = 0 if x = 3
g(x) > 0 if x > 3

e g(x) > 0 if x < 2
g(x) = 0 if x = 2
g(x) < 0 if x > 2

4 a f (x) > 0 if x < 0 and the graph is
becoming less sleep
f (x) = 0 if x = 0
f (x) < 0 if x > 0
Hence f (x) is always decreasing.
The answer is B.
b f (x) > 0 if x < 0
f (x) = 0 if x = 0
f (x) < 0 if x > 0
The answer is A.
5 a f (x) > 0 for 3 < x < 2
f (x) = 0 for x = 3 and x = 2
f (x) < 0 for x < 3 and x > 2
Since f (x) is cubic, f (x) is
quadratic (parabola).

Chapter 7 Differentiation
Di f f e r e n t i a t i o n MM1 2 - 7 153
b f (x) > 0 for x < 1 and x > 4
f (x) = 0 for x = 1 and x = 4
f (x) < 0 for 1 < x < 4

c f (x) > 0 for 0 < x < 5
f (x) = 0 for x = 0 and x = 5
f (x) < 0 for x < 0 and x > 5

d f (x) > 0 for x < 0 and x > 0
f (x) = 0 for x = 0

e f (x) < 0 for x < 0 and x > 0
f (x) = 0 for x = 0

f f (x) > 0 for 3 < x < 0
f (x) = 0 for x = 3 and x = 0
f (x) < 0 for x < 3 and x > 0

g f (x) > 0 for x < 0 and x > 0
f (x) = 0 for x = 0
quadratic (parabola)

6 a Positive gradient occurs when f (x)
slopes upward from left to right,
that is x < 1 and x > 2.
The answer is D.
b Negative gradient occurs when f (x)
slopes downward from left to right
that is 1 < x < 2.
The answer is C.
c f (x) > 0 for x < 1 and x > 2
f (x) < 0 for 1 < x < 2
Gradient function has a unique
value throughout its domain (no
sharp points)
since f (x) is smooth and
continuous.
The answer is E.
7 a i n/a since f (x) has no stationary
points.
ii R since gradient is always
positive.
iii n/a since gradient is always
positive.
iv n/a since f (x) is smooth and
continuous.
b i n/a since f (x) has no stationary
points.
ii n/a since gradient is always
negative.
iii R since gradient is always
negative.
continuous.
c i x = 1 since local maximum
ii (, 1)
iii (1, )
iv n/a since g(x) is smooth and
continuous
d i x = 4 since local minimum
ii (4, )
iii (, 4)
continuous.
e i x = 0 since stationary point of
inflection
ii n/a since gradient is negative
either side of x = 0
iii R\{0}
continuous.
f i x = 2 and x = 3 since local
minimum and local
maximum respectively.
ii (2, 3) since f (x) slopes
upward from left to right.
iii (, 2) (3, ) since f (x)
slopes downward for x < 2
and x > 3 moving left to right.
continuous.
g i x = 2 since stationary point of
inflection.
ii R\{2} since gradient is
positive either side of x = 2.
iii n/a since f (x) slopes upward
from left to right.
continuous.
h i x = 1 and x = 2 since local
maximum and local
minimum respectively.
ii (, 1) (2, ) since g(x)
slopes upward for x < 1 and
x > 2 moving left to right.
iii (1, 2) since g(x) slopes
downward for 1 < x < 2
moving left to right.
continuous.
i i n/a since no stationary points
exist
ii (, 0) as f (x) slopes upward
for x < 0 moving left to right
iii (0, ) as f (x) slopes downward
for x > 0 moving left to right.
iv x = 0 since f (x) is discontinuous
at x = 0.
j i n/a since no stationary points
exist
ii (, 0) as f (x) slopes upward
for x < 0 moving left to right.
iii (0, ) as f (x) slopes downward
for x > 0 moving left to right.
iv x = 0 since f (x) is discontinuous
at x = 0.
8 a

b

c

d

e

f

g

h

i

j

9 a R\{2} since f(x) discontinuous at
x = 2.
b R\{0} since f(x) discontinuous at
x = 0.
c R since f(x) smooth and
continuous.
d R\{1, 2} since f(x) discontinuous
at x = 1, not smooth or
continuous at x = 2.
e R\{3} since f(x) not smooth at
x = 3.
f R\{0} since f(x) discontinuous at
x = 0.
g R\{2} since f(x) discontinuous at
x = 2.
h R\{2} since f(x) discontinuous at
x = 2.
i R\{5} since f(x) not smooth at
x = 5.
j R\{5, 4} since f(x) discontinuous
at x = 5, not smooth at x = 4.
Exercise 7B Limits and
differentiation from first
principles
1 a
2
lim( 4)
x
x
+
= 2 + 4
= 6
b
2
lim (2 3)
p
p

= 2(2) 3
= 7
c
0
lim(8 3 )
h
h

= 8 3(0)
= 8
d
2
3
lim( 5)
x
x

= (3)
2
5
= 4
e
2
1
lim( 4 3)
x
x x
+
= (1)
2
+ 4(1) 3
= 6
f
3
3
lim( 5 2)
x
x x
+
= (3)
3
5(3) + 2
= 14
g
2 3
2
lim (10 )
x
x x x
+
= 10 (2) + (2)
2
(2)
3

= 24
h
2
0
5 6
lim
2
x
x x
x
+ +
+

=
2
(0) 5(0) 6
0 2
+ +
+

=
6
2

= 3
i
2
1
2 3
lim
3
x
x x
x

=
2
(1) 2(1) 3
1 3

=
4
2

= 2
2 a
2
0
3
lim
x
x x
x
+

=
0
( 3)
lim
x
x x
x
+

=
0
lim( 3),
x
x
+ x 0
= 0 + 3
= 3
b
2
1
3 3
lim
1
x
x x
x

=
1
3 ( 1)
lim
( 1)
x
x x
x

=
1
lim3 ,
x
x
x 1
= 3(1)
= 3
c
2
1
2 2
lim
1
x
x x
x
+
+

=
1
2 ( 1)
lim
1
x
x x
x
+
+

=
1
lim 2 ,
x
x

x 1
= 2(1)
= 2
d
2
2
4
lim
2
x
x
x

=
2
( 2)( 2)
lim
( 2)
x
x x
x

=
2
lim( 2),
x
x
+ x 2
= 2 + 2
= 4
e
2
1
3 2
lim
1
x
x x
x
+ +
+

=
1
( 2)( 1)
lim
( 1)
x
x x
x
+ +
+

=
1
lim( 2),
x
x
+ x 1
= 1 + 2
= 1
f
2
6
5 6
lim
6
x
x x
x

=
6
( 1)( 6)
lim
( 6)
x
x x
x

=
6
lim( 1)
x
x
+ x 6
= 6 + 1
= 7
g
3
2
8
lim
2
h
h
h

=
2
2
( 2)( 2 4)
lim
( 2)
h
h h h
h
+ +

=
2
2
lim( 2 4),
h
h h
+ + h 2
= (2)
2
+ 2(2) + 4
= 12
h
3
3
27
lim
3
x
x
x
+
+

=
2
3
( 3)( 3 9)
lim
( 3)
x
x x x
x
+ +
+

=
2
3
lim ( 3 9),
x
x x
+ x 3
= (3)
2
3(3) + 9
= 27
i
2
5
4 5
lim
5
x
x x
x
+
+

=
5
( 5)( 1)
lim
( 5)
x
x x
x
+
+

=
5
lim ( 1),
x
x
x 5
= 5 1
= 6
3 a
3
lim3 4
x
x

= 3(3) 4
= 5
b
2
3
9
lim
3
x
x
x
+

=
3
( 3)( 3)
lim
( 3)
x
x x
x
+
+

=
3
lim 3,
x
x
x 3
= 3 3
= 6
c
2
2
6
lim
2
x
x x
x

=
2
( 3)( 2)
lim
( 2)
x
x x
x

=
2
lim( 3),
x
x
+ x 2
= 2 + 3
= 5
d
3
1
4
lim
2
x
x
x
+
+

=
3
(1) 4
1 2
+
+

=
5
3

e
3
4
( 64)
lim
( 4)
h
h
h

=
2
4
( 4)( 4 16)
lim
( 4)
h
h h h
h
+ +

=
2
4
lim 4 16,
h
h h
+ + h 4
= (4)
2
+ 4(4) + 16
= 48
f
3 2
2
lim 6
x
x x
+

= (2)
3
+ (2)
2
6
= 8 + 4 6
= 10
g
2
3
3
lim
1
x
x x
x

=
3(3 3)
3 1
+

=
18
2

= 9
h
3
1
1
lim
1
x
x
x

=
3
( 1) 1
1 1
+

=
0
2

= 0
i
2
4
7 12
lim
4
x
x x
x
+ +
+

=
4
( 4)( 3)
lim
( 4)
x
x x
x
+ +
+

=
4
lim ( 3),
x
x
+ x 4
= 4 + 3
= 1
4 Gradient
=
( ) ( ) f x h f x
h
+

=
(2 ) (2) f h f
h
+

=
2 2
(2 ) 1 (2 1) h
h
+ + +

=
2
4 4 1 5 h h
h
+ + +

=
2
4h h
h
+

=
(4 ) h h
h
+

= 4 + h, h 0
5 Gradient of tangent
=
0
(( ) )( )
lim
h
f x h f x
h
+

=
0
lim(4 )
h
h
+
= 4
The answer is E.
6

a Gradient chord PQ
=
( 1 ) ( 1)
( 1 ) ( 1)
f h f
h
+
+

=
( 1 )( 1 2) ( 1)( 1 2)
1 1
h h
h
+ + + +
+ +

=
( 1)( 1) ( 1)(1) h h
h
+

=
2
1 1 h
h
+

=
2
h
h

= h, h 0
b f (x) =
0
lim( )
h
h

= 0
Gradient at x = P is given by f (1) = 0.
7 Gradient of the chord is
(1 ) (1) f h f
h
+

=
2
(1 ) 2(1 ) 3 (1 2 3) h h
h
+ + + + + +

=
2
1 2 2 2 3 1 2 3 h h h
h
+ + + + +

=
2
4h h
h
+

= 4 + h
If h is very small, the gradient of the curve at the point
when x = 1, is approximately 4.
8

a Gradient =
rise
run

Gradient at x = 2 is approximately
16
4
= 4
b f (x) =
0
( ) ( )
lim
h
f x h f x
h
+

=
2 2
0
4 ( ) (4 )
lim
h
x h x
h
+

=
2 2 2
0
4 ( 2 ) 4
lim
h
x xh h x
h
+ + +

=
2 2 2
0
4 2 4
lim
h
x xh h x
h
+

=
2
0
2
lim
h
xh h
h

=
0
( 2 )
lim
h
h x h
h

=
0
lim( 2 )
h
x h
h 0
= 2x
f (2) = 2(2)
= 4
9

a Gradient =
rise
run

Gradient at x = 1 is approximately
30
3
= 10
b f (x) =
0
( ) ( )
lim
h
f x h f x
h
+

=
2 2
0
2( ) 6( ) (2 6 )
lim
h
x h x h x x
h
+ +

=
2 2 2
0
2( 2 ) 6 6 2 6
lim
h
x xh h x h x x
h
+ + +

=
2 2 2
0
2 4 2 6 6 2 6
lim
h
x xh h x h x x
h
+ + +

=
2
0
2 4 6
lim
h
h xh h
h
+

=
0
(2 4 6)
lim
h
h h x
h
+

=
0
lim(2 4 6),
h
h x
+ h 0
= 4x 6
f (1) = 4(1) 6
= 4 6
= 10.
10 Gradient =
0
( ) ( )
lim
h
f x h f x
h
+

Gradient at x = 3
=
0
(3 ) (3)
lim
h
f h f
h
+

The answer is C.
11 a f (x) =
0
( ) ( )
lim
h
f x h f x
h
+

=
0
3( ) 5 (3 5)
lim
h
x h x
h
+ + +

=
0
3 3 5 3 5
lim
h
x h x
h
+ +

=
0
3
lim
h
h
h

=
0
lim3,
h
h 0
= 3
b f (x) =
0
( ) ( )
lim
h
f x h f x
h
+

=
2 2
0
( ) 3 ( 3)
lim
h
x h x
h
+

=
2 2 2
0
2 3 3
lim
h
x xh h x
h
+ + +

=
2
0
2
lim
h
xh h
h
+

=
0
(2 )
lim
h
h x h
h
+

=
0
lim(2 ),
h
x h
+ h 0
= 2x
c f (x) =
0
( ) ( )
lim
h
f x h f x
h
+

=
2 2
0
( ) 6( ) ( 6 )
lim
h
x h x h x x
h
+ + + +

=
2 2 2
0
2 6 6 6
lim
h
x xh h x h x x
h
+ + + +

=
2
0
2 6
lim
h
xh h h
h
+ +

=
0
(2 6)
lim
h
h x h
h
+ +

=
0
lim(2 6),
h
x h
+ + h 0
= 2x + 6
d f (x) =
0
( ) ( )
lim
h
f x h f x
h
+

=
0
( 4)( 2) ( 4)( 2)
lim
h
x h x h x x
h
+ + + +

=
2 2
0
( ) 2( ) 8 ( 2 8)
lim
h
x h x h x x
h
+ +

=
2 2 2
0
2 2 2 8 2 8
lim
h
x xh h x h x x
h
+ + + +

=
2
0
2 2
lim
h
xh h h
h
+

=
0
(2 2)
lim
h
h x h
h
+

=
0
lim(2 2),
h
x h
+ h 0
= 2x 2
e f (x) =
0
( ) ( )
lim
h
f x h f x
h
+

=
2 2
0
8 3( ) (8 3 )
lim
h
x h x
h
+

=
2 2 2
0
8 3( 2 ) 8 3
lim
h
x xh h x
h
+ + +

=
2 2 2
0
8 3 6 3 8 3
lim
h
x xh h x
h
+

=
2
0
6 3
lim
h
xh h
h

=
0
( 6 3 )
lim
h
h x h
h

=
0
lim( 6 3 ),
h
x h
h 0
= 6x
f f (x) =
0
( ) ( )
lim
h
f x h f x
h
+

=
3 3
0
( ) 2 ( 2)
lim
h
x h x
h
+ + +

=
3 2 2 3 3
0
3 3 2 2
lim
h
x x h xh h x
h
+ + + +

=
2 2 3
0
3 3
lim
h
x h xh h
h
+ +

=
2 2
0
(3 3 )
lim
h
h x xh h
h
+ +

=
2 2
0
lim(3 3 ),
h
x xh h
+ + h 0
= 3x
2

12 a Let y = f(x)

d
d
y
x
= f (x)
=
0
( ) ( )
lim
h
f x h f x
h
+

=
0
9 4( ) (9 4 )
lim
h
x h x
h
+

=
0
9 4 4 9 4
lim
h
x h x
h
+

=
0
4
lim
h
h
h

=
0
lim( 4),
h
h 0
= 4
b Let y = f(x)

d
d
y
x
= f (x)
=
0
( ) ( )
lim
h
f x h f x
h
+

=
2 2
0
( ) 3( ) ( 3 )
lim
h
x h x h x x
h
+ + + +

=
2 2 2
0
2 3 3 3
lim
h
x xh h x h x x
h
+ + + +

=
2
0
2 3
lim
h
xh h h
h
+ +

=
0
(2 3)
lim
h
h x h
h
+ +

=
0
lim(2 3),
h
x h
+ + h 0
= 2x + 3
c Let y = f(x)

d
d
y
x
= f (x)
=
0
(( ) )( )
lim
h
f x h f x
h
+

=
2 2
0
3( ) 8( ) 5 (3 8 5)
lim
h
x h x h x x
h
+ + + +

=
2 2 2
0
3( 2 ) 8 8 5 3 8 5
lim
h
x xh h x h x x
h
+ + + + +

=
2 2 2
0
3 6 3 8 8 5 3 8 5
lim
h
x xh h x h x x
h
+ + + + +

=
2
0
6 3 8
lim
h
xh h h
h
+ +

=
0
(6 3 8)
lim
h
h x h
h
+ +

=
0
lim(6 3 8),
h
x h
+ + h 0
= 6x + 8
d Let y = f(x)

d
d
y
x
= f (x)
=
0
( ) ( )
lim
h
f x h f x
h
+

=
3 3
0
( ) 4( ) ( 4 )
lim
h
x h x h x x
h
+ +

=
3 2 2 3 3
0
3 3 4 4 4
lim
h
x x h xh h x h x x
h
+ + + +

=
2 2 3
0
3 3 4
lim
h
x h xh h h
h
+ +

=
2 2
0
(3 3 4)
lim
h
h x xh h
h
+ +

=
2 2
0
lim(3 3 4),
h
x xh h
+ + h 0
= 3x
2
4
e Let y = f (x)

d
d
y
x
= f (x)
=
0
( ) ( )
lim
h
f x h f x
h
+

=
3 3
0
5( ) 2( ) (5 2 )
lim
h
x h x h x x
h
+ +

=
3 2 2 3 3
0
5 5 2( 3 3 ) 5 2
lim
h
x h x x h xh h x x
h
+ + + + +

=
3 2 2 3 3
0
5 5 2 6 6 2 5 2
lim
h
x h x x h xh h x x
h
+ +

=
2 2 3
0
5 6 6 2
lim
h
h x h xh h
h

=
2 2
0
(5 6 6 2 )
lim
h
h x xh h
h

=
2 2
0
lim(5 6 6 2 ),
h
x xh h
h 0
= 5 6x
2

f Let y = f(x)

d
d
y
x
= f (x)
=
0
( ) ( )
lim
h
f x h f x
h
+

=
2
0
( )2 2( ) ( 2 )
lim
h
x h x h x x
h
+ +

=
2 2 2
0
( 2 ) 2 2 2
lim
h
x xh h x h x x
h
+ + + +

=
2 2 2
0
2 2 2 2
lim
h
x xh h x h x x
h
+ +

=
2
0
2 2
lim
h
xh h h
h

=
0
( 2 2)
lim
h
h x h
h

=
0
lim( 2 2),
h
x h
h 0
= 2x 2
Exercise 7C The derivative of x
n

1 a y = x
6

d
d
y
x
= 6x
6 1

= 6x
5

b y = 3x
2

d
d
y
x
= 3(2)x
2 1

= 6x
c y = 5x
4

d
d
y
x
= 5(4)x
4 1

= 20x
3

d y = x
20

d
d
y
x
= 20x
20 1

= 20x
19

e y = 4x
3

d
d
y
x
= 4(3)x
3 1

= 12x
2

f y = 5x

d
d
y
x
= 5(1)x
1 1

= 5x
0

= 5
g y =
1
2
x
3

d
d
y
x
=
1
2
(3)x
3 1

=
3
2
x
2

h y =
4
3
x

d
d
y
x
=
4 1
(4)
3
x

=
4
3
x
3

i y = 10

d
d
y
x
= 0
j y = 8x
5

d
d
y
x
= 8(5)x
5 1

= 40x
4

2 a f(x) = 4x
3
+ 5x
f (x) = 4(3)x
3 1
+ 5(1)x
1 1

= 12x
2
+ 5
b g(x) = 5x
2
+ 6x + 1
g(x) = 5(2)x
2 1
+ 6(1)x
1 1

= 10x + 6
c h(x) = 9 +
3
5
x

h(x) = 0 +
3 1
3
5
x

=
3
5
x
2

d h(x) = 4 3x + 6x
2
+ x
3

h(x) = 0 3(1)x
1 1
+ 6(2)x
2 1
+ 3x
3 1

= 3 + 12x + 3x
2

e g(x) = 7x
11
+ 6x
5
8
g(x) = 7(11)x
11 1
+ 6(5)x
5 1
0
= 77x
10
+ 30x
4

f f(x) =
5
2
5
x
+
3
3
x
+ 10
f (x) =
2(5)
5
x
5 1
+
3 1
3
3
x

+ 0
= 2x
4
+ x
2

g f(x) = 6x + 3x
2
4x
3

f (x) = 6(1)x
1 1
+ 3(2)x
2 1

4(3)x
3 1

= 6x
0
+ 6x 12x
2

= 6 + 6x 12x
2

h g(x) = 7x
2
4x +
2
3

g(x) = 7(2)x
2 1
4(1)x
1 1
+ 0
= 14x 4x
0

= 14x 4
i h(x) = (x + 4)(x 1)
= x
2
+ 4x x 4
= x
2
+ 3x 4
h(x) = 2x
2 1
+ 3(1)x
1 1
0
= 2x + 3x
0

= 2x + 3
j f(x) = (x
2
+ 2x)(3x 6)
= 3x
3
+ 6x
2
6x
2
12x
= 3x
3
12x
f (x) = 3(3)x
3 1
12(1)x
1 1

= 9x
2
12x
0

= 9x
2
12
3 a Let y =
3
2
x

y = 2x
3

d
d
y
x
= 2(3)x
3 1

= 6x
4

=
4
6
x

b Let y = 3 x
y =
1
2
3x

d
d
y
x
=
1
1
2
1
3
2
x

| |
|
\ .

=
1
2
3
2
x

=
1
2
3
2x

=
3
2 x

c Let y =
1
3
x

d
d
y
x
=
1
1
3
1
3
x

=
2
3
1
3
x

=
2
3
1
3x

d Let y =
5
4
4x

d
d
y
x
=
5
1
4
5
4
4
x

| |
|
\ .

=
1
4
5x
e Let y = x 2x
2

=
1
2
2
2 x x

d
d
y
x
=
1
1
2 1
2
1
2(2)
2
x x

=
1
2
1
4
2
x x

=
1
4
2
x
x

f Let y =
1
x
+ x
2

= x
1
+ x
2

d
d
y
x
= 1x
1 1
+ 2x
2 1

= x
2
+ 2x
=
2
1
x
+ 2x
g Let y =
2 1
3 2
x x
+

d
d
y
x
=
2 1
1 1
3 2
1 2
2 3
x x

+
=
1 3
3 2
1 2
2 3
x x

+
h Let y =
3 x
x
+

= 1 +
3
x

= 1 + 3x
1

d
d
y
x
= 0 + 3(1)x
1 1

= 3x
2

=
2
3
x

i Let y =
2 3
x x
x
+

= x + x
2

d
d
y
x
= 1x
1 1
+ 2x
2 1

= x
0
+ 2x
= 1 + 2x
j Let y =
3
4x

=
1
3
4
x

d
d
y
x
=
3
4
(1)x
2

=
2
3
4x

k Let y =
2
2
5x

=
2
5
x
2

d
d
y
x
=
2
5
(2)x
2 1

=
4
5
x
3

=
3
4
5x

l Let y =
2
x
+ 3x
2

=
1
2
2
x
+ 3x
2

=
1
2
2
2 3 x x
+

d
d
y
x
=
1
1
2 1
2
1
2 3( 2)
2
x x

| |
+
|
\ .

=
3
3
2
6 x x

=
3 3
2
1 6
x
x

m Let y =
3
1
3
x 4x + x
3

d
d
y
x
=
1
3
(3)x
3 1
4(1)x
1 1

3x
3 1

= x
2
4x
0
3x
4

= x
2
4 3x
4

n Let y =
1
4
x x
x
+

=
1
4
1
2
x x
x
+

=
1
4
1 1
2 2
x x
x x
+
=
1 1
2 4
x x +

d
d
y
x
=
1 1
1 1
2 4
1 1
2 4
x x

=
1 5
2 4
1 1
2 4
x x

=
1 5
2 4
1 1
2 4 x x

=
5
4
1 1
2
4
x
x

4 a f(x) = 2x
5
10x + 5
f (x) = 2(5)x
5 1
10(1)x
1 1
+ 0
= 10x
4
10x
0

= 10x
4
10
b f (2) = 10(2)
4
10
= 160 10
= 150
5 f(x) = x
2
6x
f (x) = 2x
2 1
6(1)x
1 1

= 2x 6
f (4) = 2(4) 6
= 2
The answer is D.
6 f(x) = x
2
+
3
2
10 x x
f (x) = 2x
2 1
+
3
1
1 1
2
3
10(1)
2
x x

= 2x +
1
2
3
10
2
x

(9) f = 2(9) +
1
2
3
(9) 10
2

= 18 +
3
2
(3) 10
= 18 +
9
2
10
= 12
1
2

The answer is C.
7 g(x) =
2
1
x
+ 3x 8
= x
2
+ 3x 8
g(x) = 2x
2 1
+ 3(1) x
1 1
0
= 2x
3
+ 3x
0

= 2x
3
+ 3
=
3
2
x
+ 3
g(2) =
3
2
( 2)
+ 3
=
2
8
+ 3
=
1
4
+ 3
= 3
1
4

8 y =
4
5
x

= 5x
4

Gradient =
d
d
y
x
= 5(4)x
4 1

= 20x
5

=
5
20
x

a Gradient at x = 2 is
5
20
2

=
20
32

=
5
8

b Gradient at x = 0 is
5
20
0

=
20
0

Undefined
9 f(x) = 2x
3
x
2
+
1
x

= 2x
3
x
2
+
1
2
x

f (x) = 2(3)x
3 1
2x
2 1
1
1
2
1
2
x

= 6x
2
2x
3
2
1
2
x

= 6x
2
2x
3
2
1
2x

a f (1) = 6(1)
2
2(1)
3
2
1
2(1)

= 6 2
1
2

=
1
3
2

b f (4) = 6(4)
2
2(4)
3
2
1
2(4)

= 96 8
1
16

=
15
87
16

c f (9) = 6(9)
2
2(9)
3
2
1
2(9)

= 486 18
1
54

= 467
53
54

10 a g(x) = 3 x + 4x
=
1
3
x + 4x
g(x) =
1
1
1 1
3
1
4(1)
3
x x
+
=
2
0
3
1
4
3
x x
+
=
2
3
1
4
3x
+
b g(1) =
2
3
1
4
3(1)
+
=
1
3
+ 4
= 4
1
3

c g(8) =
2
3
1
4
3(8)
+
=
1
12
+ 4
= 4
1
12

d g(8) =
2
3
1
4
3( 8)
+

=
1
12
+ 4
= 4
1
12

11 y = k
= k 1
= kx
0

d
d
y
x
= k(0)x
0 1

= 0x
1

= 0
12 a i Let y = (x + 1)
2

= x
2
+ 2x + 1
ii
d
d
y
x
= 2x
2 1
+ 2(1)x
1 1
+ 0
= 2x + 2x
0

= 2x + 2
iii 2x + 2 = 2(x + 1)
b i Let y = (x + 1)
3

= x
3
+ 3x
2
(1) + 3(1)
2
x + 1
3

= x
3
+ 3x
2
+ 3x + 1
ii
d
d
y
x
= 3x
3 1
+ 3(2)x
2 1
+
3(1)x
1 1
+ 0
= 3x
2
+ 6x + 3x
0

= 3x
2
+ 6x + 3
iii 3x
2
+ 6x + 3
= 3(x
2
+ 2x + 1)
= 3(x + 1)
2

c i Let y = (2x + 1)
2

= 4x
2
+ 4x + 1
ii
d
d
y
x
= 4(2)x
2 1
4(1)x
1 1
+ 0
= 8x + 4x
0

= 8x + 4
iii 8x + 4 = 4(2x + 1)
d i Let y = (2x + 1)
3

= (2x)
3
+ 3(2x)
2
(1) +
3(2x)(1)
2
+ 1
= 8x
3
+ 12x
2
+ 6x + 1
ii
d
d
y
x
= 8(3)x
3 1
+ 12(2)x
2 1
+
6(1)x
1 1
+ 0
= 24x
2
+ 24x + 6x
0

= 24x
2
+ 24x + 6
iii 24x
2
+ 24x + 6
= 6(4x
2
+ 4x + 1)
= 6(2x + 1)
2

e i Let y = (3x + 1)
2

= 9x
2
+ 6x + 1
ii
d
d
y
x
= 9(2)x
2 1
+ 6(1)x
1 1
+ 0
= 18x + 6x
0

= 18x + 6
iii 18x + 6 = 6(3x + 1)
f i Let y = (3x + 1)
3

= (3x)
3
+ 3(3x)
2
(1) +
3(3x)(1)
2
+ 1
3

= 27x
3
+ 27x
2
+ 9x + 1
ii
d
d
y
x
= 27(3)x
3 1
+ 27(2)x
2 1
+
9(1)x
1 1
+ 0
= 81x
2
+ 54x + 9x
0

= 81x
2
+ 54x + 9
iii 81x
2
+ 54x + 9
= 9(9x
2
+ 6x + 1)
= 9(3x + 1)
2

13 Let y = (ax + b)
n

d
d
y
x
= na(ax + b)
n 1

Exercise 7D The chain rule
1 a i 5x 4 ii 3
b i 3x + 1 ii
1
2

c i 2x + 3 ii 4
d i 7 4x ii 1
e i 5x + 3 ii 6
f i 4 3x ii
4
3

2 y = (x + 3)
5

y = u
5

u = x + 3
The answer is B.
3 a y = (3x + 2)
2

i Let u = 3x + 2
y = u
2

d
d
y
u
= 2u
ii u = 3x + 2

d
d
u
x
= 3
iii
d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

= 2u 3
= 6u
= 6(3x + 2)
b y = (7 x)
3

i Let u = 7 x
y = u
3

d
d
y
u
= 3u
2

ii u = 7 x

d
d
u
x
= 1
iii
d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

= 3u
2
1
= 3(7 x)
2

c y =
1
2 5 x
= (2x 5)
1

i Let u = 2x 5
y = u
1

d
d
y
u
= u
2

=
2
1
u

ii u = 2x 5

d
d
u
x
= 2
iii
d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

=
2
1
u
2
=
2
2
u

=
2
2
(2 5) x

d y =
4
1
(4 2 ) x
= (4 2x)
4

i Let u = 4 2x
y = u
4

d
d
y
u
= 4u
5

=
5
4
u

ii u = 4 2x

d
d
u
x
= 2
iii
d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

=
5
4
u
2
=
5
8
u

=
5
8
(4 2 ) x

e y = 5 2 x + =
1
2
(5 2) x +
i Let u = 5x + 2
y =
1
2
u

d
d
y
u
=
1
2
1
2
u

=
1
2
1
2u
=
1
2 u

ii u = 5x + 2

d
d
y
x
= 5
iii
d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

=
1
2 u
5
=
5
2 u

=
5
2 5 2 x +

f i y =
3
3 2 x

=
1
2
3
(3 2) x

=
1
2
3(3 2) x

Let u = 3x 2
y =
1
2
3u

d
d
y
u
=
3
2
3
2
u

=
3
2
3
2u

ii u = 3x 2

d
d
u
x
= 3
iii
d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

=
3
2
3
3
2u

=
3
2
9
2u

=
3
2
9
2(3 2) x

g i y = 3(2x
2
+ 5x)
5

Let u = 2x
2
+ 5x
y = 3u
5

d
d
y
u
= 15u
4

ii u = 2x
2
+ 5x

d
d
u
x
= 4x + 5
iii
d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

= 15u
4
(4x + 5)
= 15(4x + 5)(2x
2
+ 5x)
4

h i y = (4x 3x
2
)
2

Let u = 4x 3x
2

y = u
2

d
d
y
u
= 2u
3

ii u = 4x 3x
2

d
d
u
x
= 4 6x
iii
d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

= 2u
3
(4 6x)
= 2(4 6x)(4x 3x
2
)
3

= 4(2 3x)(4x 3x
2
)
3

i i y =
6
1
x
x
| |
+
|
\ .

Let u = x +
1
x

= x + x
1

y = u
6

d
d
y
u
= 6u
5

ii u = x + x
1

d
d
u
x
= 1 x
2

= 1
2
1
x

=
2
2
1 x
x

iii
d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

= 6u
5

2
1
1
x
(
(

= 6
5
2
2
1 1 x
x
x x
| |
(
+
|
( |

\ .

j i y = 4(5 6x)
4

u = 5 6x
y = 4u
4

d
d
y
u
= 16u
5

ii u = 5 6x

d
d
u
x
= 6
iii
d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

= 16u
5
6
= 96u
5

= 96(5 6x)
5

4 y =
1
2
u

d
d
y
u
=
1
2
1
2
u

=
1
2
1
2u

=
1
2 u

The answer is C.
5 y =
2
3 2 x x +
y =
1
2
2
( 3 2) x x +
If u = x
2
3x + 2

d
d
u
x
= 2x 3
The answer is A.
6
d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

=
1
2 u
(2x 3)
=
2 3
2
x
u

=
2
2 3
2 3 2
x
x x
+

The answer is B.
7 a y = (8x + 3)
4

Let u = 8x + 3
y = u
4

d
d
y
u
= 4u
3

d
d
u
x
= 8

d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

= 4u
3
8
= 32u
3

= 32(8x + 3)
3

b y = (2x 5)
3

Let u = 2x 5
y = u
3

d
d
y
u
= 3u
2

d
d
u
x
= 2

d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

= 3u
2
2
= 6u
2

= 6(2x 5)
2

c f(x) = (4 3x)
5
= y
Let u = 4 3x
y = u
5

d
d
y
u
= 5u
4

d
d
u
x
= 3

d
d
y
x
= f (x) =
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

= 5u
4
3
= 15u
4

= 15(4 3x)
4

d y =
2
(3 4) x
=
1
2
2
(3 4) x

Let u = 3x
2
4
y =
1
2
u

d
d
y
u
=
1
2
1
2
u

=
1
2 u

d
d
u
x
= 6x

d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

=
1
2 u
6x
=
3x
u

=
2
3
3 4
x
x

e f(x) =
1
2
3
( 4 ) x x
= y
Let u = x
2
4x
y =
1
3
u

d
d
y
u
=
2
3
1
3
u

=
2
3
1
3u

d
d
u
x
= 2x 4

d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

=
2
3
1
3u
(2x 4)
=
2
2
3
2 4
3( 4 )
x
x x

=
2
2
3
2
( 2)( 4 )
3
x x x

f g(x) = (2x
3
+ x)
2
= y
Let u = 2x
3
+ x
y = u
2

d
d
y
u
= 2u
3

d
d
u
x
= 6x
2
+ 1
g(x) =
d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

= 2u
3
(6x
2
+ 1)
= 2(6x
2
+ 1)(2x
3
+ x)
3

g g(x) =
6
1
x
x
| |
|
\ .
= y
Let u = x
1
x

= x x
1

y = u
6

d
d
y
u
= 6u
5

d
d
u
x
= 1 + x
2

= 1 +
2
1
x

g(x) =
d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

= 6u
5

2
1
1
x
| |
+
|
\ .

= 6
5
1
1
x
| |
|
\ .
2
1
1
x
| |
+
|
\ .

or 6
2
1
1
x
| |
+
|
\ .
5
1
1
x
| |
|
\ .

h y = (x
2
3x)
1

Let u = x
2
3x
y = u
1

d
d
y
u
= u
2

d
d
u
x
= 2x 3

d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

= u
2
(2x 3)
= (2x 3)(x
2
3x)
2

8 f(x) =
1
4 7 x +

y =
1
2
(4 7) x

+
Let u = 4x + 7
y =
1
2
u

d
d
y
u
=
3
2
1
2
u

d
d
u
x
= 4

d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

=
3
2
1
2
u
4
=
3
2
2u

= 2
3
2
(4 7) x

+
=
3
2
2
(4 7) x
+

=
3
2
(4 7) x
+

9 a y =
6 5
6 5
x
x

=
1
2
(6 5)
(6 5)
x
x

=
1
2
(6 5) x

Let u = 6x 5
y =
1
2
u

d
d
y
u
=
3
2
1
2
u

d
d
u
x
= 6

d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

=
3
2
1
6
2
u

=
3
2
3u

=
3
2
3
(6 5) x

b f(x) =
2 2
2
( 2)
2
x
x
+
+

=
2 2
1
2
2
( 2)
( 2)
x
x
+
+

=
3
2
2
( 2) x +

Let u = x
2
+ 2
y =
3
2
u

d
d
y
u
=
1
2
3
2
u

d
d
u
x
= 2x

d
d
y
x
=
1
2
3
2
2
u x

=
1
2
3xu

= 3x
2
2 x +

10 a f(x) = (x
2
+ 5x)
8

Let y = (x
2
+ 5x)
8

Let u = x
2
+ 5x
y = u
8

d
d
y
u
= 8u
7

d
d
u
x
= 2x + 5

d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

= 8u
7
(2x + 5)
= 8(2x + 5)(x
2
+ 5x)
7

= 8x
7
(2x + 5)(x + 5)
7

b y = (x
3
2x)
2

Let u = x
3
2x
y = u
2

d
d
y
u
= 2u

d
d
u
x
= 3x
2
2

d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

= 2u(3x
2
2)
= 2(3x
2
2)(x
3
2x)
= 2x(3x
2
2)(x
2
2)
c f(x) =
1
3 2
5
( 2 7) x x +
Let u = x
3
+ 2x
2
7

d
d
u
x
= 3x
2
+ 4x
y =
1
5
u

d
d
y
u
=
4
5
1
5
u

d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

=
4
3 2 2
5
1
( 2 7) (3 4 )
5
x x x x
+ +

=

2
4
3 2
5
3 4
5( 2 7)
x x
x x
+
+

d y =
3
4 2
2
(2 3 1) x x +
u = 2x
4
3x
2
+ 1
y =
3
2
u

d
d
y
u
=
1
2
3
2
u

d
d
u
x
= 8x
3
6x

d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

d
d
y
x
=
1
3
2
3
(8 6 )
2
u x x
=
4 2
3 2 3 1
2
x x +
2x(4x
2
3)
= 3x(4x
2
3)
4 2
2 3 1 x x +
11 f(x) = (2x 1)
6

Let g(x) = 2x 1
g(x) = 2
f (x) = 6(2x 1)
6 1
(2)
= 12(2x 1)
5

f (3) = 12(6 1)
5

= 12(5)
5

= 37 500
12 g(x) = (x
2
3x)
2

Let h(x) = x
2
3x
h(x) = 2x 3
g(x) = 2(x
2
3x)
3
(2x 3)
=
2 3
2(2 3)
( 3 )
x
x x

g(2) =
3
2( 4 3)
(4 6)

+

=
14
1000

=
7
500
or 0.014
13 f(x) =
2
2 1 x x +
a f(3) =
2
3 2(3) 1 +
= 4
= 2
b f(x) =
1
2
2
( 2 1) x x +
Let u = x
2
2x + 1

d
d
u
x
= 2x 2
f (x) =
1
1
2
2
1
( 2 1) (2 2)
2
x x x
+

=

2
1
2 1
x
x x
+

c f (3)
=

3 1
9 6 1
+

=
2
4

=
2
2

= 1
d When x = 2
f (x) = f (2)

=

2 1
4 4 1
+

= 1
14 h(x) =
2
(3 2 ) x x +

=

1
2
2
(3 2 ) x x +

h(x) =

1
1
2
2
1
(3 2 ) (6 2)
2
x x x
+ +

=
2
3 1
(3 2 )
x
x x
+
+

When x = 2
h(x) = h(2)
=
3(2) 1
3(4) 2(2)
+
+

=
7
16

=
7
4

15 f(x) =
3
5 4x

=
1
2
3(5 4 ) x

Let g(x) = 5 4x
g(x) = 4
f (x) =
1
1
2
1
3(5 4 ) ( 4)
2
x

= 6
3
2
(5 4 ) x

=
3
6
(5 4 ) x

f (1) =
3
6
(5 4( 1))

=
3
6
(9)

=
6
729

=
6
27

=
2
9

16 f(x) = (2x 1)
5

f (x) = 5(2x 1)
4
2
= 10(2x 1)
4

n = 4
17 f(x) = (3x + 2)
7

f (x) = 7(3x + 2)
6
3
a = 7
18 If f(x) = (5x 3)
10

f (x) = 10(5x 3)
9
5
= 10 5(5x 3)
9

m = 5
Exercise 7E The derivative
of e
x

1 a y = e
10x

Let u = 10x
y = e
u

d
d
y
u
= e
u

d
d
u
x
= 10

d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

= e
u
10
= 10e
u

= 10e
10x

b y =
1
3
x
e
Let u =
1
3
x

d
d
u
x
=
1
3

y = e
u

d
d
y
u
= e
u

d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

= e
u

1
3

=
3
1
3
x
e
c y =
4
x
e
Let u =
4
x

d
d
u
x
=
1
4

y = e
u

d
d
y
u
= e
u

d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

= e
u

1
4

=
4
1
4
x
e
d y = e
x

Let u = x

d
d
u
x
= 1
y = e
u

d
d
y
u
= e
u

d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

= e
u
1
= e
x

e y = 2e
3x

Let u = 3x

d
d
u
x
= 3
y = 2e
u

d
d
y
u
= 2e
u

d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

= 2e
u
3
= 6e
3x

f y = 4e
5x

Let u = 5x

d
d
u
x
= 5
y = 4e
u

d
d
y
u
= 4e
u

d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

= 4e
u
5
= 20e
5x

g y = 6e
2x

Let u = 2x

d
d
u
x
= 2
y = 6e
u

d
d
y
u
= 6e
u

d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

= 6e
u
2
= 12e
2x

h y = 5e
0.2x

Let u = 0.2x

d
d
u
x
= 0.2
y = 5e
u

d
d
y
u
= 5e
u

d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

= 5e
u
0.2
= e
u

= e
0.2x

i y = 2e
11x

Let u = 11x

d
d
u
x
= 11
y = 2e
u

d
d
y
u
= 2e
u

d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

= 2e
u
11
= 22e
11x

2 a y = e
6x 2

Let u = 6x 2

d
d
u
x
= 6
y = e
u

d
d
y
u
= e
u

d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

= e
u
6
= 6e
u

= 6e
6x 2

b y = e
8 6x

Let u = 8 6x

d
d
u
x
= 6
y = e
u

d
d
y
u
= e
u

d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

= e
u
6
= 6e
u

= 6e
8 6x

c y = 2e
5x + 3

Let u = 5x + 3

d
d
u
x
= 5
y = 2e
u

d
d
y
u
= 2e
u

d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

= 2e
u
5
= 10e
u

= 10e
5x + 3

d y = 4e
7 2x

Let u = 7 2x

d
d
u
x
= 2
y = 4e
u

d
d
y
u
= 4e
u

d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

= 4e
u
2
= 8e
u

= 8e
7 2x

e y = 3e
8x + 1

Let u = 8x + 1

d
d
u
x
= 8
y = 3e
u

d
d
y
u
= 3e
u

d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

= 3e
u
8
= 24e
u

= 24e
8x + 1

f y = 2e
6 5x

Let u = 6 5x

d
d
u
x
= 5
y = 2e
u

d
d
y
u
= 2e

u

d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

= 2e
u
5
= 10e
u

= 10e
6 5x

g y = 10e
6 9x

Let u = 6 9x

d
d
u
x
= 9
y = 10e
u

d
d
y
u
= 10e
u

d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

= 10e
u
9
= 90e
u

= 90e
6 9x

h y = 5e
3x + 4

Let u = 3x + 4

d
d
u
x
= 3
y = 5e
u

d
d
y
u
= 5e
u

d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

= 5e
u
3
= 15e
u

= 15e
3x + 4

i y = 6e
7x

Let u = 7x

d
d
u
x
= 7
y = 6e
u

d
d
y
u
= 6e
u

d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

= 6e
u
7
= 42e
u

= 42e
7x

j y =
1
2
2
x
e
+

Let u =
2
x
+ 1

d
d
u
x
=
1
2

y = 2e
u

d
d
y
u
= 2e
u

d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

= 2e
u

1
2

= e
u

=
1
2
x
e
+

k y =
2
3
3
x
e

Let u = 2
3
x

d
d
u
x
=
1
3

y = 3e
u

d
d
y
u
= 3e
u

d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

= 3e
u

1
3

= e
u

=
2
3
x
e

l y =
5
4
4
x
e
+

Let u =
4
x
+ 5

d
d
u
x
=
1
4

y = 4e
u

d
d
y
u
= 4e
u

d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

= 4e
u

1
4

= e
u

=
5
4
x
e
+

3 y = e
3x + 2

Let u = 3x + 2
y = e
u

d
d
y
u
= e
u

d
d
u
x
= 3

d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

= 3e
u

= 3e
3x + 2

The answer is A.
4 a f(x) = 2(e
x
+ 1)
Let u = e
x
+ 1

d
d
u
x
= e
x

y = 2u

d
d
y
u
= 2

d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

= 2e
x

b f(x) = 3e
2x
(e
x
+ 1)
= 3e
2x + x
+ 3e
2x

= 3e
3x
+ 3e
2x

f (x) = 9e
3x
+ 6e
2x

c f(x) = 5(e
4x
+ 2x)
= 5e
4x
+ 10x
f (x) = 20e
4x
+ 10
d f(x) = (e
x
+ 2)(e
x
+ 3)
= e
0
+ 2e
x
+ 3e
x
+ 6
= 1 + 2e
x
+ 3e
x
+ 6
= 3e
x
+ 2e
x
+ 7
f (x) = 3e
x
2e
x

e f(x) =
3 6
3
x x
x
e e
e
+

=
3 6
3
x x
x x
e e
e e
+

= 3e
3x x
+ e
6x x

= 3e
2x
+ e
7x

f (x) = 6e
2x
7e
7x

f f(x) =
7
2
4 2
x x
x
e e
e

=
7
2 2
4 2
x x
x x
e e
e e

= 4e
7x (2x)
2e
x (2x)

= 4e
9x
2e
x

f (x) = 36e
9x
2e
x

g f(x) = e
x
+ e
2

f (x) = e
x
+ 0
= e
x

h f(x) = 4e
5x
+ 2x
2
e
3

f (x) = 20e
5x
+ 4x 0
= 20e
5x
+ 4x
5 a y =
2
3 x x
e
+

Let u = x
2
+ 3x

d
d
u
x
= 2x + 3
y = e
u

d
d
y
u
= e
u

d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

= e
u
(2x + 3)
= (2x + 3)
2
3 x x
e
+

b y =
2
3 1 x x
e
+

Let u = x
2
3x + 1

d
d
u
x
= 2x 3
y = e
u

d
d
y
u
= e
u

d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

= e
u
(2x 3)
= (2x 3)
2
3 1 x x
e
+

c y =
2
2 x x
e

Let u = x
2
2x

d
d
u
x
= 2x 2
y = e
u

d
d
y
u
= e
u

d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

= e
u
(2x 2)
= 2(x 1)e
u

= 2(x 1)
2
2 x x
e

d f(x) = e
2 5x

Let y = e
2 5x

Let u = 2 5x

d
d
u
x
= 5
y = e
u

d
d
y
u
= e
u

f (x) =
d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

= e
u
5
= 5e
u

= 5e
2 5x

e f(x) =
2
6 3x x
e
+

Let y =
2
6 3x x
e
+

Let u = 6 3x + x
2

d
d
u
x
= 3 + 2x
= 2x 3
y = e
u

d
d
y
u
= e
u

f (x) =
d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

= e
u
(2x 3)
= (2x 3)e
u

= (2x 3)
2
6 3x x
e
+

f g(x) =
3
3 2 x x
e
+

Let y =
3
3 2 x x
e
+

Let u = x
3
+ 3x 2

d
d
u
x
= 3x
2
+ 3
= 3(x
2
+ 1)
y = e
u

d
d
y
u
= e
u

g(x) =
d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

= e
u
3(x
2
+ 1)
= 3(x
2
+ 1)
3
3 2 x x
e
+

g h(x) =
2
4 7
3
x x
e

Let y =
2
4 7
3
x x
e

Let u = 4x
2
7x

d
d
u
x
= 8x 7
y = 3e
u

d
d
y
u
= 3e
u

h(x) =
d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

= 3e
u
(8x 7)
= 3(8x 7)
2
4 7 x x
e

h y =
2
1 2 3
5
x x
e

Let u = 1 2x 3x
2

d
d
u
x
= 2 6x
= 2(1 + 3x)
y = 5e
u

d
d
y
u
= 5e
u

d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

= 5e
u
2(1 + 3x)
= 10(1 + 3x)e
u

= 10(1 + 3x)
2
1 2 3 x x
e

i y =
3
(2 1) x
e
+

Let u = (2x + 1)
3

d
d
u
x
= 3(2x + 1)
2
(2) chain rule
= 6(2x + 1)
2

y = e
u

d
d
y
u
= e
u

d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

= e
u
6(2x + 1)
2

= 6(2x + 1)
2
3
(2 1) x
e
+

j f(x) =
4
(4 ) x
e

Let u = (4 x)
4

d
d
u
x
= 4(4 x)
3
(1) chain rule
= 4(4 x)
3

y = e
u

d
d
y
u
= e
u

d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

= e
u
4(4 x)
3

= 4(4 x)
3
4
(4 ) x
e

k g(x) =
2
( 2) x
e

+

Let u = (x + 2)
2

d
d
u
x
= 2(x + 2)
3
(1) chain rule
= 2(x + 2)
3

y = e
u

d
d
y
u
= e
u

d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

= e
u
2(x + 2)
3

= 2(x + 2)
3
2
( 2) x
e

+

l y = (3 4) e x +
=
1
2
(3 4) x
e
+

Let u =
1
2
(3 4) x +

d
d
u
x
=
1
2
1
(3 4) (3)
2
x

+
=
1
2
3
(3 4)
2
x

+
=
3
2 (3 4) x +

y = e
u

d
d
y
u
= e
u

d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

= e
u

3
2 (3 4) x +

=
3 (3 4)
2 (3 4)
e x
x
+
+

m f(x) =
1
3
( 1) x
e
+

Let y =
1
3
( 1) x
e
+

Let u =
1
3
( 1) x +

d
d
u
x
=
2
3
1
( 1)
3
x

+ chain rule
=
2
3
1
3( 1) x +

y = e
u

d
d
y
u
= e
u

f (x) =
d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

=
2
3
1
3( 1)
u
e
x
+

=
1
3
( 1)
2
3
3( 1)
x
e
x
+
+

n h(x) =
2 2
( 3 ) x x
e
+

Let y =
2 2
( 3 ) x x
e
+

Let u = (x
2
+ 3x)
2

d
d
u
x
= 2(x
2
+ 3x)(2x + 3) chain rule
= 2x(x + 3)(2x + 3)
y = e
u

d
d
y
u
= e
u

h(x) =
d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

= e
u
2x(x + 3)(2x + 3)
= 2x(x + 3)(2x + 3)

2 2
( 3 ) x x
e
+

6 y = 6
3
5 x x
e

Let u = x
3
5x

d
d
u
x
= 3x
2
5
y = 6e
u

d
d
y
u
= 6e
u

d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

= 6e
u
(3x
2
5)
= 6(3x
2
5)
3
5 x x
e

The answer is B.
7 f(x) = 5e
9 4x

Let y = 5e
9 4x

Let u = 9 4x

d
d
u
x
= 4
y = 5e
u

d
d
y
u
= 5e
u

f (x) =
d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

= 5e
u
4
= 20e
u

= 20e
9 4x

f (2) = 20e
9 4(2)

= 20e
1

= 20e
8 g(x) =
2
3 2
2
x x
e
+

Let y =
2
3 2
2
x x
e
+

Let u = x
2
3x + 2

d
d
u
x
= 2x 3
y = 2e
u

d
d
y
u
= 2e
u

g(x) =
d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

= 2e
u
(2x 3)
= 2(2x 3)
2
3 2 x x
e
+

g(0) = 2(3)e
2

= 6e
2

9 h(x) =
3
2
5
x x
e
+

Let y =
3
2
5
x x
e
+

Let u = x
3
+ 2x

d
d
u
x
= 3x
2
+ 2
y = 5e
u

d
d
y
u
= 5e
u

h(x) =
d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

= 5e
u
(3x
2
+ 2)
= 5(3x
2
+ 2)
3
2 x x
e
+

h(1) = 5(3(1)
2
+ 2)

3
( 1) 2( 1)
e
+

= 5(5)e
1 2

= 25e
3

Exercise 7F The derivative
of log
e
(x)
1 a y = log
e
(4x)
y = log
e
(u)
u = 4x
b
d
d
u
x
= 4
c
d
d
y
u
=
1
u

d
d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

=
1
u
4
=
4
u

=
4
4x

=
1
x

2 a y = log
e
(10x)
Let u = 10x

d
d
u
x
= 10
y = log
e
(u)

d
d
y
u
=
1
u

d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

=
1
u
10
=
10
u

=
10
10x

=
1
x

b y = log
e
(5x)
Let u = 5x

d
d
u
x
= 5
y = log
e
(u)

d
d
y
u
=
1
u

d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

=
1
u
5
=
5
u

=
5
5x

=
1
x

c y = log
e
(x)
Let u = x

d
d
u
x
= 1
y = log
e
(u)

d
d
y
u
=
1
u

d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

=
1
u
1
=
1
u

=
1
x

=
1
x

d y = log
e
(6x)
Let u = 6x

d
d
u
x
= 6
y = log
e
(u)

d
d
y
u
=
1
u

d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

=
1
u
6
=
6
u

=
6
6x

=
1
x

e y = 3 log
e
(4x)
Let u = 4x

d
d
u
x
= 4
y = 3 log
e
(u)

d
d
y
u
=
3
u

d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

=
3
u
4
=
12
u

=
12
4x

=
3
x

f y = 6 log
e
(9x)
Let u = 9x

d
d
u
x
= 9
y = 6 log
e
(u)

d
d
y
u
=
6
u

d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

=
6
u
9
=
54
u

=
54
9x

=
6
x

g y = log
e
2
x | |
|
\ .

Let u =
2
x

d
d
u
x
=
1
2

y = log
e
(u)

d
d
y
u
=
1
u

d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

=
1
u

1
2

=
1
2u

=
1
x

h y = log
e
3
x | |
|
\ .

Let u =
3
x

d
d
u
x
=
1
3

y = log
e
(u)

d
d
y
u
=
1
u

d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

=
1
u

1
3

=
1
3u

=
1
x

i y = 4 log
e
5
x | |
|
\ .

Let u =
5
x

d
d
u
x
=
1
5

y = 4 log
e
(u)

d
d
y
u
=
4
u

d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

=
4
u

1
5

=
4
5u

=
4
x

j y = 5 log
e
2
3
x | |
|
\ .

Let u =
2
3
x | |
|
\ .

d
d
u
x
=
2
3

y = 5 log
e
(u)

d
d
y
u
=
5
u

d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

=
5
u

2
3

=
10
3u

=
10
2x

=
5
x

3 Let y = log
e
(8x)
Let u = 8x

d
d
u
x
= 8
y = log
e
(u)

d
d
y
u
=
1
u

d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

=
1
u
8
=
8
u

=
8
8x

=
1
x

The answer is D.
4 a y = log
e
(3x + 7)
Let u = 3x + 7
The answer is A.
b y = log
e
(u)

d
d
y
u
=
1
u

d
d
u
x
= 3
The answer is D.
c
d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

=
1
u
3
=
3
u

=
3
3 7 x +

The answer is C.
5 a y = log
e
(2x + 5)
Let u = 2x + 5

d
d
u
x
= 2
y = log
e
(u)

d
d
y
u
=
1
u

d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

=
1
u
2
=
2
u

=
2
2 5 x +

b y = log
e
(6x + 1)
Let u = 6x + 1

d
d
u
x
= 6
y = log
e
(u)

d
d
y
u
=
1
u

d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

=
1
u
6
=
6
u

=
6
6 1 x +

c y = log
e
(3x 4)
Let u = 3x 4

d
d
u
x
= 3
y = log
e
(u)

d
d
y
u
=
1
u

d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

=
1
u
3
=
3
u

=
3
3 4 x

d y = log
e
(8x 1)
Let u = 8x 1

d
d
u
x
= 8
y = log
e
(u)

d
d
y
u
=
1
u

d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

=
1
u
8
=
8
u

=
8
8 1 x

e y = log
e
(3 5x)
Let u = 3 5x

d
d
u
x
= 5
y = log
e
(u)

d
d
y
u
=
1
u

d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

=
1
u
5
=
5
u

=
5
3 5x

or
5
5 3 x

f y = log
e
(2 x)
Let u = (2 x)

d
d
u
x
= 1
y = log
e
(u)

d
d
y
u
=
1
u

d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

=
1
u
1
=
1
u

=
1
2 x

or
1
2 x

g y = log
e
(4 7x)
Let u = 4 7x

d
d
u
x
= 7
y = log
e
(u)

d
d
y
u
=
1
u

d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

=
1
u
7
=
7
u

=
7
4 7x

or
7
7 4 x

h y = 6 log
e
(5x + 2)
Let u = 5x + 2

d
d
u
x
= 5
y = 6 log
e
(u)

d
d
y
u
=
6
u

d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

=
6
u
5
=
30
u

=
30
5 2 x +

i y = 8 log
e
(4x 2)
Let u = 4x 2

d
d
u
x
= 4
y = 8 log
e
(u)

d
d
y
u
=
8
u

d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

=
8
u
4
=
32
u

=
32
4 2 x

=
32
2(2 1) x

=
16
2 1 x

j y = 4 log
e
(12x + 5)
Let u = 12x + 5

d
d
u
x
= 12
y = 4 log
e
(u)

d
d
y
u
=
4
u

d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

=
4
u
12
=
48
u

=
48
12 5 x
+

k y = 7 log
e
(8 9x)
Let u = 8 9x

d
d
u
x
= 9
y = 7 log
e
(u)

d
d
y
u
=
7
u

d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

=
7
4
9
=
63
u

=
63
8 9x

6 a y = log
e
(3x
4
)
Let y = 3x
4

d
d
u
x
= 12x
3

y = log
e
(u)

d
d
y
u
=
1
u

d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

=
1
u
12x
3

=
3
12x
u

=
3
4
12
3
x
x

=
4
x

b y = log
e
(x
2
+ 3)
Let u = x
2
+ 3

d
d
u
x
= 2x
y = log
e
(u)

d
d
y
u
=
1
u

d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

=
1
u
2x
=
2x
u

=
2
2
3
x
x +

c y = log
e
(x
3
+ 2x
2
7x)
Let u = x
3
+ 2x
2
7x

d
d
u
x
= 3x
2
+ 4x 7
y = log
e
(u)

d
d
y
u
=
1
u

d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

=
1
u
(3x
2
+ 4x 7)
=
2
3 2
3 4 7
2 7
x x
x x x
+
+

d y = log
e
(x
2
2x
3
+ x
4
)
Let u = x
2
2x
3
+ x
4

d
d
u
x
= 2x 6x
2
+ 4x
3

y = log
e
(u)

d
d
y
u
=
1
u

d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

=
1
u
(2x 6x
2
+ 4x
3
)
=
2 3
2 3 4
2 6 4
2
x x x
x x x
+
+

e y = log
e 2 1 x +

=
1
2
log
e
(2x + 1)
Let u = 2x + 1

d
d
u
x
= 2
y =
1
2
log
e
(u)

d
d
y
u
=
1
2u

d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

=
1
2u

2
1

=
1
u

=
1
2 1 x +

f y = log
e 3 4x

=
1
2
log
e
(3 4x)
Let u = 3 4x

d
d
u
x
= 4
y =
1
2
log
e
(u)

d
d
y
u
=
1
2u

d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

=
1
2u

4
1

=
2
u

=
2
3 4x
or
2
4 3 x

g y =
1
3
log (5 2)
e
x +
=
1
3
log
e
(5x + 2)
Let u = 5x + 2

d
d
u
x
= 5
y =
1
3
log
e
(u)

d
d
y
u
=
1
3u

d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

=
1
3u

5
1

=
5
3(5 2) x +

h f(x) =
1
5
log (2 3 )
e
x = y
=
1
5
log
e
(2 3x)
Let u = 2 3x

d
d
u
x
= 3
y =
1
5
log
e
(u)

d
d
y
u
=
1
5u

d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

=
1
5u

3
1

=
3
5(2 3 ) x

or
3
5(3 2) x

i f(x) = log
e
1
3 x
| |
|
+
\ .

Let y = log
e
1
3 x
| |
|
+
\ .

Let u =
1
3 x +

= (x + 3)
1

d
d
u
x
= (x + 3)
2

=
2
1
( 3) x
+

y = log
e
(u)

d
d
y
u
=
1
u

f (x) =
d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

=
1
u

2
1
( 3) x
+

=
2
( 3)
( 3)
x
x
+
+

=
1
( 3) x
+

j f(x) = log
e
(3x 2)
4

Let y = log
e
(3x 2)
4

Let u = (3x 2)
4

d
d
u
x
= 4(3x 2)
3
(3) chain rule
= 12(3x 2)
3

y = log
e
(u)

d
d
y
u
=
1
u

f (x) =
d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

=
1
u
12(3x 2)
3

=
3
4
12(3 2)
(3 2)
x
x

=
12
3 2 x

k f(x) = log
e
(5x + 8)
2

Let y = log
e
(5x + 8)
2

Let u = (5x + 8)
2

d
d
u
x
= 2(5x + 8)
3
(5) chain rule
=
3
10
(5 8) x
+

y = log
e
(u)

d
d
y
u
=
1
u

f (x) =
d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

=
1
u

3
10
(5 8) x
+

=
2 3
10
(5 8) (5 8) x x
+ +

=
10
5 8 x
+

l f(x) = log
e
2
4 3x
| |
|
+
\ .

Let y = log
e
2
4 3x
| |
|
+
\ .

Let u =
2
4 3x +

= 2(4 + 3x)
1

d
d
u
x
= 2(4 + 3x)
2
(3) chain rule
=
6
4 3x + ( )
2
---------------------- -

y = log
e
(u)

d
d
y
u
=
1
u

f (x) =
d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

=
1
u

2
6
(4 3 ) x
+

=
(4 3 )
2
x +

2
6
(4 3 ) x
+

=
3
4 3x
+

7 a y = log
e
(x
2
+ 1)
2
y = 2log
e
(x
2
+ 1)
u = x
2
+ 1

d
d
u
x
= 2x
y = 2log
e
(u)

d
d
y
u
=
2
u

d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

=
2
2
1 x +

2
1
x

=
2
4
1
x
x +

b y = log
e
(3 x
2
)
2

y = 2log
e
(3 x
2
)
u = 3 x
2

d
d
u
x
= 2x
y = 2log
e
(u)

d
d
y
u
=
2
u

d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

=
2
2
3 x
2x
=
2
4
3
x
x

c y = log
e
(x
2
2x + 3)
3

= 3log
e
(x
2
2x + 3)
u = x
2
2x + 3

d
d
u
x
= 2x 2
y = 3log
e
(u)

d
d
y
u
=
3
u

d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

=
2
3
2 3 x x +
2x 2
=
6( 1)
( 3)( 1)
x
x x
+

d y = log
e
(x
2
+ 4x + 4)
3

y = 3log
e
(x
2
+ 4x + 4)
u = x
2
+ 4x + 4

d
d
u
x
= 2x + 4
y = 3log
e
(u)

d
d
y
u
=
3
u

d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

=
2
3
4 4 x x + +
2(x + 2)
=
6( 2)
( 2)( 2)
x
x x
+
+ +

=
6
2 x +

8 f(x) = log
e
(x
2
5x + 2) = y
Let u = x
2
5x + 2

d
d
u
x
= 2x 5
y = log
e
(u)

d
d
y
u
=
1
u

d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
y

=
1
u
(2x 5)
=
2 5 x
u

=
2
2 5
5 2
x
x x
+

The answer is E.
9 f(x) = 6 log
e
(4 3x)
Let y = 6 log
e
(4 3x)
Let u = 4 3x

d
d
u
x
= 3
y = 6 log
e
(u)

d
d
y
u
=
6
u

f (x) =
d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

=
6
u
3
=
18
u

=
18
4 3x

f (1) =
18
4 3( 1)

=
18
7

10 g(x) = 3 log
e
(3x + 5)
Let y = 3 log
e
(3x + 5)
Let u = 3x + 5

d
d
u
x
= 3
y = 3 log
e
(u)

d
d
y
u
=
3
u

g(x) =
d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

=
3
u
3
=
9
u

=
9
3 5 x +

g(0) =
9
5

11 f(x) = 3x
2
+ 4 log
e
(x
2
+ x)
Let g(x) = 3x
2

g(x) = 6x
Let h(x) = 4 log
e
(x
2
+ x) = y
Let u = x
2
+ x

d
d
u
x
= 2x + 1
y = 4 log
e
(u)

d
d
y
u
=
4
u

d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

=
4
u
(2x + 1)
=
2
4(2 1) x
x x
+
+

since f(x) = g(x) + h(x)
f (x) = g(x) + h(x)
= 6x +
2
4(2 1) x
x x
+
+

f (2) = 6(2) +
2
4(4 1)
2 2
+
+

= 12 +
20
6

= 15
2
6

= 15
1
3

12 a y = e
log
e(
x)

Let u = log
e
(x)

d
d
u
x
=
1
x

y = e
u

d
d
y
u
= e
u

d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

= e
u

1
x

=
log ( ) x
e
e
x

Now
log ( ) x
e
e = x
so

d
d
y
x
=
x
x
= 1
b i when x = 1,
d
d
y
x
=
log (1)
1
e
e

= 1
ii when x = 2,
d
d
y
x
=
log (2)
2
e
e

=
2
2
= 1
iii When x = 4,
d
d
y
x
=
log (4)
4
e
e

=
4
4
= 1
iv When x = 10,
d
d
y
x
=
log (10)
10
e
e

=
10
10
= 1
Gradient is always one since
log ( ) x
e
e = x
13 a f(x) =
2
log ( ) x
e
e
Let y =
2
log ( ) x
e
e
Let u = log
e
(x
2
)

d
d
u
x
=
2
1
x
2x chain rule
y = e
u

d
d
y
u
= e
u

d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

= e
u

2
2x
x

=
2
2
u
xe
x

=
2
log ( )
2
2
x
e
xe
x

=
2
log ( )
2
x
e
e
x

But
2
log ( ) x
e
e = x
2

d
d
y
x
=
2
2x
x
= 2x
b i f (1) = 2(1)
= 2
ii f (5) = 2(5)
= 10
iii f (2) = 2(2)
= 4
Exercise 7G The derivatives
of sin(x), cos(x) and tan(x)
1 a y = sin(8x)
Let u = 8x

d
d
u
x
= 8
y = sin(u)

d
d
y
u
= cos(u)

d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

= 8 cos(u)
= 8 cos(8x)
b y = sin (6x)
Let u = 6x

d
d
u
x
= 6
y = sin(u)

d
d
y
u
= cos(u)

d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

= 6 cos(u)
= 6 cos(6x)
c y = sin(x)

d
d
y
x
= cos(x)
d y = sin
3
x | |
|
\ .

Let u =
3
x

d
d
u
x
=
1
3

y = sin(u)

d
d
y
u
= cos(u)

d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

=
1
3
cos(u)
=
1
3
cos
3
x | |
|
\ .

e y = sin
2
x | |
|
\ .

Let u =
2
x

d
d
u
x
=
1
2

y = sin(u)

d
d
y
u
= cos(u)

d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

=
1
2
cos(u)
=
1
2
cos
2
x | |
|
\ .

f y = sin
2
3
x | |
|
\ .

Let u =
2
3
x

d
d
u
x
=
2
3

y = sin(u)

d
d
y
u
= cos(u)

d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

=
2
3
cos(u)
=
2
3
cos
2
3
x | |
|
\ .

2 a y = cos(3x)
Let u = 3x

d
d
u
x
= 3
y = cos(u)

d
d
y
u
= sin(u)

d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

= 3 sin(u)
= 3 sin(3x)
b y = cos(2x)
Let u = 2x

d
d
u
x
= 2
y = cos(u)

d
d
y
u
= sin(u)

d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

= 2 sin(u)
= 2 sin(2x)
c y = cos
3
x | |
|
\ .

Let u =
3
x

d
d
u
x
=
1
3

y = cos(u)

d
d
y
u
= sin(u)

d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

=
1
3
sin(u)
=
1
3
sin
3
x | |
|
\ .

d y = cos
4
x | |
|
\ .

Let u =
4
x

d
d
u
x
=
4

y = cos(u)

d
d
y
u
= sin(u)

d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

=
4
sin(u)
=
4
sin
4
x | |
|
\ .

e y = cos
8
x | |
|
\ .

Let u =
8
x

d
d
u
x
=
1
8

y = cos(u)

d
d
y
u
= sin(u)

d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

=
1
8
sin(u)
=
1
8
sin
8
x | |
|
\ .

f y = cos
2
5
x | |
|
\ .

Let u =
2
5
x

d
d
u
x
=
2
5

y = cos(u)

d
d
y
u
= sin(u)

d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

=
2
5
sin(u)
=
2
5
sin
2
5
x | |
|
\ .

3 a y = tan(2x)
u = 2x so
d
d
u
x
= 2
y = tan(u), so
d
d
y
u
=
2
1
cos ( ) u

= sec
2
(u)

d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

=
2
2
cos ( ) u
or 2 sec
2
(u)
=
2
2
cos (2 ) x
or 2 sec
2
(2x)
b y = tan(4x)
u = 4x so
d
d
u
x
= 4
y = tan(u), so
d
d
y
u
=
2
1
cos ( ) u

= sec
2
(u)

d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

=
2
4
cos ( ) u
or 4 sec
2
(u)
=
2
4
cos ( 4 ) x
or 4 sec
2
(4x)
c y = tan
5
x

u =
5
x
so
d
d
u
x
=
1
5

y = tan(u) so
d
d
y
u
=
2
1
cos ( ) u

= sec
2
(u)

d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

=
2
1
5cos ( ) u
or
1
5
sec
2
(u)
=
2
1
5cos
5
x | |
|
\ .
or
2
sec
5
5
x | |
|
\ .

d y = tan
3
4
x | |
|
\ .

u =
3
4
x
so
d
d
u
x
=
3
4

y = tan(u) so
d
d
y
u
=
2
1
cos ( ) u

= sec
2
(u)

d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

=
2
3
4cos ( ) u
or
3
4
sec
2
(u)
=
2
3
3
4cos
4
x
| |
|
\ .
or
3
4
sec
2
3
4
x | |
|
\ .

4 a Let y = sin(6x)
Let u = 6x

d
d
u
x
= 6
y = sin(u)

d
d
y
u
= cos(u)

d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

= 6 cos(u)
= 6 cos(6x)
The answer is A.
b Let y = cos(4x)
Let u = 4x

d
d
u
x
= 4
y = cos(u)

d
d
y
x
= sin(u)

d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

= 4 sin(u)
= 4 sin(4x)
The answer is E.
c Let y = sin (4x)
Let u = 4x

d
d
u
x
= 4
y = sin(u)

d
d
y
u
= cos(u)

d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

= 4 cos(u)
= 4 cos(4x)
The answer is D.
d Let y = cos(8x)
Let u = 8x

d
d
u
x
= 8
y = cos(u)

d
d
y
u
= sin(u)

d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

= 8 sin(u)
= 8 sin(8x)
The answer is B.
e y = tan(7x)
u = 7x,
d
d
u
x
= 7
y = tan(u), so
d
d
y
u
=
2
1
cos ( ) u

= sec
2
(u)

d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

=
2
7
cos ( ) u
= 7 sec
2
(u)
=
2
7
cos (7 ) x
= 7 sec
2
(7x)
The answer is C.
5 a y = sin(4x + 3)
y = sin(u)

d
d
y
u
= cos(u)
b u = 4x + 3

d
d
u
x
= 4
c
d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

= 4 cos(u)
= 4 cos(4x + 3)
6 a y = cos(3x + 1)
y = cos(u)

d
d
y
u
= sin(u)
b u = 3x + 1

d
d
u
x
= 3
c
d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

= 3 sin(u)
= 3 sin(3x + 1)
7 a y = sin(2x + 3)
Let u = 2x + 3

d
d
u
x
= 2
y = sin(u)

d
d
y
u
= cos(u)

d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

= 2 cos(u)
= 2 cos(2x + 3)
b y = sin(6 7x)
Let u = 6 7x

d
d
u
x
= 7
y = sin(u)

d
d
y
u
= cos(u)

d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

= 7 cos(u)
= 7 cos (6 7x)
c y = sin (5x 4)
Let u = 5x 4

d
d
u
x
= 5
y = sin(u)

d
d
y
u
= cos(u)

d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

= 5 cos(u)
= 5 cos (5x 4)
d y = sin
3 2
4
x + | |
|
\ .

Let u =
3 2
4
x +

=
3
4
x
+
1
2

d
d
u
x
=
3
4

y = sin(u)

d
d
y
u
= cos(u)

d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

=
3
4
cos(u)
=
3
4
cos
3 2
4
x + | |
|
\ .

e y = 5 sin(2x)
Let u = 2x

d
d
u
x
= 2
y = 5 sin(u)

d
d
y
u
= 5 cos(u)

d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

= (2)(5 cos(u))
= 10
2
cos(2x)
f y = 4 sin
3
8
x | |
|
\ .

Let u =
3
8
x

d
d
u
x
=
3
8

y = 4 sin(u)

d
d
y
u
= 4 cos(u)

d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

=
3
8
| |
|
\ .
(4cos(u))
=
3
2
cos
3
8
x | |
|
\ .

8 a y = cos(3x 2)
Let u = 3x 2

d
d
u
x
= 3
y = cos(u)

d
d
y
u
= sin(u)

d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

= 3 sin(u)
= 3 sin (3x 2)
b y = cos(4x + 7)
Let u = 4x + 7

d
d
u
x
= 4
y = cos(u)

d
d
y
u
= sin(u)

d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

= 4 sin(u)
= 4 sin(4x + 7)
c y = cos(6 5x)
Let u = 6 5x

d
d
u
x
= 5
y = cos(u)

d
d
y
u
= sin(u)

d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

= 5 sin(u)
= 5 sin(6 5x)
d y = cos
2 3
3
x + | |
|
\ .

Let u =
2 3
3
x +

=
2
3
x + 1

d
d
u
x
=
2
3

y = cos(u)

d
d
y
u
= sin(u)

d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

=
2
3
sin(u)
=
2
3
sin
2 3
3
x + | |
|
\ .

e y = 4 cos(10x)
Let u = 10x

d
d
u
x
= 10
y = 4 cos(u)

d
d
y
u
= 4 sin(u)

d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

= (10)(4 cos(u))
= 40
2
sin(10x)
f y = 6 cos(2x)
Let u = 2x

d
d
u
x
= 2
y = 6 cos(u)

d
d
y
u
= 6 sin(u)

d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

= (2)(6 sin(u))
= 12 sin(2x)
9 a y = tan(2x + 1)
u = 2x +1 so
d
d
u
x
= 2
y = tan(u) so
d
d
y
u
=
2
1
cos ( ) u

d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

=
2
2
cos ( ) u

=
2
2
cos (2 1) x +

b y = tan(8 x)
u = 8 x so
d
d
u
x
= 1
y = tan(u) so
d
d
y
u
=
2
1
cos ( ) u

d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

=
2
1
cos ( ) u

=
2
1
cos (8 ) x

c y = tan(5x 2)
u = 5x 2 so
d
d
u
x
= 5
y = tan(u), so
d
d
y
u
=
2
1
cos ( ) u

d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

=
2
5
cos ( ) u

=
2
5
cos (5 2) x

d y = tan 2(x + 1)
u = 2(x + 1)
= 2x + 2

d
d
u
x
= 2
y = tan(u)

d
d
y
u
=
2
1
cos ( ) u

d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

=
2
5
cos 2( 1) x +

e y = 3 tan(x)
u = x
d
d
u
x
= 1
y = 3 tan(u)

d
d
y
u
=
2
3
cos ( ) u

d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

= 1
2
3
cos ( ) u

=
2
3
cos ( ) x

10 a Let y = cos (x
2
4x + 3)
Let u = x
2
4x + 3

d
d
u
x
= 2x 4
y = cos(u)

d
d
y
u
= sin(u)

d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

= (2x 4)sin(u)
= (4 2x)sin (x
2
4x + 3)
= 2(2 x)sin (x
2
4x + 3)
b Let y = sin(10 5x + x
2
)
Let u = 10 5x + x
2

d
d
u
x
= 5 + 2x
= 2x 5
y = sin (u)

d
d
y
u
= cos(u)

d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

= (2x 5)cos(u)
= (2x 5)cos(10 5x + x
2
)
c Let y = sin (e
x
)
Let u = e
x

d
d
u
x
= e
x

y = sin(u)

d
d
y
u
= cos(u)

d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

= e
x
cos(u)
= e
x
cos(e
x
)
d Let y = cos(x
2
+ 7x)
Let u = x
2
+ 7x

d
d
u
x
= 2x + 7
y = cos(u)

d
d
y
u
= sin(u)

d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

= (2x + 7)sin(u)
= (2x + 7)sin(x
2
+ 7x)
e y = tan(4x x
2
)
u = 4x x
2

d
d
u
x
= 4 2x
y = tan(u)

d
d
y
u
=
2
1
cos ( ) u

d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

=
2
4 2
cos ( )
x
u

=
2 2
4 2
cos (4 )
x
x x

f y = tan(x
2
+ 3x)
u = x
2
+ 3x

d
d
u
x
= 2x + 3
y = tan(u)

d
d
y
u
=
2
1
cos ( ) u

d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

=
2 2
2 3
cos ( 3 )
x
x x
+
+

g Let y = cos (log
e
(x))
Let u = log
e
(x)

d
d
u
x
=
1
x

y = cos(u)

d
d
y
u
= sin(u)

d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

=
1
x
sin(u)
=
1
x
sin (log
e
(x))
h Let y = sin(e
4x
)
Let u = e
4x

d
d
u
x
= 4e
4x

y = sin(u)

d
d
y
u
= cos(u)

d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

= 4e
4x
cos(u)
= 4e
4x
cos(e
4x
)
i Let y = cos
1
x
| |
|
\ .

Let u =
1
x

= x
1

d
d
u
x
= x
2

=
2
1
x

y = cos(u)

d
d
y
u
= sin(u)

d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

=
2
1
x
sin(u)
=
2
1
x
sin
1
x
| |
|
\ .

j Let y = sin [log
e
(2x 1)]
Let u = log
e
(2x 1)

d
d
u
x
=
1
(2 1) x
2
=
2
2 1 x

y = sin(u)

d
d
y
u
= cos(u)

d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

=
2
(2 1) x
cos(u)
=
2
(2 1) x
cos [log
e
(2x 1)]
k Let y = cos (2e
3x
)
Let u = 2e
3x

d
d
u
x
= 2e
3x
3
= 6e
3x

y = cos(u)

d
d
y
u
= sin(u)

d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

= 6e
3x
sin(u)
= 6e
3x
sin(2e
3x
)
l Let y = 3 cos(log
e
10x)
Let u = log
e
10x

d
d
u
x
=
1
10x
10
=
1
x

y = 3 cos(u)

d
d
y
u
= 3 sin(u)

d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

=
3
x
sin(u)
=
3
x
sin (log
e
10x)
m y = 4 tan(x
3
+ 2x
2
)
u = x
3
+ 2x
2

d
d
u
x
= 3x
2
+ 4x
y = 4 tan(u)

d
d
y
u
=
2
4
cos ( ) u

d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

=
2 3 2
4 (3 4)
cos ( 2 )
x x
x x
+
+

n y = 8 tan
3
5
x | |
|
\ .

u =
3
5
x

d
d
u
x
=
3
5

y = 8 tan(u)

d
d
y
u
=
2
8
cos ( ) u

d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

=
2
24
3
5cos
5
x | |
|
\ .

o Let y = 2 cos
4
x | |
|
\ .

Let u =
4
x

d
d
u
x
=
1
4

y = 2 cos(u)

d
d
y
u
= 2 sin(u)

d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

=
1
4
(2 sin(u))
=
1
2
sin
4
x | |
|
\ .

p Let y = cos (x
2
+ 2x) + sin (3x 9)

d
d
y
x
= (2x + 2)[ sin(x
2
+ 2x)]
+ 3[cos(3x 9)]
= 2(x + 1)sin(x
2
+ 2x)
+ 3 cos(3x 9)
11 f(x) = 3 sin(x
2
+ x)
Let y = 3 sin(x
2
+ x)
Let u = x
2
+ x

d
d
u
x
= 2x + 1
y = 3 sin(u)

d
d
y
u
= 3 cos(u)
f (x) =
d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

= 3(2x + 1) cos(u)
= 3(2x + 1) cos (x
2
+ x)
f (1) = 9 cos(2)
= 3.745
12 g(x) = 2 cos (x
3
3x)
Let y = 2 cos (x
3
3x)
Let u = x
3
3x

d
d
u
x
= 3x
2
3
y = 2 cos(u)

d
d
y
u
= 2 sin(u)
g(x) =
d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

= 2(3x
2
3) sin(u)
= 6(1 x
2
) sin(x
3
3x)
Gradient at x = 0 is given by g(0).
g(0) = 6 sin(0)
= 0
13 a i f(x) = e
sin(x)

Let y = e
sin(x)

Let u = sin(x)

d
d
u
x
= cos(x)
y = e
u

d
d
y
u
= e
u

f (x) =
d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

= cos (x) e
u

= cos (x) e
sin(x)

ii
6
f
| |
|
\ .
=
sin
6
cos
6
e

| |
|
\ .
| |
|
\ .

=
1
2
3
2
e
=
3
2
e
=
(3 )
2
e

b i f(x) = e
cos(x)

Let y = e
cos(x)

Let u = cos(x)

d
d
u
x
= sin(x)
y = e
u

d
d
y
u
= e
u

f (x) =
d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

= sin(x)e
cos(x)

ii
6
x
f
| |
|
\ .
=
cos
6
sin
6
e

| |
|
\ .
| |
|
\ .

=
3
2
1
2
e
c i f(x) = log
e
(sin(x))
Let y = log
e
(sin(x))
Let u = sin(x)

d
d
u
x
= cos(x)
y = log
e
(u)

d
d
y
u
=
1
u

f (x) =
d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

=
1
u
cos(x)
=
cos( )
sin( )
x
x

or cot(x)
ii f
6
| |
|
\ .
=
cos
6
sin
6
| |
|
\ .
| |
|
\ .

=
3
2

1
2

=
3
2
2
= 3
d i f(x) = log
e
(cos(x))
Let y = log
e
(cos(x))
Let u = cos(x)

d
d
u
x
= sin(x)
y = log
e
(u)

d
d
y
u
=
1
u

f (x) =
d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

=
sin( ) x
u

=
sin( )
cos( )
x
x

or tan(x)
ii f
6
| |
|
\ .
=
sin
6
cos
6
| |
|
\ .
| |
|
\ .

=
1
2

3
2

=
1
2

2
3

=
1
3

Exercise 7H The product
rule
1 a y = (x + 3)(2x
2
5x)
y = u v
u = x + 3, v = 2x
2
5x
b
d
d
u
x
= 1,
d
d
v
x
= 4x 5
c
d
d
y
x
= u
d
d
v
x
+ v
d
d
u
x

= (x + 3)(4x 5) + (1)(2x
2
5x)
= 4x
2
+ 12x 5x 15 + 2x
2
5x
= 6x
2
+ 2x 15
2 a y = 4x
3
log
e
(6x)
y = u v
u = 4x
3
, v = log
e
(6x)

d
d
u
x
= 12x
2
,
d
d
v
x
=
1
6x
6
=
1
x

d
d
y
x
= u
d
d
v
x
+ v
d
d
u
x

= 4x
3

1
x
+ 12x
2
log
e
(6x)
= 4x
2
+ 12x
2
log
e
(6x)
= 4x
2
(1 + 3 log
e
(6x)
b g(x) = (3x 2)log
e
(2x)
g(x) = u(x) v(x)
u(x) = 3x 2
u(x) = 3
v(x) = log
e
(2x)
v(x) =
1
2x
2
=
1
x

g(x) = u(x) v(x) + v(x) u(x)
= (3x 2)
1
x
+ log
e
(2x) 3
=
3 2 x
x
+ 3 log
e
(2x)
3 f(x) = x
2
sin(2x)
Let u = x
2
, v = sin(2x)

d
d
u
x
= 2x,
d
d
v
x
= 2 cos(2x) (chain rule)

d
d
y
x
= u
d
d
v
x
+ v
d
d
u
x

= 2x
2
cos(2x) + 2x sin(2x)
The answer is D.
4 a y = x cos(x)
Let u = x, v = cos(x)

d
d
u
x
= 1,
d
d
v
x
= sin(x)

d
d
y
x
= u
d
d
v
x
+ v
d
d
u
x

= x sin(x) + cos(x) 1
= x sin(x) + cos(x)
b y = 3x sin(x)
Let u = 3x, v = sin(x)

d
d
u
x
= 3,
d
d
v
x
= cos(x)

d
d
y
x
= u
d
d
v
x
+ v
d
d
u
x
= 3x cos(x) + sin(x) 3
= 3x cos(x) + 3 sin(x)
c y = (5x 2)e
x

Let u = 5x 2, v = e
x

d
d
u
x
= 5,
d
d
v
x
= e
x

d
d
y
x
= u
d
d
v
x
+ v
d
d
u
x

= (5x 2) e
x
+ e
x
5
= 5xe
x
2e
x
+ 5e
x

= 3e
x
+ 5x e
x

d y = e
3x
(2 11x)
Let u = e
3x
, v = 2 11x

d
d
u
x
= 3e
3x
,
d
d
v
x
= 11

d
d
y
x
= u
d
d
v
x
+ v
d
d
u
x

= e
3x
11 + (2 11x) 3e
3x

= 11e
3x
+ 6e
3x
33xe
3x

= 5e
3x
33xe
3x

e y = x
5
cos(3x + 1)
Let u = x
5
, v = cos (3x + 1)

d
d
u
x
= 5x
4
,
d
d
v
x
= 3sin(3x + 1)

d
d
y
x
= u
d
d
v
x
+ v
d
d
u
x

= x
5
3 sin(3x + 1) + cos(3x + 1) 5x
4

= 5x
4
cos(3x + 1) 3x
5
sin(3x + 1)
f y = 2x
3
log
e
(7x)
Let u = 2x
3
, v = log
e
(7x)

d
d
u
x
= 6x
2
,
d
d
v
x
=
1
7x
7
=
1
x

d
d
y
x
= u
d
d
v
x
+ v
d
d
u
x

= 2x
3

1
x
+ log
e
(7x) 6x
2

= 6x
2
log
e
(7x) + 2x
2

g y = e
2x
log
e
(2x 5)
Let u = e
2x
, v = log
e
(2x 5)

d
d
u
x
= 2e
2x
,
d
d
v
x
=
2
(2 5) x

d
d
y
x
= u
d
d
v
x
+ v
d
d
u
x

= e
2x

2
(2 5) x
+ log
e
(2x 5) 2e
2x

= 2e
2x
log
e
(2x 5) +
2
2
2 5
x
e
x

h y = 8 tan(5x) log
e
(5x)
Let u = 8 tan(5x), v = log
e
(5x)

d
d
u
x
=
2
5 8
cos (5 ) x

d
d
v
x
=
1
x

d
d
y
x
= u
d
d
v
x
+ v
d
d
u
x

=
8tan(5 ) x
x
+
2
40log (5 )
cos (5 )
e
x
x

i y = 5 cos(2x) sin(x)
Let u = 5 cos(2x), v = sin(x)

d
d
u
x
= 5 sin(2x) 2,
d
d
v
x
= cos(x)
= 10 sin(2x)

d
d
y
x
= u
d
d
v
x
+ v
d
d
u
x

= 5 cos(2x) cos(x) 10 sin(2x) sin(x)
j y = sin
4
3
x | |
|
\ .
cos(x)
Let u = sin
4
3
x | |
|
\ .
, v = cos(x)

d
d
u
x
= cos
4
3
x | |
|
\ .

4
3

=
4
3
cos
4
3
x | |
|
\ .

d
d
v
x
= sin(x)

d
d
y
x
= u
d
d
v
x
+ v
d
d
u
x

= sin
4
3
x | |
|
\ .
sin(x) + cos(x)
4
3
cos
4
3
x | |
|
\ .

=
4
3
cos
4
3
x | |
|
\ .
cos(x) sin
4
3
x | |
|
\ .
sin(x)
k f(x) = e
4x 3
log
e
(6x)
Let y = e
4x 3
log
e
(6x)
Let u = e
4x 3
, v = log
e
(6x)

d
d
u
x
= 4e
4x 3
,
d
d
v
x
=
6
6x

=
1
x

f (x) =
d
d
y
x
= u
d
d
v
x
+ v
d
d
u
x

= e
4x 3

1
x
+ log
e
(6x) 4e
4x 3

=
4 3 x
e
x
+ 4e
4x 3
log
e
(6x)
l f(x) = 4e
5x
sin(2 x)
Let y = 4e
5x
sin(2 x)
Let u = 4e
5x
, v = sin(2 x)

d
d
u
x
= 4(5)e
5x
,
= 20e
5x

d
d
v
x
= cos(2 x) 1
= cos(2 x)
f (x) =
d
d
y
x
= u
d
d
v
x
+ v
d
d
u
x

= 4e
5x
cos(2 x) + sin(2 x) 20e
5x

= 4e
5x
cos(2 x) 20e
5x
sin(2 x)
m f(x) =
1
x
cos(6x)
Let y =
1
x
cos(6x)
Let u =
1
x
, v = cos(6x)
=
1
2
x

d
d
u
x
=
3
2
1
2
x
,
d
d
v
x
= 6 sin(6x)
=
3
1
2 x

f (x) =
d
d
y
x
= u
d
d
v
x
+ v
d
d
u
x

=
1
x
6 sin(6x) + cos(6x)
3
1
2 x

=
6sin(6 ) x
x

3
cos(6 )
2
x
x

n f(x) =
3x
xe

Let y =
3x
xe

Let u = x , v = e
3x

d
d
u
x
=
1
2
1
2
x
,
d
d
v
x
= 3e
3x

=
1
2 x

f (x) =
d
d
y
x
= u
d
d
v
x
+ v
d
d
u
x

= x 3e
3x
+ e
3x

1
2 x

=
3
2
x
e
x
3 x e
3x

o f(x) = 2x
3
sin(2x + 3)
Let y = 2x
3
sin(2x + 3)
Let u = 2x
3
, v = sin(2x + 3)

d
d
u
x
= 6x
4
,

d
d
v
x
= cos(2x + 3) 2
= 2 cos(2x + 3)
f (x) =
d
d
y
x
= u
d
d
v
x
+ v
d
d
u
x

= 2x
3
2 cos(2x + 3) + sin(2x + 3) 6x
4

= 4x
3
cos(2x + 3) 6x
4
sin(2x + 3)
p f(x) = e
2x
log
e
(3x
2
+ 5)
Let y = e
2x
log
e
(3x
2
+ 5)
Let u = e
2x
, v = log
e
(3x
2
+ 5)

d
d
u
x
= 2e
2x
,
d
d
v
x
=
2
6
3 5
x
x +

f (x) =
d
d
y
x

= u
d
d
v
x
+ v
d
d
u
x

= e
2x

2
6
3 5
x
x +
+ log
e
(3x
2
+ 5) 2e
2x

=
2
2
6
3 5
x
xe
x
+
2e
2x
log(3x
2
+ 5)
q f(x) = (x
2
+ e
3x
)(4 e
3x
)
Let u = x
2
+ e
3x
, v = 4 e
3x

d
d
u
x
= 2x + 3e
3x
,
d
d
v
x
= 3e
3x

f (x) =
d
d
y
x

= u
d
d
v
x
+ v
d
d
u
x

= (x
2
+ e
3x
) 3e
3x
+ (4 e
3x
) (2x + 3e
3x
)
= 3x
2
e
3x
+ 3e
0
+ 8x 2xe
3x
+ 12e
3x
3e
0

= 3x
2
e
3x
2xe
3x
+ 12e
3x
+ 8x
r f(x) = (x
2
6)(2 + 3x x
2
)
Let y = (x
2
6)(2 + 3x x
2
)
Let u = x
2
6, v = 2 + 3x x
2

d
d
u
x
= 2x,
d
d
v
x
= 3 2x
f (x) =
d
d
y
x

= u
d
d
v
x
+ v
d
d
u
x

= (x
2
6)(3 2x) + (2 + 3x x
2
)(2x)
= 3x
2
18 2x
3
+ 12x + 4x + 6x
2
2x
3

= 4x
3
+ 9x
2
+ 16x 18
5 f(x) = (2x + 1) log
e
(x + 3)
Let y = (2x + 1) log
e
(x + 3)
Let u = 2x + 1, v = log
e
(x + 3)

d
d
u
x
= 2,
d
d
v
x
=
1
3 x +

f (x) =
d
d
y
x
= u
d
d
v
x
+ v
d
d
u
x

= (2x + 1)
1
3 x +
+ 2 log
e
(x + 3)
=
2 1
3
x
x
+
+
+ 2 log
e
(x + 3)
f (1) =
2 1
1 3
+
+
+ 2 log
e
(4)
=
3
4
+ 2 log
e
(4)
6 g(x) = 5e
2x
cos(4x)
Let y = 5e
2x
cos(4x)
Let u = 5e
2x
, v = cos(4x)

d
d
u
x
= 10e
2x
,
d
d
v
x
= 4 sin(4x)
g(x) =
d
d
y
x

= u
d
d
v
x
+ v
d
d
u
x

= 5e
2x
4 sin(4x) + 10e
2x
cos(4x)
= 10e
2x
cos(4x) 20e
2x
sin(4x)
g(0) = 10e
0
cos(0) 20e
0
sin(0)
= 10
7 f(x) = (x
2
+ 2) sin(4 3x)
Let y = (x
2
+ 2) sin(4 3x)
Let u = x
2
+ 2, v = sin(4 3x)

d
d
u
x
= 2x,
d
d
v
x
= 3 cos(4 3x)
f (x) =
d
d
y
x

= u
d
d
v
x
+ v
d
d
u
x

= (x
2
+ 2) 3 cos(4 3x) + 2x sin(4 3x)
= 3(x
2
+ 2) cos (4 3x) + 2x sin(4 3x)
f (2) = 3(4 + 2) cos(10) 4 sin(10)
= 18 cos(10) 4 sin(10)
= 17.279
8 g(x) = (6x + x
2
)e
x 3

Let y = (6x + x
2
)e
x 3

Let u = 6x + x
2
, v = e
x 3

d
d
u
x
= 6 + 2x,
d
d
v
x
= e
x 3

g(x) =
d
d
y
x

= u
d
d
v
x
+ v
d
d
u
x

= (6x + x
2
)e
x 3
+ (6 + 2x)e
x 3

= (x
2
+ 6x + 2x + 6)e
x 3

= (x
2
+ 8x + 6)e
x 3

g(2) = (4 + 16 + 6)e
2 3

= 26e
1

=
26
e

9 f(x) = (3 x)(tan(2x))
u(x) = 3 x, v(x) = tan(2x)
u(x) = 1 v(x) =
2
2
cos (2 ) x

f (x) = u(x)v(x) + v(x)u(x)
=
2
2(3 )
cos (2 )
x
x
tan(2x)
f () =
2
2(3 )
cos (2 )
tan(2)
= 2(3 ) 0
= 2(3 )
= 6 2
Exercise 7I The quotient rule
1 a f(x) =
3
7
x
x
+
+

f(x) =
u
v

u = x + 3, v = x + 7
b
d
d
u
x
= 1,
d
d
v
x
= 1
c
d
d
y
x
=
d
d
u
x v
| |
|
\ .

=
2
d d
d d
u v
v u
x x
v

=
2
( 7) ( 3)
( 7)
x x
x
+ +
+

=
2
7 3
( 7)
x x
x
+
+

=
2
4
( 7) x +

2 a f(x) =
2
2
5
x x
x
+

f(x) =
( )
( )
u x
v x

u(x) = x
2
+ 2x, v(x) = 5 x
b u(x) = 2x + 2, v(x) = 1
c f (x) =
2
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
[ ( )]
v x u x u x v x
v x

=
2
2
(5 )(2 2) ( 2 )
(5 )
x x x x
x
+ + +

=
2 2
2
10 2 10 2 2
(5 )
x x x x x
x
+ + +

=
2
2
10 10
(5 )
x x
x
+ +

3 f(x) = tan(x)
f(x) =
sin( )
cos( )
x
x

u(x) = sin(x) and v(x) = cos(x)
u(x) = cos(x) and v(x) = sin(x)
f (x) =
2
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
[ ( )]
v x u x u x v x
v x

=
2
cos( )cos( ) sin( )( sin( ))
cos ( )
x x x x
x

=
2 2
2
cos ( ) sin ( )
cos ( )
x x
x
+

= sec
2
(x)
4 a Let f(x) =
2
2
4
x
x x

Let f(x) =
u
v

u = 2x

d
d
u
x
= 2
v = x
2
4x

d
d
v
x
= 2x 4
f (x) =
2
d d
d d
v v
v u
x x
v

=
2
2 2
2( 4 ) 2 (2 4)
( 4 )
x x x x
x x

=
2 2
2 2
2 8 4 8
( 4)
x x x x
x x
+

=
2
2 2
2
( 4)
x
x x

=
2
2
( 4) x

b Let f(x) =
2
7 6
3 2
x x
x
+ +
+

Let f(x) =
u
v

u = x
2
+ 7x + 6

d
d
u
x
= 2x + 7
v = 3x + 2

d
d
v
x
= 3
f (x) =
2
d d
d d
u v
v u
x x
v

=
2
2
(3 2)(2 7) 3( 7 6)
(3 2)
x x x x
x
+ + + +
+

=
2 2
2
6 4 21 14 3 21 18
(3 2)
x x x x x
x
+ + +
+

=
2
2
3 4 4
(3 2)
x x
x
+
+

c Let f(x) =
cos( )
x
x
e

Let f(x) =
u
v

u = cos(x)

d
d
u
x
= sin(x)
v = e
x


d
d
v
x
= e
x

f (x) =
2
d d
d d
u v
v u
x x
v

=
2
sin( ) cos( )
( )
x x
x
e x e x
e

=
2
sin( ) cos( )
x x
x
e x e x
e

=
2
(sin( ) cos( ))
x
x
e x x
e
+

d Let f(x) =
4 7
10
x
x

Let f(x) =
u
v

u = 4x 7

d
d
u
x
= 4
v = 10 x

d
d
v
x
= 1
f (x) =
2
d d
d d
u v
v u
x x
v

=
2
4(10 ) (4 7)
(10 )
x x
x
+

=
2
40 4 4 7
(10 )
x x
x
+

=
2
33
(10 ) x

e Let f(x) =
2x
e
x

Let f(x) =
u
v

u = e
2x

d
d
u
x
= 2e
2x

v = x

d
d
v
x
= 1
f (x) =
2
d d
d d
u v
v u
x x
v

=
2 2
2
2
x x
xe e
x

=
2
2
(2 1)
x
e x
x

f Let f(x) =
2
3
log (4 )
e
x
x

Let f(x) =
u
v

u = 3x
2

d
d
u
x
= 6x

v = log
e
(4x)

d
d
v
x
=
1
4x
4
=
1
x

f (x) =
2
d d
d d
u v
v u
x x
v

=
2
6 log (4 ) 3
(log (4 ))
e
e
x x x
x

=
2
3 (2log (4 ) 1)
(log (4 ))
e
e
x x
x

g Let f(x) =
sin(2 )
cos(2 )
x
x

Let f(x) =
u
v

u = sin (2x)

d
d
u
x
= 2 cos(2x)
v = cos(2x)

d
d
v
x
= 2 sin (2x)
f (x) =
2
d d
d d
u v
v u
x x
v

=
2
2cos(2 )cos(2 ) 2sin(2 )sin(2 )
(cos(2 ))
x x x x
x
+

=
2
2cos(2 )cos(2 ) 2sin(2 )sin(2 )
cos (2 )
x x x x
x
+

=
2 2
2
2cos (2 ) 2sin (2 )
cos (2 )
x x
x
+

=
2 2
2
2(cos (2 ) 2sin (2 ))
cos (2 )
x x
x
+

=
2
2
cos (2 ) x

h Let f(x) =
2
log ( 1)
2
e
x
x
+
+

Let f(x) =
u
v

u = log
e
(x + 1)

d
d
u
x
=
1
1 x +

v = x
2
+ 2

d
d
v
x
= 2x
f (x) =
2
d d
d d
u v
v u
x x
v

=
2
2 2
2
2 log ( 1)
1
( 2)
e
x
x x
x
x
+
+
+
+

=
2
2 2
2 2 ( 1) log ( 1)
( 1)( 2)
e
x x x x
x x
+ + +
+ +

i Let f(x) =
3
2
cos(2 )
x
e
x
+

Let f(x) =
u
v

u = e
3x + 2

d
d
u
x
= 3e
3x + 2

v = cos(2x)

d
d
v
x
= 2 sin(2x)
f (x) =
2
d d
d d
u v
v u
x x
v

=
3 2 3 2
2
3 cos(2 ) 2 sin(2 )
cos (2 )
x x
e x e x
x
+ +
+

=
3 2
(3cos(2 ) 2sin(2 ))
cos 2(2 )
x
e x x
x
+
+

j Let f(x) =
2
4
3 2
x
x x +

Let f(x) =
u
v

u = 4x

d
d
u
x
= 4
v = x
2
+ 3x 2

d
d
v
x
= 2x + 3
f (x) =
2
d d
d d
u v
v u
x x
v

=
2
2 2
4( 3 2) 4 (2 3)
( 3 2)
x x x x
x x
+ +
+

=
2 2
2 2
4 12 8 8 12
( 3 2)
x x x x
x x
+
+

=
2
2 2
4 8
( 3 2)
x
x x

+

=
2
2 2
4( 2)
( 3 2)
x
x x
+
+

k Let f(x) =
3
5
2 7
x
x x
e
+

Let f(x) =
u
v

u = 2x
3
+ 7x

d
d
u
x
= 6x
2
+ 7
v = e
5x

d
d
v
x
= 5e
5x

f (x) =
2
d d
d d
u v
v u
x x
v

=
5 2 5 3
5 2
(6 7) 5 (2 7 )
( )
x x
x
e x e x x
e
+ +

=
2 3
5
6 7 5(2 7 )
x
x x x
e
+ +

=
3 2
5
10 6 35 7
x
x x x
e
+ +

l Let f(x) =
2
5 x
x

Let f(x) =
u
v

u = x
2
5

d
d
u
x
= 2x
v = x
=
1
2
x

d
d
v
x
=
1
2
1
2
x

=
1
2 x

f (x) =
2
d d
d d
u v
v u
x x
v

=
2
2
( 5)
2
2
( )
x
x x
x
x

=
2 2
2
4 ( 5)
2 ( )
x x
x x

=
2
3
3 5
2
x
x
+

m Let f(x) =
3
3 8
x
e
x
+

Let f(x) =
u
v

u = e
3x

d
d
u
x
= 3e
3x

v = 3x + 8

d
d
v
x
= 3
f (x) =
2
d d
d d
u v
v u
x x
v

=
3 3
2
3 (3 8) 3
(3 8)
x x
e x e
x

+
+

=
3 3 3
2
9 24 3
(3 8)
x x x
xe e e
x

+

=
3 3
2
9 27
(3 8)
x x
xe e
x

+

=
3
2
9( 3)
(3 8)
x
x e
x
+
+

n Let f(x) =
2
4log (8 )
2
e
x
x x

Let f(x) =
u
v

u = 4 log
e
(8x)

d
d
u
x
= 4
1
8x
8
=
4
x

v = x
2
2x

d
d
v
x
= 2x 2
f (x) =
2
d d
d d
u v
v u
x x
v

=
2
2 2
4
( 2 ) (2 2) 4log (8 )
( 2 )
e
x x x x
x
x x

=
2
4( 2) 8( 1)log (8 )
[ ( 2)]
e
x x x
x x

=
2 2
4[ 2 2( 1)log (8 )]
( 2)
e
x x x
x x

o Let f(x) =
sin x
x

Let f(x) =
u
v

u = sin x

d
d
u
x
=
1
2
1
cos
2
x x

=
cos
2
x
x

v = x

d
d
v
x
= 1
f (x) =
2
d d
d d
u v
v u
x x
v

=
2
cos
sin
2
x x
x
x
x

=
2
cos
sin
2
x x
x
x

=
2
cos 2sin
2
x x x
x

p Let f(x) =
2
2cos(3 2 ) x
x

Let f(x) =
u
v

u = 2 cos(3 2x)

d
d
u
x
= 2 sin(3 2x) 2
= 4 sin(3 2x)
v = x
2

d
d
v
x
= 2x
f (x) =
2
d d
d d
u v
v u
x x
v

=
2
2 2
4 sin(3 2 ) 4 cos(3 2 )
( )
x x x x
x

=
2
4
4 sin(3 2 ) 4 cos(3 2 ) x x x x
x

=
4
(4 )[ sin(3 2 ) cos(3 2 )] x x x x
x

=
3
4[ sin(3 2 ) cos(3 2 )] x x x
x

q Let f(x) =
2 7
3
3
x
e
x
+

Let f(x) =
u
v

u = 3e
2 7x

d
d
u
x
= 3(7)e
2 7x

= 21e
2 7x

v = x + 3

d
d
v
x
= 1
f (x) =
2
d d
d d
u v
v u
x x
v

=
2 7 2 7
2
21( 3) 3
( 3)
x x
x e e
x

+
+

=
2
2
3 7 [7( 3) 1]
( 3)
e x x
x
+ +
+

=
2 7
2
3 (7 22)
( 3)
x
e x
x
+
+

r f(x) =
2
2 3
x
e
x

Let f(x) =
u
v

u = e
2x
, v = 2x 3

d
d
u
x
= 2e
2x
,
d
d
v
x
= 2
f (x) =
2
d d
d d
u v
v u
x x
v

=
2 2
2
(2 3) 2 2
(2 3)
x x
x e e
x

=
2
2
2 [2 3 1]
(2 3)
x
e x
x

=
2
2
2 [2 4]
(2 3)
x
e x
x

=
2
2
2 2[ 2]
(2 3)
x
e x
x

=
2
2
4 ( 2)
(2 3)
x
e x
x

5 h(x) =
2
8 3x
x

Let h(x) =
u
v

u = 8 3x
2

d
d
u
x
= 6x
v = x

d
d
v
x
= 1
h(x) =
2
d d
d d
u v
v u
x x
v

=
2 2
2
6 (8 3 ) x x
x

=
2 2
2
6 8 3 x x
x
+

=
2
2
3 8 x
x

The answer is D.
6 f(x) =
sin(4 )
4 1
x
x +

Let f(x) =
u
v

u = sin(4x)

d
d
u
x
= 4 cos(4x)
v = 4x + 1

d
d
v
x
= 4
f (x) =
2
d d
d d
u v
v u
x x
v

=
2
4(4 1) cos(4 ) 4sin(4 )
(4 1)
x x x
x
+
+

The answer is D.
7 g(x) =
cos(3 2)
x
x
e

Let g(x) =
u
v

u = cos(3x 2)

d
d
u
x
= 3sin(3x 2)
v = e
x

d
d
v
x
= e
x

g(x) =
2
d d
d d
u v
v u
x x
v

=
2
3 sin(3 2) cos(3 2)
x x
x
e x e x
e

The answer is E.
8 y =
3
cos(2 )
x
x
e

Let u = cos(2x)

d
d
u
x
= 2 sin(2x)
Let v = e
3x

d
d
v
x
= 3e
3x

d
d
y
x
=
2
d d
d d
u v
v u
x x
v

=
3 3
3 2
2 sin(2 ) 3 cos(2 )
( )
x x
x
e x e x
e

=
3
3 2
(2sin(2 ) 3cos(2 ))
( )
x
x
e x x
e
+

=
3
(2sin(2 ) 3cos(2 ))
x
x x
e
+

when x = 0,

d
d
y
x
=
0
(2sin(0) 3cos(0))
e
+

=
(0 3)
1
+

= 3
9 f(x) =
2
2 3
log (3 4)
e
x x
x
+

Let f(x) =
u
v

u = 2x 3x
2

d
d
u
x
= 2 6x
v = log
e
(3x + 4)

d
d
v
x
=
3
(3 4) x +

f (x) =
2
d d
d d
u v
v u
x x
v

=
2
2
3(2 3 )
(2 6 )log (3 4)
(3 4)
[log (3 4)]
e
e
x x
x x
x
x
+
+
+

When x = 1
f (1) =
2
3( 2 3)
(2 6)log ( 3 4)
3 4
[log ( 3 4)]
e
e

+ +
+
+

=
2
8log (1 15)
[log (1)]
e
e
+

=
2
15
0
which is undefined.
f (x) does not exist at x = 1.
10 g(x) =
4log (2 )
3
e
x
x

Let g(x) =
u
v

u = 4 log
e
(2x)

d
d
u
x
= 4
1
2x
2
=
4
x

v = 3x

d
d
v
x
= 3
g(x) =
2
d d
d d
u v
v u
x x
v

=
2
12 12log (2 )
(3 )
e
x
x

=
2
12(1 log (2 ))
9
e
x
x

=
2
4(1 log (2 ))
3
e
x
x

g(5) =
2
4(1 log (10))
3(5)
e

=
4(1 log (10))
75
e

Exercise 7J Mixed problems on differentiation
1 a f(x) = log
e
(8x)
chain rule (C)
b f(x) = 3x sin(x)
product rule (P)
c g(x) =
2
3 7
4
x
x
+

quotient rule (Q)
d h(x) =
4
cos( )
x
x

quotient rule (Q)
e g(x) = e
5x
sin(x)
product rule (P)
f g(x) =
2
9 8
log ( )
e
x x
x
+

quotient rule (Q)
g h(x) = cos(x
2
4x)
chain rule (C)
h f(x) = e
x
log
e
(5x)
product rule (P)
i g(x) = log
e
(sin(x))
chain rule (C)
j f(x) = sin
2
(x)
chain rule (C)
k h(x) =
2
x
x
e

quotient rule (Q)
l f(x) = (log ( ))
e
x
chain rule (C)
m g(x) = e
cos(x)

chain rule (C)
n f(x) = tan(x)
quotient rule (Q)
2 a f(x) = log
e
(8x)
Let u = 8x

d
d
u
x
= 8
y = log
e
(u)

d
d
y
u
=
1
u

f(x) =
d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

=
1
u
8
=
8
u

=
8
8x

=
1
x

b f(x) = 3x sin(x)
Let u = 3x

d
d
u
x
= 3
Let v = sin(x)

d
d
v
x
= cos(x)
f (x) = u
d
d
v
x
+ v
d
d
u
x

= 3x cos(x) + 3 sin(x)
= 3(x cos(x) + sin(x))
c g(x) =
2
3 7
4
x
x
+

Let g(x) =
u
v

u = 3x + 7

d
d
u
x
= 3
v = 4x
2

d
d
v
x
= 8x
g(x) =
2
d d
d d
u v
v u
x x
v

=
2
2 2
12 8 (3 7)
(4 )
x x x
x
+

=
2 2
4
12 24 56
16
x x x
x
+

=
2
4
12 56
16
x x
x

=
3
3 14
4
x
x

d h(x) =
4
cos( )
x
x

Let h(x) =
u
v

u = 4x

d
d
u
x
= 4
v = cos(x)

d
d
v
x
= sin(x)
h(x) =
2
d d
d d
u v
v u
x x
v

=
2
4cos( ) 4 sin( )
cos ( )
x x x
x
+

=
2
4(cos( ) sin( ))
cos ( )
x x x
x
+

e g(x) = e
5x
sin(x)
Let u = e
5x

d
d
u
x
= 5e
5x

Let v = sin(x)

d
d
v
x
= cos(x)
g(x) = u
d
d
v
x
+ v
d
d
u
x

= e
5x
cos(x) + 5e
5x
sin(x)
= e
5x
(cos(x) + 5 sin(x))
f g(x) =
2
9 8
log ( )
e
x x
x
+

Let g(x) =
u
v

u = x
2
+ 9x 8

d
d
u
x
= 2x + 9
v = log
e
(x)

d
d
v
x
=
1
x

g(x) =
2
d d
d d
u v
v u
x x
v

=
2
2
( 9 8)
(2 9)log ( )
(log ( ))
e
e
x x
x x
x
x
+
+

=
2
2
(2 9) log ( ) 9 8
(log ( ))
e
e
x x x x x
x x
+ +

g h(x) = cos(x
2
4x)
Let y = cos(x
2
4x)
Let u = x
2
4x

d
d
u
x
= 2x 4
y = cos(u)

d
d
y
u
= sin(u)
h(x) =
d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

= (2x 4) sin(u)
= (4 2x) sin(x
2
4x)
= 2 (2 x) sin(x
2
4x)
h f(x) = e
x
log
e
(5x)
Let u = e
x

d
d
u
x
= e
x

Let v = log
e
(5x)

d
d
v
x
=
1
5x
5
=
1
x

f (x) = u
d
d
v
x
+ v
d
d
u
x

= log (5 )
x
x
e
e
e x
x

= e
x
1
log (5 )
e
x
x
| |
|
\ .

i g(x) = log
e
(sin(x))
Let y = log
e
(sin(x))
Let u = sin(x)

d
d
u
x
= cos(x)
y = log
e
(u)

d
d
y
u
=
1
u

g(x) =
d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

=
1
u
cos(x)
=
cos( )
sin( )
x
x

j f(x) = sin
2
(x)
Let y = sin
2
(x)
Let u = sin(x)

d
d
u
x
= cos(x)
y = u
2

d
d
y
u
= 2u
f (x) =
d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

= 2u cos(x)
= 2 sin(x) cos(x)
k h(x) =
2
x
x
e

Let h(x) =
u
v

u = x 2

d
d
u
x
= 1
v = e
x

d
d
v
x
= e
x

h(x) =
2
d d
d d
u v
v u
x x
v

=
2
( 2)
( )
x x
x
e e x
e

=
2
[1 ( 2)]
( )
x
x
e x
e

=
1 2
x
x
e
+

=
3
x
x
e

l f(x) = (log ( ))
e
x
Let y = (log ( ))
e
x
Let u = log
e
(x)

d
d
u
x
=
1
x

y = u
=
1
2
u

d
d
y
u
=
1
2
1
2
u

=
1
2 u

f(x) =
d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

=
1
2 u

1
x

=
1
2 log ( )
e
x x

m g(x) = e
cos(x)

Let y = e
cos(x)

Let u = cos(x)

d
d
u
x
= sin(x)
y = e
u

d
d
y
u
= e
u

g(x) =
d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

= e
u
sin(x)
= e
cos(x)
sin(x)
or sin(x) e
cos(x)

n f(x) = tan(x)
=
sin( )
cos( )
x
x

Let f(x) =
u
v

u = sin(x)

d
d
u
x
= cos(x)
v = cos(x)

d
d
v
x
= sin(x)
f (x) =
2
d d
d d
u v
v u
x x
v

=
2 2
2
cos ( ) sin ( )
cos ( )
x x
x
+

=
2
1
cos ( ) x
or sec
2
(x)
3 a y = e
5x
cos(4x 7)
Let u = e
5x

d
d
u
x
= 5e
5x

v = cos(4x 7)

d
d
v
x
= sin(4x 7) 4
= 4 sin(4x 7)

d
d
y
x
= u
d
d
v
x
+ v
d
d
u
x

= 4e
5x
sin(4x 7) 5e
5x
cos(4x 7)
= e
5x
[4 sin(4x 7) + 5 cos(4x 7)]
b y =
2
3 1
x
x
+

Let u = x 2

d
d
u
x
= 1
Let v = 3 1 x +
=
1
2
(3 1) x +

d
d
v
x
=
1
2
1
(3 1) (3)
2
x

+
=
3
2 3 1 x +

d
d
y
x
=
2
d d
d d
u v
v u
x x
v

=
2
3( 2)
3 1
2 3 1
( 3 1)
x
x
x
x
+
+
+

=
2(3 1) 3( 2)
2 3 1(3 1)
x x
x x
+
+ +

=
3
2
6 2 3 6
2(3 1)
x x
x
+ +
+

=
3
3 8
2 (3 1)
x
x
+
+

c y = log
e
(x + 1)
3

Let u = (x + 1)
3

d
d
u
x
= 3(x + 1)
2

y = log
e
(u)

d
d
y
u
=
1
u

d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

=
1
u
3(x + 1)
2

=
2
3
3( 1)
( 1)
x
x
+
+

=
3
1 x +

d y = cos (x
2
6x)
Let u = x
2
6x

d
d
u
x
= 2x 6
y = cos(u)

d
d
y
u
= sin(u)

d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

= sin(u) (2x 6)
= (2x 6) sin(x
2
6x)
= 2(3 x) sin(x
2
6x)
e f(x) = e
x
cos(2x)
Let u = e
x

d
d
u
x
= e
x

Let v = cos(2x)

d
d
v
x
= 2 sin(2x)
f (x) = u
d
d
v
x
+ v
d
d
u
x

= 2e
x
sin(2x) + e
x
cos(2x)
= e
x
(cos(2x) 2 sin(2x))
f f(x) =
sin(2 )
cos(2 )
x
x

Let f(x) =
u
v

u = sin(2x)

d
d
u
x
= 2 cos(2x)
v = cos(2x)

d
d
v
x
= 2 sin(2x)
f (x) =
2
d d
d d
u v
v u
x x
v

=
2 2
2
2cos (2 ) 2sin (2 )
cos (2 )
x x
x
+

=
2 2
2
2(sin (2 ) cos (2 ))
cos (2 )
x x
x
+

=
2
2
cos (2 ) x

g f(x) =
1
sin( ) x

Let f(x) =
u
v

u = 1

d
d
u
x
= 0
v = sin(x)

d
d
v
x
= cos(x)
f (x) =
2
d d
d d
u v
v u
x x
v

=
2
0 cos( )
sin ( )
x
x

=
2
cos( )
sin ( )
x
x

h y = log
e
(sin(3x))
Let u = sin(3x)

d
d
u
x
= 3 cos(3x)
y = log
e
(u)

d
d
y
u
=
1
u

d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

=
1
u
3 cos(3x)
=
3cos(3 )
sin(3 )
x
x

i y =
2
3 5 2
4
x x
e
+

Let u = 3x
2
5x + 2

d
d
u
x
= 6x 5
y = 4e
u

d
d
y
u
= 4e
u

d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

= 4e
u
(6x 5)
=
2
3 5 2
4
x x
e
+
(6x 5)
= 4(6x 5)
2
3 5 2 x x
e
+

j f(x) = (x 1)(x
2
+ 5x + 3)
Let u = x 1

d
d
u
x
= 1
Let v = x
2
+ 5x + 3

d
d
v
x
= 2x + 5
f (x) = u
d
d
v
x
+ v
d
d
u
x

= (x 1)(2x + 5) + x
2
+ 5x + 3
= 2x
2
2x + 5x 5 + x
2
+ 5x + 3
= 3x
2
+ 8x 2
k g(x) = e
x
(x
2
+ 3)
Let u = e
x

d
d
u
x
= e
x

Let v = x
2
+ 3

d
d
v
x
= 2x
g(x) = u
d
d
v
x
+ v
d
d
u
x

= 2xe
x
+ (x
2
+ 3) e
x

= e
x
(x
2
+ 2x + 3)
l g(x) =
5
3
(2 3)
5
x
x
+

Let g(x) =
u
v

u = (2x + 3)
5

d
d
u
x
= 5(2x + 3)
4
(2)
= 10(2x + 3)
4

v = x
3
5

d
d
v
x
= 3x
2

g(x) =
2
d d
d d
u v
v u
x x
v

=
3 4 2 5
3 2
10( 5)(2 3) 3 (2 3)
( 5)
x x x x
x
+ +

=
4 3 2
3 2
(2 3) [10( 5) 3 (2 3)]
( 5)
x x x x
x
+ +

=
4 3 3 2
3 2
(2 3) (10 50 6 9 )
( 5)
x x x x
x
+

=
4 3 2
3 2
(2 3) (4 9 50)
( 5)
x x x
x
+

m f(x) = e
4x
cos(4x 3)
Let u = e
4x

d
d
u
x
= 4e
4x

Let v = cos(4x 3)

d
d
v
x
= 4 sin(4x 3)
f (x) = u
d
d
v
x
+ v
d
d
u
x

= 4e
4x
sin(4x 3) 4e
4x
cos(4x 3)
= 4e
4x
[sin(4x 3) + cos(4x 3)]
n y = cos
2
(3x)
Let u = cos(3x)

d
d
u
x
= 3 sin(3x)
y = u
2

d
d
y
u
= 2u

d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

= 2u 3 sin(3x)
= 6 cos(3x) sin(3x)
o y = log
e
(cos 3x)
Let u = cos(3x)

d
d
u
x
= 3 sin(3x)
y = log
e
(u)

d
d
y
u
=
1
u

d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

=
1
u
3 sin(3x)
=
3sin(3 )
cos(3 )
x
x

= 3 tan(3x)
p f(x) =
4
2
sin( ) x
x

Let f(x) =
u
v

u = sin(x
4
)

d
d
u
x
= 4x
3
cos(x
4
)
v = x
2

d
d
v
x
= 2x
f (x) =
2
d d
d d
u v
v u
x x
v

=
5 4 4
2 2
4 cos( ) 2 sin( )
( )
x x x x
x

=
4 4 4
4
2 (2 cos( ) sin( ) x x x x
x

=
4 4 4
3
2(2 cos( ) sin( ) x x x
x

q f(x) =
cos(2 )
sin(2 )
x
x

Let f(x) =
u
v

u = cos(2x)

d
d
u
x
= 2 sin(2x)
v = sin(2x)

d
d
v
x
= 2 cos(2x)
f (x) =
2
d d
d d
u v
v u
x x
v

=
2 2
2
2sin (2 ) 2cos (2 )
sin (2 )
x x
x

=
2 2
2
2(sin (2 ) cos (2 ))
sin (2 )
x x
x
+

=
2
2
sin (2 ) x

r f(x) = [log
e
(5x 1)]
4

Let u = log
e
(5x 1)

d
d
u
x
=
1
5 1 x
5 chain rule
=
5
5 1 x

y = u
4

d
d
y
u
= 4u
3

f (x) =
d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

= 4u
3

5
5 1 x

=
3
20[log (5 1)]
5 1
e
x
x

s y =
log
e
x
x

Let u = log
e x

=
1
2
log
x
e

d
d
u
x
=
1
2
1
2
1 1
2
x
x

=
1
2x

Let v = x

d
d
v
x
= 1

d
d
y
x
=
2
d d
d d
u v
v u
x x
v

=
2
log
2
e
x
x
x
x

=
2
1
log
2
e
x
x

=
2
1 2log
(2 )
e
x
x

t y = sin
( 3)
( 2)
x
x
+

Let u =
3
2
x
x
+

Let v = x + 3

d
d
v
x
= 1
Let w = x 2

d
d
w
x
= 1

d
d
u
x
=
2
d d
d d
v w
w v
x x
w

=
2
2 ( 3)
( 2)
x x
x
+

=
2
5
( 2) x

y = sin(u)

d
d
y
u
= cos(u)

d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

= cos(u)
2
5
( 2) x

=
2
5
( 2) x
cos
3
2
x
x
+ | |
|
\ .

u f(x) = 3x
5
cos(2x + 1)
Let u = 3x
5

d
d
u
x
= 15x
4

Let v = cos(2x + 1)

d
d
v
x
= 2 sin(2x + 1)
f (x) = u
d
d
v
x
+ v
d
d
u
x

= 6x
5
sin(2x + 1) + 15x
4
cos(2x + 1)
= 3x
4
[5 cos(2x + 1) 2x sin(2x + 1)]
v g(x) =
3
2
2
log
x
e
x

Let g(x) =
u
v

u =
3
2
log
e
x
| |
|
|
\ .

d
d
u
x
=
1
2
3
2
1 3
2
x
x

=
3
2x

v = x
2

d
d
v
x
= 2x
g(x) =
2
d d
d d
u v
v u
x x
v

=
3
2
2
2 2
3
2 log
2
( )
e
x x x
x
x
| |
|
|
\ .

=
3
2
4
3
2 log
2
e
x
x x
x
| |
|
|
\ .

=
3
2
4
3 4 log
2
e
x x x
x
| |
|
|
\ .

=
3
2
4
3 4log
2
e
x x
x
| | | |
| |
| |
\ . \ .

=
3
2
3
3 4log
2
e
x
x
| |
|
|
\ .

w y = e
x sin(x)

Let u = x sin(x)

d
d
u
x
= x cos(x) + sin(x)
y = e
u

d
d
y
u
= e
u

d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

= e
u
(x cos(x) + sin(x))
= (sin(x) + x cos(x))e
x sin(x)

x f(x) = 3 cos
2
(x) + e
7x
x
3

Let g(x) = 3 cos
2
(x)
Let u = cos(x)

d
d
u
x
= sin(x)
y = 3u
2

d
d
y
u
= 6u
g(x) =
d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

= 6u (sin (x))
= 6 sin(x) cos(x)
h(x) = e
7x

h(x) = 7e
7x

Now let p(x) = x
3

p(x) = 3x
2

f (x) = g(x) + h(x) + p(x)
= 6 sin (x) cos(x) 7e
7x
3x
2

y f(x) = 3 sin(6x) + log
e
(5x
2
)
2
4
x
e
Let g(x) = 3 sin(6x)
g(x) = 18 cos(6x)
Let h(x) = log
e
(5x
2
)
Let u = 5x
2

d
d
u
x
= 10x
y = log
e
(u)

d
d
y
u
=
1
u

h(x) =
d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

=
1
u
10x
=
2
10
5
x
x

=
2
x

Let p(x) =
2
4
x
e

Let u =
2
x

d
d
u
x
=
1
2

y = 4e
u

d
d
y
u
= 4e
u

d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

= 4e
u

1
2

=
2
2
x
e
Now f (x) = g(x) + h(x) + p(x)
= 18 cos(6x) +
2
x

2
2
x
e
z h(x) = cos
3
(x)
Let y = cos
3
(x)
Let u = cos(x)

d
d
u
x
= sin(x)
y = u
3

d
d
y
u
= 3u
2

d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

= 3u
2
sin(x)
= 3 sin(x) cos
2
(x)
4 a f(x) =
2
1 x
i f (x) =
2
2
1 if 1 0
2
1 if 1 0
x
x
x
>
<

f (x) =
2
2
2 if 1 0
2 if 1 0
x x
x x
>
<

f (x) =
2 if 1 or 1
2 if 1 1
x x x
x x
< >
< <

ii

b f(x) =
2
2 x x +
i f (x) = 2x + 2
2
2
1 if 2 0
1 if 2 0
x x
x x
+ >
+ <

f (x) =
2
2
2 2 if 2 0
2 2 if 2 0
x x x
x x x
+ + >
+ <

f (x) =
2 2 if 2 or 0
2 2 if 2 0
x x x
x x
+ < >
< <

ii

5 a f(x) = |sin(2x)| for x [0, ]
i f (x) = 2 cos (2x)
1 if sin(2 ) 0
1 if sin(2 ) 0
x
x
>
<

f (x) =
2cos(2 ) if sin(2 ) 0
2cos(2 ) if sin(2 ) 0
x x
x x
>
<

f (x) =
2cos(2 ) if 0
2
2cos(2 ) if
2
x x
x x
< <
< <

ii

b f (x) = |cos(x)| for x [0, 2]
i f (x) = sin(x)
( )
( )
1 if cos 0
1 if cos 0
x
x
>
<

f (x) =
sin( ) if cos( ) 0
sin( ) if cos( ) 0
x x
x x
>
<

f (x) =
3
sin( ) if 0 or 2
2 2
3
sin( ) if
2 2
x x x
x x

< < < <
< <

ii

Chapter review
Short answer
1

f (x) < 0 if x < 1
f (x) > 0 if 1< x < 2
f (x) < 0 if x > 2

2
3 2
0
(2 ) 4
lim
h
h h h
h
+ +

=
2
0
( 2 4)
lim
h
h h h
h
+ +

=
0
lim
h
(h
2
+ 2h + 4) h 0
= 4
3 a f(x) = x
3
+ 2x
f (x) =
0
( ) ( )
lim
h
f x h f x
h
+

=
3 3
0
( ) 2( ) ( 2 )
lim
h
x h x h x x
h
+ + + +

=
3 2 2 3 3
0
( 3 3 2 2 2
lim
h
x x h xh h x h x x
h
+ + + + +

=
2 2 3
0
3 3 2
lim
h
x h xh h h
h
+ + +

=
2 2
0
(3 3 2)
lim
h
h x xh h
h
+ + +

=
0
lim
h
(3x
2
+ 3xh + h
2
+ 2), h 0
= 3x
2
+ 2
b When x = 1
Gradient = f (1)
= 3(1)
2
+ 2
= 5
4 a g(x) =
3
3
x
4x
g(x) = (3)
1
3
x
3 1
4x
1 1
= x
2
4
b When x = 3
g(3) = (3)
2
4
= 5
5 h(x) =
4
3
2
x
+
3
4
x
3x
a h(x) =
3
2
(4)x
4 1
+
1
4
(3)x
3 1
3x
1 1
= 6x
3
+
3
4
x
2
3
b i h(1) = 6(1)
3
+
3
4
( 1)
2
3
= 6 +
3
4
3
= 8
1
4

ii h(2) = 6(2)
3
+
3
4
(2)
2
3
= 48 + 3 3
= 48
6 a y =
3
2
(4 1) x +
Let u = 4x + 1

d
d
u
x
= 4
y =
3
2
u

d
d
y
u
=
1
2
3
2
u

d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

=
1
2
3
4
2
u
=
1
2
6u
=
1
2
6(4 1) x +
When x = 2,
gradient =
1
2
6(4(2) 1) +
=
1
2
6(9)
= 18
b When x = 1
gradient =
1
2
6(4(1) 1) +
=
1
2
6(5)
= 6 5
7 Let y =
2
( 4) x +
=
1
2
2
( 4) x +
Let u = x
2
+ 4

d
d
u
x
= 2x
y =
1
2
u

d
d
y
u
=
1
2
1
2
u

d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

=
1
2
1
2
u
2x
=
1
2
x
u

=
1
2
2
( 4)
x
x +

=
2
( 4)
x
x +

8 f(x) = e
2x 1
Let y = e
2x 1
u = 2x 1

d
d
u
x
= 2
y = e
u

d
d
y
u
= e
u

d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

= e
u
2
= 2e
2x 1
9 a f(x) =
2
x
e
= y
Let u = x
2

d
d
u
x
= 2x
y = e
u

d
d
y
u
= e
u

d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

= e
u
(2x)
f (x) =
2
2
x
xe

b f (x) = 0

2
2
x
xe
= 0

2
x
xe
= 0
Either x = 0 or
2
x
e
= 0
Now there are no real solutions when
2
x
e
= 0
x = 0
10 y = log
e
(2x
3
4)

d
d
y
x
=
2
3
6
(2 4)
x
x

=
2
3
6
2( 2)
x
x

=
2
3
3
2
x
x

11 f(x) = log
e
(ax 1)
f (x) =
1
a
ax

When x = 2, f (2) =
2 1
a
a
= 1
a = 2a 1
a = 1
12 f(x) = 3 sin(2x)
f (x) = 6 cos(2x)
f (2) = 6 cos(4)
= 6 1
= 6
13 f(x) = tan(5x)
f (x) =
2
5
cos (5 ) x

14 f(x) = tan(2x
2
3)
Let y = tan(2x
2
3)
Let u = 2x
2
3

d
d
u
x
= 4x
y = tan(u)

d
d
y
u
=
2
1
cos ( ) u

f (x) =
d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

=
2
1
cos ( ) u
4x
=
2 2
4
cos (2 3)
x
x

15 y = 3x
2
log
e
(6x)
Let u = 3x
2

d
d
u
x
= 6x
Let u = log
e
(6x)

d
d
v
x
=
1
6x
6
=
1
x

d
d
y
x
= u
d
d
v
x
+ v
d
d
u
x

= 3x
2

1
x
+ 6x log
e
(6x)
= 3x + 6x log
e
(6x)
= 3x(1 + 2 log
e
(6x)
16 f(x) =
2
cos( ) x
x

Let f(x) =
u
v

u = cos(x
2
)

d
d
u
x
= 2x(sin(x
2
))
= 2x sin(x
2
)

v = x

d
d
v
x
= 1
f (x) =
2
d d
d d
u v
v u
x x
v

=
2 2 2
2
2 sin( ) cos( ) x x x
x

17 Let y = e
sin(2x)
Let u = sin(2x)

d
d
u
x
= 2 cos(2x)
y = e
u

d
d
y
u
= e
u

d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

= e
u
2 cos(2x)
= 2 cos(2x) e
sin(2x)
18 a

b R\{0, 3}
19 f(x) =
2
2 x x
f (x) = 2x 2
2
2
1 if 2 0
1 if 2 0
x x
x x
>
<

f (x) =
2
2
2 2 if 2 0
2 2 if 2 0
x x x
x x x
>
+ <

f (x) =
2 2 if 0 or 2
2 2 if 0 2
x x x
x x
< >
+ < <

20 f(x) = sin( ) x
f (x) = cos (x)
1 if sin( ) 0
1 if sin( ) 0
x
x
>
<

f (x) =
cos( ) if sin( ) 0
cos( ) if sin( ) 0
x x
x x
>
<

f (x) =
cos( ) if 0
2
cos( ) if 0
2
x x
x x
< <
< <

Multiple choice
1 f (x) < 0 if x < 3
f (x) = 0 if x = 3
f (x) > 0 if x > 3
The answer is B.

2 g(x) is undefined at x = 1 since g(x) is not smooth.
g(x) is undefined at x = 4 since g(x) is not continuous.
The answer is D.
3
2
4
2 8
lim
4
x
x x
x

=
4
( 4)( 2)
lim
4
x
x x
x

=
4
lim
x
(x + 2), x 4
= 6
The answer is E.
4
3
3
5
lim
1
x
x x
x
+

=
3
( 3) 5( 3)
3 1

+

=
27 15
2
+

=
12
2

= 6
The answer is C.
5 f(x) = 4x
3
x
2
+ 3x
f (x) = 4(3)x
3 1
2x
2 1
+ 3x
1 1
= 12x
2
2x + 3
The answer is A.
6 g(x) =
2
1
2 x
x

= x
2

1
2
2x
g(x) = 2x
2 1

1
1
2
1
2
2
x

| |
|
\ .

= 2x
3

1
2
x

=
3 1
2
2 1
x
x

=
3
2 1
x x

The answer is C.
7 Let y = (2x + 5)
6
Let u = 2x + 5

d
d
u
x
= 2
y = u
6

d
d
y
u
= 6u
5

d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

= 6u
5
2
= 12(2x + 5)
5

The answer is D.
8 Let y =
1
4 9 x

=
1
2
1
(4 9) x

=
1
2
(4 9) x

Let u = 4x 9

d
d
u
x
= 4
y =
1
2
u

d
d
y
u
=
3
2
1
2
u

=
3
2
1
(2 ) u

=
3
1
2 (4 9) x

d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

=
3
1
2 (4 9) x
4
=
3
2
(4 9) x

The answer is B.
9 y = 5e
6x
Let u = e
6x

d
d
u
x
= 6e
6x
y = 5u

d
d
y
u
= 5

d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

= 5 6e
6x
= 30e
6x
The answer is A.
10 y = e
4x + 7
Let u = 4x + 7

d
d
u
x
= 4
y = e
u

d
d
y
u
= e
u

d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

= e
u
4
= 4e
4x + 7
The answer is D.
11 Let y = log
e
(3x 2)
Let u = 3x 2

d
d
u
x
= 3
y = log
e
(u)

d
d
y
u
=
1
u

d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

=
1
u
3
=
3
u

=
3
3 2 x

The answer is E.
12 Let y = 2 log
e
(x
2
+ x)
Let u = x
2
+ x

d
d
u
x
= 2x + 1
y = 2 log
e
(u)

d
d
y
u
= 2
1
u

=
2
u

d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

=
2
u
(2x + 1)
=
2
2(2 1) x
x x
+
+

The answer is A.
13 y = cos(8x)
Let u = 8x

d
d
u
x
= 8
y = cos(u)

d
d
y
u
= sin(u)

d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

= sin(u) 8
= 8 sin(8x)
The answer is C.
14 y = 2sin(2x + 3)
Let u = 2x + 3

d
d
u
x
= 2
y = 2sin(u)

d
d
y
u
= 2cos(u)

d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

= 2cos(u) 2
= 4cos(2x + 3)
The answer is C.
15 y = tan(6 5x)
Let u = 6 5x

d
d
u
x
= 5
y = tan(u)

d
d
y
u
=
2
1
cos ( ) u

d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

=
2
1
cos ( ) u
5
=
2
5
cos (6 5 ) x

The answer is A.
16 f(x) = x
2
e
2x
Let u = x
2

d
d
u
x
= 2x
Let v = e
2x

d
d
v
x
= 2e
2x
f (x) =
d
d
y
x
= u
d
d
v
x
+ v
d
d
u
x

= x
2
2e
2x
+ e
2x
2x
= 2x
2
e
2x
+ 2x e
2x
The answer is A.
17 g(x) = 2x log
e
(3x)
Let u = 2x

d
d
u
x
= 2
Let v = log
e
(3x)

d
d
v
x
=
1
3x
3
=
1
x

g(x) =
d
d
y
x
= u
d
d
v
x
+ v
d
d
u
x

= 2x
1
x
+ log
e
(3x) 2
= 2 + 2log
e
(3x)
The answer is B.
18 Let y =
2 1
2
x
x
+

Let u = 2x + 1

d
d
u
x
= 2
Let v = x 2

d
d
v
x
= 1

d
d
y
x
=
2
d d
d d
u v
v u
x x
v

=
2
2( 2) (2 1)
( 2)
x x
x
+

=
2
2 4 2 1
( 2)
x x
x

=
2
5
( 2) x

The answer is E.
19 Let y =
4
2
x
e
x

Let u = e
4x

d
d
u
x
= 4e
4x
Let v = x
2

d
d
v
x
= 2x

d
d
y
x
=
2
d d
d d
u v
v u
x x
v

=
2 4 4
2 2
4 2
( )
x x
x e xe
x

=
2 4
4
(4 2 )
x
x x e
x

=
4
4
2 (2 1)
x
x x e
x

=
4
3
2(2 1)
x
x e
x

The answer is C.
20 g(x) = (x
2
+ 3x 7)
5
Let y = (x
2
+ 3x 7)
5
Let u = x
2
+ 3x 7

d
d
u
x
= 2x + 3
y = u
5

d
d
y
u
= 5u
4

d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

= 5u
4
(2x + 3)
= 5(2x + 3)(x
2
+ 3x 7)
4
The answer is D.
21 Let y = sin(x) cos(x)
Let u = sin(x)

d
d
u
x
= cos(x)
Let v = cos(x)

d
d
v
x
= sin(x)

d
d
y
x
= u
d
d
v
x
+ u
d
d
u
x

= sin(x) sin(x) + cos(x) cos(x)
= cos
2
(x) sin
2
(x)
The answer is D.
22 f (x) = 2 for all x < 2
f (x) = 2 for all x > 2
Hence, the derivative function jumps at x = 2
Therefore f (x) is discontinuous at x = 2
B
23 y = |cos(x)|
For
3
,
2 2
x

< < |cos(x)| = cos(x)
y = cos(x)

d
d
y
x
= sin(x)
x = k
Hence the rate of change of y is sin(k)
B
24 Let y = f (e
2x
)
By Chain Rule, where u = e
2x
and y = f (u):

d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

d
d
y
x
=
2
( ) 2
x
f u e

d
d
y
x
=
2 2
2 ( )
x x
e f e
C
Extended response
1 a i Gradient is zero at stationary points.
x = 20, x = 0
ii Gradient is positive when y is increasing.
(28, 20) (0, 12)
iii Gradient is negative when y is decreasing.
(20, 0)
b

c For the domain [25, 10], the gradient appears to be
steepest at x = 10 since graph is symmetrical about
x = 10. (That is x = 10 is further from axis of symmetry).
d y =
1
200
(x
3
+ 30x
2
)

d
d
y
x
=
1
200
(3x
2
+ 60x)
=
3
200
x
(x + 20)
e i When x = 25,

d
d
y
x
=
3( 25)
200
[25 + 20]
=
3
8
5
=
15
8
or 1.875
ii When x = 10,

d
d
y
x
=
3( 10)
200
[10 + 20]
=
3
2
or 1.5
iii When x = 10,

d
d
y
x
=
3(10)
200
[10 + 20]
=
900
200
or 4.5
f Yes, the largest numerical value of the gradient over the
domain [25, 10] is 4.5, that is, the steepest section.
g Evaluate function at turning points and end points which
are likely maxima.
f(20) =
1
200
[(20)
3
+ 30(20)
2
]
= 20 m
f(12) =
1
200
[12
3
+ 30(12)
2
]
= 30.24 m
Maximum value occurs when x = 30.24 m (highest point).
2 a f(x) = 2 x g(x) = x
2
+1
Domain: x [0, ) Domain: x R
Range: y [0, ) Range: y [1, )
b i f(g(x)) =
2
2 1 x +

ii g(f(x)) =
2
(2 ) 1 x +
g(f(x)) = 4x + 1
c f(g(x)) g(f(x))
Domain: x R Domain: x [0, )
Range: y [2, ) Range: y [1, )
d i
d
dx
(f(g(x)) = 2
1
2
2
1
( 1) 2
2
x x
+
=
1
2
2
2 ( 1) x x

+
=
2
2
1
x
x +

ii
d
dx
(g(f(x)) = 4
e i f (g(2)) =
2
2 2
2 1
+

=
4
5

ii g (f(2)) = 4
3 f(x) =
2
4 , 2
2 4, 2 5
1, 5
x x
x x
x x
< <

a

b f(x) is discontinous for x = 5
c f(x) is not differentiable for x = 2 and x = 5
d
2 ,
2
( ) 2,
2 5
1,
5
x
x
f x
x
x

<
=
< <
>

e

MM1 2 - 8 196 A p p l i c a t i o n s o f d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n

Exercise 8A Equations of
tangents and normals
1 y = x
2
+ x (2, 6)

d
d
y
x
= 2x + 1
At x = 2,
d
d
y
x
= 5.
(gradient of tangent)
Therefore y 6 = 5(x 2)
y 6 = 5x 10
y = 5x 4
2 y = x
2
+ 5x 6

d
d
y
x
= 2x + 5
0 = x
2
+ 5x 6
= (x + 6) (x 1)
x = 6 or 1
(6, 0) (1, 0)
Tangent at (6, 0):
At x = 6,
d
d
y
x
= 2 6 + 5
= 12 + 5
= 7
y = 7x 42
y + 7x + 42 = 0
Tangent at (1, 0):
At x = 1,
d
d
y
x
= 7
y = 7x 7
3 y = 3x
2
5x + 4
when x = 1, y = 3 5 + 4 = 2

d
d
y
x
= 6x 5
At x = 1,
d
d
y
x
= 1
Gradient of normal = 1
Equation of normal at (1, 2):
y 2 = 1(x 1)
y 2 = x + 1
y + x 3 = 0
4 y =
1
2
x
2
+ 3x 7
y-axis when x = 0 y = 7.

d
d
y
x
= x + 3
At x = 0,
d
d
y
x
= 3
Gradient of normal =
1
3
.
Equation of normal at point (0, 7)
y (7) =
1
3
(x 0)
y + 7 =
3
x

3y + 21 + x = 0
5 a y = x
2
+ 1 x = 1, y = 2

d
d
y
x
= 2x
At x = 1,
d
d
y
x
= 2
i Equation of tangent:
y 2 = 2(x 1)
y 2 = 2x 2
y = 2x
ii Gradient of normal =
1
2

Equation of normal:
y 2 =
1
2
(x 1)
2y 4 = x + 1
2y + x 5 = 0
b y = x
3
6x, x = 2, y = (2)
3
+ 12
= 8 + 12
= 4

d
d
y
x
= 3x
2
6
At x = 2,
d
d
y
x
= 3 4 6
= 6
y 4 = 6(x + 2)
y 4 = 6x + 12
y = 6x + 16
1
6

Equation of normal:
y 4 =
1
6
(x + 2)
y 4 =
2
6 6
x

6y 24 = x 2
6y + x 22 = 0
c y =
1
,
x
x = 2, y =
1
2

y = x
1

d
d
y
x
= 1x
2

d
d
y
x
=
2
1
x

At x = 2,
d
d
y
x
=
1
4

Gradient of normal = 4.
y
1
2
=
1
4
(x 2)
4y 2 = x + 2
4y + x = 4
ii Equation of normal:
y
1
2
= 4(x 2)
y
1
2
= 4x 8
2y 1 = 8x 16
2y = 8x 15
d y = (x 1)(x
2
+ 2), x = 1
y = x
3
+ 2x x
2
2
y = x
3
x
2
+ 2x 2

d
d
y
x
= 3x
2
2x + 2
At x = 1,
d
d
y
x
= 3 + 2 + 2
= 7
x = 1, y = 2 3
y = 6
y (6) = 7(x (1))
y + 6 = 7x + 7
y = 7x + 1
1
7

Equation of normal:
y (6) =
1
7
(x + 1)
7y + 42 = x 1
7y + x + 43 = 0
e y =
1
2
x x = 4, y = 2

d
d
y
x
=
1
2
1
2
x

=
1
2 x

At x = 4,
d
d
y
x
=
1
2 4
=
1
4

y 2 =
1
4
(x 4)
4y 8 = x 4
4y = x + 4
ii Gradient of normal = 4
Equation of normal:
y 2 = 4(x 4)
y 2 = 4x + 16
y + 4x = 18
f y = (2 3) x + x = 3, y = 9
= 3
Using the Chain Rule:
y =
1
2
u where u = 2x + 3

d
d
y
u
=
1
2
1
2
u

d
d
u
x
= 2

d
d
y
x
=
1
2
1
2
2
u

d
d
y
x
=
1
2 3 x +

At x = 3,
d
d
y
x
=
1
9
=
1
3

y 3 =
1
3
(x 3)
3y 9 = x 3
3y = x + 6
Chapter 8 Applications of differentiation
A p p l i c a t i o n s o f d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n MM1 2 - 8 197
y 3 = 3(x 3)
y 3 = 3x + 9
y + 3x = 12
g y = x(x + 2)(x 1), x = 1
y = 1(1)(2)
= 2
y = (x
2
+ 2x)(x 1)
= x
3
x
2
+ 2x
2
2x
= x
3
+ x
2
2x

d
d
y
x
= 3x
2
+ 2x 2
At x = 1,
d
d
y
x
= 3 2 2
= 1
Therefore gradient of normal = 1
y 2 = 1(x 1)
y 2 = x 1
y + x = 1
y 2 = 1(x 1)
y 2 = x + 1
y = x + 3
h y = x
3
3x
2
+ 4x x = 0, y = 0

d
d
y
x
= 3x
2
6x + 4
At x = 0,
d
d
y
x
= 4
y 0 = 4(x 0)
y = 4x
1
4

Equation of normal:
y 0 =
1
4
(x 0)
y =
1
4
x
4y + x = 0.
i y = 2x
3
+ x
2
6x + 2
x = 1, y = 2 + 1 6 + 2
= 1

d
d
y
x
= 6x
2
+ 2x 6
At x = 1,
d
d
y
x
= 6 + 2 6
= 2
y 1 = 2(x 1)
y + 1 = 2x 2
y = 2x 3
1
2

Equation of normal:
y 1 =
1
2
(x 1)
2y + 2 = x + 1
2y + x = 1
j y = e
2x
, x = 0, y = 1

d
d
y
x
= 2e
2x

At x = 0,
d
d
y
x
= 2
y 1 = 2(x 0)
y 1 = 2x
y = 2x + 1
1
2

Equation of normal:
y 1 =
1
2
(x 0)
y 1 =
2
x

2y 2 = x
2y + x = 2
k y = e
3x + 2
, x = 1 y = e
3 + 2

y = e
1

d
d
y
x
= 3e
3x + 2

At x = 1,
d
d
y
x
= 3e
1

y e
1
= 3e
1
(x + 1)
y e
1
= 3e
1
x + 3e
1

y = 3e
1
x + 4e
1

ii Gradient of normal:

1
1
3e
=
1
3
e

Equation of normal:
y e
1
=
3
e
(x + 1)
3y 3e
1
= ex e
3y + ex = 3e
1
e
l y = log
e
(x) x = 2, y = log
e
(2)

d
d
y
x
=
1
x

At x = 2,
d
d
y
x
=
1
2

y log
e
(2) =
1
2
(x 2)
2y 2 log
e
(2) = x 2
2y = x 2 + 2 log
e
(2)
Equation of normal:
y log
e
(2) = 2(x 2)
y log
e
(2) = 2x + 4
y + 2x = 4 + log
e
(2)
m y = log
e
(2x + 3), x = 0, y = log
e
(3)

d
d
y
x
=
2
2 3 x +

At x = 0,
d
d
y
x
=
2
3

y log
e
(3) =
2
3
(x 0)
y log
e
(3) =
2
3
x
3y 3 log
e
(3) = 2x
3y = 2x + 3 log
e
(3)
3
2

Equation of normal:
y log
e
(3) =
3
2
(x 0)
y log
e
(3) =
3
2
x

2y 2 log
e
(3) = 3x
2y + 3x = 2 log
e
(3)
n y = sin(2x)

d
d
y
x
= 2 cos(2x)
x =
3
, y = sin
2
3

=
3
2

d
d
y
x
= 2 cos
2
3

= 2
1
2

= 1
y
3
2
= 1
3
x

y
3
2
= x +
3

y + x =
3
+
3
2

Equation of normal:
y
3
2
= 1
3
x

y = x
3
+
3
2

o y = 3 cos
2

, x = , y = 3 cos
2

= 0

d
d
y
x
=
3
2
sin
1
2
x

At x = ,
d
d
y
x
=
3
2
sin
2

=
3
2
1
=
3
2

y 0 =
3
2
(x )
y 0 =
3 3
2 2
x
+
2y = 3x + 3
3x + 2y = 3
2
3
.
Equation of normal:
y 0 =
2
3
(x )
3y = 2x 2
p y = sin 2
4
x

+

, x = 0, y = sin
4

=
2
2

d
d
y
x
= 2cos 2
4
x

+


At x = 0,
d
d
y
x
= 2cos
4

= 2
2
2

= 2
y
2
2
= 2 (x 0)
y
2
2
= 2 x
y = 2 x +
2
2

1
2

Equation of normal:
y
2
2
=
1
2
(x 0)
y 2 1 = x
x + 2 y = 1
6 a y = (2x + 3)
4

d
d
y
x
= 4(2)(2x + 3)
3

= 8(2x + 3)
3

At x = 1

d
d
y
x
= 8(2 + 3)
3

= 8
Equation of normal at point
(1, 1) with m =
1
8
:
y 1 =
1
8
(x + 1)
8y 8 = x 1
8y + x 7 = 0
The answer is B.
b Gradient parallel to x-axis means
d
d
y
x
= 0.
8(2x + 3)
3
= 0
2x + 3 = 0
x =
3
2

The answer is C.
7 Gradient of line y = 2x + 3 is 2.
f (x) = x
2
+ 4x + 1
f (x) = 2x + 4
2 = 2x + 4
2 = 2x
1 = x
f(1) = (1)
2
+ 4(1) + 1
= 2
Tangent parallel to y = 2x + 3 goes
through point (1, 2).
Equation of tangent:
(y 2) = 2(x 1)
y + 2 = 2(x + 1)
y + 2 = 2x + 2
y = 2x
8 y =
2
2
1
1
x
x
+
at x = 0, y = 1.
By Quotient Rule:
y =
2
2
1
1
x
x
+

u
v

d
d
y
x
=
2
d d
d d
u v
v u
x x
v

=
2 2
2 2
( 1) 2 ( 1) 2
( 1)
x x x x
x
+

=
2 2
2 2
2 [ 1 ( 1)]
( 1)
x x x
x
+

=
2 2
2 2
2 ( 1 1)
( 1)
x x x
x

=
4 2
4
2 1
x
x x
+

d
d
y
x
=
4 2
4
2 1
x
x x
+

At x = 0,
d
d
y
x
= 0.
y 1 = 0(x 0)
y + 1 = 0
y = 1
9 y = x sin(x) at x =
2

y =
2
sin
2

y =
2
1
y =
2

Using the Product Rule,

d
d
y
x
= x cos(x) + sin(x)
At x =
2
,
d
d
y
x
=
2
cos
2

+ sin
2

=
2
0 + 1
= 1
So gradient of normal is 1
Equation of normal:
y
2
= 1
2
x

y
2
= x +
2

y + x =
10 Gradient of line y + 3x 5 = 0 is
m = 3. The normal has this gradient
so the tangents gradient is
1
3
.
When does this occur on
y = log
e
(x + 2)?

d
d
y
x
=
1
2 x +
=
1
3

3 = x + 2
1 = x
x = 1, y = log
e
(1 + 2)
= log
e
(3)
Equation of normal:
y log
e
(3) = 3(x 1)
y log
e
(3) = 3x + x
3x + y = 3 + log
e
(3)
11 a f(x) = x
2
+ 1 at x = a
f(a) = a
2
+ 1
(a, a
2
+ 1) is the point of
tangency
f (x) = 2x
f (a) = 2a
m
T
= 2a
m
N
=
1
2a

y y
1
= m
T
(x x
1
)
y (a
2
+ 1) = 2a(x a)
y = 2ax 2a
2
+ a
2
+ 1
y = 2ax a
2
+ 1
Equation of normal:
y y
1
= m
N
(x x
1
)
y (a
2
+ 1) =
1
2a
(x a)
y =
2
x
a
+
1
2
+ a
2
+ 1
y =
2
x
a
+ a
2
+
3
2

b f(x) = x at x = a
f(a) = a
( , ) a a is the point of tangency.
f(x) = x
f (x) =
1
2 x

f (a) =
1
2 a

m
T
=
1
2 a

m
N
= 2 a
y y
1
= m
T
(x x
1
)
y a =
1
2 a
(x a)
y =
2 2
x a
a
a a
+
y =
2 2
x a
a
a
+
y =
2 2
x a
a
+
Equation of normal:
y y
1
= m
N
(x x
1
)
y a = 2 a (x a)
y = 2 2 ax a a a + +
y = 2 (2 1) ax a a + +
c f(x) =
2
x
e at x = 2a
f(x) =
2
x
e
f(2a) =
( )
2
2a
e
f(2a) =
2
4a
e

2
4
(2 , )
a
a e is the point of
tangency

f (x) =
2
2
x
xe
f (2a) =
( )
2
2
2 2
a
ae
f (2a) =
2
4
4
a
ae
m
T
=
2
4
4
a
ae
m
N
=
2
4
1
4
a
ae

y y
1
= m
T
(x x
1
)
y
2
4a
e =
2
4
4 ( 2 )
a
ae x a
y =
2 2 2
4 2 4 4
4 8
a a a
ae x a e e +
y =
2 2
4 4 2
4 (1 8 )
a a
ae x e a +
Equation of normal:
y y
1
= m
N
(x x
1
)
y
2
4a
e =
2
4
1
4
a
ae
(x 2a)
y =
2
4
2 2
4 4
2
4 4
a
a a
x a
e
ae ae
+ +
y =
2 2
4 4
2
4
1
2
4
a a
a
x
e e
ae
+ +
12 f(x) = e
4x

f (x) = 4e
4x

As the tangent is perpendicular to
the line y = 2
8
x
+ , m
N
=
1
8
.
m
T
= 8
f (x) = 8
4e
4x
= 8
e
4x
= 2
4x = ln (2)
x =
1
ln (2)
4

1
ln (2)
4
f

=
1
4 ln(2)
4
e

=
( ) ln 2
e
= 2

1
ln (2), 2
4

is the point of
tangency.
Equation of tangent at the point
1
ln(2), 2
4

y y
1
= m
T
(x x
1
)
y 2 =
1
8 ln (2)
4
x

y = 8x 2 ln(2) + 2
y = 8x + 2(1 ln(2))
13 y = x

d
d
y
x
=
1
2
1
2
x

d
d
y
x
=
1
2 x

m
N
= 8
m
T
=
1
8

1
2 x
=
1
8

2 x = 8
x = 4
x = 16
x = 16, y = 16
y = 4 (16, 4)
y = 8x + b
4 = 8 16 + b
b = 128 + 4
b = 132
Exercise 8B Sketching
curves
1 a y = 8 x
2

d
d
y
x
= 2x
If
d
d
y
x
= 2x = 0
x =
0
2

x = 0
When x = 0, y = 8 0
2
y = 8
The stationary point is (0, 8).
Nature: if x = 1,
d
d
y
x
= 2x
= 2 1
= 2 (that is, positive)
if x = 0,
d
d
y
x
= 2x
= 2 0
= 0
if x = 1,
d
d
y
x
= 2x
= 2 1
= 2 (that is, negative)
Gradient table:
x 1 0 1
d
d
y
x
2 0 2
Slope / \
Therefore (0, 8) is a local
maximum.
b f(x) = x
3
3x
f (x) = 3x
2
3
For stationary value
3x
2
3 = 0
3 (x
2
1) = 0
x
2
1 = 0
x
2
= 1
x = 1
When x = 1, f(1) = 1
3
3
= 2
so (1, 2) is one stationary point
When x = 1, f(1) = 1
3
3 1
= 1 + 3
= 2
So (1, 2) is another stationary point
Gradient table:
x 2 1 0 1 2
f (x) 9 0 3 0 9
Slope / \ /
minimum stationary point and
(1, 2) is a local maximum
stationary point.
c g(x) = 2x
2
8x
g(x) = 4x 8
4x 8 = 0
x = 2
when x = 2, g(2) = 2 2
2
8 2
= 8
So (2, 8) is the stationary point
Gradient table:
x 1 2 3
g(x) 4 0 4
Slope \ /
minimum stationary point.
d f(x) = 4x 2x
2
x
3

f (x) = 4 4x 3x
2

f (x) = 0 for a stationary value.
3x
2
4x + 4 = 0
1(3x
2
+ 4x 4) = 0
1(3x 2)(x + 2) = 0
x =
2
3
or 2.
When x =
2
3
,
f(x) = 4
2
3
2
2 3
2 2
3 3

=
8
3

8
9

8
27

= 1
13
27

So
2 13
, 1
3 27

is one stationary
point.
When x = 2,
f(x) = 4 2 2 (2)
2
(2)
3
= 8 8 + 8
= 8
So (2, 8) is another stationary
point.
Gradient table:
x 3 2 0
2
3
---

1
f (x) 11 0 4 0 3
Slope \ / \
Therefore
2 13
, 1
3 27

is a local
maximum stationary point and
(2, 8) is a local minimum
stationary point.
e g(x) = 4x
3
3x
4
g(x) = 12x
2
12x
3
g(x) = 0 for stationary values.
12x
2
(1 x) = 0
x = 0 or 1
When x = 0, g(0) = 0
So (0, 0) is one stationary point.
When x = 1, g(1) = 4 3
= 1
So (1, 1) is another stationary point.
Gradient table:
x 1 0
1
2
---

1 2
g(x) 24 0 1.5 0 48
Slope / / \

Therefore (0, 0) is a positive
stationary point of inflection and
stationary point.
f y = x
2
(x + 3)
y = x
3
+ 3x
2

d
d
y
x
= 3x
2
+ 6x
Now
d
d
y
x
= 0 for a stationary value.
3x (x + 2) = 0
x = 0 or 2
When x = 0, y = 0
2
(0 + 3)
y = 0
When x = 2, y = (2)
2
(2 + 3)
= 4
point.
Gradient table:
x 3 2 1 0 1
d
d
y
x
9 0 3 0 9
Slope / \ /
stationary point.
g y = 5 6x + x
2

d
d
y
x
= 6 + 2x

d
d
y
x
= 0 for stationary value.
x = 3
When x = 3, y = 5 6 3 + 3
2

y = 4
So (3, 4) is the stationary point.
Gradient table:
x 2 3 4
d
d
y
x
2 0 2
Slope \ /
minimum stationary point.
h f (x) = x
3
+ 8
f (x) = 3x
2

f (x) = 0 for a stationary value.
x = 0
When x = 0, f(0) = 8
So (0, 8) is the stationary point.
Gradient table:
x 1 0 1
f (x) 3 0 3
Slope / /
Therefore (0, 8) is a positive
stationary point of inflection.
i y = x
2
x + 6

d
d
y
x
= 2x 1

d
d
y
x
x =
1
2

When x =
1
2
,
y =
2
1 1
2 2

+ 6
=
25
4

So
1 1
, 6
2 4

is the stationary
point.
Gradient table:
x 1
1
2
0
d
d
y
x
1 0 1
Slope / \
Therefore
1 1
, 6
2 4

is a local
maximum stationary point.
j y = 3x
4
8x
3
+ 6x
2
+ 5

d
d
y
x
= 12x
3
24x
2
+ 12x

d
d
y
x
12x(x
2
2x + 1) = 0
12x(x 1) (x 1) = 0
x = 0 or 1
When x = 0, y = 5
When x = 1,
y = 3(1)
4
8(1)
3
+ 6(1)
2
+ 5
y = 6
Gradient table:
x 1 0
1
2
1 2
d
d
y
x
48 0 1.5 0 24
Slope \ / /
(1, 6) is a positive stationary point
of inflection.
k g(x) = x (x
2
27)
g(x) = x
3
27x
g(x) = 3x
2
27
g(x) = 0 for stationary value.
3(x
2
9) = 0
x = 3 or 3
When x = 3,
g(3) = (3)
3
27 3
= 54
So (3, 54) is one stationary
point.
When x = 3
g(3) = 3
3
27 3
= 54
point.
Gradient table:
x 4 3 0 3 4
g(x) 21 0 27 0 21
Slope / \ /
maximum stationary point and
stationary point.
l y = x
3
+ 4x
2
3x 2

d
d
y
x
= 3x
2
+ 8x 3
Now
d
d
y
x
= 0 for stationary values.
(3x 1)(x + 3) = 0
x =
1
3
or 3
When x =
1
3
,
y =
3
1
3

+ 4
2
1
3

3
1
3
2
y = 2
14
27

So
1 14
, 2
3 27

is one stationary
point.
When x = 3,
y = (3)
3
+ 4(3)
2
3 3 2
y = 16
point.
Gradient table:
x 4 3 0
1
3
---

1
d
d
y
x
13 0 3 0 8
Slope / \ /
Therefore
1 14
, 2
3 27

is a local
minimum stationary point, and
stationary point.
m h(x) = 12 x
3
h(x) = 3x
2
h(x) = 0 for stationary value.
x = 0
When x = 0, h(0) = 12
So (0, 12) is a stationary point.
Gradient table:
x 1 0 1
h(x) 3 0 3
Slope \ \
Therefore (0, 12) is a negative
stationary point of inflection.
n g(x) = x
3
(x 4)
g(x) = x
4
4x
3

g(x) = 4x
3
12x
2

4x
2
(x 3) = 0
x = 0 or 3
When x = 0,
g(0) = 0
3
(0 4)
g(0) = 0
When x = 3,
g(3) = 3
4
4 3
3
= 27
point.
Gradient table:
x 1 0 1 3 4
g(x) 16 0 8 0 64
Slope \ \ /
Therefore (0, 0) is a negative
stationary point of inflection and
stationary point.
2 a

b

c

d

e

f

g

h

i

j

k

l

m

n

3 a f (x) = x
3
2x
2
7x 4
f (x) = 3x
2
4x 7
f (x) = 0 for stationary values.
(3x 7) (x + 1) = 0
x =
7
3
or 1
When x =
7
3
,

7
3
f

=
3
7
3

2
2
7
3

7
7
3
4
= 8
14
27

So
7 14
, 18
3 27

is one
stationary point.
When x = 1,
f (1) = (1)
3
2(1)
2
7 1 4
= 0
So, (1, 0) is another stationary
point.
Gradient table:
x 2 1 0

7
3
3
f (x) 13 0 7 0 8
Slope / \ /
Therefore
7 14
, 18
3 27

is a
(1, 0) is a maximum stationary
point.
b f(4) = 4
3
2(4)
2
7 4 4
= 64 32 28 4
= 0
Therefore f(x) passes through
(4, 0).
c f(x) = x
3
2x
2
7x 4
As f(4) = 0 then x 4 is a factor
of f(x).
f(x) = (x 4)(x
2
+ 2x + 1)
= (x 4)(x + 1)(x + 1)
= (x 4)(x + 1)
2


The x-intercept are (1, 0) and (4, 0)
f(0) = 0
3
2 0
2
7 0 4
= 4
The y-intercept is (0, 4)

4 a y = x
3
x
2
16x + 16

d
d
y
x
= 3x
2
2x 16

d
d
y
x
(3x 8)(x + 2) = 0
x =
8
3
or 2
When x =
8
3
,
y =
3 2
8 8
3 3

16
8
3
+ 16
y = 14
22
27

So
8 22
, 14
3 27

is one stationary point.
When x = 2,
y = (2)
3
(2)
2
16 2 + 16
= 36
Gradient table:
x 3 2 0
8
3
3
d
d
y
x
17 0 16 0 5
Slope / \ /
Therefore
8 22
, 14
3 27

is a local minimum
stationary point and (2, 36) is a local maximum
stationary point.
b y = 1
3
1
2
16 1 + 16
= 0
Therefore the curve passes through (1, 0).
y = x
3
x
2
16x + 16
As y = 0 when x = 1, then (x 1) is a factor.
y = (x 1)(x
2
16)
= (x 1)(x 4) (x + 4)
The x-intercepts are (1, 0) (4, 0) (4, 0)
y = 0
3
0
2
16 0 + 16
y = 16
c

5 a g(x) = x
4
4x
2

g(x) = 4x
3
8x
4x(x
2
2) = 0
x = 0 or 2 .
When x = 0, g(x) = 0.
Therefore (0, 0) is a stationary point.
When x = 2 ,
g(x) = ( 2 )
4
4 ( 2 )
2

= 4
Therefore ( 2 , 4) is a stationary point.
When x = 2 ,
g(x) = ( 2 )
4
4 ( 2 )
2

= 4
Therefore ( 2 , 4) is a stationary point.
Gradient table:
x 2 2
1 0 1
2
2
g(x) 16 0 4 0 4 0 16
Slope \ / \ /
Therefore ( 2 , 4) and ( 2 , 4) are local
minimum stationary points and (0, 0) is a local
b x
4
4x
2
= 0
x
2
(x
2
4) = 0
x
2
(x 2)(x + 2) = 0
x = 0, 2 or 2
The x-intercepts are (0, 0) (2, 0) (2, 0)
c

6 a y = x
4
6x
2
+ 8x 3

d
d
y
x
= 4x
3
12x + 8
Now
d
d
y
x
(x 1)(4x
2
+ 4x 8) = 0
(x 1) 4(x
2
+ x 2) = 0
(x 1) 4(x + 2)(x 1) = 0
x = 1 or 2
When x =1,
y = 1
4
6 1
2
+ 8 1 3
y = 0
When x = 2
y = (2)
4
6 (2)
2
+ 8 2 3
= 27
Gradient table:
x 3 2 0 1 2
d
d
y
x
64 0 8 0 16
Slope \ / /
Therefore (1, 0) is a positive stationary point of
inflection and (2, 27) is a local minimum value.
b y = 1
4
6 1
2
+ 8 1 3
= 0
Therefore (1, 0) lies on the curve.
c (x 1) is a factor of y = x
4
6x
2
+ 8x 3
y = (x 1)(x
3
+ x
2
5x + 3)
y = (x 1)(x 1)(x
2
+ 2x 3)
y = (x 1)(x 1)(x + 3)(x 1)
y = (x 1)
3
(x + 3)
x = 1 or 3 are x-intercepts.
The x-intercepts are (1, 0) and (3, 0)
y = 0
4
6 0
2
+ 8 0 3
y = 3
d

7 a y = x
4
+ x
3
5x
2
6

d
d
y
x
= 4x
3
+ 3x
2
10x

d
d
y
x
(x + 2)(4x
2
5x) = 0
(x + 2) x(4x 5) = 0
x = 2, 0, or
5
4

When x = 2,
y = (2)
4
+ (2)
3
5 (2)
2
6
y = 16 8 20 6
= 18
When x = 0,
y = (0)
4
+ (0)
3
5 (0)
2
6
y = 6
When x =
5
4
,
y =
4 3 2
5 5 5
5 6
4 4 4

+

y = 9
107
256

Therefore
5 107
, 9
4 256

is another stationary point.
Gradient table:
x 3 2 1 0 1
5
4
2
d
d
y
x
51 0 9 0 3 0 24
Slope \ / \ /
Therefore (2, 18) and
5 107
, 9
4 256

are local
minimum stationary points and (0, 6) is a local
b y = 0
4
+ 0
3
5 0
2
6
y = 6
c

8 a f(x) = x
4
x
2

f (x) = 4x
3
2x
f (x) = 0 gives stationary values.
2x(2x
2
1) = 0
x = 0 or
1
2

When x = 0, f(x) = 0.
When x =
1
2
,
f(x) =
4 2
1 1
2 2

=
1 1
4 2

=
1
4

When x =
1
2
,
f(x) =
4 2
1 1
2 2

=
1
4

Stationary points are (0, 0),
1 1
,
4 2

and
1 1
,
4 2

Gradient table:
x 1
1
2
1
2
0
1
2

1
2

1
f (x) 2 0
1
2
0
1
2
0 2
Slope \ / \ /
Local minimum stationary points

1 1
,
4 2

and
1 1
,
4 2

.
Local maximum stationary point (0, 0).
(1) x-intercepts x
4
x
2
= 0
x
2
(x
2
1) = 0
x-intercepts (0, 0) (1, 0) (1, 0).
(2) y-intercept f(0) = 0, (0, 0)

b f(x) = x
3
3x
2

f (x) = 3x
2
6x
3x(x 2) = 0 for stationary points.

x = 0 or 2
When x = 0, f(x) = 0
When x = 2, f(x) = 8 12
= 4
Stationary points (0, 0) and (2, 4)
Gradient table:
x 1 0 1 2 3
f (x) 9 0 3 0 9
Slope / \ /
Local maximum stationary point
(0, 0).
Local minimum stationary point
(2, 4).
(1) x-intercepts when f(x) = 0
x
3
3x
2
= 0
x
2
(x 3) = 0
x = 0 or 3.
(2) y-intercepts when x = 0
f(x) = 0
3
3 0
2

= 0

c g(x) = x
3
+ 3x
4

g(x) = 3x
2
+ 12x
3

3x
2
(1 + 4x) = 0 for stationary values.
x = 0 or
1
4

When x = 0, g(x) = 0.
When x =
1
4
,
g(x) =
3 4
1 1
3
4 4

+

=
1 3
64 256
+
=
4 3
256
+

=
1
256

Gradient table:
x 1
1
4

1
8
0 1
g(x) 9 0
3
128
0 15
Slope \ / /

1 1
,
4 256

local minimum
stationary point and
(0, 0) is a positive stationary point
of inflection.
(1) x-intercepts when g(x) = 0
x
3
+ 3x
4
= 0
x
3
(1 + 3x) = 0
x = 0 or
1
3

(2) y-intercept when x = 0
g(x) = 0

d g(x) = x
3
4x
2
+ 4x
g(x) = 3x
2
8x + 4
(3x 2)(x 2) = 0 for stationary
values.
x =
2
3
or 2.
When x =
2
3
,
g(x) =
3 2
2 2 2
4 4
3 3 3

+

=
8 16 8
27 9 3
+
=
8 48 72
27
+

=
32
27

=
5
1
27

When x = 2
g(x) = 2
3
4(2)
2
+ 4 2
= 8 16 + 8
= 0
Gradient table:
x 0
2
3
1 2 3
g(x) 4 0 1 0 7
Slope / \ /
2 5
, 1
3 27

.
(2, 0)
(1) x-intercepts when g(x) = 0
x
3
4x
2
+ 4x = 0
x(x
2
4x + 4) = 0
x(x 2)(x 2) = 0
x = 0 or 2
0
3
4 0
2
+ 4 0 = 0

e h(x) = x
3
4x
2
11x + 30
h(x) = 3x
2
8x 11
(3x 11)(x + 1) = 0 for stationary
values.
x =
11
3
or 1
When x =
11
3

h(x) =
3 2
11 11
4
3 3

11
11
3
+ 30
=
1331 484 121 810
27 9 3 27
+
=
1331 1452 1089 810
27
+

=
400
27
or
22
14
27

When x = 1
h(x) = (1)
3
4(1)
2
11 1 + 30
= 1 4 + 11 + 30
= 36
Gradient table:
x 2 1 0
11
3
4
h(x) 17 0 11 0 5
Slope / \ /
(1, 36)
11 22
, 14
3 27

(1) x-intercepts when h(x) = 0
x
3
4x
2
11x + 30 = 0
(x 2)(x
2
2x 15) = 0
(x 2)(x 5) (x + 3) = 0
x-intercepts are 2, 5, and 3
(2) y-intercepts when x = 0
h(x) = 30

f h(x) = x (x + 3)(x 5)
= (x
2
+ 3x)(x 5)
= x
3
5x
2
+ 3x
2
15x
= x
3
2x
2
15x
h(x) = 3x
2
4x 15
(3x + 5)(x 3) = 0 for stationary
values.
x =
5
3
or 3
When x =
5
3

h(x) =
3 2
5 5 5
2 15
3 3 3

=
125 50 75
27 9 3
+
=
125 150 675
27
+

=
400
27
or 14
22
27

When x = 3
h(x) = 3
3
2 3
2
15 3
= 27 18 45
= 36
Gradient table:
x 2
5
3
2 3 4
h(x) 5 0 11 0 17
Slope / \ /

5 22
, 14
3 27

local maximum stationary point.
(3, 36) local minimum stationary point.
(1) x-intercept h(x) = 0
0 = x
3
2x
2
15x
0 = (x + 3)(x
2
5x)
0 = (x + 3)x(x 5)
x-intercepts 3, 0, 5
(2) y-intercept x = 0
h(x) = 0

g f (x) = x
4
2x
2
+ 1
f (x) = 4x
3
4x
4x (x
2
1) = 0 for stationary values.
x = 0 or 1
When x = 0, f(0) = 1
When x = 1, f(1) = 1 2 + 1
= 0
When x = 1, f(1) = 1 2 + 1
= 0
Gradient table:
x 2 1
1
2
0
1
2
1 2
f (x) 24 0 1.5 0 1.5 0 24
Slope / \ / \
Local minimum stationary points (1, 0) and (1, 0)
Local maximum stationary point (0, 1)
(1) x-intercept f(x) = 0
0 = x
4
2x
2
+ 1
0 = (x
2
1)(x
2
1)
0 = (x 1)
2
(x + 1)
2

x = 1, or 1
(2) y-intercept x = 0
f(0) = 1

h f (x) = x(x
2
+ 1)
f (x) = x
3
+ x
f (x) = 3x
2
+ 1
3x
2
= 1 for stationary values
x
2
=
1
3

Cant take the square root of a negative number,
so there are no stationary points.
(1) x-intercepts when f(x) = 0
0 = x(x
2
+ 1)
x = 0
f(0) = 0
Find points to graph.
Let x = 1 then f(1) = 2
Let x = 1 then f(1) = 1 1
= 2

i g(x) = x
3
+ 9x
2
+ 24x + 20
g(x) = 3x
2
+ 18x + 24
= 3(x
2
+ 6x + 8)
0 = 3(x + 4)(x + 2) for stationary values.
x = 4 or 2
When x = 4
g(x) = (4)
3
+ 9 (4)
2
+ 24 4 + 20
= 64 + 144 96 + 20
g(x) = 4
When x = 2
g(x) = (2)
3
+ 9(2)
2
+ 24 2 + 20
= 8 + 36 48 + 20
= 0
Gradient table:
x 5 4 3 2 1
g(x) 9 0 3 0 9
Slope / \ /
Local maximum stationary point (4, 4)
Local minimum stationary point (2, 0)
(1) x-intercept, g(x) = 0
0 = x
3
+ 9x
2
+ 24x + 20
= (x + 2)(x
2
+ 7x + 10)
= (x + 2)(x + 5)(x + 2)
x-intercepts 2 and 5
(2) y-intercepts, x = 0
g(0) = 20

j h(x) = (x
2
1)
3

h(x) = 3 2x (x
2
1)
2

= 6x (x
2
1)
2

6x(x
2
1)
2
= 0 gives stationary values.
x = 0 or 1
When x = 0, h(0) = 1
When x =1, h(1) = 0
When x = 1, h(1) = 0
Stationary values occur at (0, 1), (1, 0) and (1, 0)
Gradient table:
x 2 1
1
2
0
1
2
1 2
h(x) 108 0 1.687 0 1.687 0 108
Slope \ \ / /
Stationary points of inflection occur at (1, 0) and
(1, 0). A local minimum occurs at (0, 1).
(1) x-intercepts occur when (x
2
1)
3
= 0, that is
x = 1 (1, 0) and (1, 0) are the x-intercepts.
(2) When x = 0, y = 1
(0, 1) is the y-intercept.

9 Gradient table:
x < 2 2 > 2
f (x) positive zero negative
Slope / \
The answer is B.
10 f(x) = x
3
+ x
2
8x 3
f (x) = 3x
2
+ 2x 8
(3x 4) (x + 2) = 0 for stationary values.
x = +
4
3
or 2
The answer is A.
11 y = x
4
+ x
3

d
d
y
x
= 4x
3
+ 3x
2

x
2
(4x + 3) = 0 for stationary values
x = 0 or
3
4
.
Gradient table:
x 1
3
4

1
2
0 1
d
d
y
x
1 0 0.25 0 7
Slope \ / /
The answer is C.
12 h = 2, k = 1
y = a (x 2)
2
+ 1
Either C or E. Test with y-intercept (0, 9)
C y = (0 2)
2
+ 1
y = 4 + 1
y = 5
E y = 2(x 2)
2
+ 1
y = 2(2)
2
+ 1
= 8 + 1
= 9
The answer is E.
13 a Gradient table:
x 4 3 2 1 0 1
Slope \ / / \
A local minimum at x = 3 and a local maximum at
x = 0.
b Gradient table:
x 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5
Slope / \ \ / / \
Local maximums at x = 2 and x = 4; a local minimum
at x = 1.
c Gradient table:
x 3 2 1 2 3 4
Slope \ \ \ /
A negative stationary point of inflection at x = 2 and
a local minimum at x = 3.
d Gradient table:
x 6 5 4 1 2 3
Slope \ / / /
A local minimum at x = 5 and a positive stationary
point of inflection at x = 2.
e Gradient table:
x 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3
Slope / \ \ / \
Local maximums at x = 3 and x = 2. Local minimum
at x = 0.
f Gradient table:
x 0 1 2 4 5 6
Slope / \ \ /
Local maximum at x = 1 and local minimum at x = 5.
14 f(x) = x
2
4x + 3
f (x) = 2x 4 = 0
2x = 4
x = 2
Gradient table:
x 1 2 3
f (x) 2 1 4 0 6 4
Slope \ /

The gradient decreases to the left of x = 2 and increases
to the right of x = 2, as is seen in the graph of the gradient
function.
15 a f(x) =
1
3
x
3
+ 2x
2
+ 2
i f (x) = x
2
+ 4x
x(x + 4) = 0 for stationary values.
x = 0 or 4

The x-intercepts of f (x) are (0, 0) and (4, 0)
f (0) = 0
So the y-intercept of f (x) is (0, 0)
f (x) > 0 where x < 4 and x > 0
ii So f(x) is increasing where x < 4 and x > 0
iii f (x) < 0 so decreasing where 4 < x < 0.
b g(x) = x
3
+ 2x
2
7x 5
i g(x) = 3x
2
+ 4x 7
(3x + 7)(x 1) = 0 for stationary values.
x =
7
3
or 1
The x-intercepts of g(x) are
7
, 0
3

and (1, 0).
f (0) = 7
The y-intercept of f(x) is (0, 7).
ii f(x) > 0 is increasing x <
7
3
and x > 1
iii f (x) < 0 is decreasing
7
3
< x < 1

c h(x) = x
4
+ 4x
3
+ 4x
2

i h(x) = 4x
3
+ 12x
2
+ 8x
4x(x
2
+ 3x + 2) = 0 for stationary values.
4x(x + 2)(x + 1) = 0
x = 0, 2, and 1
The x-intercepts of h(x) are (0, 0) (2, 0) and (1, 0)
h(0) = 0
The y-intercept of h(x) is (0, 0)

ii f (x) > 0 increasing when 2 < x < 1 and x > 0
iii f (x) < 0 decreasing when 1 < x < 0 and x < 2
16
x 3 2 0 3 4
f (x) pos 0 neg 0 pos
Slope / \ /
Graphs will vary.
Stationary points at x = 2 and x = 3.

17 a f(x) = x
3
+ ax
2
+ bx
f (x) = 3x
2
+ 2ax + b
f (2) = 0
0 = 3 2
2
+ 2a 2 + b
0 = 12 + 4a + b
12 = 4a + b (1)
f
4
3

= 0
0 = 3
4
3

2
+ 2a
4
3
+ b
0 =
1
3
16
9
8
3
3
a
b +
0 =
16 8 3
3
a b +

0 = 16 8a + 3b
16 = 8a 3b (2)
Solve simultaneous equations
12 = 4a + b (1)
16 = 8a 3b (2)
From (1) b = 12 4a (3)
Substitute (3) into (2)
16 = 8a 3(12 4a)
16 = 8a + 36 + 12a
20 = 20a
1 = a
Substitute a = 1 into (1)
12 = 4 + b
8 = b
The value are a = 1 and b = 8.
b Therefore f(x) = x
3
x
2
8x
f (x) = 3x
2
2x 8
Gradient table:
x 2
4
3
0 2 3
f (x) 8 0 8 0 13
Slope / \ /
x =
4
3
is a local maximum stationary point.
x = 2 is a local minimum stationary point.
18 a f(x) = x
4
+ ax
2
+ b
(1, 4) : 4 = 1 + a + b
3 = a + b (1)
f (x) = 4x
3
+ 2ax
f (1) = 0
0 = 4 + 2a
4 = 2a
2 = a

Substitute 2 = a into (1)
3 = 2 + b
5 = b
The values are a = 2 and b = 5.
f(x) = x
4
2x
2
+ 5.
b f(x) = x
4
2x
2
+ 5
f (x) = 4x
3
4x
4x(x
2
1) = 0 for stationary values.
x = 0, 1 or 1
When x = 0, f(x) = 5
When x = 1, f(x) = 1 2 + 5
= 4
The other stationary points are (0, 5) and (1, 4)
c Gradient table:
x 2 1 0.5 0 0.5 1 2
f (x) 24 0 1.5 0 1.5 0 24
Slope \ / \ /
(1, 4) and (1, 4) are local minimum stationary points.
(0, 5) is a local maximum stationary point.
19 f(x) = (b x)(x + 2)
2

a f (x) = (b x) 2(x + 2) + (x + 2)
2
1
= 2(b x)(x + 2) (x + 2)
2

= (x + 2)(2(b x) (x + 2))
= (x + 2)(2b 2x x 2)
= (x + 2)(2b 3x 2)
= (x + 2)(3x 2b + 2)
b T.P. f (x) = 0
0 = (x + 2)(3x 2b +2)
x + 2 = 0 or 3x 2b + 2 = 0
x = 2 3x = 2b 2
x =
2 2
3
b

f(2) = (b + 2)(0)
2

= 0

2 2
3
b
f

=
2
2 2 2 2
2
3 3
b b
b

+

=
2
3 2 2 2 2 6
3 3 3 3
b b b
+

=
2
2 2 4
3 3
b b + +

=
2
( 2)(2 4)
27
b b + +

=
2
4( 2)( 2)
27
b b + +

=
3
4( 2)
27
b +

T.P.s (2, 0),
3
2 2 4( 2)
,
3 27
b b

+

c (2, 0):
x 3 2 0
f (x) 7 2b 0 1 + 2b
Slope \ /
(2, 0) is a local minimum turning point

3
2 2 4( 2)
,
3 27
b b

+

x 2 2
1
3
b

2 2
3
b 2 2
1
3
b
+
f (x) 2b + 1 0 2b 7
Slope / \

3
2 2 4( 2)
,
3 27
b b

+

is a local maximum
turning point.
d f(2) = (b 2)(4)
3

= 16(b 2)
f (2) = (4)(6 2b + 2)
= 4(8 2b)
= 8(4 b)
y = mx + c
y = 8(4 b)x + c
pt: (2, 16(b 2))
16(b 2) = 8(4 b) 2 + c
16b 32 = 2(32 + 8b) + c
16b 32 = 64 + 166 + c
c = 32
y = 8(4 b)x + 32
= 8(b 4)x + 32
e 4 =
2 2
3
b

12 = 2b 2
2b = 14
b = 7
20 f(x) = (x + b)
2
(2x 1)
a f (x) = (x + b)
2
2 + (2x 1) 2(x + b)
= 2(x + b)(x + b + 2x 1)
= 2(x + b)(3x + b 1)
b T.P.s f (x) = 0
0 = 2(x + b)(3x + b 1)
x + b = 0 or 3x + b 1 = 0
x= b 3x = 1 b
x =
1
3
b

f( b) = 0
2
(2x b 1)
= 0

1
3
b
f

=
2
1 1
2 1
3 3
b b
b

+

=
2
1 3 2 2 3
3 3 3 3
b b b
+

=
2
1 2 2 1
3 3
b b +

=
2
(1 2 ) ( 2 1)
27
b b +

=
2
(1 2 ) (1 2 )
27
b b + +

=
3
(1 2 )
27
b +

T.P.s ( b, 0),
3
1 (1 2 )
,
3 27
b b

+

c f(2) = (2 + b)
2
(4 1)
= 3(2 + b)
2

f (2) = 2(2 + b)(6 + b 1)
= 2(2 + b)(5 + b)
y = mx + c
y = 2(2 + b)(5 + b)x + c
pt (2, 3(2 + b)
2
)
3(2 + b)
2
= 2(2 + b)(5 + b) 2 + c
3(2 + b)
2
= 4(2 + b)(5 + b) + c
c = 3(2 + b)
2
4(2 + b)(5 + b)
= (2 + b)(3(2 + b) 4(5 + b))
= (2 + b)(6 + 3b 20 4b)
= (2 + b)( b 14)
= (2 + b)(b + 14)
y = 2(2 + b)(5 + b) x (2 + b)(b + 14)
d min T.P. =
3
1 (2 1)
,
3 27
b b

+

y = 4x 2

3
(2 1)
27
b +
=
1
4 2
3
b

On a calculator page, complete the entry line as solve
3
(2 1) 1
4 2,
27 3
b b
b

+
=

Write the solution as solving

3
(2 1)
27
b +
=
1
4 2
3
b

for b gives
b =
3 2 1 1 3 2 1
, ,
2 2 2

b =
3 2 1
2

as b > 0.
Exercise 8C Maximum and minimum
problems when the function is known
1 a
d
d
C
x
= 5 4x
b
d
d
P
n
= 3n
2
+ 4n
5
2 n

c
d
d
V
h
= h
3
2h
2
d
d
d
h
t
= 3t
2
2e
t
e
d
d
M
k
= k
d
dk
(log
e
(3k)) + log
e
(3k)
d( )
d
k
k

= k
1
k
+ log
e
(3k) 1
= 1 + log
e
(3k)
f = t
2
+ 4t
1
2cos( t)

d
d
L
t
= 2t
2
4
t
+ 2 sin( t)
2 Minimum value n = 2
The answer is D.
3 Maximum value n = 5
The answer is C.
4 a
d
d
P
n
=
3
2
n
2
+ 96

3
2
n
2
= 96 for maximum profit.
n
2
= 96
2
3

n
2
= 64
n = 8
For maximum profit, 8 workers are needed.
b P =
1
2
(8)
3
+ 96 8 + 600
P = $1112
Maximum profit is $1112.
5
d
d
C
x
=
2
5
x 8

2
5
x = 8 for cheapest tow rope as
d
d
C
x
is 0
x = 8
5
2

x = 20
The length of rope is 20 m for cheapest.
6
d
d
P
x
= 3x
2
24x + 21
3(x
2
8x + 7) = 0 for stationary values of P.
3(x 7)(x 1) = 0
x = 7 and 1
Gradient table:
x 0 1 2 7 8
d
d
P
x
21 0 15 0 21
Slope / \ /
Maximum number of people attended when temperature
was below 30C for 1 hour.
Minimum number of people attended when temperature
was below 30C for 7 hours.
7 a
d
d
N
x
= x
2
+ 10x + 75
1(x
2
10x 75) = 0 for stationary values.
1(x + 5)(x 15) = 0
x = 5 or 15
Gradient table:
x 6 5 4 15 16
d
d
N
x
21 0 19 0 21
Slope \ / \
Minimum number of rabbits feed when temperature is
5C.
Maximum number of rabbits feed when temperature is
15C.
b When temperature is 5C the number of rabbits
feeding is:
N =
1
3
(5)
3
+ 5(5)
2
+ 75 5 + 500
=
1
3
125 + 125 375 + 500
= 291.666
= 291
When temperature is 15C the number of rabbits
feeding is:
N =
1
3
(15)
3
+ 5 (15)
2
+ 75 15 + 500
N = 1125 + 1125 + 1125 + 500
N = 1625
8
d
d
v
t
= 1.6 cos(2t)
1.6 cos(2t) = 0
cos(2t) = 0
2t =
2
,
3
2

t =
4
,
3
4

a The minimum velocity
v = 0.8 sin
3
2
4

v = 0.8 sin
3
2

v = 0.8 1
v = 0.8 cm/s occurs when
t =
3
4


b The maximum velocity occurs
when t =
4

v = 0.8 sin 2
4

= 0.8sin
2

= 0.8 1
v = 0.8 cm/s
9 a i L = 12 + 6 0 + 2 sin
0
4

= 12 cm
ii L = 12 + 6 20 + 2 sin
20
4

= 12 + 120 + 2 sin(5)
= 132 cm
b
d
d
L
t
= rate of growth

d
d
L
t
= 6 +
2
cos
4
t

c The sketch of
d
d
L
t
= 6 +
2
cos
4
t

is

Period =
2
4

= 8
Amplitude =
2

Mean position
d
d
L
t
= 6.
The maximum growth rate is
6 +
2
.
Minimum growth rate is 6
2
.
10 a N =
12
100 500
t
te
+
N(t) =
12
(100 )
t
e
+
12
100 0
12
t
t
t e

+

=
12 12
100
100
12
t t
e te

N(t) =
12
100
100
2
t
e t

Now N(t) = 0 gives stationary
values.
100
100
12
t = 0 as
12
t
e
0, for
t R.
100 =
100
12
t
1200 = 100t
12 = t
Model predicts that maximum
population will be reached in
12 years, therefore 1 January 1998.
b When t = 12
N = 100 12 e
1
+ 500
941 cheetahs
Maximum number of cheetahs
will be 941.
c i t = 24
N = 100 24e
2
+ 500
= 824 cheetahs
In 24 years there will be 824
cheetahs.
ii t = 84
N = 100 84e
7
+ 500
= 507 cheetahs
In 84 years there will be 507
cheetahs.
11 N = 100 + 4t +
10
400
t
e

N(t) = 4 + 400
10
1
10
t
e

= 4 40
10
t
e

4 =
10
40
t
e
gives stationary
values as N(t) = 0

1
10
=
10
t
e

log
e
(1) =
10
t

23 = t
23 = t
N = 100 + 4 23 +
23
10
400e

= 192 + 400e
2.3
= 232
a The minimum number of
elephants predicted is 232.
b 23 years, so approximately 1st
January 2009.
12 a P = 40 ( 25) 200 2 n n +
P (n) =
20
2
25 n
+

20
25 n +
= 2 for P (n) = 0.
20 = 2 25 n +
10 =
1
2
( 25) n +
100 = n + 25
75 = n
The number of items to be sold is 75.
b P = 40
1
2
(75 25) + 200 2 75
= 40 10 200 150
= $50 per item
c Therefore the total profit on
selling 75 items is 75 50
= $3750
13 a W = 5 0 20 log
e
(1) + 90
= 20 log
e
1 + 90
= 90 kg
The weight at the start of the
program is 90 kg.
b
d
d
W
t
= 5 20
1
1 t +

5
20
1 t +
= 0 for
d
d
W
t
= 0.
5 =
20
1 t +

5t + 5 = 20
5t = 15
t = 3
When t = 3
W = 5 3 20 log
e
(4) + 90
W 77.3 kg
After 3 months the bodybuilders
weight is 77.3 kg.
Exercise 8D Maximum and
minimum problems when the
function is unknown
1 Let x = 1st number and y = 2nd
number
x + y = 10 (given)
So y = 10 x.
P(x) = x y
P(x) = x (10 x)
P(x) = 10x x
2

Maximum product occurs when
P (x) = 0.
P (x) = 10 2x
0 = 10 2x
2x = 10
x = 5
Find y: If x = 5 then y = 10 5 = 5
Therefore the two numbers are both 5.
2 Let x = 1st number and y = 2nd
number.
x + y = 8
so y = 8 x
S(x) = x
3
+ y
2

S(x) = x
3
+ (8 x)
2

= x
3
+ 64 16x + x
2

S(x) = x
3
+ x
2
16x + 64
Find S(x).
S(x) = 3x
2
+ 2x 16
0 = 3x
2
+ 2x 16 for stationary
values.
0 = (3x + 8)(x 2)
x =
8
3
or 2
It cant be
8
3
as the number was
said to be positive.
x = 2
If x = 2 then y = 8 2 = 6
The two numbers are 2 and 6.
3 a

P = 120 cm
P = 2(L + W)
120 = 2(L + x)
120 = 2L + 2x
120 2x = 2L
2(60 x) = 2L
60 x = L
b A = (60 x) x
A = 60x x
2
c A = 60 2x
0 = 60 2x for a maximum.
2x = 60
x = 30
If width = 30 cm then
length = 60 30
= 30 cm
d Maximum area = 30 30
= 900 cm
2
4

Let the length be L and width W.
400 = 2L + 2W
400 2W = 2L
2(200 W) = 2L
200 W = L
A = L W
A = (200 W) W
A = 200W W
2

d
d
A
W
= 200 2W
0 = 200 2W for a maximum.
2W = 200
W = 100
If width is 100 m then length is also 100
So maximum area = 100 100
= 10 000 m
2

5 120 = Length + 2 r
120 2 r = Length
Volume = area of base height
V = r
2
Length
Substitute in Length = 120 2 r
V = r
2
(120 2 r)
V = 120 r
2
2
2
r
3

d
d
V
r
= 240 r 6
2
r
2

0 = 240 r 6
2
r
2
for stationary
values.
0 = 6 r(40 r)
6 r = 0 or 40 r = 0
r = 0 or 40 = r

40
= r
If r =
40
then
Length = 120 2
40

= 40 cm
For maximum volume, the radius
should be
40
cm creating a
circumference of 2 r = 80 cm and
the length should be 40 cm.
6 a 18 = 4L + 4x + 4(2x)
18 = 4L + 4x + 8x
18 = 4L + 12x
18 12x = 4L

18
4

12
4
x = L
4.5 3x = L
b V = L W D
= (4.5 3x) x 2x
= (4.5x 3x
2
) 2x
V = 9x
2
6x
3

c
d
d
V
x
= 18x 18x
2
0 = 18x 18x
2
for stationary
values
0 = 18x(1 x)
x = 1 or x = 0 (impossible)
If x = 1 then dimensions are 1 m,
2 m and (4.5 3 1) = 1.5 m for
maximum volume.
d Maximum volume = 1.5 2 1
= 3 m
3

7

a Let x = width and length of base
h = height
TSA = 2[x
2
+ xh + xh]
TSA = 2[x
2
+ 2xh]
200 = 2x
2
+ 4xh
200 2x
2
= 4xh

200
4x

2
2
4
x
x
= h

50
x

2
x
= h
b Volume = area of base height
= x
2

50
2
x
x

=
2
50x
x
3
2
x

V = 50x
3
2
x

c V = 50x
3
1
2
x

d
d
V
x
= 50
2
3
2
x
50 =
2
3
2
x for
d
d
V
x
= 0
50
2
3
= x
2

100
3
= x
2

10
3
= x so
10 3
3
= x ( 5.78)
Maximum volume =
50
10
3

3
1 10
2 3

= 192.45
192 cm
3

8

300 = semicircle + 3 sides of
rectangle
300 =
2
x
+ x + 2h
300
2
x
x = 2h
150
4 2
x x
= h

600 2
4
x x
= h
A = semicircle + rectangle
=
2
1 600 2
2 2 4 1
x x x x

+

=
2 2 2
600 2
8 4
x x x x
+
=
2 2 2
1200 2 4
8
x x x x +

=
2 2
1200 4
8
x x x

A = 150x
8
x
2

1
2
x
2

For maximum area:

d
d
A
x
= 150
4
x x
If
d
d
A
x
= 0 then x =
150
1
4
+

84.01
Maximum area = 150 84.01
8

(84.01)
2

1
2
(84.01)
2

= 6301 cm
2

9

V = L W H
H = x
L = 50 2x
W = 40 2x
V = x (50 2x)(40 2x)
V = (50x 2x
2
)(40 2x)

V = 2000x 100x
2
80x
2
+ 4x
3

V = 2000x 180x
2
+ 4x
3

Maximise volume

d
d
V
x
= 2000 360x + 12x
2

0 = 12x
2
360x + 2000 for stationary values.
0 = 4(3x
2
90x + 500)
Using quadratic formula x = 7.36 or 22.64
But x < 10 or else the width is negative.
x = 7.36.
So V = 2000 7.36 180 (7.36)
2
+ 4(7.36)
3

6564 cm
3

The maximum volume is 6564 cm
3
.
10

Let the time taken be t.
t =
2
4
3
x +
+
3
5
x

d
d
t
x
=
1
2
2
1 1 1
2 (4 )
3 2 5
x x
+
=
1
2
2
1
5
3(4 )
x
x
+

To find minimum distance

d
d
t
x
= 0

1
2
2
1
5
3(4 )
x
x
+
= 0

1
2
2
3(4 )
x
x +
=
1
5

2
2
9(4 )
x
x +
=
1
25

25x
2
= 9(4 + x
2
)
25x
2
= 36 + 9x
2

16x
2
= 36
x
2
=
36
16

x = 1.5
x = 1.5 km if the time to travel from A to B is a minimum.
11 a v =
d
t
t =
d
v

t =
800
v

b C =
2
800
50
1000
v
v

+

=
40 000 4
5
v
v
+
= 40 000v
1
+ 0.8v
c C = 40 000v
1
+ 0.8v

d
d
C
v
= 40 000v
2
+ 0.8
40 000v
2
+ 0.8 = 0 for stationary value.
0.8 =
2
40 000
v

v
2
=
40 000
0.8

v = 223.61 km/h
12 Let the length be x.
The diagonal of the base is
2 2
x x + = 2x .
Now 24
2
=
2 2
( 2 ) x x +
576 = 2x
2
+ x
2

3x
2
= 576
x
2
= 192
x = 13.86.
13

Volume of cylinder = r
2
h
16
2
= (2r)
2
+ h
2

16
2
h
2
= 4r
2

2 2
16
4
h
= r
2

2
256
4
h
= r
2

64
2
4
h
= r
2

V =
2
64
4
h

h
V = 64h
3
4
h

d
d
V
h
= 64
2
3
4
h

2
3
64
4
h

= 0 for stationary points
64
2
3
4
h
= 0
64 =
2
3
4
h

256 = 3h
2

h = 9.24
So r
2
=
2 2
16 (9.24)
4

r
2
= 42.6

V = 42.6
9.24
1238 cm
3

14 Let Q be the point (x, y) on the line y = 2x + 3.
So Qs coordinates = (x, 2x + 3).
Distance between two points (x, 2x + 3) and (1, 0):
=
2 2
( 1) (2 3 0) x x + +
=
2 2
( 1) (2 3) x x + +
=
2 2
( 2 1 4 12 9) x x x x + + + +
=
2
(5 10 10) x x + +
= D

d
d
D
x
=
2
1 1
(10 10)
2
(5 10 10)
x
x x
+
+ +

2
10 10
2 (5 10 10)
x
x x
+
+ +
Therefore 10x + 10 = 0
10x = 10
x = 1
D(1) =
2
(5 10 10) x x + +
= (5 10 10) +
= 5 units
15 Let Q be the point (x, y) so Q is (x, x
2
).
Distance between two points (x, x
2
) and (5, 0) = D
D =
2 2 2
( 5) ( 0) x x +
=
2 4
( 10 25 ) x x x + +
=
4 2
( 10 25) x x x + +

d
d
D
x
=
3
4 2
1 1
(4 2 10)
2
( 10 25)
x x
x x x
+
+ +

3
4 2
4 2 10
2 ( 10 25)
x x
x x x
+
+ +
4x
3
+ 2x 10 = 0
As no factor is easily found, the CAS calculator gives
x 1.23 as a solution.
d(x) =
2 2 2
(1.23 5) (1.23 0) +
= 14.21 2.29 +
= 4.06 units.
Exercise 8E Rates of change
1 a
d
d
V
r

b
d
d
S
h

c
d
d
A
t

d
d
d
C
x

e
d
d
I
p

f
d
d
v
t

2 a A = r
2

d
d
A
r
= 2 r
b When r = 10

d
d
A
r
= 20 m
2
/m
3 a
d
d
V
r
= 4 r
2

b When r = 5

d
d
V
r
= 4 25
= 100 cm
3
/cm
4 S = 6x
2

d
d
S
x
= 12x
decreasing so negative:

d
d
S
x
= 12x
When x = 0.5

d
d
S
x
= 6
Which indicates the sugar cube is decreasing at a rate of
6 cm
2
/cm.
5 a h = 10 + 20t 5t
2

d
d
h
t
= 20 10t
i When t = 1 sec

d
d
h
t
= 20 10
= 10 m/s
ii When t = 3 sec

d
d
h
t
= 20 30
= 10 m/s
b At t = 1 the projectile is increasing (rising) but at t = 3
the projectile is decreasing (falling) in height.
6 V =
4
3
1
30
100 4
t
t

a
d
d
V
t
=
1
100
(90t
2
t
3
)
b

c From graph when t = 60 minutes.
7 a x =
2
(3 4) t +
V =
d
d
x
t
by Chain Rule
V =
1
2
2
1 1
(6 )
2
(3 4)
t
t
+

V =
2
3
(3 4)
t
t +

b Acceleration is
d
d
V
t
.
V =
1
2
2
3
(3 4)
t
t +
=
u
v

d
d
V
t
=
2
d d
d d
u v
v u
t t
v

=
1
2
2
1
2
2
2 1
3
(3 4) 3 3
(3 4)
(3 4)
t
t t
t
t
+
+
+

=
2 2
3
2
2
3(3 4) 9
(3 4)
t t
t
+
+

=
2 2
3
2
2
9 12 9
(3 4)
t t
t
+
+

=
3
2
2
12
(3 4) t +


c (1) Find V when t = 2
V =
3 2
(12 4)
+

=
6
4

=
3
2

(2) Find a when t = 2
a =
3
2
12
(3 4 4) +

=
12
64

=
3
16

8 a
d
d
x
t
= 3t
2
24t + 36 = v
b 0 = 3(t
2
8t + 12)
0 = 3(t 6)(t 2)
t = 6 or 2
When t = 6, x = 6
3
12 6
2
+ 36
6
= 0
When t = 2, x = 2
3
12 2
2
+ 36
2
= 8 48 + 72
= 32
c
d
d
v
t
= a
a = 6t 24
When v = 0 t = 6 or t = 2
a = 36 24
a = 12
or a = 12 24
a = 12
9 a N = 3000 500 log
e
(8t + 1)
Find N when t = 0
N = 3000 500 log
e
(8 0 + 1)
= 3000 500 log
e
(1)
= 3000 500 0
= 3000
The initial number of people with
the flu virus is 3000.
b Find N when t = 5
N(5) = 3000 500 log
e
(41)
= 3000 1856.8
= 1143.2
= 1143
average rate =
1143 3000
5 0

= 371.4
The average rate is 371.4 people
per day.
c
d
d
N
t
=
500 8
8 1 t
+

=
4000
8 1 t
+

d Find
d
d
N
t
when t = 5.

d
d
N
t
=
4000
40 1
+

= 97.56 people/day.
10 a V =
3 2
2 8 t t t +

d
d
V
t
=
1
2
2
3 4 4 t t t
+
When t = 4

d
d
V
t
= 3(4
2
) 4 4 + 4
1
2
4

= 48 16 + 2
= 34 m
3
/h
The answer is D.
b V =
3 2
2 8 t t t +
When t = 1
V = 1 2 + 8
V = 7
When t = 4
V = 4
3
24
2

8 4 +
= 48
Average rate between t = 1 and t = 4

48 7
4 1
=
2
13
3
m
3
/h
The answer is A.
11 T = h
2
+ 4e
h

d
d
T
h
= 2h + 4e
h
a At h = 0,
d
d
T
h
= 0 + 4e
0

= 4
The answer is B.
b At h = 4,
d
d
T
h
= 2 4 + 4e
4

= 8 + 4e
4

The answer is C.
c T = 4 when h = 0
When h = 4
T = 4
2
+ 4e
4

T = 16 + 4e
4

Average rate of change
=
4
16 4 4
4 0
e +

=
4
12 4
4
e +

=
4
4
(3 )
4
e +

The answer is E.
12 a
d
d
H
t
= 2
12
sin
12
t

=
6
sin
12
t

b i 6 hours.

d
d
H
t
=
6
sin
6
12

=
6
sin
2

=
6
m/h
ii 15 hours

d
d
H
t
=
6
sin
5
15
12
4

=
6

2
2

=
2
12
m/h
iii 20 hours

d
d
H
t
=
6
sin
5
20
12
3

=
6

3
2

=
3
12
m/h
c 0 =
6
sin
12
t

for stationary
values.
t = 12 or 24
When t = 12, H = 10 + 2 cos( )
= 10 2
= 8 m
When t = 24, H = 10 + 2 cos(2 )
= 10 + 2
= 12 m
Minimum tide at 12 hours
(height 8 m).
Maximum tide at 24 hours
(height 12 m).
13 a i Find A when t = 0
A = 2000
0.1 0
e
= 2000 e
0
= $2000
ii Find A when t = 3
A = 2000
0.1 3
e
= $2378.22
b Average rate of change
=
2378.22 2000
3 0

= 126.07 $/year.
c A = 2000
1
2
0.1t
e
Let u = 0.1
1
2
t ,
d
d
u
t
=
1
2
1
0.1
2
t

A = 2000e
u
,
d
d
A
u
= 2000e
u

d
d
A
t
=
d
d
A
u

d
d
u
t

=
1
0.1
2
100
t
t e

At t = 3,
d
d
A
t
= 100
1
0.1 3
2
3 e

= 68.65 $/year
14 C =
20
1 t +

= 20(t + 1)
1

d
d
C
t
= 20(t + 1)
2

When t = 9

d
d
C
t
=
2
20
10

= 0.2 mL/h decrease.
15 a Reading from the graph, when
t = 5, the share price is 150 cents.
b Share price is decreasing when
the gradient is negative.
t (8, 13)
c
130 140
15 0

=
10
15

=
2
3

d Draw a tangent at t = 11 and
calculate the gradient of this
tangent 15 cents per month
e Maximum share price is the
highest point on the graph.
Maximum is 175 cents.
f Lowest value of the share price is
at t = 13.
16 a Reading from the graph v = 7 m/s.
b Acceleration is the rate of change
of velocity. Draw a tangent at
t = 5 and calculate the gradient of
the tangent.

0.4
1
= 0.4 m/s
2
c Car is accelerating when the
gradient is positive t (0, 6) and
(9, 16)
d When t = 4, v = 5.2 and when
t = 8, v = 6
ave. rate of change =
6 5.2
8 4

=
0.8
4

= 0.2 m/s
2

Exercise 8F Related rates
1
d
d
V
t
= 5
Need to find
d
d
r
t
when r = 34 cm.

d
d
r
t
=
d
d
V
t

d
d
r
V

V =
4
3
r
3

d
d
V
r
= 3
4
3
r
2
= 4 r
2

d
d
r
V
=
2
1
4 r

d
d
r
t
= 5
2
1
4 r

=
2
5
4 r

When r = 34,

d
d
r
t
=
2
5
4 34

=
5
4624
cm/second.
2 y = 3x
3
2x + 1
If
d
d
y
t
= 3, when x = 5, find
d
d
x
t

d
d
x
t
=
d
d
y
t

d
d
x
y

d
d
y
x
= 9x
2
2

d
d
x
y
=
2
1
9 2 x

d
d
x
t
= 3
2
1
9 2 x

=
2
3
9 2 x

When x = 5

d
d
x
t
=
2
3
9 5 2

=
3
9 25 2

=
3
223

3 A = total surface area, cm
2

t = time, seconds
x = length of sides, cm
Required to find
d
d
x
t
when
x = 1.5 cm and
d
d
A
t
= 9 cm
2
/sec
By Chain Rule,
d
d
x
t
=
d d
d d
x A
A t

A = 6x
2

d
d
A
x
= 12x

d
d
x
A
=
1
12x

d
d
x
t
=
1
9
12x

d
d
x
t
=
3
4x

x = 1.5 cm,

d
d
x
t
=
3
4 1.5

= 0.5 cm/s
The sides of the cube are
decreasing at a rate of 0.5 cm/second
when x = 1.5 cm.
4 t = time, minutes
r = radius of the balloon, cm
V = volume of balloon, cm
3

Required to find
d
d
V
t
when r = 4 cm
and
d
d
r
t
= 5 cm/sec
By Chain Rule,
d
d
V
t
=
d d
d d
V r
r t

V sphere =
3
4
3
r

d
d
V
r
= 4 r
2

d
d
V
t
= 4 r
2
5

d
d
V
t
= 20 r
2

When r = 4 cm,

d
d
V
t
= 20 4
2

d
d
V
t
= 320 cm
3
/min
The volume of the balloon is
decreasing at a rate of
320 cm
3
/minute.
5 Required to find
d
d
h
t
when h = 9 cm
and
d
d
V
t
= 12 cm
3
/s
By Chain Rule,
d
d
h
t
=
d d
d d
h V
V t

V =
5
2
8h

d
d
V
h
=
3
2
5
8
2
h

d
d
V
h
=
3
2
20h

d
d
h
V
=
3
2
1
20h

d
d
h
t
=
3
2
1
12
20h

d
d
h
t
=
3
2
3
5h

When h = 9 cm,

d
d
h
t
=
3
2
3
5 9

d
d
h
t
=
3
5 27

d
d
h
t
=
1
45

The depth of water in the bowl
is increasing at a rate of
1
45
cm/minute.
6 r = radius, cm
t = time, seconds
A = area, cm/s
2

Required to find
d
d
A
t
when r = 12 cm
and
d
d
r
t
2.5 cm/s.
By Chain Rule,
d
d
A
t
=
d d
d d
A r
r t

A = r
2

d
d
A
r
= 2 r

d
d
A
t
= 2 r 2.5

d
d
A
t
= 5 r
When r = 12 cm,

d
d
A
t
= 5 12

d
d
A
t
= 60 cm
2
/s
The area of the puddle is
increasing at a rate of
60 cm
2
/second when r = 12 cm.

7 Required to find
d
d
V
t
when
d
d
h
t
=
1
8
m/s and r = 4 m
By Chain Rule,
d
d
V
t
=
d d
d d
V h
h t

Volume of cylinder: V =
2
r h
= 4
2
h
= 16 h

d
d
V
h
= 16

d
d
V
t
=
1
16
8

d
d
V
t
= 2 m
3
/second B.
8 Let h metres, and r metres, be the
depth and radius of the liquid at any
time, t, minutes.
Required to find
d
d
h
t
when h = 2 m
and
d
d
V
t
= 0.6 m
3
/min.
By Chain Rule,
d
d
h
t
=
d d
d d
h V
V t

Volume of a cone is V =
2
1
.
3
r h
Eliminate r by expressing r in terms
of h using similar triangles.

3
r
=
7
h

r =
3
7
h

V =
2
1 3
3 7
h
h

V =
3
9
147
h

V =
3
3
49
h

d
d
V
h
=
2
9
49
h

d
d
h
V
=
2
49
9 h

d
d
h
t
=
d d
d d
h V
V t

d
d
h
t
=
2
49
0.6
9 h

d
d
h
t
=
2
49
15 h

When h = 2 m,

d
d
h
t
=
2
49
15 2

d
d
h
t
=
49
60

d
d
h
t
= 0.26 m/min
The level of the liquid is decreasing
at a rate of 0.26 metres per minute.
9 Let x m be the distance the lower
end of the ladder is from the wall
and y m is the distance the upper end
of the ladder is from the ground.

Required to find
d
d
y
t
when
x = 4 m and
d
d
x
t
= 6 m/s.
By Chain Rule,
d
d
y
t
=
d d
d d
y x
x t

x
2
+ y
2
= 64
y
2
= 64 x
2

y =
2
64 x Note: y > 0 as
y represents a length

( )
1
2
2
d 1
2 64
d 2
y
x x
x
=

d
d
y
x
=
2
64
x
x

2
d
6
d
64
y x
t
x

d
d
y
t
=
2
6
64
x
x

When x = 4 m,

d
d
y
t
=
2
6 4
64 4

d
d
y
t
=
24
48

d
d
y
t
=
24
4 3

d
d
y
t
=
6
3

d
d
y
t
= 2 3 m/s
When x = 4 m, the ladder is
moving down at a rate of 2 3 metres
per second (i.e. slipping down the wall).
10 V = volume, m
3

t = time, minutes
h = depth of cylinder, metres
r = radius of cylinder, metres
Required to find
d
d
h
t
given r = 6 m
and
d
d
V
t
= 1.5 m
3
/min.
By Chain Rule,
d
d
h
t
=
d d
d d
h V
V t

Volume of cylinder:
V =
2
r h (radius is constant for this
cylindrical tank)
=
2
6 h
= 36 h

d
d
V
h
= 36

d
d
h
V
=
1
36

d
d
h
t
=
1
1.5
36

d
d
h
t
=
1.5
36

d
d
h
t
=
1
24
m/min
The level of milk is increasing at
a rate of
1
24
metres/minute.
11 a

Using knowledge of the special
triangles
h = r 3
r =
3
h

b Volume =
1
3
r
2
h
but r =
3
h

V =
1
3

2
3
h

h
=
1
3

2
3
h
h
=
3
9
h

c
d
d
V
t
=
1
32
cm
3
/s
Need to find
d
d
h
t
when h = 0.8 cm

d
d
h
t
=
d
d
V
t

d
d
h
V

V =
3
9
h

d
d
V
h
=
2
3
9
h

=
2
3
h

d
d
h
V
=
2
3
h

d
d
h
t
=
1
32

2
3
h

=
2
3
32 h

When h = 0.8,
d
d
h
t
=
2
3
32 0.8

=
3
20.48

=
75
512
cm/s
Exercise 8G Linear
approximation
1 a f(x) = x
3

f (x) = 3x
2
, x = 1, h = 0.01
x + h = 1.01 and f(x + h) = (x + h)
3

= (1.01)
3

f(x + h) f(x) + hf (x)
1.01
3
1
3
+ 0.01 3
1.01
3
1.03
b f(x) = x
2

f (x) = 2x, x = 1, h = 0.001
x + h = 0.999, f(x + h) = (0.999)
2

f(x + h) f(x) + hf (x)
(0.999)
2
1
2
+ (0.001) 2
1 0.002
(0.999)
2
0.998
c f(x) = 5x
2

f (x) = 10x, x = 1, h = 0.01
x + h = 0.99, f(x + h) = 5(0.99)
2

f(x + h) f(x) + hf (x)
5 0.99
2
5 1
2
+ (0.01) 10
5 0.1
4.9
d f(x) =
1
2
x x =
f (x)
1
2
1 1
2 2
x
x
= =
x = 1, h = 0.001
x + h = 1.001, f(x + h) = 1.001
f(x + h) f(x) + hf (x)

1
1.001 1 0.001
2
+
1.0005
2 V =
3
4
3
r V (r) = 4 r
2

r = 5, h = 0.02
r + h = 5.02 V(r + h) =
4
3
(r + h)
3

=
4
3
(5.02)
3

V(r + h) V(r) + hV (r)
Increase V(r + h) V(r) hV (r)
0.02 4
2.5
2
The volume increases by 2 cm
3
,
which is just over 6 cm
3
.
3 A(r + h) A(r) + hA(r)
A(r) = r
2

When r = 10 cm, A = 10
2

A = 100 cm
2

d
d
A
r
= 2 r
When r = 10 cm,
d
d
A
r
= 2 10

d
d
A
r
= 20
r = 2% of 10 cm
= 0.02 10
= 0.2
h = 0.2
Ar
d
d
A
h
r

Ar 0.2 20
A 4
100%
A
A
=
4
100
100

100%
A
A
=
4
100
100

= 4%
4 a A =
1
2
10 10 sin()
A = 50 sin()
A() = 50 cos()
h = 61 60, = 60 =
3

= 1
=
180

A( + h) A() + hA()
A( + h) 50 sin
3

50 cos
180 3

+

A( + h)
50 3 1
50
2 180 2
+
A( + h)
50 3 5
2 36
+
Approximate area of the
triangle 43.74 cm
2

b A( + h) A() + hA()
Approx increase in area hA()
hA()
180
A
3

50 cos
180 3

1
50
180 2

0.44 cm
2

5 h = 2.9 3 = 0.1
f(x + h) f(x) + hf (x)
f(2.9) f(3) 0.1f (3)
E.
6 P = 2.25 2
= 0.25
V =
k
P

d
d
V
P
=
2
k
P

V P
d
d
V
P

V 0.25
2
k
P

When P = 2,
V
2
1
4 2
k

V
2
1
4 2
k

V
16
k

V
V
100% =
16
100
2
k
k

=
2
100
16
k
k

=
100
8

= 12.5
Volume decreases by 12.5%
7 f(x) =
2
4 x

f(x) = 2

2
4 x
= 2
x 4 = 1
x = 5
f(5) = 2
f(5 + h) = 1.5
f (x) =
2
2
( 4) x

f(x + h) f(x) + hf (x)
f(5 + h) f(5) + hf (5)
1.5 2 + h
2
2
(5 4)

2h 1.5 2
2h 0.5
h
1
4

8

P = perimeter
P = 10x

d
d
P
x
= 10
P x
d
d
P
x

P 0.05x 10
P 0.5x

P
P
100% =
0.5
10
x
x
100
= 5%
5% increase in perimeter from
5% increase in the width
A = area
A = 4x
2

d
d
A
x
= 8x
A
d
d
A
x
x

A 0.05x 8x
A 0.4x
2

A
A
100% =
2
2
0.4
100
4
x
x

= 10%
10% increase in area from 5%
increase in the width
Chapter review
Short answer
1 f(x) = 2x
3
+ 3x
2
36x + 5
f (x) = 6x
2
+ 6x 36

6(x
2
+ x 6) = 0 for stationary values.
6(x + 3)(x 2) = 0
x = 3 or 2
When x = 3,
f(x) = 2(3)
3
+ 3(3)
2
36 3 + 5
= 2 27 + 3 9 + 108 + 5
= 86
When x = 2,
f(x) = 22
3
+ 32
2
36 2 + 5
= 2 8 + 3 4 72 + 5
= 39
Gradient table:
x 4 3 2 2 3
f (x) 36 0 24 0 36
Slope / \ /
(3, 86) is a local maximum stationary point
(2, 39) is a local minimum stationary point.
2 y = x
2
(4 x
2
)
= 4x
2
x
4

d
d
y
x
= 8x 4x
3

4x(2 x
2
) = 0 for stationary values.
x = 0 or x
2
= 2
x = 0 or x = 2
stationary points occur when
x = 0, + 2 and 2 .
When x = 0, y = 0
When x = + 2
y = 4 ( 2 )
2
( 2 )
4

= 4 2 4
= 4
When x = 2 , y = 4.
Gradient table:
x 2
2
1 0 1
2

2
d
d
y
x
16 0 4 0 4 0 16
Slope / \ / \
x-intercepts occur when y = 0
0 = x
2
(4 x
2
)
x = 0 or 4 x
2
= 0
4 = x
2

2 = x
y-intercepts at x = 0, y = 0

3 y = 6 3x + 2x
2
x
3

When x = 1, y = 6 3 + 2 1
= 4

d
d
y
x
= 3 + 4x 3x
2

At x = 1,
d
d
y
x
= 3 + 4 3
= 2
(y 4) = 2(x 1)
y 4 = 2x + 2
y + 2x = 6
4 y = 3 log
e
(x
2
)
Gradient of tangent must equal 3 as gradient of
y = 3x + 7 is 3.

d
d
y
x
=
2
6x
x

6
x
= 3
6 = 3x
2 = x
When x = 2, y = 3 log
e
(4)
y 3 log
e
(4) = 3 (x 2)
y 3 log
e
(4) = 3x 6
y = 3x 6 + 3 log
e
(4)
5 y = x + x
1

Normals are parallel to y =
4
3
x + 10.
So gradient of normal =
4
3
which means
d
d
y
x
=
3
4

d
d
y
x
= 1 + 1x
2

1
2
1
x
=
3
4

2
2
1 x
x
=
3
4

4x
2
4 = 3x
2

4x
2
3x
2
= 4
x
2
= 4
x = 2
When x = 2, y = 2 +
1
2

y =
5
2

When x = 2, y = 2
1
2

y =
5
2

Equation of normals:
y
5
2
=
4
3
(x 2)
6y 15 = 8x + 16
6y + 8x = 31
y +
5
2
=
4
3
(x + 2)
6y + 15 = 8x 16
6y + 8x = 31
6y + 8x + 31 = 0
6 N = 2t (50 t) + 180
N = 100t 2t
2
+ 180
N = 2t
2
+ 100t + 180

d
d
N
t
= 4t + 100
100 = 4t for
d
d
N
t
= 0
25 = t
when t = 25
N = 2 25
2
+ 100 25 + 180
N = 1430 bees.
Maximum number of bees is 1430.
7 a A =
2
2
3( 6)
x
x

d
d
A
x
=
2
2
(3 18) 4 2 3
(3 18)
x x x
x

=
2 2
2
12 72 6
(3 18)
x x x
x

=
2
2
6 72
(3 18)
x x
x

If
d
d
A
x
= 0 then 6x
2
72x = 0
6x(x 12) = 0
x = 0 or 12
x cant be 0 as x > 6 so x = 12.
b A =
2
2 12
3(12 6)

=
288
18

= 16 square units
8 Required to find
d
d
x
t
when x = 4 cm and
d
d
V
t
= 8 cm
3
/s
By Chain Rule,
d
d
x
t
=
d d
d d
x V
V t

V =
3
2
4x

d
d
V
x
=
1
2
3
4
2
x

d
d
V
x
=
1
2
6x

d
d
x
V
=
1
2
1
6x

d
d
x
t
=
1
2
1
8
6x

d
d
x
t
=
4
3 x

When x = 4 cm,

d
d
x
t
=
4
3 4

d
d
x
t
=
2
3

The depth of wine in the glass is increasing at a rate of
2
3
cm/minute.
9 Length OP, l =
2 2
x y +
y = 2x +10
l =
2 2
(10 2 ) x x +
l =
2 2
100 40 4 x x x + +
l =
2
5 40 100 x x +

d
d
l
x
=
1
2
2
1
(10 40) (5 40 100)
2
x x x
+

d
d
l
x
=
2
10 40
2 5 40 100
x
x x
+

d
d
l
x
=
2
5 20
5 40 100
x
x x
+

d
d
l
x
= 0 for minimum length

2
5 20
5 40 100
x
x x
+
= 0
5x 20 = 0
x = 4
y = 2 4 + 10
y = 2
Coordinates of P(4, 2)
Minimum length OP,
l =
2 2
4 2 +
= 20
= 2 5
10 y = x
y =
1
2
x

d
d
y
x
=
1
2
1
2
x

d
d
y
x
=
1
2 x

Gradient of tangent =
1
4

1
2 x
=
1
4

2 x = 4
x = 2
x = 4
x = 4, y = 4
y = 2 (4, 2)
y = 4x + a
2 = 4 4 + a
a = 18
Multiple choice
1 y = (x + 2)
3

d
d
y
x
= 3(x + 2)
2

For turning point 3(x + 2)
2
= 0
x = 2.
Gradient table:
x 3 2 1
d
d
y
x
3 0 3
Slope / /
Positive stationary point of inflection.
The answer is C.
2 y = x
3
+ 2x
2
+ x 2

d
d
y
x
= 3x
2
+ 4x + 1
(3x + 1) (x + 1) = 0 for stationary values.
x =
1
3
or 1
Gradient table:
x 2 1 0.5
1
3
0
d
d
y
x
5 0 0.25 0 1
Slope / \ /
Two turning points.
The answer is E.

3 y =
1
3
x
3
4x
2
9x + 5

d
d
y
x
= x
2
8x 9
(x 9)(x + 1) = 0 for stationary values.
x = 9 or 1
Gradient table:
x 2 1 0 9 10
d
d
y
x
11 0 9 0 11
Slope / \ /
When x = 1 a maximum occurs
y =
1
3
4 + 9 + 5
y = 9
2
3

The answer is A.
4 The answer is D.
5 (y 3) = 2(x 1)
y + 3 = 2x 2
y = 2x 5
The answer is D.
6 y = (x
2
+ 2x)(x 1)
= x
3
x
2
+ 2x
2
2x
= x
3
+ x
2
2x

d
d
y
x
= 3x
2
+ 2x 2
At x = 1,
d
d
y
x
= 3 2 2
= 1
When x = 1 y = 1 + 1 + 2 = 2
(y 2) = 1(x 7)
y 2 = x 1
y + x 1 = 0
The answer is D.
7 y = 3e
x + 2
, when x = 2, y = 3

d
d
y
x
= 3e
x + 2

At x = 2,
d
d
y
x
= 3
Gradient of normal =
1
3

Equation of normal:
(y 3) =
1
3
(x 2)
3y 9 = x 2
3y + x 7 = 0
The answer is A.
8 y = 2 log
e
(3 2x)

d
d
y
x
=
2 2
3 2x

=
4
3 2x

When x = 1
y = 2 log
e
(1)
= 2 0
= 0
At x = 1,
d
d
y
x
=
4
1

= 4
y 0 = 4(x 1)
y = 4x + 4
When x = 0, y = 4
The answer is E.
9 The answer is C.
10 V = 1 + t
2
e
t
Using product rule, u = t
2
and v = e
t

d
d
V
t
= t
2
(e
t
) + e
t
(2t)

d
d
V
t
= t
2
e
t
+ 2t e
t

te
t
(t + 2) = 0 for stationary values
t = 2 hours or 0 hours.
Gradient table:
t 1 0 1 2 3
d
d
V
t
3e
1
0 e
1
0 3e
3

Slope \ / \
Minimum is at t = 0
The answer is C.
11 V = 1 + 2
2
e
2

= 1 + 4e
2

= 1.541 thousands of litres
= 1541 litres
The answer is B.
12 40 = 2y + 2x
40 2x = 2y
20 x = y
The answer is B.
13 h =
2 2
y x
=
2 2
(20 ) x x
=
2 2
400 40x x x +
= 400 40x
The answer is A.
14 Area = x 400 40x
The answer is D.
15 A = x 400 40x

d
d
A
x
= x
1
2
(40)
1
2
1
(400 40 ) x
+ (400
1
2
40 ) x 1
=
1
2
1
2
20 (400 40 )
1
(400 40 )
x x
x

+

=
1
2
20 (400 40 )
(400 40 )
x x
x
+

=
1
2
400 40
(400 40 )
x
x

d
d
A
x
= 0 for stationary value.
400 60x = 0
400 = 60x

2
6
3
= x
The answer is A.
16 Area = x height
height =
2
400 40 6
3

=
20
400 40
3

=
800
400
3

=
1200 800
3

=
400
3

=
20
3

=
20
3

20
3

=
400
3 3

3
3

= 400
3
9

The answer is E.
17 f(1) = 1 3 + 5
= 3
f(3) = 3
4
3 3
3
+ 15
= 81 81 + 15
= 15
Average rate of change =
15 3
3 1

= 6
The answer is B.
18 S = 6x
2

d
d
S
x
= 12x
Substitute x = 40

d
d
S
x
= 480.
The answer is D.
19 By Chain Rule,
d
d
V
t
=
d d
d d
V r
r t

d
d
r
t
= 3 cm/min
V sphere =
3
4
3
r

d
d
V
r
= 4 r
2

d
d
V
t
= 4 r
2
3

d
d
V
t
= 12 r
2

When r = 6 cm,

d
d
V
t
= 12 6
2

d
d
V
t
= 432 cm
3
/min
A.
20 h = 1.8 2 = 0.2
f(x + h) f(x) + hf (x)
f(2) 0.2 f (2)
D.
Extended response
1 a 10
2
= h
2
+ r
2

10
2
r
2
= h
2

2 2
10 r = h
b V =
1
3
r
2
h
V =
1
3
r
2

2
100 r
c u =
1
3
r
2
and v =
1
2
2
(100 ) r

d
d
V
r
= u
d
d
v
r
+ v
d
d
u
r

d
d
V
r
=
1
3
r
2

1
2
2
(100 )
r
r
+
1
2
2
(100 ) 2
1 3
r
r

=
1
3 2
2
1
2
2
2 (100 )
3
3(100 )
r r r
r

+

=
3 2
1
2
2
2 (100 )
3(100 )
r r r
r
+

r
3
+ 2 r (100 r
2
) = 0 for stationary values.
r
3
+ 200 r 2 r
3
= 0
200 r 3 r
3
= 0
r (200 3r
2
) = 0
200 = 3r
2
or r = 0 (impossible)

200
3
= r
2

200
3
= r
Maximum V =
1
3

200
3

2

2
200
100
3

V =
1
3

200
3

200
100
3

V =
200
9

100
3

V =
200 10
9 3

V =
2000
9 3

3
3

V =
2000 3
27
cm
3

2 a N = 3000 e
0.5t

t = 0
N = 3000 e
0

N = 3000 bacteria at start.
b
d
d
N
t
= 3000 0.5 e
0.5t

= 1500 e
0.5t

When t = 10

d
d
N
t
= 1500 e
0.5 10
= 10.11 bacteria/min
The number of bacteria is decreasing at a rate of 10.11
per minute.
3 H = 5.4 4 cos
15
t

a H = 5.4 4 cos
0
15

H = 5.4 4 cos()
= 5.4 4
= 1.4 m

b Find H when t = 5
H = 5.4 4 cos
5
15

= 5.4 4 cos
3

= 5.4 4
1
2

= 5.4 2
= 3.4 m
c Average rate of change =
3.4 1.4
5 0

= 0.4 m/sec
d
d
d
H
t
= 4
15

sin
15
t

When t = 5,

d
d
H
t
=
4
15
sin
1
5
15
3

=
4
15
sin
3

=
2
4 3
15 2
1

=
2 3
15
m/s
4 a When t = 20 min, d = 300 m.
b Average velocity =
displacement
time

=
400
10

= 40 m/min
c Maximum displacement is the highest point on the
graph, that is, 700 m.
d Construct a tangent at t = 15 and estimate the gradient of
the tangent
velocity
50
25

20 m/min
5 a V = 50 cm
3

V = r
2
h.
50 = r
2
h
2
50
r
= h.
S = surface area = 2 r
2
+ 2 rh.
= 2 r
2
+ 2 r
2
50
r

= 2 r
2
+
100
r

b S = 2 r
2
+ 100r
1

d
d
S
r
= 4 r 100r
2

d
d
S
r
= 4 r
2
100
r

3
2
4 100 r
r

4 r
3
100 = 0
4 r
3
= 100
r
3
=
100
4

r
3
7.958
r 2 cm
c Surface area = 2(4) +
100
2

= 8 + 50
= 75.1 cm
2

d 75.1 10 000
= 751 327 cm
2
of tin
Cost = 7513.27 0.40
= $3005
6 a V = w
2
l
27 000 = w
2
l
l =
2
27 000
w

b Total area is 2w
2
+ 4wl
A = 2w
2
+ 4wl
= 2w
2
+ 4w
2
27 000
w

= 2w
2
+
108 000
w

c Least amount
d
d
A
w
= 0

d
d
A
w
= 4w
2
108 000
w

0 = 4w
2
108 000
w

4w =
2
108 000
w

4w
3
= 108 000
w
3
= 27 000
w = 30 cm
l =
2
27 000
w

= 30 cm
d L = 2l + 10w
=
2
54 000
w
+ 10w
e
d
d
L
w
= 10
3
108 000
w

Least amount
d
d
L
w
= 0
0 = 10
3
108 000
w

10 =
3
108 000
w

w
3
= 10 800
w = 22.10 cm
l =
2
27 000
w

= 55.26 cm
f Area = 2w
2
+
108 000
w

Length = 10w +
2
54 000
w
(50 cents/m = 0.5 cents/cm)
Cost =
2
108 000
2w
w

+

0.01 +
2
54 000
10 w
w

+

0.5
C = 0.02w
2
+
1080
w
+ 5w +
2
27 000
w

g Minimum total cost occurs when
d
d
C
w
= 0

d
d
C
w
= 0.04w
2
1080
w
+ 5
3
54 000
w

0 = 0.04w
2
1080
w
+ 5
3
54 000
w

From the graphics calculator, w = 23.74 cm
l =
2
27 000
w

= 47.91 cm
h C(23.74) = 0.02(23.74)
2
+
1080
23.74
+ 5(23.74) +
2
27 000
23.74

= 223.37
= 223 (to the nearest cent.)
7 a
d
d
y
x
= 8x gradient of tangent
= 4 at the point A.
x =
1
2
at A
When x =
1
2
, y = 1. So A is the point
1
, 1
2

By symmetry B is
1
, 1
2

.
b Equation of tangent at A:
y 1 = 4
1
2
x

y 1 = 4x 2
y = 4x 1.
c Point C has x-coordinate 0 as it is the y-intercept
y = 1.
Coordinates of point C are (0, 1)
d Distance between the two points (0, 1) and (0, 0) is:
=
2 2
(0 0) ( 1 0) +
=
2
( 1)
= 1 cm
e Equation of normal
If the gradient of the tangent is 4, then the gradient of the
normal is
1
.
4

Normal goes through point A
1
, 1
2

So (y 1) =
1 1
4 2
x

y 1 =
1
4 8
x
+
y =
9
4 8
x
+
Pencil lead starts at y-intercept of the normal, that is, at
y =
9
8
or 1.125 cm.
8 a When t = 0, P = 1200 rabbits.
600 = 1200e
0.1t

1
2
= e
0.1t

ln
1
2
= 0.1t
t = 6.93, so t = 7 weeks.
b
d
d
P
t
= 1200 (0.1)e
0.1t

= 120e
0.1t

i At t = 2

d
d
P
t
= 120e
0.1 2

= 98.25 rabbits/week
ii t = 10

d
d
P
t
= 120e
0.1 10

= 44.15 rabbits/week
c At t = 15
P = 1200e
0.1 15
= 267 rabbits. This is P
0
for second model.
d P = 267 + 10(30 15) log
e
(60 29)
= 267 + 10 15 log
e
(31)
= 267 + 150 log
e
(31)
= 782 rabbits.
e P = 267 + 10 (t 15) log
e
(2t 29)

d
d
P
t
= (10t 150)
2
2 29 t
+ log
e
(2t 29) 10

d
d
P
t
=
20 300
2 29
t
t
+ 10 log
e
(2t 29)
i t = 20

d
d
P
t
=
400 300
40 29
+ 10 log
e
(40 29)
=
100
11
+ 10 log
e
(11)
= 33 rabbits/week
ii t = 30

d
d
P
t
=
600 300
60 29
+ 10 log
e
(60 29)
=
300
31
+ 10 log
e
(31)
= 44 rabbits/week
f 1200 = 267 + (10t 15) log
e
(2t 29)
933 = (10t 15) log
e
(2t 29)
Using the CAS calculator,
x 38.98
= 39 weeks.
9 a h
2
+ y
2
= 1.2
2

h
2
+ y
2
= 1.44
y
2
= 1.44 h
2

y =
2
1.44 h
b
d
d
h
t
= 5
We need
d
d
y
t

d
d
y
t
=
d
d
h
t

d
d
y
h

d
d
y
h
=
1
2
2h
2
1
1.44 h

=
2
1.44
h
h

d
d
y
t
= 5
2
1.44
h
h

=
2
5
14 400
h
h
+
cm/s
c i 0.8 m from the floor
h = 80 cm

d
d
y
t
=
2
5 80
14 400 80

= 4.47 cm/s

ii Slid down by 20 cm
h = 100 cm

d
d
y
t
=
2
5 100
14 400 100

= 7.54 cm/s
d 6 seconds after the mop starts sliding, the mop has slid
down by 30 cm. (The constant rate is 5 cm/s.)

d
d
y
t
=
2
5 90
14 400 90

= 5.67 cm/s
10 f(x) = (x 3)(x + 2a)
2

a f (x) = (x 3) 2(x + 2a) + (x + 2a)
2
1
= (x + 2a)(2(x 3) + x + 2a))
= (x + 2a)(3x + 2a 6)
b Stationary points f (x) = 0
0 = (x + 2a)(3x + 2a 6)
x + 2a = 0 or 3x + 2a 6 = 0
x = 2a 3x = 6 2a
x =
6 2
3
a

f(2a) = (2a 3)(2a + 2a)
2

= 0

6 2
3
a
f

=
2
6 2 6 2
3 2
3 3
a a
a

+

=
2
6 2 9 6 2 6
3 3 3 3
a a a
+

=
2
2 3 6 4
3 3
a a +

=
2
2 3 6 4
3 3
a a + +

=
2
4(2 3)(2 3)
27
a a + +

=
3
4(2 3)
27
a +

Stationary points: (2a, 0),
3
6 2 4(2 3)
,
3 27
a a

+

c (2a, 0)
x 2a 1 2a 2a + 1
f (x) 4a 9 0 4a + 3
Slope \ /
(2a, 0) is a local minimum turning point

3
6 2 4(2 3)
,
3 27
a a

+

x 6 2
1
3
a

6 2
3
a

6 2
1
3
a
+
f (x) 4a + 3 0 4a 9
Slope / \

3
6 2 4(2 3)
,
3 27
a a

+

is a local maximum turning point.
d f(2) = (2 3)(2 + 2a)
2

= 5(2a 2)
2

= 20(a 1)
2

f (2) = (2 + 2a)( 6 + 2a 6)
= (2a 2)(2a 12)
= 4(a 1)(a 6)
y = mx + c
y = 4(a 1)(a 6)x + c
20(a 1)
2
= 4(a 1)(a 6) 2 + c
20(a 1)
2
= 8(a 1)(a 6) + c
c = 20(a 1)
2
8(a 1)(a 6)
= 4(a 1)(5(a 1) 2(a 6))
= 4(a 1)(5a 5 2a + 12)
= 4(a 1)(3a + 7)
y = 4(a 1)(a 6)x + 4(a 1)(3a + 7)
e x-intercept, y = 0.
0 = 4(a 1)(a 6)x + 4(a 1)(3a + 7)
4(a 1)(a 6)x = 4(a 1)(3a + 7)
x =
4( 1)(3 7)
4( 1)( 6)
a a
a a
+

=
3 7
,
6
a
a
+
a 1
11 a
d
d
y
x
= 2 (x
2
a) 2x

d
d
y
x
= 4x(x
2
a)
x = 2,
d
d
y
x
= 8(4 a)
b When x = 2, y = (2
2
a)
2

= (4 a)
2

(2, (4 a)
2
) is the point of tangency.
y y
1
= m
T
(x x
1
)
y (4 a)
2
= 8(4 a)(x 2)
y = 8(4 a)x 2 8(4 a) + (4 a)
2

y = 8(4 a)x 16(4 a) + (4 a)
2

y = 8(4 a)x + (4 a)(4 a 16)
y = 8(4 a)x + (4 a)(12 a)
y = 8(4 a)x (4 a)(a + 12)
c x-intercept, y = 0
8(4 a)x (4 a)(a + 12) = 0
8(4 a)x = (4 a)(a + 12)
8x = (a + 12), a 4
x =
12
8
a +
is the x-intercept of the tangent line.
d x-intercept, y = 0
2x + 1 = 0
x =
1
2
is the x-intercept of the straight line.
Equate the x-intercepts of the straight line and of the
tangent line and solve for a

12
8
a +
=
1
2

a + 12 =
8
2

a + 12 = 4
a = 8
e When a = 8,
y = 8(4 8)x (4 8)(8 + 12)
y = 8 12x 12 4
y = 96x 48

I n t e g r a t i o n MM1 2 - 9 225
Exercise 9A
Antidifferentiation
1 a d x x

=
2
2
x
+ c
=
1
2
x
2
+ c
b
4
d x x

=
5
5
x
+ c
=
1
5
x
5
+ c
c
7
d x x

=
8
8
x
+ c
=
1
8
x
8
+ c
d
5
3 d x x

=
5
3 d x x

=
1
2
x
6
+ c
e
2
5 d x x

=
2
5 d x x

= 5x
1
+ c
=
5
x
+ c
f
4
2 d x x

=
4
2 d x x

=
2
5
x
5
+ c
g
4
6 d x x

=
4
6 d x x

= 2x
3
+ c
=
3
2
x
+ c
h 2 d x x

=
1
2
2 d x x

=
3
2
2
3
2
x
c +
=
3
2
2
2
3
x c +
=
3
2
4
3
x c +
i
4
d
5
x
x

=
4
1
d
5
x x

=
5
1
5 5
x
c +
=
5
25
x
c +
=
5
1
25
x c +
j
3
d
2
x
x

=
3
1
d
2
x x

=
4
1
2 4
x
c +
=
4
1
8
x c +
k
4
d
3
x
x

=
4
1
d
3
x x

=
3
1
3 3
x
c

=
3
1
9
x c
+
=
3
1
9
c
x
+
l d x x

=
1
2
d x x

=
3
2
3
2
x
c +
=
3
2
2
3
x c +
m
2
3
d x x

=
5
3
5
3
x
c +
=
5
3
3
5
x c +
n
3
4
4 d x x

=
3
4
4 d x x

=
7
4
4
7
4
x
c +
=
7
4
4
4
7
x c +
=
7
4
16
7
x c +
o
3
7
d x x

=
4
7
4
7
x
c +
=
4
7
7
4
x c +
p
3
5
dx
x

=
3
5 d x x

=
3
5 d x x

=
2
5
2
x
c

=
2
5
2
x c
+
=
2
5
2
c
x
+
q
2
9
dx
x

=
2
9 d x x

=
2
9 d x x

=
1
9
1
x
c

= 9x
1
+ c
=
9
c
x
+
r
6
10
dx
x

=
6
10 d x x

=
5
10
5
x
c

= 2x
5
+ c
=
5
2
c
x
+
s
8
dx
x

=
1
8 dx
x

=
1
2
8 d x x

=
1
2
8
1
2
x
c +
=
1
2
8 2x c +
Chapter 9 Integration
MM1 2 - 9 226 I n t e g r a t i o n

=
1
2
16x c +
= 16 x + c
t
6
d
( )
x
x x

=
3
2
1
6 dx
x

=
3
2
6 d x x

=
1
2
6
1
2
x
c

=
1
2
6 2 x x c
+
=
1
2
12
c
x
+
=
12
c
x
+
2 a
(2 5) d x x +

=
2
2
2
x
+ 5x + c
= x
2
+ 5x + c
b
2
(3 4 10) d x x x +

=
3 2
3 4
3 2
x x
+ 10x + c
= x
3
+ 2x
2
10x + c
c
4 3
(10 6 2) d x x x + +

=
5 4
10 6
5 4
x x
+ + 2x + c
= 2x
5
+
3
2
x
4
+ 2x + c
d
5 3 2
( 4 6 2 ) d x x x x x + +

=
6 4 3 2
4 6 2
6 4 3 2
x x x x
c
+ + +
=
2
3
x
6
+
1
4
x
4
2x
3
+ x
2
+ c
e
3 2
( 12 ) d x x x +

=
4
4
x
+ 12x
3
3
x
+ c
=
1
4
x
4
+ 12x
1
3
x
3
+ c
f ( 3)( 7) d x x x +

=
2
( 4 21) d x x x

=
3
3
x

2
4
2
x
21x + c
=
1
3
x
3
2x
2
21x + c
g
2
5( 2 1) d x x x +

=
2
(5 10 5) d x x x +

=
3
5
3
x
+
2
10
2
x
5x + c
=
5
3
x
3
+ 5x
2
5x + c
h
2
( 4)( 7) d x x x +

=
3 2
( 7 4 28) d x x x x +

=
4
4
x
3
7
3
x
+
2
4
2
x
28x + c
=
1
4
x
4

7
3
x
3
+ 2x
2
28x + c
i ( 1)( 4)d x x x x +

=
2
( 3 4)d x x x x +

=
3 2
( 3 4 )d x x x x +

=
4
4
x
+
3
3
3
x

2
4
2
x
+ c
=
1
4
x
4
+ x
3
2x
2
+ c
3
2
( 2) d x x x + +

=
2
d d 2 d x x x x x + +

The answer is B.
4 ( 3) d x x x +

=
2
( 3 ) d x x x +

The answer is E.
5 a
2
( 3) d x x +

=
3
( 3)
1(3)
x
c
+
+
=
1
3
(x + 3)
3
+ c
b
3
( 5) d x x

=
4
( 5)
1(4)
x
c
+
=
1
4
(x 5)
4
+ c
c
4
2(2 1) d x x +

=
4
2 (2 1) d x x +

=
5
2(2 1)
2(5)
x
c
+
+
=
1
5
(2x + 1)
5
+ c
d
5
2(3 4) d x x

=
5
2 (3 4) d x x

=
6
2(3 4)
3(6)
x
c

+
=
1
9
(3x 4)
6
+ c
e
4
(6 5) d x x +

=
5
(6 5)
6(5)
x
c
+
+
=
1
30
(6x + 5)
5
+ c
f
2
3(4 1) d x x

=
2
3 (4 1) d x x

=
3
3(4 1)
4(3)
x
c
+
=
1
4
(4x 1)
3
+ c
g
3
(4 ) d x x

=
4
(4 )
1(4)
x
c

=
1
4
(4 x)
4
+ c
h
4
(7 ) d x x

=
5
(7 )
1(5)
x
c

=
1
5
(7 x)
5
+ c
i
4
4(8 3 ) d x x

=
4
4 (8 3 ) d x x

=
5
4(8 3 )
3(5)
x
c

=
4
15
(8 3x)
5
+ c
j
10
3(8 9 ) d x x

=
10
3 (8 9 ) d x x

=
11
3(8 9 )
9(11)
x
c

+

=
1
33
(8 9x)
11
+ c
k
2
(2 3) d x x

=
1
(2 3)
2( 1)
x
c
+
+

=
1
2
(2x + 3)
1
+ c
=
1
2
(2x + 3)
1
+ c
l
3
(6 5) d x x

=
2
(6 5)
6( 2)
x
c
+
+

=
1
12
(6x + 5)
2
+ c
m
4
6(4 7) d x x

=
4
6 (4 7) d x x

=
3
6(4 7)
4( 3)
x
c

=
1
2
(4x 7)
3
+ c
n
6
(3 8) d x x

=
5
(3 8)
3( 5)
x
c

=
1
15
(3x 8)
5
+ c
I n t e g r a t i o n MM1 2 - 9 227
o
3
(6 5 ) d x x

=
2
(6 5 )
5( 2)
x
c
+

=
1
10
(6 5x)
2
+ c
p
4
10(7 5 ) d x x

=
4
10 (7 5 ) d x x

=
3
10(7 5 )
5( 3)
x
c

+

=
2
3
(7 5x)
3
+ c
6
4
3( 2) d x x +

=
4
3 ( 2) d x x +

The answer is C.
7 a
3
dx
x

=
1
3 dx
x

= 3 log
e
|x| + c
b
8
dx
x

=
1
8 dx
x

= 8 log
e
|x| + c
c
6
d
5
x
x

=
6 1
d
5
x
x

=
6
5
log
e
|x| + c
d
7
d
3
x
x

=
7 1
d
3
x
x

=
7
3
log
e
|x| + c
e
4
d
7
x
x

=
4 1
d
7
x
x

=
4
7
log
e
|x| + c
f
1
d
( 3)
x
x +

= log
e
|x + 3| + c
g
3
d
( 3)
x
x +

=
1
3 d
( 3)
x
x +

= 3 log
e
|x + 3| + c
h
2
d
( 4)
x
x

=
1
2 d
( 4)
x
x

= 2 log
e
|x + 4| + c
i
6
d
( 5)
x
x

=
1
6 d
( 5)
x
x

= 6 log
e
|x + 5| + c
j
4
d
(3 2)
x
x +

=
1
4 d
(3 2)
x
x +

=
4
3
log
e
|3x + 2| + c
k
8
d
(5 6)
x
x +

=
1
8 d
(5 6)
x
x +

=
8
5
log
e
|5x + 6| + c
l
3
d
(2 5)
x
x

=
1
3 d
(2 5)
x
x

=
3
2
log
e
|2x 5| + c
m
5
d
(3 2 )
x
x

=
1
5 d
(3 2 )
x
x

=
5
2
log
e
|3 + 2x| + c
n
2
d
(6 7 )
x
x

=
1
2 d
(6 7 )
x
x

=
2
7
log
e
|6 + 7x| + c
o
1
d
(5 )
x
x

=
1
1
log
e
|5 x| + c
= log
e
|5 x| + c
p
3
d
(6 11 )
x
x

=
1
3 d
(6 11 )
x
x

=
3
11
log
e
|6 11x| + c
q
2
d
(4 3 )
x
x

=
1
2 d
(4 3 )
x
x

=
2
3
log
e
|4 3x| + c
=
2
3
log
e
|4 3x| + c
r
8
d
(5 2 )
x
x

=
1
8 d
(5 2 )
x
x

=
8
2
log
e
|5 2x| + c
= 4 log
e
|5 2x| + c
8
6
d
( 5)
x
x +

=
1
6 d
( 5)
x
x +

The answer is A.
9
(2 7)
d
x
x
x
+

=
2 7
d
x
x
x x
| |
+
|
\ .

=
7
2 dx
x
| |
+
|
\ .

=
7
2 d d x x
x
+

=
1
2 d 7 d x x
x
+

= 2x + 7 log
e
|x| + c
10 a
4
1
2 d x x x
x
| |
+ +
|
\ .

=
5
5
x
+
2
2
2
x
+ log
e
|x| + c
=
1
5
x
5
+ x
2
+ log
e
|x| + c
b
5
(3 1) d x x +

=
6
(3 1)
3(6)
x +
+ c
=
1
18
(3x + 1)
6
+ c
c
2
2
3 2 1
d
x x
x
x
+

=
2
2 2 2
3 2 1
d
x x
x
x x x
| |
+
|
|
\ .

=
2
2 1
3 dx
x x
| |
+
|
\ .

= 3x + 2 log
e
|x|
1
1
x
+ c
= 3x + 2 log
e
|x| +
1
x
+ c
d
3
d
(2 1)
x
x +

=
1
3 d
(2 1)
x
x +

=
3
2
log
e
|2x + 1| + c
e
5
d
(6 10 )
x
x

=
1
5 d
(6 10 )
x
x

=
5
10
log
e
|6 10x| + c
=
1
2
log
e
|6 10x| + c
MM1 2 - 9 228 I n t e g r a t i o n

f
5
4(2 5) d x x

=
5
4 (2 5) d x x

=
6
4(2 5)
2(6)
x
+ c
=
1
3
(2x 5)
6
+ c
g
3
3(4 1) d x x

=
3
3 (4 1) d x x

=
2
3(4 1)
4( 2)
x
c
+
+

=
3
8
(4x + 1)
2
+ c
h
2
( 4)
d
2
x
x
x
+

=
2
8 16
d
2
x x
x
x
| |
+ +
|
|
\ .

=
2
8 16
d
2 2 2
x x
x
x x x
| |
+ +
|
|
\ .

=
8
4 d
2
x
x
x
| |
+ +
|
\ .

=
2
2 2
x
+ 4x + 8 log
e
|x| + c
=
1
4
x
2
+ 4x + 8 log
e
|x| + c
i
3
( 5)( 3)
d
x x
x
x
+

=
2
3
( 2 15)
d
x x
x
x

=
2
3 3 3
2 15
d
x x
x
x x x
| |

|
|
\ .

=
2 3
1 2 15
dx
x x x
| |

|
\ .

= log
e
|x|
1
2( )
1
x

2
15( )
2
x
+ c
= log
e
|x| + 2x
1
+
15
2
x
2
+ c
j
2
d
(3 )
x x
x
| |
+
|
\ .

=
1
2
2
d d
3
x x x
x
| |
+
|
\ .

=
3
2
2
log | 3 |
3
1
2
e
x
x c + +

3
2
2
2log | 3 |
3
e
x x c = +
k
1 3
3 2
5 2 3 d x x x x
| |
| +
|
\ .

=
2 5
2
3 2
5 2 3
5 2
2
2 3
x x x
c + +
=
2 5
2
3 2
2 3
5 3
5 2
x x x c +
=
2 5
2
3 2
9
2
2
x x x c +
l
2 4
( )
d
x x
x
x
+

=
2 4
d
x x
x
x x
| |
+
|
|
\ .

=
3
( ) d x x x +

=
2
2
x
+
4
4
x
+ c
=
1
2
x
2
+
1
4
x
4
+ c
m
2
2 1
d
x x
x
x
| |
+
|
|
\ .

=
2
2 1
d
x x
x
x x x
| |
+
|
|
\ .

=
3 1 1
2 2 2
2 d x x x x
| |
+ |
|
\ .

=
5 3 1
2 2 2
2
5 3 1
2 2 2
x x x
c + +
=
5 3 1
2 2 2
2 4
2
5 3
x x x c + +
n
4
3
10 2
d
x x
x
x
| |
+
|
|
\ .

=
4
3 3 3
10 2
d
x x
x
x x x
| |
+
|
|
\ .

=
3 2
(10 2 ) d x x x x

+

=
2 1 2
10 2
2 1 2
x x x
c

+ +

= 5x
2
+ x
1
+ x
2
+ c
11 a f (x) = 4x + 1 (0, 2)
f(x) = (4 1) d x x +

f(x) =
2
4
2
x
+ x + c
f(x) = 2x
2
+ x + c
When x = 0, f(x) = 2
2 = 2(0)
2
+ 0 + c
2 = c
So f(x) = 2x
2
+ x + 2
b f (x) = 5 2x (1, 1)
f(x) = (5 2 ) d x x

f(x) = 5x
2
2
2
x
+ c
f(x) = 5x x
2
+ c
When x = 1, f(x) = 1
1 = 5(1) 1
2
+ c
1 = 5 1 + c
= 1 5 + 1
= 5
So f(x) = 5x x
2
5
c f (x) = x
2
+ 3 (1, 4)
f(x) =
2
( 3) d x x

f(x) =
1
1
x
+ 3x + c
f(x) = x
1
+ 3x + c
When x = 1, f(x) = 4
4 = 1
1
+ 3(1) + c
4 = 1 + 3 + c
c = 4 + 1 3
= 2
f(x) = 3x + 2
1
x

d f (x) = x + x f(4) = 10
f(x) = ( ) d x x x +

f(x) =
3
2
2
3
2
2
x x
c + +
f(x) =
3
2
2
1 2
2 3
x x c + +
As f(4) = 10,
10 =
3
2
2
4 2
(4)
2 3
c + +
10 = 8 +
16
3
+ c
c = 10 8
16
3

c =
10
3

So, f(x) =
3
2
2
1 2 10
2 3 3
x x +
e f (x) =
1
2
3
3 50 x x +
f(8) = 100
f(x) =
2
2
3
3 50 d x x x
| |
| +
|
\ .

f(x) =
4
3
3
3
50
4
3
3
x x
x c + +
f(x) =
4
3
3
3
50
4
x x x c + +
As f(8) = 100,
100 =
4
3
3
3
(8) (8) 50(8)
4
c +
100 =
3
(16) 512 400
4
c + +
100 = 12 512 + 400 + c
c = 100 12 + 512 400
c = 0
So, f(x) =
4
3
3
3
50
4
x x x +
f f (x) =
1
x
2x f (1) = 5
f(x) =
1
2 d x x
x
| |
|
\ .

I n t e g r a t i o n MM1 2 - 9 229
f(x) =
1
2
2
2
1
2
2
x x
c +
f(x) =
1
2
2
2x x c +
As f(1) = 5,
5 =
1
2
2
2(1) (1) c +
5 = 2 1 + c
c = 5 2 + 1
c = 6
So, f(x) = 2 x x
2
6
g f (x) = (x + 4)
3
(2, 5)
f(x) =
3
( 4) d x x +

f(x) =
4
( 4)
1(4)
x
c
+
+
f(x) =
1
4
(x + 4)
4
+ c
When x = 2, f(x) = 5
5 =
1
4
(2 + 4)
4
+ c
5 =
1
4
(16) + c
5 = 4 + c
c = 5 4
c = 1
So, f(x) =
1
4
(x + 4)
4
+ 1
h f (x) = 8(1 2x)
5
f(1) = 3
f(x) =
5
8(1 2 ) d x x

f(x) =
5
8 (1 2 ) d x x

f(x) =
4
8(1 2 )
2( 4)
x
c
+

f(x) =
8
8
(1 2x)
4
+ c
f(x) = (1 2x)
4
+ c
As f(1) = 3,
3 = (1 2 1)
4
+ c
3 = (1)
4
+ c
3 = 1 + c
c = 3 1
= 2
So, f(x) = (1 2x)
4
+ 2.
i f (x) = (x + 5)
1
(4, 2)
f (x) =
1
5 x +

f(x) =
1
d
5
x
x +

f(x) = log
e
|x + 5| + c
When x = 4, f(x) = 2
2 = log
e
(1) + c
2 = 0 + c
c = 2
f(x) = log
e
|x + 5| + 2
j f (x) =
8
7 2x
f(3) = 7
f(x) =
8
d
7 2
x
x

f(x) =
1
8 d
7 2
x
x

f(x) = 8
1
2
log
e
|7 2x| + c
f(x) = 4 log
e
|7 2x| + c
As f(3) = 7,
f(3) = 4 log
e
|7 6| + c
7 = 4 log
e
(1) + c
7 = 4 0 + c
7 = c
So f(x) = 4 log
e
|7 2x| + 7
12 a
d
d
y
x
= 8x + k

d
d
y
x
= 0 at x = 1
0 = 8 1 + k
0 = 8 + k
k = 8
So
d
d
y
x
= 8x 8
b y = (8 8) d x x

y =
2
8
2
x
8x + c
y = 4x
2
8x + c
When x = 1, y = 5
5 = 4 8 + c
5 = 4 + c
c = 9
y = 4x
2
8x + 9
When x = 2,
y = 4 (2)
2
8 2 + 9
y = 16 + 16 + 9
y = 41
13 g(x) =
2
,
kx x
x
+
k = constant
Stationary point at (1, 2)
So g(x) = 0 at x = 1.
a g(x) =
2
kx
x
+
2
x
x

0 =
2
1
1
k
+
2
1
1

0 = k + 1
k = 1.
b g(x) =
2
x x
x
+

g(x) =
2 2
x x
x x
+
g(x) =
3
2
1
x
x
+
g(x) =
1
2
log | |
1
2
e
x
x c
+ +

g(x) =
1
2
1
log | | 2 e x c
x
+
g(x) = log
e
|x|
2
x
+ c
When x = 1, g(x) = 2
2 = log
e
(1)
2
1
+ c
2 = 0 2 + c
c = 4
g(x) = log
e
|x|
2
x
+ 4
g(x) = 4
2
x
log
e
|x|
c g(4) = 4
2
4
log
e
(4)
= 4 1 log
e
(4)
= 3 log
e
(4)
14 a f (x) is a positive quadratic, so
f(x) will be a positive cubic. The
x-intercepts of f (x) are 1 and 1,
so these values become the x-
coordinates of the turning points
of f(x).
f(x) has a positive gradient when
x < 1 and x > 1 and negative
gradient when 1 < x < 1

b f (x) is linear, with a positive
gradient, so f(x) will be a
positive quadratic. The x-
intercept of f(x) = 2. This
becomes the x-coordinate of the
turning point of f(x).
f(x) has a positive gradient when
x > 2 and negative when x < 2.

c f (x) = 3, so f(x) = 3x,
that is, a straight line with a
gradient of 3

d f (x) is a positive quadratic, so
f(x) will be a positive cubic. The
x-intercepts of f(x) are x =
1
2

and x = 1, so these values become
the x-coordinates of the turning
points of f(x). f(x) has a positive
gradient when x <
1
2
and x > 1
and negative gradient when
1
2
< x < 1.
MM1 2 - 9 230 I n t e g r a t i o n

e f (x) is linear with a negative
gradient. f(x) will be a negative
quadratic with a positive gradient
when x < 0 and negative gradient
when x > 0.

f f (x) = 1, so f(x) = x, that is, a
straight line with a gradient of 1.

g f (x) is a cubic, so f(x) will be a
quadratic. f(x) will have a positive
gradient when 2 < x < 0 and
x > 1 and a negative gradient
when x < 2 and 0 < x < 1.

Exercise 9B Integration of
e
x
, sin(x) and cos(x)
1 a
2
d
x
e x

=
1
2
e
2x
+ c
b
4
d
x
e x

=
1
4
e
4x
+ c
c d
x
e x

=
1
1
e
x
+ c
= e
x
+ c
d
3
d
x
e x

=
1
3
e
3x
+ c
e
5
5 d
x
e x

=
5
5 d
x
e x

= 5
1
5
e
5x
+ c
= e
5x
+ c
f
4
7 d
x
e x

=
4
7 d
x
e x

= 7
1
4
e
4x
+ c
=
7
4
e
4x
+ c
g
6
d
2
x
e
x

=
6
1
d
2
x
e x

=
1
2

1
6
e
6x
+ c
=
1
12
e
6x
+ c
h
3
2
d
3
x
e
x

=
3
2
d
3
x
e x

=
2
3

1
3
e
3x
+ c
=
2
9
e
3x
+ c
i
6
3 d
x
e x

=
6
3 d
x
e x

= 3
1
6
e
6x
+ c
=
1
2
e
6x
+ c
j
2
8 d
x
e x

=
2
8 d
x
e x

= 8
1
2
e
2x
+ c
= 4e
2x
+ c
k
3
d
x
e x

=
3
1
1
3
x
e c +
=
3
3
x
e c +
l
4
0.1 d
x
e x

=
4
0.1 d
x
e x

=
4
1
0.1
1
4
x
e c +
=
4
0.4
x
e c +
m
2
3 d
x
e x

=
2
3 d
x
e x

=
2
1
3
1
2
x
e c +
=
2
3 2
x
e c +
=
2
6
x
e c +
n
3
3 d
x
e x

=
3
3 d
x
e x

=
3
1
3
1
3
x
e c

=
3
9
x
e c

o ( ) d
x x
e e x

= e
x
+
1
1
e
x
+ c
= e
x
e
x
+ c
p d
2
x x
e e
x

= d d
2 2
x x
e e
x x

=
1
2
e
x

1
2

1
1
e
x
+ c
=
1
2
e
x
+
1
2
e
x
+ c
=
( )
2
x x
e e
+
+ c
2
2
(1 ) d
x
e x +

=
2
(1 2 ) d
x x
e e x + +

= x + 2e
x
+
1
2
e
2x

3
3
( 1) d
x
e x

=
2
( 1)( 1) d
x x
e e x

=
2
( 1)( 2 1) d
x x x
e e e x +

=
3 2 2
( 2 2 1) d
x x x x x
e e e e e x + +

=
3 2
( 3 3 1) d
x x x
e e e x +

=
1
3
e
3x
3
1
2
e
2x
+ 3 e
x
x
=
1
3
e
3x

3
2
e
2x
+ 3e
x
x
4
3 2 3
( 3 6 ) d
x
x x e x +

=
4
4
x

3
3
3
x
+
3
6
3
x
e

=
1
4
x
4
x
3
+ 2e
3x

5 a f (x) = e
2x
+ k
At (0, 2) f (x) = 0
0 = e
2 0
+ k
0 = e
0
+ k
k = 1
The answer is D.
b f(x) = ( ) d f x x

f(x) =
2
( ) d
x
e k x +

f(x) =
2
( 1) d
x
e x

f(x) =
2
d 1 d
x
e x x

f(x) =
1
2
e
2x
x + c
When x = 0, f(x) = 2
I n t e g r a t i o n MM1 2 - 9 231
2 =
1
2
e
0
0 + c
2 =
1
2
+ c
c = 2
1
2
= 1
1
2

f(x) =
1
2
e
2x
x + 1
1
2

f(1) =
1
2
e
2 1
1 + 1
1
2

f(1) =
1
2
e
2
+
1
2

f(1) =
2
2
e
+
1
2

The answer is C.
6 a sin(3 ) d x x

=
1
3
cos(3x) + c
b sin(4 ) d x x

=
1
4
cos(4x) + c
c cos(7 ) d x x

=
1
7
sin(7x) + c
d
cos(2 )
d
3
x
x
| |
|
\ .

=
1
3

1
2
sin(2x) + c
=
1
6
sin(2x) + c
e sin( 2 ) d x x

=
1
2
cos (2x) + c
=
1
2
cos (2x) + c
f cos( 3 ) d x x

=
1
3
sin(3x) + c
=
1
3
sin(3x) + c
g
(4sin(6 ))
d
3
x
x

=
4
sin(6 ) d
3
x x

=
4
3

1
6
cos(6x) + c
=
2
9
cos(6x) + c
h 8cos(4 ) d x x

= 8 cos(4 ) d x x

= 8
1
4
sin(4x) + c
= 2 sin(4x) + c
i 6sin(3 ) d x x

= 6 sin(3 ) d x x

= 6
1
3
cos(3x) + c
= 2 cos(3x) + c
j 2cos( ) d x x

= 2 cos( ) d x x

= 2
1
1
sin(x) + c
= 2 sin(x) + c
k sin d
3
x
x
| |
|
\ .

=
1
1
3
cos
3
x | |
|
\ .
+ c
= 3 cos
3
x | |
|
\ .
+ c
l cos d
2
x
x
| |
|
\ .

=
1
1
2
sin
2
x | |
|
\ .
+ c
= 2 sin
2
x | |
|
\ .
+ c
m 3sin d
4
x
x
| |
|
\ .

= 3 sin d
4
x
x
| |
|
\ .

= 3
1
1
4
cos
4
x | |
|
\ .
+ c
= 12 cos
4
x | |
|
\ .
+ c
n 2sin d
5
x
x
| |
|
\ .

= 2 sin d
5
x
x
| |
|
\ .

= 2
1
1
5
cos
5
x | |
|
\ .
+ c
= 10 cos
5
x | |
|
\ .
+ c
o 4cos d
4
x
x
| |
|
\ .

= 4 cos d
4
x
x
| |
|
\ .

= 4
1
1
4
sin
4
x | |
|
\ .
+ c
= 16 sin
4
x | |
|
\ .
+ c
p 6cos d
2
x
x
| |
|
\ .

= 6 cos d
2
x
x
| |
|
\ .

= 6
1
1
2
sin
2
x | |
|
\ .
+ c
= 12 sin
2
x | |
|
\ .
+ c
q
2
4sin d
3
x
x
| |
|
\ .

=
2
4 sin d
3
x
x
| |
|
\ .

= 4
1
2
3
cos
2
3
x | |
|
\ .
+ c
= 6 cos
2
3
x | |
|
\ .
+ c
r
3
6cos d
4
x
x
| |
|
\ .

=
3
6 cos d
4
x
x
| |
|
\ .

= 6
1
3
4
sin
3
4
x | |
|
\ .
+ c
= 8 sin
3
4
x | |
|
\ .
+ c
s
5
2sin d
2
x
x
| |
|
\ .

=
5
2 sin d
2
x
x
| |
|
\ .

= 2
1
5
2
cos
5
2
x | |
|
\ .
+ c
=
4
5
cos
5
2
x | |
|
\ .
+ c
t
7
3cos d
4
x
x
| |
|
\ .

=
7
3 cos d
4
x
x
| |
|
\ .

= 3
1
7
4
sin
7
4
x | |
|
\ .
+ c
=
12
7
sin
7
4
x | |
|
\ .
+ c
u 5sin( ) d x x

= 5 sin( ) d x x

= 5
1
cos(x) + c
=
5
cos(x) + c
v 3cos d
2
x
x
| |
|
\ .

= 3 cos d
2
x
x
| |
|
\ .

= 3
1
2
sin
2
x | |
|
\ .
+ c
=
6
sin
2
x | |
|
\ .
+ c
MM1 2 - 9 232 I n t e g r a t i o n

w 2cos d
3
x
x
| |
|
\ .

= 2 cos d
3
x
x
| |
|
\ .

= 2
1
3
sin
3
x | |
|
\ .
+ c
=
6
sin
3
x | |
|
\ .
+ c
x
4
sin d
x
x
| |
|
\ .

= 1
1
4
cos
4x
| |
|
\ .
+ c
=
4
cos
4x
| |
|
\ .
+ c
7 a (sin( ) cos( )) d x x x +

= cos(x) + sin(x) + c
= sin(x) cos(x) + c
b (sin(2 ) cos( )) d x x x

=
1
2
cos(2x) sin(x) + c
c (cos(4 ) sin(2 )) d x x x +

=
1
4
sin(4x) +
1
2
cos(2x) + c
=
1
4
sin(4x)
1
2
cos(2x) + c
d sin cos(2 ) d
2
x
x x
| | | |
| |
\ . \ .

=
1 1
cos sin(2 )
1
2 2
2
x
x c
| |
+
|
\ .

= 2 cos
2
x | |
|
\ .

1
2
sin(2x) + c
e
1
4cos(4 ) sin(2 ) d
3
x x x
| |
|
\ .

= 4
1
4
sin(4x)
1
3

1
2
cos(2x) + c
= sin(4x) +
1
6
cos(2x) + c
f (5 2sin( )) d x x x +

=
2
5
2
x
+ 2x cos(x) + c
=
5
2
x
2
2 cos(x) + c
g 3sin 2cos d
2 3
x x
x
( | | | |
+
| | (
\ . \ .

= 3
1
2
cos
2
x | |
|
\ .
+ 2
1
3
sin
3
x | |
|
\ .
+ c
=
6
cos
2
x | |
|
\ .
+
6
sin
3
x | |
|
\ .
+ c
=
6
sin cos
3 2
x x
( | | | |
| | (
\ . \ .
+ c
h
6
(3 4sin(8 ) 7) d
x
e x x +

= 3
1
6
e
6x
4
1
8
cos(8x) + 7x + c
=
1
2
e
6x
+
1
2
cos(8x) + 7x + c
8
4 3
( sin(2 ) ) d
x
e x x x + +

=
1
4
e
4x
+
1
2
cos(2x) +
4
4
x
+ c
=
1
4
e
4x

1
2
cos(2x) +
1
4
x
4
+ c
9
2 3
(3 2cos(2 ) 6 ) d
x
x x e x +

=
3
3
3
x
2
1
2
sin (2x) + 6
1
3
e
3x

= x
3
sin(2x) + 2e
3x

10 a
3 2
1
d
(2 3)
x
x e x
x
| |
+
|
+
\ .

=
4
4
x

1
2
log
e
|2x + 3| +
1
2
e
2x
+ c
=
1
4
x
4

1
2
log
e
|2x + 3| +
1
2
e
2x
+ c
b
2
( 4cos(2 ) ) d
x
x x e x

=
1
3
x
3
+ 4
1
2
sin(2x)
1
1
e
x
+ c
=
1
3
x
3
+ 2 sin(2x) + e
x
+ c
c
4
2
sin (3 1) d
3
x
x
e x x
| |
+
|
\ .

=
5
2
1 1 (3 1)
cos
1 1
3 3 5
3 2
x
x x
e c
| |
+ +
|
\ .

=
5
2
1
3cos 2 (3 1)
3 15
x
x
e x c
| |
+ +
|
\ .

d
4
1
cos d
3 2 5
x
x
e x
x
| | | |
+ +
| |
\ . \ .

=
1
3
log
e
|3x 2| +
1
4
e
4x
+
1
1
5
sin
5
x | |
|
\ .
+ c
=
1
3
log
e
|3x 2| +
1
4
e
4x
+ 5 sin
5
x | |
|
\ .
+ c
e
5
3sin 2cos d
2 3
x
x x
e x
| |
| | | |
|

| |
|
\ . \ .
\ .

=
5
1 1 1
3 cos 2 sin
1 1 1
2 3
2 3 5
x
x x
e c
| | | |
+
| |
\ . \ .

=
5
6cos 6sin 5
2 3
x
x x
e c
| | | |
+ +
| |
\ . \ .

f 2 2sin 5 d
3
x
x x x
| | | |
+ +
| |
\ . \ .

=
3
2
2
2 1
2 cos 5
3
2 3
2 3
x x x
x c
| |
+ + +
|
\ .

=
3
2
2
2 6
cos 5
3 3
x
x x x c
| |
+ + + +
|
\ .

I n t e g r a t i o n MM1 2 - 9 233

11 a f (x) = cos(x)
f(x) = cos( ) d x x

f(x) = sin(x) + c
As
2
f
| |
|
\ .
= 5,
5 = sin
2
| |
|
\ .
+ c
5 = 1 + c
c = 4
f(x) = sin(x) + 4
or f(x) = 4 + sin(x)
b f (x) = 4 sin(2x)
f(x) =
4sin(2 ) d x x

= 4
1
2
cos (2x) + c
f(x) = 2 cos (2x) + c
As f(0) = 1,
1 = 2 cos(0) + c
1 = 2 + c
f(x) = 2 cos(2x) + 1
or f(x) = 1 2 cos(2x)
c f (x) = 3 cos
4
x | |
|
\ .

f(x) =
3cos d
4
x
x
| |
|
\ .

f(x) = 3
1
1
4
sin
4
x | |
|
\ .
+ c
f(x) = 12 sin
4
x | |
|
\ .
+ c
As f() = 9 2 ,
9 2 = 12 sin
4
| |
|
\ .
+ c
9 2 = 12
1
2
+ c
9 2 = 6 2 + c
c = 9 2 6 2
= 3 2
f(x) = 12 sin
4
x | |
|
\ .
+ 3 2
d f (x) = cos
4
x | |
|
\ .
sin
2
x | |
|
\ .

f(x) = cos sin d
4 2
x x
x
| | | | | |
| | |
\ . \ . \ .

f(x) =
1
1
4
sin
4
x | |
|
\ .

1
1
2
cos
2
x | |
|
\ .

+ c
f(x) = 4 sin
4
x | |
|
\ .
+ 2 cos
2
x | |
|
\ .
+ c
As f(2) = 2,
2 = 4 sin
2
| |
|
\ .
+ 2 cos() + c
2 = 4 1 + 2 1 + c
2 = 4 2 + c
2 = 2 + c
c = 4
f(x) = 4 sin
4
x | |
|
\ .
+ 2 cos
2
x | |
|
\ .
4
12
d
d
y
x
= sin
6
x | |
|
\ .
+ k

d
d
y
x
= 0 at (3, 4)
a 0 = sin
3
6
| |
|
\ .
+ k
0 = sin
2
| |
|
\ .
+ k
0 = 1 + k
k = 1
b
d
d
y
x
= sin
6
x | |
|
\ .
+ k
= sin
6
x | |
|
\ .
1
y = sin 1 d
6
x
x
| | | |
| |
\ . \ .

y =
1
6
cos
6
x | |
|
\ .
x + c
y =
6
cos
6
x | |
|
\ .
x + c
When x = 3, y = 4
4 =
6
cos
3
6
| |
|
\ .
3 + c
4 =
6
0 3 + c
4 = 3 + c
c = 7
y =
6
cos
6
x | |
|
\ .
x + 7
c When x = 6,
y =
6
cos
6
6
| |
|
\ .
6 + 7
y =
6
cos() 6 + 7
y =
6
1 6 + 7
y =
6
+ 1
13 f (x) = 4 cos(2x) + ke
x

a f (x) = 0 at (0, 1)
0 = 4 cos (2 0) + k e
0

0 = 4 cos(0) + k 1
0 = 4 + k
k = 4
So f(x) = 4 cos(2x) 4e
x

b f(x) = (4cos(2 ) 4 ) d
x
x e x

f(x) = 4
1
2
sin(2x) 4 e
x
+ c
f(x) = 2 sin(2x) 4e
x
+ c
x = 0 At f(x) = 1
1 = 2 sin(0) 4e
0
+ c
1 = 0 4 + c
c = 1 + 4
= 3
f(x) = 2 sin(2x) 4e
x
+ 3
c
6
f
| |
|
\ .
=
6
2sin 2 4 3
6
e
| |
+
|
\ .

=
6
2sin 4 3
3
e
| |
+
|
\ .

= 2
3
2
6.75 + 3
= 3 6.75 + 3
= 2.02
Exercise 9C Integration by
recognition
1 a i g(x) = (3x 2)
8

f (x) = 8 3 (3x 2)
7

f (x) = 24(3x 2)
7

ii
7
12(3 2) d x x

=
1
( ) d
2
f x x

=
7
1
24(3 2) d
2
x x

=
1
2
(3x 2)
8
+ c
b i g(x) = (x
2
+ 1)
5

f (x) = 5 2x (x
2
+ 1)
4

= 10x(x
2
+ 1)
4

ii
2 4
5 ( 1) d x x x +

=
1
( ) d
2
f x x

=
2 4
1
10 ( 1) d
2
x x x +

=
1
2
(x
2
+ 1)
5
+ c
c i g(x) = 2 5 x
g(x) =
1
2
(2 5) x
f (x) =
1
2
1
2 (2 5)
2
x

f (x) =
1
2
(2 5) x

f (x) =
1
2 5 x

ii
1
d
2 5
x
x

( )d g x x
= f(x) = c
= 2 5 x + c
d i g(x) = (4 3) x +
g(x) =
1
2
(4 3) x +
f (x) =
1
2
1
4 (4 3)
2
x
+
f (x) =
1
2
2 (4 3) x
+
f (x) =
2
4 3 x +

ii
2
d
4 3
x
x +

( ) d g x x
= ( ) d f x x

MM1 2 - 9 234 I n t e g r a t i o n

= f(x) + c
= 4 3 x + + c
e i g(x) = (x
2
+ 3x 7)
4

f (x) = 4 (2x + 3)(x
2
+ 3x 7)
3

f (x) = (8x + 12)(x
2
+ 3x 7)
3

ii
2 3
(2 3)( 3 7) d x x x x + +

=
2 3
1
4(2 3)( 3 7) d
4
x x x x + +

=
1
( ) d
4
f x x

=
1
4
f(x) + c
=
1
4
(x
2
+ 3x 7)
4
+ c
f i g(x) =
2
1
1 x

g(x) = (x
2
1)
1

f (x) = 1 2x (x
2
1)
2

f (x) =
2 2
2
( 1)
x
x

ii
2 2
4
d
( 1)
x
x
x

=
2 2
2
2 d
( 1)
x
x
x

= 2 ( )d f x x

= 2 f(x) + c
= 2
2
1
1 x
+ c
=
2
2
1 x
+ c
2 a g(x) = (x + 7)
4

f (x) = 4(x + 7)
3

3
4( 7) d x x c + +

= ( ) d f x x

= f(x) + c
= (x + 7)
4
+ c
The answer is A.
b
3
( 7) d x x +

=
3
1
4( 7) d
4
x x +

=
1
( ) d
4
f x x

=
1
4
f(x) + c
=
1
4
(x + 7)
4
+ c
The answer is B.
3 f(x) = (2x 3)
6

f (x) = 12(2x 3)
5

5
6(2 3) d x x

=
5
1
2 6(2 3) d
2
x x

=
5
1
12(2 3) d
2
x x

=
1
2
f(x) + c
=
1
2
(2x 3)
6
+ c
=
1
2
(2x 3)
6
+ c
The answer is E.
4 a i y = e
4x 5

d
d
y
x
= f (x) e
f (x)
, f (x) = 4
= 4 e
4x 5

d
d
y
x
= 4e
4x 5

ii
4 5
2 d
x
e x

=
4 5
1
4 d
2
x
e x

=
1
( ) d
2
f x x

=
1
2
f(x) + c
=
1
2
e
4x

5
+ c
b i y = e
6 5x

d
d
y
x
= f (x) e
f (x)
, f (x) = 5
= 5e
6 5x

ii
6 5
10 d
x
e x

=
6 5
2 5 d
x
e x

= 2 ( ) d f x x

= 2f(x) + c
= 2e
6 5x
+ c
c i y =
2
x
e

d
d
y
x
= f (x) e
f(x)
, f (x) = 2x
=
2
2
x
xe
ii
2
d
x
xe x

=
2 1
2 d
2
x
xe x

=
1
( ) d
2
f x x

=
1
2
f(x) + c
=
2 1
2
x
e + c
d i y =
2
x x
e

d
d
y
x
= f (x) e
f (x)
, f (x) = 1 2x
= (1 2x)
2
x x
e

ii
2
(1 2 ) d
x x
x e x

= ( ) d f x x

= f(x) + c
=
2
x x
e
+ c
5 a i f(x) = sin(x 5), g(x) = x 5
f (x) = 1 cos(x 5)
f (x) = cos (x 5)
ii cos( 5) d x x

= ( ) d f x x

= f(x) + c
= sin(x 5) + c
b i f(x) = sin(3x + 2)
f (x) = 3 cos (3x + 2)
f (x) = 3 cos (3x + 2)
ii 6cos(3 2) d x x +

= 2 3cos(3 2) d x x +

= 2 ( ) f x c +

= 2 f (x) + c
= 2 sin(3x + 2) + c
c i f(x) = cos(4x 7)
f (x) = 4 sin (4x 7)
f (x) = 4 sin(4x 7)
ii sin(4 7)d x x

=
1
4sin(4 7) d
4
x x

=
1
( ) d
4
f x x

=
1
4
f (x) + c
=
1
4
cos(4x 7) + c
d i f (x) = cos(6x 3)
f (x) = 6 sin(6x 3)
f (x) = 6 sin(6x 3)
ii 3sin(6 3) d x x

=
1
6sin(6 3) d
2
x x

=
1
( ) d
2
f x x

=
1
2
f(x) + c
=
1
2
cos(6x 3) + c
e i f(x) = sin (2 5x)
f (x) = 5 cos(2 5x)
ii 10cos(2 5 ) d x x

= 2 5cos(2 5 ) d x x

= 2 ( ) d f x x

= 2 f(x) + c
= 2 sin (2 5x) + c
f i f(x) = cos (3 4x)
f (x) = 4 sin (3 4x)
ii 2sin(3 4 )d x x

=
1
4sin(3 4 ) d
2
x x

=
1
( ) d
2
f x x

=
1
( )
2
f x c +
=
1
2
cos(3 4x) + c
g i f (x) = log
e
|5x + 2| g(x) = 5x + 2
f (x) =
( )
( )
g x
g x
g(x) = 5
f (x) =
5
(5 2) x +

I n t e g r a t i o n MM1 2 - 9 235
ii
20
d
5 2
x
x +

= 4
5
d
5 2
x
x +

= 4 ( ) d f x x

= 4 f(x) + c
h i f (x) = log
e
(x
2
+ 3)
f (x) =
2
2
3
x
x +

ii
2
12
d
3
x
x
x +

=
2
2
6 d
3
x
x
x +

= 6 ( ) d f x x

= 6 f (x) + c
= 6 log
e
(x
2
+ 3) + c
i i f (x) = log
e
(x
2
4x)
f (x) =
2
2 4
4
x
x x
=
2
2( 2)
4
x
x x

ii
2
2
d
4
x
x
x x

=
2
1 2( 2)
d
2 4
x
x
x x

=
1
( ) d
2
f x x

=
1
2
f (x) + c
=
1
2
log
e
(x
2
4x) + c
6 a i f (x) = x cos(x) + 2 sin(x)
Let g(x) = x cos(x)
g(x) = x sin(x) + cos(x) 1
g(x) = x sin(x) + cos(x)
g(x) = cos(x) x sin(x)
f (x) = cos(x) x sin(x) + 2 cos(x)
f (x) = 3 cos(x) x sin(x)
ii sin( ) d x x x

= [3cos( ) (3cos( ) sin( ))] d x x x x x

= 3cos( ) d ( ) d x x f x x

= 3 sin(x) (x cos(x) + 2 sin(x))
= 3 sin(x) x cos(x) 2 sin(x)
= sin(x) x cos(x)
b i f(x) =
sin( ) x
x

f (x) =
2
cos( ) sin( ) 1 x x x
x

f (x) =
2
cos( ) sin( ) x x x
x

ii
2
2( cos( ) sin( ))
d
x x x
x
x

=
2
cos( ) sin( )
2 d
x x x
x
x

= 2 ( ) d f x x

= 2 f(x) + c
= 2
sin( ) x
x

=
2sin( ) x
x

c i f(x) = e
x
sin(x)
f (x) = e
x
cos(x) + sin(x) e
x

f (x) = e
x
(cos(x) + sin(x))
f (x) = e
x
(sin(x) + cos(x))
ii
3 (sin( ) cos( )) d
x
e x x x +

= 3
(sin( ) cos( )) d
x
e x x x +

=
3 ( ) d f x x

= 3 e
x
sin(x)
= 3e
x
sin(x)
d i f(x) = x sin(x)
f (x) = x cos(x) + sin(x) 1
f (x) = x cos(x) + sin(x)
f (x) = sin(x) + x cos(x)
ii
cos( ) d x x x

=
[(sin( ) cos( )) sin( )] d x x x x x +

=
( ) d sin( ) d f x x x x

= x sin(x) (cos(x))
= x sin(x) + cos(x)
e i f(x) = xe
x

f (x) = x e
x
+ e
x
1
f (x) = xe
x
+ e
x

ii
d
x
xe x

=
[( ) ] d
x x x
xe e e x +

=
( ) d d
x
f x x e x

= xe
x
e
x
+ c
7 a i f (x) = (2x 3x
2
)
6

f (x) = 6 (2 6x) (2x 3x
2
)
5

f (x) = 6 2(1 3x) x
5
(2 3x)
5

f (x) = 12x
5
(1 3x)(2 3x)
5

ii
5 5
6 (1 3 )(2 3 ) d x x x x

=
5 5
1
12 (1 3 )(2 3 ) d
2
x x x x

=
1
( ) d
2
f x x

=
1
2
f(x) + c
=
1
2
(2x 3x
2
)
6
+ c
=
1
2
x
6
(2 3x)
6
+ c
=
6
2
x
(2 3x)
6
+ c
b i f (x) =
3
( 2 ) x x +
f (x) =
1
3
2
( 2 ) x x +
f (x) =
1
2 3
2
1
(3 2)( 2 )
2
x x x
+ +
f (x) =
2
3
3 2
2 2
x
x x
+
+

ii
2
3
3 2
d
2
x
x
x x
+
+

=
2
3
3 2
2 d
2 2
x
x
x x
+
+

= 2 ( ) d f x x

= 2f(x) + c
= 2
3
( 2 ) x x c + +
MM1 2 - 9 236 I n t e g r a t i o n

8 a f(x) =
3 2
1
x
x

3
1 3 2
3 3
1
x x
x

3 2
1
x
x
= 3 +
1
1 x

b
3 2
d
1
x
x
x

=
1
3 d
1
x
x
| |
+
|
\ .

=
1
3 d d
1
x x
x
+

= 3x + log
e
|x 1| + c
9 a f(x) =
5 8
2
x
x
+
+

5
2 5 8
5 10
2
x x
x
+ +
+

5 8
2
x
x
+
+
= 5
2
2 x +

b
5 8
d
2
x
x
x
+
+

=
2
5 d
2
x
x
| |
|
+
\ .

=
2
5 d d
2
x x
x
+

= 5x 2 log
e
|x + 2| + c
10 a f(x) =
8 7
2 3
x
x

4
2 3 8 7
8 12
5
x x
x

8 7
2 3
x
x
= 4 +
5
2 3 x

b
8 7
d
2 3
x
x
x

=
5
4 d
2 3
x
x
| |
+
|
\ .

=
5
4 d d
2 3
x x
x
+

= 4x +
5
2
log
e
|2x 3| + c
11 a f(x) =
6 5
3 2
x
x

3
2 3 6 5
6 9
4
x x
x

= 3 +
4
2 3 x +

6 5
3 2
x
x
= 3 +
4
3 2x

b
6 5
d
3 2
x
x
x

=
4
3 d d
3 2
x x
x
+

= 3x +
1
2
4 log
e
|3 2x| + c
= 3x 2 log
e
|3 2x| + c
12 a y = log
e
(cos(x))

d
d
y
x
=
sin( )
cos( )
x
x
= tan(x)
b
tan( ) d x x

tan( ) d x x

=
d
d
d
y
x
x

= y
= log
e
|cos(x)| + c
13 f(x) =
cos( )
sin( )
x
x

f (x) =
2
sin( ) sin( ) cos( ) cos( )
sin ( )
x x x x
x

=
2 2
2
sin ( ) cos ( )
sin ( )
x x
x

=
2 2
2
(sin ( ) cos ( ))
sin ( )
x x
x
+

f (x) =
2
1
sin ( ) x

2
1
d
sin ( )
x
x

=
2
1
d
sin ( )
x
x

= ( ) d f x x

= f(x)
=
cos( )
sin( )
x
x

14 f(x) = log
e
(3x
2
4)
f (x) =
( )
( )
g x
g x

f (x) =
2
6
3 4
x
x

2
d
3 4
x
x
x

=
2
1 6
d
6 3 4
x
x
x

=
1
( ) d
6
f x x

=
1
6
f(x)
=
1
6
log
e
|3x
2
4|
15 f(x) = sin (ax + b)
f (x) = a cos (ax + b)
= a cos(ax + b)
cos( )d ax b x +

=
1
cos( ) d a ax b x
a
+

=
1
( )d f x x
a

=
1
a
f(x)
=
1
a
sin(ax + b)

I n t e g r a t i o n MM1 2 - 9 237
16 f(x) = cos(ax + b)
f (x) = a sin(ax + b)
f (x) = a sin(ax + b)

sin( ) ax b +

=
1
sin( ) d a ax b x
a
+

=
1
( ) d f x x
a

=
1
a
f(x) + c
=
1
a
cos(ax + b)
17 f(x) = e
ax + b

f (x) = a e
ax + b

f (x) = ae
ax + b

d
ax b
e x
+

=
1
d
ax b
ae x
a
+

=
1
( ) d f x x
a

=
1
a
f(x)
=
1
a
e
ax + b

18 a sin(3 1) d x x +

=
1
3
cos(3x + 1) + c
b cos(1 4 ) d x x

=
1
4
sin(1 4x) + c
=
1
4
sin(1 4x) + c
c
3
d
x
e x
+

=
1
e
x + 3
+ c
d sin 2 d
3
x
x
| |
+
|
\ .

=
1
cos 2
3
3
x
c
| |
+ +
|
\ .

=
3
cos 2
3
x
c
| |
+ +
|
\ .

e 3cos 5 d
2
x
x
| |
+
|
\ .

= 3 cos 5 d
2
x
x
| |
+
|
\ .

= 3
1
2
sin
5
2
x | |
+
|
\ .
+ c
=
6
sin 5
2
x | |
+
|
\ .
+ c
f
sin( )
cos( ) d
x
x e x

Let u = sin(x)

d
d
u
x
= cos(x)
=
d
d
d
u
u
e x
x

= d
u
e u

= e
u
+ c
= e
sin(x)
+ c
Exercise 9D Approximating
areas enclosed by functions
1 Area = 2 2 + 3 2
= 4 + 6
= 10 square units
2 a Area = 2 4
= 8 square units
b Area = 4 1 + 7 1 + 12 1
+ 19 1
= 4 + 7 + 12 + 19
= 42 square units
3 a Width of each rectangle
= 1 unit
The answer is A.
b Height of right-hand rectangle
y = x
2

= 3
2

= 9 units
The answer is A.
c Area = 1 1 + 4 1 + 9 1
= 1 + 4 + 9
= 14 square units
The answer is B.
4 a Area (right)
= 1
2
1 + 2
2
1 + 3
2
1 + 4
2
1
= 1 1 + 4 1 + 9 1 + 16 1
= 1 + 4 + 9 + 16
= 30 square units
b Area (left)
= 1
2
1 + 2
2
1 + 3
2
1
= 1 1 + 4 1 + 9 1
= 1 + 4 + 9
= 14 square units
Average area =
30 14
2
+

=
44
2

= 22 square units
5 a Area = L W
= 8 4
= 32 square units
b Area = Area 1 to 3 + Area 3 to 5
= 8 2 + 8 2
= 16 + 16
= 32 square units
c Area = Area 1 + Area 2 + Area 3
+ Area 4
= 11 1 + 11 1 + 10 1
+ 7 1
= 11 + 11 + 10 + 7
= 39 square units
d Area = Area 1 + Area 2
= 3 2 + 5 2
= 6 + 10
= 16 square units
e Area = A
1
+ A
2
+ A
3
+ A
4

= 4 1 + 6 1 + 9 1
+ 10 1
= 4 + 6 + 9 + 10
= 29 square units
f Area = A
1
+ A
2
= 4 2 + 2 2
= 8 + 4
= 12 square units
g Area = A
1
+ A
2
+ A
3
+ A
4

= 7 1 + 5 1 + 7 1 + 7 1
= 7 + 5 + 7 + 7
= 26 square units
6 a Left rectangle
x = 1 f(x) = x
2
+ 4
= 1
2
+ 4
= 5
x = 2 f(x) = 2
2
+ 4
= 8
x = 3 f(x) = 3
2
+ 4
= 13
x = 4 f(x) = 4
2
+ 4
= 20
Area = A
1
+ A
2
+ A
3

= 5 1 + 8 1 + 13 1
= 5 + 8 + 13
= 26 square units
b Right rectangles
Area = A
1
+ A
2
+ A
3
= 8 1 + 13 1 + 20 1
= 8 + 13 + 20
= 41 square units.
c Averaging left and right rectangle
areas
Average area =
26 41
2
+

=
67
2

= 33
1
2
square units.
7 a y = x
2
+ 3x + 8
x = 1 y = 1
2
+ 3 1 + 8
y = 1 + 3 + 8
y = 10
x = 2 y = 2
2
+ 3 2 + 8
y = 4 + 6 + 8
y = 10
x = 3 y = 3
2
+ 3 3 + 8
y = 9 + 9 + 8
y = 8
A = A
1
+ A
2
+ A
3
A = 10 1 + 10 1 + 8 1
A = 10 + 10 + 8
A = 28 square units.
b y = e
x

x = 1 y = e
1

x = 0 y = e
0
= 1
x = 1 y = e
1
= e
A = A
1
+ A
2
+ A
3
A = e
1
1 + 1 1 + e 1
A = e
1
+ 1 + e square units
c y = log
e
(x)
x = 1 y = log
e
(1)
x = 2 y = log
e
(2)
x = 3 y = log
e
(3)
x = 4 y = log
e
(4)
A = A
1
+ A
2
+ A
3
+ A
4

A = log
e
(1) 1 + log
e
(2) 1
+ log
e
(3) 1 + log
e
(4) 1
MM1 2 - 9 238 I n t e g r a t i o n

A = log
e
(1) + log
e
(2) + log
e
(3)
+ log
e
(4)
A = log
e
(1 2 3 4)
A = log
e
(24) square units
d y = (x 4)
2

x = 2 y = (2 4)
2
= (2)
2
= 4
x = 3 y = (3 4)
2
= (1)
2
= 1
x = 5 y = (5 4)
2
= 1
2
= 1
A = A
1
+ A
2
+ A
3
A = 4 1 + 1 1 + 1 1
A = 4 + 1 + 1
A = 6 square units.
e f(x) =
1
3
x
3
3x
2
+ 8x
x = 1
f(1) =
1
3
1
3
3 1
2
+ 8 1
=
1
3
3 + 8
= 5
1
3

x = 2
f(2) =
1
3
2
3
3 2
2
+ 8 2
=
8
3
12 + 16
= 6
2
3

f(3) =
1
3
3
3
3 3
2
+ 8 3
= 9 27 + 24
= 6
f(4) =
1
3
4
3
3 4
2
+ 8 4
=
64
3
48 + 32
= 21
1
3
48 + 32
= 5
1
3

A = A
1
+ A
2
+ A
3
+ A
4
A = 5
1
3
1 + 6
2
3
1 + 6 1
+ 5
1
3
1
A = 23
1
3
square units
f f(x) = x
2
4x
x = 3
f(3) = (3)
2
4 3
= 9 + 12
= 3
x = 2.5
f(2.5) = (2.5)
2
4 2.5
= 6.25 + 10
= 3.75
x = 2
f(2) = (2)
2
4 2
= 4 + 8
= 4
x = 1.5
f(1.5) = (1.5)
2
4 1.5
= 2.25 + 6
= 3.75
A = A
1
+ A
2
+ A
3
+ A
4
A = 3 0.5 + 3.75 0.5 + 4 0.5
+ 3.75 0.5
A = 1.5 + 1.875 + 2.0 + 1.875
A = 7.25 square units
g y = x
3
6x
2

x = 2 f(2) = 2
3
6 2
2

= 8 24
= 16
x = 3 f(3) = 3
3
6 3
2

= 27 54
= 27
x = 4 f(4) = 4
3
6 4
2

= 64 96
= 32
x = 5 f(5) = 5
3
6 5
2

= 125 150
= 25
A = |A
1
| + |A
2
| + |A
3
| + |A
4
|
A = 16 1 + 27 1 + 32 1
+ 25 1
A = 16 + 27 + 32 + 25
A = 100 square units
8 y = x(4 x)
y = 4x x
2

x = 1 y = 1 3 = 3 x = 3 y = 3
x = 2 y = 2 2 = 4
a Left rectangles
Area = A
1
+ A
2
+ A
3
= 3 1 + 4 1 + 3 1
= 3 + 4 + 3
= 10 square units
b Right rectangles
Area = A
1
+ A
2
= 4 1 + 3 1
= 4 + 3
= 7 square units
c Average of left and right rectangles
Area =
10 7
2
+

=
17
2

= 8.5 square units
9

x = 0, y = 5
x = 0.5, y = 3.25
x = 1, y = 2
x = 1.5, y = 1.25
x = 2, y = 1
x = 2.5, y = 1.25
x = 3, y = 2
a Left rectangles
A = 5 0.5 + 3.25 0.5 + 2 0.5
+ 1.25 0.5 + 1 0.5 + 1.25
0.5
= 2.5 + 1.625 + 1 + 0.625 + 0.5
+ 0.625
= 6.875 square units
b Right rectangles
A = 3.25 0.5 + 2 0.5 + 1.25
0.5 + 1 0.5 + 1.25 0.5 + 2
0.5
= 1.625 + 1 + 0.625 + 0.5 +
0.625 + 1
c Average of the left and right
rectangles
=
6.875 5.375
2
+

10 y = 2
x
x = 0 and x = 3
x = 0 y = 2
0
= 1
x = 1 y = 2
1
= 2
x = 2 y = 2
2
= 4
x = 3 y = 2
3
= 8

Left rectangles
A = A
1
+ A
2
+ A
3
A = 1 1 + 2 1 + 4 1
A = 1 + 2 + 4
A = 7 square units
Right rectangles
A = A
1
+ A
2
+ A
3
A = 2 1 + 4 1 + 8 1
A = 2 + 4 + 8
A = 14 square units
Average left and right areas
A =
1
2
(7 + 14)
A =
1
2
21
Exercise 9E The
fundamental theorem of
integral calculus
1 a
1
2
0
d x x

=
1
3
0
3
x
(
(

I n t e g r a t i o n MM1 2 - 9 239
=
3
1
3

3
0
3

=
1
3
0
=
1
3

b
3
3
0
d x x

=
3
4
0
4
x
(
(

=
4 4
3 0
4 4

=
81
4
0
= 20
1
4

c
4
2
3
( 2 ) d x x x

=
4
3 2
3
2
3 2
x x
(
(

=
3 3
2 2
4 3
4 3
3 3
| | | |

| |
| |
\ . \ .

=
64 27
16 9
3 3
+
= 5
1
3

d
6
2
2
1
dx
x

=
6
2
2
d x x

=
6
1
2
1
x
(
(

=
6
2
1
x
(
(

=
6
2
1
x
(
(

=
1 1
6 2
(
(

=
1
3

e
2
3 2
0
( 3 2 ) d x x x x +

=
2
3
4 2
0
1 3
4 3
x
x x
(
+
(

=
4 3 2
1
2 2 2 (0)
4
| |
+
|
\ .

= 4 + 8 4
= 8
f
1
4
2
2
1
3 2 d x x x
| |
+ |
|
\ .

=
4
3
3
2
1
3 2
3
3
2
x x
(
(
+
(
(

=
4
3
3
2
1
2
2
3
x
x
(
+ (
(

=
128 2
16 2
3 3
| | | |
+ +
| |
\ . \ .

= 14 + 42
= 56
g
1
2
1
(6 2 ) d x x x

=
1
2 3
1
2
6
2 3
x x
x
(
+
(

=
1 1
6 1 6 1
3 3
| | | |
+
| |
\ . \ .

= 12 +
2
3

=
2
12
3

h
2
3
4
( 4) d x x x

=
2
4 2
4
4
4 2
x x
x
(
+
(

=
4 2
( 2) ( 2)
8
4 2
| |

+ +
|
|
\ .

4 2
( 4) ( 4)
16
4 2
| |

+ +
|
|
\ .

= (4 + 2 + 8) (64 + 8 + 16)
= 74
i
9
4
3 d x x

=
1
9
2
4
3 d x x

=
9
3
2
4
3
3
2
x
(
(
(
(

=
9
3
2
4
3 2
3
x
(
(
(
(

=
9
3
2
4
2 x
(
(
(

=
3 3
2 2
2 9 4
(
(
(

= 2(27 8)
= 2 19
= 38
j
2
2
1
(4 2 6) d x x x

=
2
1 2
1
4 2
6
1 2
x x
x
(
+
(

=
2
2
1
4
6 x x
x
(
+
(

= (2 + 4 12) (4 + 1 6)
= 10 + 9
= 1
k
3
4
0
2( 4) d x x +

=
3
4
0
2 ( 4) d x x +

= 2
3
5
0
( 4)
1 5
x
(
+
(

=
3
5
0
2
( 4)
5
x
(
+

=
2
5
[7
5
4
5
]
=
2
5
(16 807 1024)
=
2
5
15 783
= 6313.2
l
2
4
1
3(5 2) d x x

=
2
4
1
3 (5 2) d x x

=
2
5
1
(5 2)
3
5 5
x

=
2
5
1
3
(5 2)
25
x

=
3
25
[8
5
(7)
5
]
=
3
25
[32 768 (16 807)]
=
3
25
[32 768 + 16 807]
=
3
25
49 575
= 5949
m
0
3
2
4(2 3 ) d x x

= 4
0
3
2
(2 3 ) d x x

=
0
4
2
1 (2 3 )
4 3 4
x
(

=
0
4
2
1
(2 3 )
3
x

=
1
3
[2
4
(8)
4
]
=
1
3
(16 4096)
=
1
3
4080
= 1360
n
3
3
0
5
d
(2 7)
x
x

=
3
3
0
5 (2 7) d x x

= 5
3
2
0
(2 7)
2 2
x
(

=
2 3
0
5
[(2 7) ]
4
x

=
3
2
0
5 1
4 2 7 x
(
| |
(
|
\ . (

MM1 2 - 9 240 I n t e g r a t i o n

=
2 2
5 1 1
4 1 ( 7)
(

=
5 1
1
4 49
(
(

=
5 48
4 49
| |
|
\ .

=
60
49

o
3
4
1
2
1
(2 ) 3 d x x x
| |
|
|
\ .

=
4
5
2
1
2
3log | |
5
2
e
x
x
(
(
(
(

=
4
5
2
1
4
3log | |
5
e
x x
(
(
(

=
5
2
4
4 3 log (4)
5
e
| |
|
|
\ .

4
3 log (1)
5
e
| |

|
\ .

=
4
5
32 3 log
e
(4)
4
5

22.4 4.16 0.8
20.64
p
3 2
3
1
(2 5 )
d
x x
x
x
+

=
2
3
1
(2 5 )
d
x x x
x
x
+

=
3
2
1
(2 5 ) d x x x +

=
3
3 2
1
2 5
3 2
x x
(
+
(

=
2 27 5 9 2 5
3 2 3 2
| | | |
+ +
| |
\ . \ .

= 40
1
2

2
3
2
1
2

= 37
1
3

q
5
1
3
d
5
x
x

=
5
1
3 1
d
5
x
x

= [ ]
5
1
3
log | |
5
e
x
=
3
5
(log
e
(5) log
e
(1))
=
3 5
log
5 1
e
| | | |
| |
\ . \ .

=
3
5
log
e
(5)
= 0.966
r
7
3
1
d
2 5
x
x

=
1
7
2
3
(2 5) d x x

=
7
1
2
3
(2 5)
1
2
2
x
(
(
(
(

=
7
1
2
3
(2 5) x
(
(
(

=
1 1
2 2
9 1
| |
|
|
\ .

= 3 1
= 2
s
0
2
6
d
8 3
x
x

1
0
2
2
6 (8 3 ) d x x

=
0
1
2
2
(8 3 )
6
1
3
2
x
(
(
(
(

= ( )
0
1
2
2
4 8 3x
(

(

=
1 1
2 2
4 8 14
(
(
(

= 3.653
2 a
2
4
0
d
x
e x

=
2
4
0
1
4
x
e
(
(

=
4 2
0
1
[ ]
4
x
e
=
8 0
1
( )
4
e e
=
8
1
( 1)
4
e
b
0
3
2
d
x
e x

=
0
3
2
1
1
3
x
e
(
(
(
(

=
0
3
2
3
x
e
(
(
(

=
2
0
3
3 e e
| |
|
|
\ .

=
2
3
3 1 e
| |
|
|
\ .

c
1
2
1
4 d
x
e x

1
2
1
4 d
x
e x

=
1
2
1
1
4
2
x
e

=
2 1
1
2[ ]
x
e

=
2 2
2( ) e e

d
2
6
1
(3 5 ) d
x
e x x +

=
2
2
6
1
3 5
6 2
x
x
e
(
+
(

=
2
6 2
1
1 5
2 2
x
e x
(
+
(

=
12 6
1 5 1 5
4
2 2 2 2
e e
| | | |
+ +
| |
\ . \ .

=
12 6
1 1
10 2.5
2 2
e e +

=
12 6
1
( 15)
2
e e +

e
4
2
1
5
d
x
e x
x
| |
+ |
|
\ .

=
4
2
1
1
5 log
1
2
x
e
x e
(
(
+
(
(

=
4
2
1
5 log 2
x
e
x e
(
+ (
(

=
2
(5 log (4) 2 )
e
e +

0.5
(5 log (1) 2 )
e
e +
=
1
2
2
5 log (4) 2 2
e
e e +
f
1
2 2
3
( ) d
x x
e e x

=
1
2 2
3
1 1
2 2
x x
e e

=
1
2 2
3
1 1
2 2
x x
e e
(
+
(

=
2 2 6 6
1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2
e e e e

| | | |
+ +
| |
\ . \ .

=
2 2 6 6
1
( )
2
e e e e

+

g 2
0
sin( ) d x x

=
2
0
[ cos( )] x

= cos cos(0)
2
| | | |
+
| |
\ . \ .

= 1
h
2
3 sin(4 ) d x x

=
2
3 sin(4 ) d x x

=
2
1
3 [ cos(4 )]
4
x

=
3
[cos(4 ) cos(2 )]
4

=
3
[1 1]
4

=
3
0
4

= 0
I n t e g r a t i o n MM1 2 - 9 241
i
0
5 sin d
4
x
x
| |
|
\ .

=
0
5 sin d
4
x
x
| |
|
\ .

=
0
1
5 cos
1
4
4
x
( | |
| (
\ .

=
0
5 4 cos
4
x
( | |
| (
\ .

= 20 cos cos(0)
4
| | | |

| |
\ . \ .

=
2
20 1
2
| |
|
|
\ .

=
2
20 20
2
+
= 20 10 2
j
2
2sin d
3
x
x
| |
|
\ .

=
2
2 sin d
3
x
x
| |
|
\ .

=
2
1
2 cos
1
3
3
x
(
(
| |
( |
\ .
(

=
2
2 3 cos
3
x
( | |

| (
\ .

=
2
6 cos
3
x
( | |
| (
\ .

=
2
6 cos cos
3 3
| | | | | |
| | |
\ . \ . \ .

=
1 1
6
2 2
| |

|
\ .

= 6 1
= 6
k
0
cos(2 ) d x x

=
0
1
[sin(2 )]
2
x

=
1
(sin(2 0) sin(2 2 ))
2

=
1
(sin(0) sin( 2 ))
2

=
1
(0 0)
2

= 0
l
2
2
8cos(4 ) d x x

=
2
2
8 cos(4 ) d x x

=
2
2
1
8 [sin(4 )]
4
x

=
2
2
2[sin(4 )] x

= 2 (sin(2 ) sin( 2 ))
= 2 (0 0)
= 0
m
2
3cos d
6
x
x
| |
|
\ .

=
2
3 cos d
6
x
x
| |
|
\ .

=
2
1
3 sin
1
6
6
x
( | |
| (
\ .

= 3 6 sin sin
3 6
| | | | | |

| | |
\ . \ . \ .

=
3 1
18
2 2
| |
|
|
\ .

= 9 3 9
n
0
2
7cos d
2
x
x

| |
|
\ .

0
2
7 cos d
2
x
x

| |
|
\ .

=
0
2
1
7 sin
1
2
2
x

( | |

| (
\ .

= 7 2 [sin(0) sin( )]
= 14[0 0]
= 0
o
2
4cos(3 ) d x x

=
2
4 cos(3 ) d x x

=
2
1
4 [sin(3 )]
3
x

=
4
sin 3 sin(3 )
3 2
( | |

| (
\ .

=
4 3
sin sin( 3 )
3 2
( | |

| (
\ .

=
4
[1 0]
3

=
4
3

p
0
2 sin d
4
x
x
( | |
+
| (
\ .

=
0
2 sin d
4
x
x
( | |
+
| (
\ .

=
0
1
2 cos
1
4
4
x
x
(
( | |
+
( |
\ .
(

=
0
2 4cos
4
x
x
( | |
| (
\ .

= 2 4cos (0 4cos(0))
4

( | | | |

( | |
\ . \ .

=
4
2 4
2

| |
+
|
\ .

= (2 2 2 4) +
MM1 2 - 9 242 I n t e g r a t i o n

q
3
2
1
( 3 6sin(3 )) d x x x +

3
3
1
1
3 6 cos(3 )
3 3
x
x x
(
+
(

=
27 1
9 2cos(9) 3 2cos(3)
3 3
| | | |
+ + + +
| |
\ . \ .

=
c c
2
14 2cos(9 ) 2cos(3 )
3
+
r
1
1
3cos d
2
x
x
x
| | | |
+
| |
\ . \ .

=
1
1
log 3 sin
1
2
2
e
x
x
(
(
| |
+
( |
\ .
(

=
1
log 6sin
2
e
x
x
( | |
+
| (
\ .

=
1
log ( ) 6sin log (1) 6sin
2 2
e e
| | | | | | | |
+ +
| | | |
\ . \ . \ . \ .

=
1
log ( ) 6 6sin
2
e
| |
+
|
\ .

3
5
1
( )d 6 f x x =

Now
5
1
3 ( ) d f x x

=
5
1
3 ( ) d f x x

= 3 6
= 18
4
5
1
( ) d 6 f x x =

a Now
5
1
[ ( ) 1] d f x x +

=
5 5
1 1
( ) d 1 d f x x x +

=
5
1
6 1 dx +

=
5
1
6 1 [ ] x +
= 6 + 1(5 1)
= 6 + 1 4
= 6 + 4
= 10
The answer is B.
b =
5
1
( ) d f x x

=
5
1
( ) d f x x

= 6
The answer is A.
5
3
2
0
( 4 ) d t t t

a
3
3 2
0
4
3 2
t t
(
(

=
3
3 2
0
1
2
3
t t
(
(

=
1
27 2 9 (0)
3
| |

|
\ .

= 9 18
= 9
b
2
0
2cos(3 ) d t t

=
2
0
2 cos(3 ) d t t

=
2
0
1
2 sin(3 )
3
t
(

=
2 3
sin sin(0)
3 2
| | | |

| |
\ . \ .

=
2
( 1 0)
3

=
2
1
3

=
2
3

c =
7
3
4
2
3
d
( 3)
p
p

=
3
7
2
4
3 ( 3) d p p

=
7
1
2
4
( 3)
3
1
1
2
p
(
(
(
(

=
7
1
2
4
3 2 ( 3) p
(
(
(

=
1 1
2 2
6 4 1
| |
|
|
\ .

=
1
6 1
2
| |

|
\ .

=
1
6
2

= 3
d
10
5
sin d
5
x
x
( | |
| (
\ .

=
10
5
sin d
5
x
x
| |
|
\ .

=
10
5
1
cos
1
5
5
x
(
(
| |

( |
\ .
(

=
10
5
5 cos
5
x
( | |
| (
\ .

=
10 5
5 cos cos
5 5
| | | | | |
| | |
\ . \ . \ .

= 5(cos(2 ) cos( ))
= 5 (1 1)
= 5 (1 + 1)
= 10
e
4
0
cos(2 ) d
x
e x x
| |
|
|
\ .

=
4
0
1 1
sin(2 )
1
2
4
x
e x
(
(
(
(

I n t e g r a t i o n MM1 2 - 9 243
=
4
0
1
4 sin(2 )
2
x
e x
(
(
(

=
0
4
1 1
4 sin(2 ) 4 sin(0)
2 2
e e
| |
| |
|
|
|
\ .
\ .

= 4
4 4 e

f
2
1
8
d
4 3
m
m

=
2
1
1
8 d
4 3
m
m

=
2
1
1
8 [log 4 3 ]
4
e
m

=
2
1
2 [log 4 3]
e
m
= 2 (log (5) log (1))
e e

= 2 log
e
(5)
g
4 3
d
t
t
t t

=
4
3
1
2
1
3 dt
t

=
3
4
2
1
3 d t t

=
4
1
2
1
3
1
2
t
(
(
(
(

=
4
1
2
1
3 2 t
(
(
(

=
1 1
2 2
6 4 1
(
(
(

=
1 1
2 2
1 1
6
4 1
(
(
(
(

=
1
6 1
2
(
(

=
1
6
2

= 3
h
1
3
1
(3sin(2 ) ) d
x
x e x

=
1
3
1
3 1
cos(2 )
2 3
x
x e
(

(

=
1
3
1
3 1
cos(2 )
2 3
x
x e
(
+
(

=
3 3
3 1 3 1
cos(2) cos( 2)
2 3 2 3
e e
| | | |
+ +
| |
\ . \ .

=
3 3
3 1
[cos(2) cos( 2)] ( )
2 3
e e
+
=
3 3
3 1
0 ( )
2 3
e e
+
=
3 3
1
( )
3
e e

6
0
(2 3) d 4
k
x x + =

=
2
0
2
3
2
k
x
x
(
+
(

=
2
0
[ 3 ]
k
x x +
= (k
2
+ 3k) (0)
= k
2
+ 3k
Now 4 = k
2
+ 3k
So k
2
+ 3k 4 = 0
(k + 4)(k 1) = 0
Either k + 4 = 0 or k 1 = 0
k = 4 or k = 1
7
2
0
3 d 8
k
x x =

2
0
3 d
k
x x

=
3
0
3
3
k
x
(
(

=
3
0
k
x
(

= k
3
0
3

= k
3

k
3
= 8
k =
3
8
k = 2
8
1
2
d log (9)
k
e
x
x
=

1
1
2 d
k
x
x

=
1
2 log
k
e
x (

= 2(log log (1))
e e
k
= 2(log 0)
e
k
= 2log
e
k
log
e
9 = 2 log
e k
log
e
9 = log
e
k
2

So k
2
= 9
k = 3
But k 3. [log
e
(3) does not exist]
k = 3
9
2
0
d 4
x
a
e x =

2
0
d
x
a
e x

=
2
0
1
1
2
a
x
e
(
(
(

=
2
0
2
a
x
e
(
(
(

=
0
2
2
a
e e
| |
|
|
\ .

=
2
2 1
a
e
| |
|
|
\ .

=
2
2 2
a
e
But
2
4 2 2
a
e =

2
6 2
a
e =

6
2
=
2
a
e
MM1 2 - 9 244 I n t e g r a t i o n

3 =
2
a
e

2
a
= log (3)
e

a = 2 log (3)
e

10 cos(2 ) d
k
x x
=
3
4

cos(2 )d
k
x x

= [ ]
1
sin(2 )
2
k
x

=
1
(sin(2 ) sin(2 ))
2
k
=
1
(0 sin(2 ))
2
k
=
1
sin(2 )
2
k
But
3 1
sin(2 )
4 2
k =
sin(2k) =
3 2
4 1

sin(2k) =
3
2

2k =
1
3
sin
2
| |
|
|
\ .

2k =
3

k =
1
3 2

k =
6

11 a
6
2
2 ( ) d f x x

=
6
2
2 ( ) d f x x

= 2 8
= 16
b
2
6
( ) d f x x

=
6
2
( ) d f x x

= 1 8
= 8
c
6
2
(3 ( ) 3) d f x x

=
6 6
2 2
3 ( ) d 3 d f x x x

= [ ]
6
2
3 8 3x
= [ ] 24 (3 6) (3 2)
= 24 18 + 6
= 12
d
6
2
( ( ) 2 ) d f x x x +

=
6 6
2 2
( ) d 2 d f x x x x +

= 8 +
6
2
2
x
(

= 8 + (6
2
2
2
)
= 8 + 36 4
= 40
12
3
0
1
lim ( )
n
i
x
i
x x
=
3
3
1
d x x

=
3
4
1
4
x
(
(

=
4
3 1
4 4

=
80
4

= 20
D
13
2
0
1
lim ( )
n
i
x
i
x x
=
3
2
0
d x x

=
3
3
0
3
x
(
(

=
3
3
0
3

= 9
A
Exercise 9F Signed areas
1

a Area Geometrically
y = x If x = 4, y = 4
Area =
1
2
ab
=
1
4 4
2

Area = 8 square units
b Area Integration
Area =
4
0
d y x

=
4
0
d x x

Area =
4
2
0
2
x
(
(

=
2 2
1
[4 0 ]
2

Area =
1
16 0
2

=
1
16
2

Area = 8 square units
2

a Area geometrically
A =
1
2
ab
A =
1
2
3 3
A =
9
2

b Area by integration
=
3
0
d y x

=
3
0
(3 ) d x x

=
3
2
0
1
3
2
x x
(
(

=
9
9 (0 0)
2
| |

|
\ .

Area = 4.5 square units
3 a Area =
3
1
d y x

=
3
1
2 d x x

b Area =
4
0
d y x

=
4
0
(4 ) d x x

c Area =
2
1
d y x

=
2
2
1
d x x

d Area =
1
3
d y x

=
1
2
3
3 d x x

e Area =
3
1
d y x

=
3
3 2
1
( 9 20 ) d x x x x +

f Area =
0
2
d y x

=
0
3 2
2
( 4 4 ) d x x x x

g Area =
1
1
d y x

=
1
1
d
x
e x

h Area =
4
1
d y x

=
4
2
1
d
x
e x

i Area =
2
0
d y x

= 2
0
2sin(2 ) d x x

j Area =
3
2
0
d y x

=
3
2
0
cos d
3
x
x
| |
|
\ .

4 Note: the answers are all in square units.
a
3
1
2 d x x

=
3
2
1
2
2
x
(
(

I n t e g r a t i o n MM1 2 - 9 245
=
3
2
1
x
(

= 3
2
1
2

= 9 1 = 8
b
4
0
(4 ) d x x

=
4
2
0
4
2
x
x
(
(

=
2
4
16 0
2

= 16 8 = 8
c
2
2
1
d x x

=
2
3
1
3
x
(
(

=
2
3
1
1
3
x
(

=
3 3
1
(2 1 )
3

=
1
(8 1)
3

=
1
7
3

=
7
3

d =
1
2
3
3 d x x

=
1
2
3
3 d x x

=
1
3
3
3
3
x
(
(

=
3 1
3
[ ] x

= [1
3
(3)
3
]
= 1 (27)
= 1 + 27
= 26
e A =
3
3 2
1
( 9 20 ) d x x x x +

=
3
4 2
3
1
9 20
4 3 2
x x
x
(
+
(

=
4
3 2
3
3 3 10 3
4
| |
+
|
|
\ .

1
3 10
4
| |
+
|
\ .

=
81 1
81 90 7
4 4
+

= 22
f A =
0
3 2
2
( 4 4 ) d x x x x

=
0
4 3 2
2
4 4
4 3 2
x x x
(

(

=
0
4 3 2
2
1 4
2
4 3
x x x
(

(

= (0)
1 4
16 8 8
4 3
| |

|
\ .

= 4
32
8
3
+
= 12 10
2
3

= 1
1
3

g A =
1
1
d
x
e x

=
1
1
x
e
(

= e
1
e

1

= e e

1

h A =
4
2
1
d
x
e x

=
4
2
1
2
x
e
(
(

=
2 4 2 1
1
[ ]
2
e e

=
8 2
1
[ ]
2
e e

=
8 2
1
[ ]
2
e e

i A =
2
0
2sin(2 ) d x x

=
2
0
2 sin(2 ) d x x

= [ ]
2
0
1
2 cos(2 )
2
x

= [ ]
2
0
1 cos(2 ) x

= 1(cos () cos (0))
= 1(1 1)
= 1 2
= 2
j A =
3
2
0
cos d
3
x
x
| |
|
\ .

=
3
2
0
1
sin
1
3
3
x
( | |
| (
\ .

= 3
3
2
0
sin
3
x
( | |
| (
\ .

= 3
3 1 0
sin sin
2 3 3
( | | | |

| | (
\ . \ .

= 3 ( ) sin sin 0
2
( | |
| (
\ .

= 3[1 0]
= 3 1
= 3
5 a
3
0
(4 ) d x x

b
2
1
(6 ) d x x

c
3
2
1
d x x

d
1
2
1
(4 ) d x x

e
4
1
d x x

f
0
3
2 d
x
e x

g
4
2
log d
2
e
x
x
| |
|
\ .

MM1 2 - 9 246 I n t e g r a t i o n

h
2
0
3sin(2 ) d x x

6 Note: the answers are all in square
units.
a
2
0
d y x

=
2
0
(2 ) d x x

=
2
2
0
2
2
x
x
(
(

=
1
2 2 4 0
2
| |

|
\ .

= 4 2
= 2
b
1
2
d y x

=
1
2
( 4 2 ) d x x

=
1
2
2
2
4
2
x
x
(

(

= (4 1) (8 4)
= 1
Area = 1
c
2
0
d y x

=
2
2
0
( 4) d x x

=
2
3
0
1
4
3
x x
(
(

=
8
8 0
3
| |

|
\ .

=
16
3

Area =
1
5
3

d
1
2
d y x

=
1
2
2
(1 ) d x x

=
1
3
2
1
3
x x
(

=
1 8
1 2
3 3
| | | |
+ +
| |
\ . \ .

=
2 8
2
3 3
+
=
1
1
3

Area =
1
1
3

e
0
2
d y x

=
0
3
2
d x x

=
0
4
2
4
x
(
(

=
4 4
0 ( 2)
4 4
(
(

= [0 4]
= 4
Area = 4
f
1
3 2
1
( 2 2) d x x x x

=
1
4 3 2
1
2
2
4 3 2
x x x
x
(
+
(

=
1 2 1
2
4 3 2
| |
+
|
\ .

1 2 1
2
4 3 2
| |
+
|
\ .

=
4
4
3

=
2
2
3

Area =
2
2
3

g
1
1
d
x
e x

=
1
1
[ ]
x
e

= e
1
+ e
1

Area = e e
1
.
h =
1
2
1
2
d
x
e x

=
1
2
1
2
1
2
x
e
(
(

=
2 1
1 1
2 2
e e

Area =
1 2
1
( )
2
e e

i
3
2
d y x

=
3
2
sin( ) d x x

= ( )
3
2
( cos ) x
(

= ( )
3
cos cos
2
( | |
+
| (
\ .

= 0 1
Area = 1
j =
2
2cos d
2
x
x
| | | |
| |
\ . \ .

=
2
2 cos d
2
x
x
( | |
| (
\ .

=
2
1
2 sin
1
2
2
x
( | |
| (
\ .

= 4 sin sin( )
2
( | |

| (
\ .

= 4[(1) 0]
= 4
Area = 4
7 a

=
1
2
( ) d f x x

The answer is E.
b =
0 3
2 0
( ) d ( ) d f x x f x x
+

=
2 3
0 0
( ) d ( ) d f x x f x x
+

The answer is A.
8 a
2 5
0 2
( ) d ( ) d f x x f x x

b

=
1 3
3 1
( ) d ( ) d g x x g x x
+

c

=
1 2
3 1
( ) d ( ) d h x x h x x

+

=
2 1
1 3
( ) d ( ) d h x x h x x

d

=
4 2
5 4
( ) d ( ) d f x x f x x

+

=
2 4
4 5
( ) d ( ) d f x x f x x

I n t e g r a t i o n MM1 2 - 9 247
e

=
2 2 3
3 2 2
( )d ( )d ( )d g x x g x x g x x

+

9 a
1
2
d y x

=
1
3 2
2
( 2 5 6) d x x x x

=
1
4 3 2
2
2 5
6
4 3 2
x x x
x
(
+
(

=
1 2 5 16 16 20
6 12
4 3 2 4 3 2
( | | | |
+ +
| | (
\ . \ .

=
1 1
3 4 5 10 12
12 3
( (
+
( (

=
1 2
3 12
12 3
( (

( (

=
1 2
3 12
12 3
+
=
3
15
4
sq. units
The answer is B.
b
3
1
d y x

=
3
3 2
1
( 2 5 6) d x x x x +

=
3
4 3 2
1
2 5
6
4 3 2
x x x
x
(
+
(

=
81 54 45 1 2 5
18 6
4 3 2 4 3 2
| | | |
+ + +
| |
\ . \ .

=
1 1 1
20 18 22 18 3
4 2 12
| | | |
+ +
| |
\ . \ .

=
1 1
2 3
4 12
+
=
1
5
3
sq. units.
The answer is D.
c A =
1 3
2 1
d d y x y x

=
3 1
15 5
4 3
+
=
1
21
12
sq. units
The answer is E.
10 y = x
2
4
x = 0 y = 4
y = 0 0 = x
2
4
0 = (x + 2)(x 2)
x = 2, 2
TP = (0, 4).

a Area =
2
0
d y x

=
2
2
0
( 4) d x x

=
2
2
0
(4 ) d x x

=
2
3
0
1
4
3
x x
(
(

=
8
8 0
3
| |

|
\ .

=
1
5
3
square units
b Area =
4
2
d y x

=
4
2
2
( 4) d x x

=
4
3
2
1
4
3
x x
(
(

=
64 8
16 8
3 3
| | | |

| |
\ . \ .

=
56
8
3

=
2
10
3
square units
c A =
2 4
0 2
d d y x y x +

=
1 2
5 10
3 3
+
= 16 square units
11 y = x
3
+ x
2
2x (positive cubic)
x = 0 y = 0
y = 0 0 = x
3
+ x
2
2x
0 = x(x
2
+ x 2)
0 = x(x + 2)(x 1)
x = 0 x + 2 = 0 or x 1 = 0
x = 0 or x = 2 or x = 1

a A =
0
2
d y x

=
0
3 2
2
( 2 ) d x x x x

=
0
4 3 2
2
2
4 3 2
x x x
(
+
(

MM1 2 - 9 248 I n t e g r a t i o n

=
0
4 3
2
2
4 3
x x
x
(
+
(

=
16 8
(0 0 0) 4
4 3
(
+
(

=
2
0 4 2 4
3
(

(

=
2
0 2
3
| |

|
\ .

=
2
2
3
square units
b A =
1
0
d y x

=
1
3 2
0
( 2 ) d x x x x +

=
1
4 3
2
0
4 3
x x
x
(
+
(

=
1 1
1 0
4 3
| |
+ +
|
\ .

=
5
12
square units
c A =
0 1
2 0
d d y x y x

=
2 5
2
3 12
+
=
1
3
12
square units
12 a y = 1 + 3 cos(2x) [0, ]

A =
4
0
d y x

A =
4
0
(1 3cos(2 )) d x x

=
4
0
3
sin(2 )
2
x x
(
+
(

3
sin (0 0)
4 2 2
| | | |
+ +
| |
\ . \ .

=
3
4 2
+ square units
b =
3
4
d y x

=
3
4
(1 3cos(2 )) d x x

3
4
3
sin(2 )
2
x x
(
+
(

=
3 3 3 3
sin(2 ) sin
2 4 2 2

| | | | | |
+ +
| | |
\ . \ . \ .

=
3 3
4 2
+
=
3
4 2
+ square units
13 f(x) = x 1
x = 0 f(x) = 1
f(x) = 0 0 = x 1
x = 1
x = 1
2

x = 1

A =
3
2
( ) d f x x

A =
3
2
( 1) d x x

=
3
3
2
2
3
2
x
x
(
(
(
(

=
3
3
2
2
2
3
x x
(
(
(

=
3 3
2 2
2 2
3 3 2 2
3 3
| | | |
| |
| |
\ . \ .

=
2 2
3 3 2 2 1
3 3

=
4 2
2 3 1
3

= 0.578
14 y =
1
x

A =
2
1
2
1
dx
x

=
2
1
2
log
e
x (

=
1
log (2) log
2
e e
( | |
| (
\ .

=
2
log
1
2
e
| |
|
|
|
\ .

= log
e
(4)
= log
e
(2
2
)
= 2 log
e
(2)
I n t e g r a t i o n MM1 2 - 9 249
15 g(x) = e
x
+ 2

A =
3
1
d y x

A =
3
1
( 2) d
x
e x

=
3
1
2
x
e x
(
+

= (e
3
+ 6) (e
1
2)
= e
3
e
1
+ 8
Exercise 9G Further areas
1 a f(x) = x
2
3x
x = 0 f(x) = 0
f(x) = 0 0 = x
2
3x
0 = x(x 3)
x = 0 or x = 3
i

ii Area =
3
0
( ) d f x x

=
3
2
0
( 3 ) d x x x

=
3
2
0
(3 ) d x x x

=
3
2 3
0
3 1
2 3
x x
(
(

=
27
9
2
| |
|
\ .
0
= 4.5 square units
b g(x) = (2 x)(4 + x)
x = 0 g(x) = 2 4 = 8
g(x) = 0 0 = (2 x)(4 + x)
2 x = 0 or 4 + x = 0
x = 2 or x = 4
The turning point is at (1, 9)
i

ii Area =
2
4
( ) d g x x

=
2
2
4
(8 2 ) d x x x

=
2
2 3
4
2
8
2 3
x x
x
(

(

=
8
16 4
3
| |

|
\ .

2
32 16 21
3
| |
+
|
\ .

= 9
1
3

2
26
3
| |
|
\ .

= 9
1
3
+ 26
2
3

= 36 square units
2 a h(x) = (x + 3)(5 x)
= 5x x
2
+ 15 3x
= x
2
+ 2x + 15

A =
5
3
( ) d h x x

A =
5
2
3
2 15 d x x x
+ +

=
5
3 2
3
2
15
3 2
x x
x
(
+ +
(

=
125 27
25 75 9 45
3 3
| | | |
+ + +
| |
\ . \ .

A = 58
1
3
+ 27
A = 85
1
3
square units
b h(x) = x
2
+ 5x 6
x = 0 h(x) = 6
h(x) = 0 0 = x
2
+ 5x 6
0 = (x + 6)(x 1)
x + 6 = 0 or x 1 = 0
x = 6 or x = 1
Turning point occurs at
5 1
, 12
2 4
| |

|
\ .

A =
1
6
( ) d h x x

A =
1
2
6
( 5 6) d x x x

MM1 2 - 9 250 I n t e g r a t i o n

=
1
3 2
6
1 5
6
3 2
x x x
(
+
(

=
1 5 216 180
6 36
3 2 3 2
| | | |
+
| |
\ . \ .

=
1
57
6
square units
c g(x) = 8 x
2

x = 0 g(x) = 8
g(x) = 0 0 = 8 x
2

x
2
= 8
x = 8
x = 2 2
Turning point occurs at (0, 8).

A =
2 2
2 2
( ) d g x x

=
2 2
2
2 2
(8 ) d x x
or
2 2
2
0
(8 ) d x x

=
2 2
3
0
2 8
3
x
x
(
(

=
3
(2 2)
2 (8 2 2) 0
3
| |
|
|
\ .

=
16 2
2 16 2
3
| |
|
|
\ .

=
64 2
3
square units
d g(x) = x
3
4x
2

x = 0 g(x) = 0
g(x) = 0 0 = x
3
4x
2

0 = x
2
(x 4)
x = 0 or x = 4
Turning point occurs when g(x) = 0.
x(3x 8) = 0
x = 0 or 3x 8 = 0
x = 0 or x =
8
3

At x = 0, g(x) = 0
At x =
8
3
, g(x) =
3 2
8 8
4
3 3
| | | |

| |
\ . \ .

=
512 256
27 9

=
256
27

= 9.5

A =
4
0
( ) d g x x

=
4
3 2
0
4 d x x x

=
4
4 3
0
4
4 3
x x
(
(

=
4 3
4 4 4
(0 0)
4 3
| |
+
|
|
\ .

=
256
64
3
| |

|
\ .

=
1
21
3
square units
e f(x) = x(x 2)(x 3)
At x = 0, f(x) = 0 2 3 = 0
When f(x) = 0, 0 = x(x 2)(x 3)
x = 0, 2, 3
f(x) = x(x
2
5x + 6)
f(x) = x
3
5x
2
+ 6x

A =
2 3
0 2
( ) d ( ) d f x x f x x

A =
2 3
3 2 3 2
0 2
( 5 6 ) d ( 5 6 ) d x x x x x x x x + +

A =
2 3
4 3 2 4 3 2
0 2
5 6 5 6
4 3 2 4 3 2
x x x x x x
( (
+ +
( (

=
16 40 81 135
12 0 27
4 3 4 3
( | | | |
+ +
| | (
\ . \ .

16 40
12
4 3
( | |
+
|(
\ .

=
2 1 2
2 2 2
3 4 3
( | | | |

| | (
\ . \ .

=
2 1 2
2 2 2
3 4 3
| |
+
|
\ .

A =
1
3
12
square units
f f(x) = x
3
4x
2
4x + 16
At x = 0, f(x) = 16
When f(x) = 0, 0 = x
3
4x
2
4x + 16
0 = x
2
(x 4) 4(x 4)
0 = (x 4)(x
2
4)
0 = (x 4)(x + 2)(x 2)
x 4 = 0 or x + 2 = 0 or x 2 = 0
x = 4, 2 or 2

A =
2 4
2 2
( ) d ( ) d f x x f x x

I n t e g r a t i o n MM1 2 - 9 251
=
2
3 2
2
( 4 4 16) d x x x x

4
3 2
2
( 4 4 16) d x x x x +

=
2
4 3 2
2
4 4
16
4 3 2
x x x
x
(
+
(

4
4 3 2
2
4 4
16
4 3 2
x x x
x
(
+
(

=
16 32 16 32
8 32 8 32
4 3 4 3
( | | | |
+ +
| | (
\ . \ .

256 256 16 32
32 64 8 32
4 3 4 3
( | | | |
+ +
| | (
\ . \ .

=
1 1 2 1
17 25 10 17
3 3 3 3
( ( | | | | | | | |

| | | | ( (
\ . \ . \ . \ .

=
2 2
42 6
3 3
| |

|
\ .

A =
1
49
3
square units
g g(x) = x
3
+ 3x
2
x 3
At x = 0, g(x) = 3
When g(x) = 0, 0 = x
3
+ 3x
2
x 3
0 = x
2
(x + 3) 1(x + 3)
0 = (x + 3)(x
2
1)
0 = (x + 3)(x + 1)(x 1)
x + 3 = 0 or x + 1 = 0 or x 1 = 0
x = 3, 1, or 1

Area =
1 1
3 1
( ) d ( ) d g x x g x x

=
1
3 2
3
( 3 3) d x x x x

1
3 2
1
( 3 3) d x x x x

=
1
4 3 2
3
3
3
4 3 2
x x x
x
(
+
(

1
4 3 2
1
3
3
4 3 2
x x x
x
(
+
(

=
1 1 81 9
1 3 27 9
4 2 4 2
( | | | |
+ +
| | (
\ . \ .

1 1 1 1
1 3 1 3
4 2 4 2
( | | | |
+ +
| | (
\ . \ .

=
3 1 1 3
1 2 2 1
4 4 4 4
( ( | | | | | | | |

| | | | ( (
\ . \ . \ . \ .

=
3 1
1 2 ( 4)
4 4
| |
+
|
\ .

= 8 square units
h h(x) = (x 1)(x + 2)(x + 5)
At x = 0, h(x) = 1 2 5 = 10
When h(x) = 0, 0 = (x 1)(x + 2)(x + 5)
x 1 = 0 or x + 2 = 0 or x + 5 = 0
x = 1, 2 or 5

Area =
2 1
5 2
( ) d ( ) d h x x h x x

=
2
3 2
5
( 6 3 10) d x x x x
+ +

1
3 2
2
( 6 3 10) d x x x x
+ +

=
2
4 2
3
5
3
2 10
4 2
x x
x x
(
+ +
(

1
4 2
3
2
3
2 10
4 2
x x
x x
(
+ +
(

=
16 625 5
16 6 20 250 50
4 4 2
( 7 | | | |
+ + + +
| | (
\ . \ .

1 3 16
2 10 16 6 20
4 2 4
( | | | |
+ + + +
| | (
\ . \ .

=
1 1
14 6 6 14
4 4
( | | (

| ( (
\ .

= 20
1
4
+ 20
1
4

= 40.5 square units
3 y = x
2
6x + 8
x = 0 y = 8
y = 0 0 = x
2
6x + 8
0 = (x 4)(x 2)
x = 4 or x = 2
Turning Point at x = 3
y = 3
2
6 3 + 8 = 9 18 + 8
y = 1

Area =
4
2
d y x

=
4
2
2
( 6 8) d x x x +

MM1 2 - 9 252 I n t e g r a t i o n

=
4
3
2
2
3 8
3
x
x x
(
+
(

=
64 8
48 32 12 16
3 3
( | | | |
+ +
| | (
\ . \ .

=
1 2
5 6
3 3
(

(

=
1
1
3
| |
|
\ .

=
1
1
3
square units
The answer is A.
4 Area =
2 4
3 2
( ) d ( ) d f x x f x x
+

=
4 2
2 3
( ) d ( ) d f x x f x x

The answer is D.
5 y = x
2
x 6 x = 2 to x = 4
At x = 0, y = 6
At y = 0, 0 = x
2
x 6
0 = (x 3)(x + 2)
x 3 = 0 or x + 2 = 0
x = 3 or x = 2
Turning point occurs when
d
d
y
x
= 0.
0 = 2x 1
x =
1
2

At x =
1
2
, y = 6
1
4

Area =
3 4
2 3
d d y x y x +

=
3 4
2 2
2 3
( 6) d ( 6) d x x x x x x +

=
3 4
3 2 3 2
2 3
6 6
3 2 3 2
x x x x
x x
( (
+
( (

=
27 9 8 4
18 12
3 2 3 2
( | | | |

| | (
\ . \ .

+
64 16 27 9
24 18
3 2 3 2
( | | | |

| | (
\ . \ .

=
1 1 2 1
13 11 10 13
2 3 3 2
( ( | | | |
+
| | ( (
\ . \ .

=
1 1 2 1
13 11 10 13
2 3 3 2
( | | (
+ + +
| ( (
\ .

=
1 5
2 2
6 6
+
A = 5
The answer is C.
6 a y = 3 3x
2

i x = 0 y = 3
y = 0 0 = 3 3x
2

3x
2
= 3
x
2
= 1
x = 1
Turning point occurs midway between x = 1,
that is, at x = 0.
When x = 0, y = 3.

ii Area =
1 2
0 1
d d y x y x

=
1 2
2 2
0 1
(3 3 ) d (3 3 ) d x x x x

=
1 2
3 3
0 1
3 3
3 3
3 3
x x
x x
( (

( (

= (3 1) [(6 8) (3 1)]
= 2 (2 2)
= 2 (4)
= 2 + 4
= 6 square units
b y =
2
x

i

ii Area =
3
1
d y x

=
3
1
2
dx
x

= [ ]
3
1
2 log | |
e
x
= 2(log
e
(3) log
e
(1))
= 2
3
log
1
e
( | |
| (
\ .

= 2 log
e
(3) square units
c y =
2
1
x

i

I n t e g r a t i o n MM1 2 - 9 253
ii Area =
2
2
1
1
dx
x
| |

|
\ .

=
2
2
1
1
dx
x

=
2
2
1
d x x

=
2
1
1
x
(
(

=
1
1
2
(
(

=
1
2

Area =
1
2
square units
d y = x
3
4x
i At x = 0, y = 0
At y = 0, 0 = x
3
4x
0 = x(x
2
4)
0 = x(x + 2)(x 2)
x = 0 or x = 2
Turning point occurs where
d
d
y
x
= 0
3x
2
4 = 0
3x
2
= 4
x
2
=
4
3

x =
2
3

=
2 3
3

ii A =
0 1
2 0
d d y x y x

A =
0 1
3 3
2 0
( 4 ) d ( 4 ) d x x x x x x

A =
2 1
4 2 4 2
0 0
4 4
4 2 4 2
x x x x
( (

( (

=
16 1
0 8 2 0
4 4
( ( | | | |

| | ( (
\ . \ .

= 4 + 1
3
4

= 5
3
4
square units
e y = e
2x

i x = 0 y = e
0
= 1

ii A =
0
2
2
d
x
e x

A =
0
2
2
1
2
x
e
(
(

=
0
2
2
1
2
x
e
(

=
1
2
(e
0
e
4
)
=
1
2
(1 e
4
) square units
f y = e
x

i

ii A =
2
0
d
x
e x

=
2
0
1
1
x
e

=
2
0
x
e

= [e
2
e
0
]
= e
2
+ 1
= 1 e
2
square units
g y = 2 sin(x)
i

ii A =
3
6
2 sin( ) d x x

= [ ]
3
6
2 cos( ) x

= 2 cos 2 cos
3 6
| | | | | | | |

| | | |
\ . \ . \ . \ .

= 1 + 3 square units
h y = cos
2
x | |
|
\ .

i

MM1 2 - 9 254 I n t e g r a t i o n

ii A =
2
2
cos d cos d
2 2
x x
x x

| | | |
| |
\ . \ .

=
2
2
2 sin 2 sin
2 2
x x

( ( | | | |
| | ( (
\ . \ .

= 2 sin 2 sin
2 4
| | | | | |
| | |
\ . \ . \ .

2
2 sin 2 sin
2 2
| | | | | |
| | |
\ . \ . \ .

=
2
2 (0 2)
2
| |

|
\ .

= 4 2 square units
i y = sin(3x)
i

ii A =
3 6
2 3
d d y x y x

= 3 6
2 3
sin(3 ) d sin(3 ) d x x x x

=
3
2
1
cos(3 )
3
x
(

6
3
1
cos(3 )
3
x
(

= [ ]
3
2
1
cos(3 )
3
x
+ [ ]
6
3
1
cos(3 )
3
x

A =
1 3
cos( ) cos
3 2
( | |

| (
\ .

+
1
cos cos( )
3 2
( | |

| (
\ .

A =
1
3
[(1) (0)] +
1
3
[0 (1)]
A =
2
3
square units
j y = x x
i

ii A =
4
0
d y x

A =
3
4
2
0
d x x

=
4
5
2
0
5
2
x
(
(
(
(

=
4
5
2
0
2
5
x
(
(
(

=
5 5
2 2
2
(4) 0
5
| |
|
|
\ .

=
2
5
(32 0)
=
64
5
square units
7 a y = x
4
x

i x-intercepts y = 0
0 = x
4
x

0 = x
2
4
0 = (x + 2)(x 2)
x + 2 = 0 or x 2 = 0
x = 2

ii A =
3 2
2 1
d d y x y x

A =
3 2
2 1
4 4
d d x x x x
x x
| | | |

| |
\ . \ .

=
3
2
2
4 log | |
2
e
x
x
(
(

2
2
1
4 log | |
2
e
x
x
(
(

=
9 4
4 log (3) 4 log (2)
2 2
e e
( | | | |

| | (
\ . \ .

2 2
2 1
4 log (2) 4 log (1)
2 2
e e
( | | | |
( | |
| |
( \ . \ .

= [(4.5 4 log
e
(3)) (2 4 log
e
(2))]

1
(2 4 log (2)) 4 log (1)
2
e e
( | |

| (
\ .

= (2.5 4 log
e
(3) + 4 log
e
(2) 1.5 + 4 log
e
(2))
= 1 4 log
e
3
4
| |
|
\ .
square units
b y = sin(x) cos(x)
i Graphs intersect at x =
4

ii A =
4
0
4
d d y x y x

=
4
(sin( ) cos( )) d x x x

4
0

I n t e g r a t i o n MM1 2 - 9 255
= [ ]
4
cos( ) sin( ) x x
[ ]
4
0
cos( ) sin( ) x x

= [ ]
4
cos( ) sin( ) x x
+ + [ ]
4
0
cos( ) sin( ) x x
+
= (cos( ) sin( )) cos sin
4 4

( | | | | | |
+ +
( | | |
\ . \ . \ .

+ cos sin (cos(0) sin(0))
4 4
( | | | | | |
+ +
( | | |
\ . \ . \ .

=
1 1
( 1 0)
2 2
( | |
+ +
( |
\ .

+
1 1
(1 0)
2 2
( | |
+ +
( |
\ .

= 1 +
2
2
+
2
2
1
=
4 2
2 2

= 2 2 square units
c y = e
x
e
1

i y = 0 0 = e
x
e
1

e
1
= e
x

x = 1
x-intercept (1, 0)
x = 0 y = e
0
e
= 1 e
= 1.72
x = 3 y = 17.4

ii A =
1 3
0 1
d d y x y x +

A =
1 3
0 1
( ) d ( ) d
x x
e e x e e x +

=
1 3
0 1
[ ] [ ]
x x
e ex e ex +
= [e
1
e e
0
+ 0] + [e
3
3e e + e]
= [1] + e
3
3e
= e
3
3e + 1 square units
d y = x
2
1
x

i y = 0
0 = x
2
1
x

0 = x
3
1
x
3
= 1 x = 1
x-intercept (1, 0)

ii A =
1 2
1
1
2
d d y x y x +

=
1
1
2
2
1
d x x
x
| |
|
\ .
+
2
2
1
1
d x x
x
| |
|
\ .

=
1
2
1
2
1
2
x
x
(
+
(

+
2
2
1
1
2
x
x
(
+
(

=
1 1
1 2
2 8
( | | | |
+ +
| | (
\ . \ .
+
1 1
2 1
2 2
( | | | |
+ +
| | (
\ . \ .

=
1 1
1 2
2 8
| |
|
\ .
+
1 1
2 1
2 2
| |
|
\ .

= 1
5
8
square units
e y =
2
x
e
i x-intercept
y = 0
0 =
1
2
e

2
x
= log
e
(0)
x-intercepts do not exist.

ii A =
2
2
2
d
x
e x

= 2
2
2
2
x
e
(
(
(

= 2[e
1
e
1
]
= 2e
1
2e
1

4.7 square units
f y = x
4
3x
2
4
i x-intercepts: y = 0
0 = x
4
3x
2
4
y = x
4
3x
2
4, x = 1 and x = 4
= (x
2
4)(x
2
+ 1)
= (x 2)(x + 2)(x
2
+ 1)
x-intercepts at (2, 0) and (2, 0)
y-intercept of (0, 4)

ii Area =
2 4
1 2
( ) d ( ) d f x x f x x +

=
2
4 2
1
( 3 4) d x x x
+
4
4 2
2
( 3 4) d x x x

=
2
5 3
1
1
4
5
x x x
(

(

+
4
5 3
2
1
4
5
x x x
(

(

MM1 2 - 9 256 I n t e g r a t i o n

=
32 1
8 8 1 4
5 5
( | | | |

| | (
\ . \ .

+
1024 32
64 16 8 8
5 5
| | | |

| |
\ . \ .

= (4.8) + 134.4
g y = (x 2)
4

i x-intercepts: y = 0
0 = (x 2)
4

x 2 = 0
x = 2

ii A =
3
1
d y x

=
3
4
1
( 2) d x x

=
3
5
1
( 2)
1 5
x
(

=
1
5
[(3 2)
5
(1 2)
5
]
=
1
5
[1
5
(1)
5
]
=
1
5
[1 + 1]
=
2
5
square units
8 y = e
3x

y = 0 0 = e
3x

x = 0, y = e
0
= 1
x = 1, y = e
3
= 20.1
x = 2, y = e
6
= 403.4

A =
2
1
d y x

=
2
3
1
d
x
e x

=
2
3
1
1
3
x
e
(

=
1
3
(e
6
e
3
) square units
9 y = cos x

A =
5
6 2
3 2
d d y x y x

+

=
2
3
cos( ) d x x

5
6
2
cos( ) d x x

=
2
3
cos( ) d x x

5
6
2
cos( ) d x x

= [ ] [ ]
5
6 2
3 2
sin( ) sin( ) x x

= sin sin
3
| | | | | |
| | |
\ . \ . \ .
2

5
sin sin
6 2
| | | | | |
| | |
\ . \ . \ .

=
3 1
1 1
2 2
| |
| |
|
|
|
\ .
\ .

=
3 1
1
2 2
+
=
3 3
2
square units
10 y = (x 1)
3

A =
1
0
d y x

=
1
3
0
( 1) d x x

A =
1
4
0
( 1)
4 1
x
(

=
1
4
square units
11 y =
2
1
( 3) x

a Vertical asymptote:
(x 3)
2
= 0
x 3 = 0
x = 3
Horizontal asymptote:
y = 0
At x = 0, y =
2
1
( 3)
=
1
9

I n t e g r a t i o n MM1 2 - 9 257
At y = 0
0 =
2
1
( 3) x

No x-intercepts

b A =
1
1
d y x

=
1
2
1
1
d
( 3)
x
x

=
1
2
1
( 3) d x x

=
1
1
1
( 3)
1 1
x
(

=
1
1
1
3 x
(
(

=
1 1
2 4
(
(

=
1
4
square units
12 f(x) = (x + 2)
3

a f(x) =
3
1
( 2) x +

Vertical asymptote
x + 2 = 0
x = 2
Horizontal asymptote
y = 0
b

A =
1
1
d y x

=
1
3
1
( 2) d x x

=
1
2
1
( 2)
2 1
x
(
+
(

=
1
2
1
1
( 2)
2
x
(
+

=
1
2
[3
2
1
2
]
=
1 1
1
2 9
(
(

=
1 8
2 9

=
4
9
square units
13 y = 3 e
2x

When x = 0, y = 3 e
0

= 3 1
= 2
When y = 0
0 = 3 e
2x

e
2x
= 3
x =
1
log (3)
2
e

=
0
2
d y x

=
0
2
2
3 d
x
e x

=
0
2
2
1
3
2
x
x e
(

=
0 4
1 1
3 0 (3 2)
2 2
e e
( | | | |

| | (
\ . \ .

=
1
0
2
| |
|
\ .

4
1
6
2
e
| |

|
\ .

=
1
2
+ 6 +
4
1
2
e

=
4
11
2
e
+
square units
14 y = 4 sin(2x)
When x = 0, y = 4 sin (2 0)
y = 4 sin(0)
= 4
When y = 0
0 = 4 sin(2x)
sin (2x) = 4
2x = sin
1
(4)

=
2
(4 sin(2 )) d x x

=
2
1
4 cos(2 )
2
x x
(

=
2
1
4 cos(2 )
2
x x
(
+
(

MM1 2 - 9 258 I n t e g r a t i o n

=
1 1
4 cos(2 ) 2 cos( )
2 2

( | | | |
+ +
| | (
\ . \ .

=
1 1
4 2
2 2

( | | | |
+
| | (
\ . \ .

= 6 + 1 square units
15 a y = x log
e
(x)

d
d
y
x
= v
d
d
u
x
+ u
d
d
v
x

= log
e
x 1 + x
1
x

= log
e
(x) + 1
= 1 + log
e
(x)
b log ( ) d
e
x x

= (1 log ( )) d 1 d
e
x x x +

= x log
e
(x) x + c
c

A =
4
1
d y x

=
4
1
log ( ) d
e
x x

= [ ]
4
1
log ( )
e
x x x
= [(4 log
e
(4) 4) (1 log
e
(1) 1)]
= [(4 log
e
(4) 4) (0 1)]
= 4 log
e
(4) 3 square units
16 a log
e
(x
2
+ 2)
Let y = log
e
(x
2
+ 2)

d
d
y
x
=
2
1
2 x +
2x
=
2
2
2
x
x +

b
2
d
2
x
x
x +

=
2
1 2
d
2 2
x
x
x +

=
1
2
log
e
(x
2
+ 2)
c

1
0
2 d y x

=
1
2
0
2 d
2
x
x
x +

=
1
2
0
2
d
2
x
x
x +

=
1
2
0
log( 2) x
(
+

= log
e
(3) log
e
(2)
= log
e
3
2
| |
|
\ .

= log
e
(1.5)
0.405 square units
17 y = x
2

a A
1
=
2
0
d y x

=
2
2
0
d x x

=
2
3
0
3
x
(
(

=
2
3
0
1
3
x
(

A
1
=
8
3
square units
b A
2
= Total area A
1
= 4 2 2
2
3

= 8 2
2
3

= 5
1
3
square units
18

At x = 2, y = e
4

To find shaded area firstly find A
1
(under the graph).
A
1
=
2
0
d y x

=
2
2
0
d
x
e x

=
2
2
0
1
2
x
e
(

=
1
2
(e
4
e
0
)
=
1
2
(e
4
1)
= Total area A
1

= e
4
2
1
2
(e
4
1)
I n t e g r a t i o n MM1 2 - 9 259
= 2e
4

1
2
e
4
+
1
2

=
4
3 1
2
e +
square units
19

Firstly find A
1
.
A
1
=
2
0
2 d y x

=
2
0
2 2 sin( ) d x x

=
2
0
4 sin( ) d x x

= [ ]
2
0
4 cos( ) x

= 4 cos cos(0)
2
( | |
+
| (
\ .

= 4 [0 + 1]
= 4
A
2
= Total area A
1

= 2 2
2
4
= 2 4
2.28 square units
20 a
0
2 d
k
x
e x
=
3
2

0
2
k
x
e

=
3
2

0
2 ( 2 )
k
e e
=
3
2

2 2
k
e
+ =
3
2

2
k
e
=
1
2

k
e
=
1
4

k =
1
ln
4
| |
|
\ .

k =
1
ln(4 )

k = ln(4)
k = ln(4)
b
0
sin(2 ) d
k
x x
= 1

0
1
cos(2 )
2
k
x
(
(

= 1

1 1
cos(2 ) cos(0)
2 2
k
| |

|
\ .
= 1

1 1
cos(2 )
2 2
k + = 1
MM1 2 - 9 260 I n t e g r a t i o n

1
cos(2 )
2
k =
1
2

cos(2k) = 1
2k =
k =
2

Exercise 9H Areas between two curves
1 a

f(x) = x and g(x) = x
2

Shaded area
= [ ( ) ( )] d
b
a
f x g x x

=
1
2
0
( ) d x x x

b

f(x) = 2x and g(x) = x + 1
f(x) g(x) = 2x (x + 1)
= 2x x 1
= x 1
Shaded area = [ ( ) ( )] d
b
a
f x g x x

=
2
1
( 1) d x x

c

f(x) = 4 x
2
and g(x) = 3x
f(x) g(x) = 4 x
2
3x
= 4 3x x
2

b
a
f x g x x

=
1
2
0
(4 3 ) d x x x

d

f(x) = 8 x
2
and g(x) = x
2

f(x) g(x) = 8 x
2
x
2

= 8 2x
2

b
a
f x g x x

=
2
2
2
(8 2 ) d x x

e

f(x) = 3x and g(x) = x
3

f(x) g(x) = 3x x
3

Shaded area
= [ ( ) ( )] d
b
a
f x g x x

=
3
3
0
(3 ) d x x x

f

f(x) = 9 x
2
and g(x) = e
x

f(x) g(x) = 9 x
2
e
x

b
a
f x g x x

=
1
2
1
(9 ) d
x
x e x

g

f(x) = x and g(x) = e
x

f(x) g(x)
= x ( e
x
)
I n t e g r a t i o n MM1 2 - 9 261
= x + e
x

Shaded area
= [ ( ) ( )] d
b
a
f x g x x

=
2
1
( ) d
x
x e x +

h

f(x) = 4 and g(x) = x
2
5
f(x) g(x) = 4 (x
2
5)
= 4 x
2
+ 5
= 1 x
2

Shaded area
= [ ( ) ( )] d
b
a
f x g x x

=
1
2
1
(1 ) d x x

2 a
1
2
0
( ) d x x x

=
1
2 3
0
2 3
x x
(
(

=
1 1
(0 0)
2 3
( | |

| (
\ .

=
1
6
square units
b
2
1
( 1) d x x

=
2
2
1
2
x
x
(
(

=
2 2
2 1
2 1
2 2
( | | | |
( | |
| |
( \ . \ .

=
1
(2 2) 1
2
( | |

| (
\ .

=
1
2
square units
c
1
2
0
(4 3 ) d x x x

=
1
2 3
0
3
4
2 3
x x
x
(

(

=
2 3
3 1 1
4 1 0
2 3
( | |
( |
|
( \ .

=
3 1
4
2 3
| |

|
\ .

=
1
2
6
square units
d
2
2
2
(8 2 ) d x x
=
2
3
2
2
8
3
x
x
(

=
3 3
2 2 2 ( 2)
8 2 8 2
3 3
( | | | |

( | |
| |
( \ . \ .

=
16 16
16 16
3 3
( | | | |
+
| | (
\ . \ .

=
32
32
3

=
64
3

=
1
21
3
square units
e
3
3
0
(3 ) d x x x

=
3
2 4
0
3
2 4
x x
(
(

=
2 4
3 ( 3) ( 3)
(0)
2 4
( | |
( |
|
( \ .

=
3 3 9
2 4
( | |
| (
\ .

=
9 9
2 4

=
1
2
4
square units
f
1
2
1
(9 ) d
x
x e x

=
1
3
1
9
3
x
x
x e
(

(

=
3 3
1 1
1 ( 1)
9 1 9 1
3 3
e e
( | | | |
( | |
| |
( \ . \ .

= 9
1
3
e + 9
1
3
e
1

=
1
1
17
3
e e

14.98 square units
g
2
1
( ) d
x
x e x +

=
2
2
1
2
x
x
e
(
+
(

=
2 2
2 1
2 1
2 2
e e
| | | |
+ +
| |
| |
\ . \ .

=
2
1
(2 )
2
e e
| |
+ +
|
\ .

=
2
1
1
2
e e +
6.17 square units
h
1
2
1
(1 ) d x x

=
1
3
1
3
x
x
(

=
3
1 ( 1)
1 1
3 3
( | |
| |
( |
|
|
\ . ( \ .

=
1 1
1 1
3 3
( | | | |
+
| | (
\ . \ .

= 2
2
3

=
4
3
square units
MM1 2 - 9 262 I n t e g r a t i o n

3

Shaded area:
=
5 5
1 1
( ) d ( ) d g x x f x x

A
=
5 1
1 5
( ) d ( ) d g x x f x x +

B
=
5
1
[ ( ) ( )] d g x f x x
D
=
5
1
[ ( ) ( )] d f x g x x
E
The answer is C
4

Shaded area
=
1
3
[ ( ) ( )] d f x g x x

The answer is D.
5

Shaded area
=
3 4
0 3
[ ( ) ( )] d [ ( ) ( )] d f x g x x g x f x x +

The answer is E.
6 a y = 4x and y = x
2

i Points of intersection
4x = x
2

x
2
4x = 0
x(x 4) = 0
x = 0 or x 4 = 0
x = 0 or 4
ii

iii Area bounded by curves
=
[ ( ) ( )] d
b
a
f x g x x

f(x) = 4x and g(x) = x
2

f(x) g(x) = 4x x
2

A =
4
2
0
(4 ) d x x x

=
4
2 3
0
4
2 3
x x
(
(

=
2 3
4 4 4
(0 0)
2 3
( | |
( |
|
( \ .

=
64 64
2 3

= 32
1
21
3

=
2
10
3
square units
b y = 2x and y = 3 x
2

2x = 3 x
2

x
2
+ 2x 3 = 0
(x + 3)(x 1) = 0
x + 3 = 0 or x 1 = 0
x = 3 or x = 1
ii

iii Shaded area = [ ( ) ( )] d
b
a
f x g x x

f(x) = 3 x
2
and g(x) = 2x
f(x) g(x) = 3 x
2
2x
A =
1
2
3
(3 2 ) d x x x

=
1
3 2
3
2
3
3 2
x x
x
(

(

=
3 3
2 2
1 ( 3)
3 1 1 3 3 ( 3)
3 3
( | | | |
( | |
| |
( \ . \ .

=
1
3 1 ( 9 9 9)
3
( | |
+
| (
\ .

=
2
1 9
3
+
=
2
10
3
square units
c y = x
2
1 and y = 1 x
2

x
2
1 = 1 x
2

2x
2
2 = 0
2(x
2
1) = 0
2(x + 1)(x 1) = 0
x = 1 or x = 1
I n t e g r a t i o n MM1 2 - 9 263
ii

iii Shaded area = [ ( ) ( )] d
b
a
f x g x x

f(x) = 1 x
2
and g(x) = x
2
1
f(x) g(x) = 1 x
2
(x
2
1)
= 2 2x
2

A =
1
2
1
(2 2 ) d x x

=
1
3
1
2
2
3
x
x
(

=
3 3
2 1 2 ( 1)
2 1 2 1
3 3
( | | | |

( | |
| |
( \ . \ .

=
2 2
2 2
3 3
( | | | |
+
| | (
\ . \ .

= 4
1
1
3

=
2
2
3
square units
d y = x
2
4 and y = 4 x
2

x
2
4 = 4 x
2

2x
2
8 = 0
2(x
2
4) = 0
2(x + 2)(x 2) = 0
x = 2 and x = 2
ii

= [ ( ) ( )] d
b
a
f x g x x

f(x) = 4 x
2
and g(x) = x
2
4
f(x) g(x) = 4 x
2
(x
2
4)
= 8 2x
2

Area =
2
2
2
(8 2 ) d x x

=
2
3
2
2
8
3
x
x
(

=
3 3
2 2 ( 2)
8 2 2 8 2
3 3
( | | | |

( | |
| |
( \ . \ .

=
16 16
16 16
3 3
( | | | |
+
| | (
\ . \ .

= 16
16
3
+ 16
16
3

= 32
32
3

=
1
21
3
square units
e y = (x + 1)
2
and y = 1 x
2

(x + 1)
2
= 1 x
2

x
2
+ 2x + 1 = 1 x
2

x
2
+ x
2
+ 2x + 1 1 = 0
2x
2
+ 2x = 0
2x(x + 1) = 0
x = 0 or x = 1
ii

= [ ( ) ( )] d
b
a
f x g x x

f(x) = 1 x
2
and g(x) = (x + 1)
2

f(x) g(x) = 1 x
2
(x
2
+ 2x + 1)
= 2x
2
2x
Area =
0
2
1
( 2 2 ) d x x x

=
0
3 2
1
2 2
3 2
x x
(

(

=
3
2
2 ( 1)
(0 0) ( 1)
3
( | |

( |
|
( \ .

= 0
2
1
3
| |
|
\ .

=
2
3
+ 1
=
1
3
square units
f y = x and y = x
2

x = x
2

or x = x
4

x
4
x = 0
x(x
3
1) = 0
x = 0 or x
3
1 = 0
x = 0 or x = 1
ii

MM1 2 - 9 264 I n t e g r a t i o n

= [ ( ) ( )] d
b
a
f x g x x

f(x) = x and g(x) = x
2

f(x) g(x) =
2
x x
Area =
1
2
0
( ) d x x x

=
1
1
2
2
0
d x x x
| |
|
|
\ .

=
1
3
3
2
0
3
3
2
x x
(
(
(
(

=
1
3
3
2
0
2
3 3
x
x
(
(
(

=
3
3
2
2 1
1 (0)
3 3
( | |
( |
|
(
\ .

=
2 1
3 3
( | |
| (
\ .

=
1
3
square units
7 a y = x
3
and y = x
x
3
= x
x
3
x = 0
x(x
2
1) = 0
x = 0 or x
2
= 1
x = 0 or x = 1
ii

= [ ( ) ( )] d
b
a
f x g x x

For 1 x 0, f(x) = x
3
and g(x) = x
f(x) g(x) = x
3
x
For 0 x 1, f(x) = x and g(x) = x
3

f(x) g(x) = x x
3

A =
0 1
3 3
1 0
( ) d ( ) d x x x x x x
+

=
0
4 2
1
4 2
x x
(

+
1
2 4
0
2 4
x x
(
(

=
1 1
0
4 2
( | |

| (
\ .
+
1 1
0
2 4
( | |

| (
\ .

=
1 1
4 4
+
=
1
2
square units
b y = 3x
2
and y = x
3
+ 2x
3x
2
= x
3
+ 2x
x
3
+ 2x 3x
2
= 0
x(x
2
+ 2 3x) = 0
x(x
2
3x + 2) = 0
x(x 2)(x 1) = 0
x = 0 or x = 2 or x = 1
ii

For 0 x 1, f(x) = x
3
+ 2x and g(x) = 3x
2

f(x) g(x) = x
3
+ 2x 3x
2

For 1 x 2, f(x) = 3x
2
and g(x) = x
3
+ 2x
f(x) g(x) = 3x
2
(x
3
+ 2x)
= 3x
2
x
3
2x
A =
1
3 2
0
( 2 3 ) d x x x x +
+
2
2 3
1
(3 2 ) d x x x x

=
1 2
4 2 3 3 4 2
0 1
2 3 3 2
4 2 3 3 4 2
x x x x x x
( (
+ +
( (

=
1
1 1
4
| |
+
|
\ .
+ (8 4 4)
1
1 1
4
| |

|
\ .

=
1 1
4 4
+
=
1
2
square units
8 a y = x
3
and y = x
2

Area bounded by curves = [ ( ) ( )] d
b
a
f x g x x

For [1, 0],
f(x) g(x) = x
2
x
3

For [0, 1],
f(x) g(x) = x
2
x
3

Area =
0 1
2 3 2 3
1 0
( ) d ( ) d x x x x x x
+

=
0 1
3 4 3 4
1 0
3 4 3 4
x x x x
( (
+
( (

=
1 1
(0 0)
3 4
( | |

| (
\ .
+
1 1
0
3 4
( | |

| (
\ .

=
1 1
0
3 4
+ + +
1 1
3 4
| |
|
\ .

=
2
3
square units
I n t e g r a t i o n MM1 2 - 9 265
b y = sin(x) and y = cos(x)

If sin x = cos(x)
tan x = 1
x =
4
in [0, ]
Area bounded by curves
= [ ( ) ( )] d
b
a
f x g x x

For
4
to , f(x) = sin(x), g(x) = cos(x)

Area =
4

= [ ]
4
cos( ) sin( ) x x

= (cos() sin()) cos sin
4 4
| | | | | |

| | |
\ . \ . \ .

= (1 0)
1 1
2 2
| |
|
\ .

= 1 +
2
2

= 1 + 2
For 0 to
4
, f(x) = cos(x), g(x) = sin(x)

Area =
4
0
(cos( ) sin( )) d x x x

= [ ]
4
0
sin( ) cos( ) x x
+
sin cos
4 4
| | | | | |
+
| | |
\ . \ . \ .
(sin(0) + cos(0))
=
1 1
2 2
| |
+
|
\ .
(0 + 1)
=
2
2
1
= 2 1
Sum of areas = 1 + 2 + 2 1
= 2 2 square units
c y = (x 1)
2
and y = (x + 1)
2

= [ ( ) ( )] d
b
a
f x g x x

For [1, 0], f(x) = (x 1)
2
and g(x) = (x + 1)
2

f(x) g(x) = x
2
2x + 1 (x
2
+ 2x + 1)

2 2
2 1 2 1 x x x x = +
= 4x
For [0, 1], f(x) = (x + 1)
2
and g(x) = (x 1)
2

f(x) g(x) = x
2
+ 2x + 1 (x
2
2x + 1)
`
2 2
2 1 2 1 x x x x = + + +
= 4x
Area =
0 1
1 0
4 d 4 d x x x x
+

= 4
0
2
1
2
x
(
(

+ 4
1
2
0
2
x
(
(

= 4
2 2
0 ( 1)
2 2
(
(

+ 4
2 2
1 0
2 2
| |
|
|
\ .

= 4
1
0
2
(
(

+ 4
1
0
2
| |
|
\ .

= 2 + 2
= 4
d y = x
3
5x and y = 6 2x
2

Points of intersection
x
3
5x = 6 2x
2

x
3
+ 2x
2
5x 6 = 0
x = 1 or 3 or 2

For [0, 2], f(x) = 6 2x
2
and g(x) = x
3
5x
f(x) g(x) = 6 2x
2
(x
3
5x)
= 6 2x
2
x
3
+ 5x
For [2, 3], f(x) = x
3
5x and g(x) = 6 2x
f(x) g(x) = x
3
5x (6 2x
2
)
= x
3
5x 6 + 2x
2

= [ ( ) ( )] d
b
a
f x g x x

=
2
2 3
0
(6 2 5 ) d x x x x +
+
3
3 2
2
( 5 6 2 ) d x x x x +

=
2
3 4 2
0
2 5
6
3 4 2
x x x
x
(
+
(

+
3
4 2 3
2
5 2
6
4 2 3
x x x
x
(
+
(

=
3 4 2
2 2 2 5 2
6 2
3 4 2
| |

+
|
|
\ .

+
4 2 3
3 5 3 2 3
6 3
4 2 3
| |

+
|
|
\ .

4 2 3
2 5 2 2 2
6 2
4 2 3
| |

+
|
|
\ .

=
16
12 4 10
3
| |
+
|
\ .
+
81 45
18 18
4 2
| |
+
|
\ .

16
4 10 12
3
| |
+
|
\ .

=
2
12
3
+
81 90
4 4
| |
|
\ .

1
22 9
3
| |
+
|
\ .

MM1 2 - 9 266 I n t e g r a t i o n

=
2
12
3
+
9
4
| |
|
\ .

2
12
3
| |
|
\ .

= 23
1
12
square units
e y =
1
x
and y = 4x

1
x
= 4x
1 = 4x
2

x
2
=
1
2

x =
1
2

= [ ( ) ( )] d
b
a
f x g x x

For
1 1
,
4 2
(
(

, f(x) =
1
x
and g(x) = 4x
f(x) g(x) =
1
x
4x
For
1
,1
2
(
(

, f(x) = 4x and g(x) =
1
x

f(x) g(x) = 4x
1
x

A =
1
2
1
4
1
4 d x x
x
| |
|
\ .
+
1
1
2
1
4 d x x
x
| |
|
\ .

A =
1
2
2
1
4
4
log | |
2
e
x
x
(
(

+
1
2
2
4
log | |
2
e
x
x
1
(
(

=
1 1
log
2 2
e
| | | |
| |
\ . \ .

1 1
log
4 8
e
| | | |
| |
\ . \ .
+ (2 log
e
(1))

1 1
log
2 2
e
| | | |
| |
\ . \ .

= log
e
1
2
| |
|
\ .

1
2
log
e
1
4
| |
|
\ .
+
1
8
+ (2 0)

1 1
log
2 2
e
| | | |
| |
\ . \ .

= 2 log
e
1
2
| |
|
\ .
log
e
1
4
| |
|
\ .

3
8
+
5
2

= 1
1
8
square units
f y = e
x
and y = e
x

e
x
= e
x

e
x
=
1
x
e

e
2x
= 1 = e
0

2x = 0
x = 0

= [ ( ) ( )] d
b
a
f x g x x

x = [0, 1] f(x) = e
x
g(x) = e
x

f(x) g(x) = e
x
e
x

A =
1
0
( ) d
x x
e e x

=
1
0
1
x
x
e
e

=
1
0
x x
e e
(
+

= [(e
1
+ e
1
) (e
0
+ e
0
)]
= [(e + e
1
) (1 + 1)]
= e + e
1
2
1.086 square units
g y = 2 cos(x) and y = x
2

By CAS calculator:
2 cos(x) = x
2
at x =
2

= [ ( ) ( )] d
b
a
f x g x x

=
2
0
2cos( ) d
2
x x x
| | | |

| |
\ . \ .

=
2
0
2cos( ) d
2
x x x
| |
+
|
\ .

=
2
2
0
2sin( )
2 2
x
x x
(
+
(

=
2
2
2sin
2 2 2 2

(
| |
(
|
| | | |
\ .
(
+
| |
(
\ . \ .
(
(

2
0
2sin(0) 0
2 2
| |
+
|
|
\ .

=
2 2
2 0
8 4

| |
+
|
|
\ .

I n t e g r a t i o n MM1 2 - 9 267
=
2
2
8
| |
+
|
|
\ .

3.234 square units
h y = e
x
and y = e
x

e
x
= e
x

e
x
+ e
x
= 0
2e
x
= 0
e
x
= 0
Solution for x does not exist.

A = [ ( ) ( )] d
b
a
f x g x x

=
1
2
[ ( )] d
x x
e e x

=
1
2
[ ] d
x x
e e x

=
1
2
2 d
x
e x

= 2
1
2
[ ]
x
e

= 2(e
1
e
2
)
5.166 square units
9 y = e
x
and y = x

Area bounded by the curves
A = [ ( ) ( )] d
b
a
f x g x x

=
3
1
( ) d
x
e x x

=
3
2
1
2
x
x
e
(
(

=
3 1
9 1
2 2
e e
( | | | |

| | (
\ . \ .

= e
3

9
2
e
1
+
1
2

= e
3
e 4
13.37 square units
10 y = x
2
, y =
2
x
+ 3, x = 1 and x = 3.

x
2
=
2
x
+ 3
2x
2
= x + 6
2x
2
x 6 = 0
(2x + 3)(x 2) = 0
x =
3
2
or x = 2
A = [ ( ) ( )] d
b
a
f x g x x

=
2
2
1
3 d
2
x
x x
| |
+
|
\ .
+
3
2
2
3 d
2
x
x x
| |

|
\ .

=
2
2 3
1
3
4 3
x x
x
(
+
(

+
3
3 2
2
3
3 4
x x
x
(

(

=
2 1 1
1 6 2 3
3 4 3
( | | | |
+ +
| | (
\ . \ .

+
9 8
9 9 1 6
4 3
( | | | |

| | (
\ . \ .

=
1 11
4 2
3 12
| |
|
\ .
+
1 1
2 4
4 3
| | | |

| |
\ . \ .

= 1
5
12
+ 2
1
12

= 3
1
2
square units
11 y = sin(2x) and y = cos(x)

sin(2x) = cos(x)
sin(2x) cos(x) = 0
2 sin(x)cos(x) cos(x) = 0
cos(x)(2 sin(x) 1) = 0
cos(x) = 0 or 2 sin(x) = 1
x =
2
,
3
2
or sin(x) =
1
2

x =
6
,
5
6

Required solutions are
6
and
2

MM1 2 - 9 268 I n t e g r a t i o n

= [ ( ) ( )] d
b
a
f x g x x

=
6
0
(cos( ) sin(2 )) d x x x
+
2
6
(sin(2 ) cos( )) d x x x

=
6
0
1
sin( ) cos(2 )
2
x x
( | |

| (
\ .
+
2
6
1
cos(2 ) sin( )
2
x x
(

(

=
1 1
sin cos 2 sin(0) cos(0)
6 2 6 2
( | | | | | |
+ +
| | | (
\ . \ . \ .

1 1
cos 2 sin cos 2 sin
2 2 2 2 6 6
( | | | | | | | | | | | |
+ +
( | | | | | |
\ . \ . \ . \ . \ . \ .

=
1 1 1 1
0 1
2 2 2 2
( | | | |
+ +
| | (
\ . \ .

1 1 1 1
1 1
2 2 2 2
( | | | |
+ +
| | (
\ . \ .

=
1 1 1
2 4 2
( | | | |
+
| | (
\ . \ .

1 1 1
1
2 4 2
( | | | |
+ +
| | (
\ . \ .

=
1
4

1
4
| |
|
\ .

=
1
2
square units
12 y = 3 sin(2x) and y = sin(2x)
3 sin(2x) = sin(2x)
2 sin(2x) = 3
sin(2x) =
3
2

2x =
3
,
2
3

x =
6
,
3

=
6
0
( 3 2sin(2 ) sin(2 )) d x x x

+
4
6
sin(2 ) ( 3 sin(2 )) d x x x

=
6
0
( 3 2sin(2 )) d x x
+
4
6
(2sin(2 ) 3) d x x

=
6
0
3 cos(2 ) x x
(
+

+
4
6
cos(2 ) 3 x x
(

= 3 cos cos(0)
6 3
| | | |
+
| |
\ . \ .

+ cos 3 cos 3
2 4 3 6
( | | | | | |

( | | |
\ . \ . \ .

=
1
3 1
6 2
| |
+
|
\ .
0
3
4
+
1
2
+ 3
6

=
3
3

3
4

=
1 1
3
3 4
| |
|
\ .

=
3
12

0.45 square units
13 y = e
x
and y = 3 2e
x

e
x
= 3 2e
x

e
x
+ 2e
x
3 = 0
e
x
+
2
x
e
3 = 0
e
2x
+ 2 3e
x
= 0
e
2x
3e
x
+ 2 = 0
Let y = e
x
: y
2
3y + 2 = 0
(y 2)(y 1) = 0
y = 2 or y = 1
so e
x
=2 or e
x
= 1
x = log
e
(2) or e
x
= e
0

x = 0.693 or x = 0

= [ ( ) ( )] d
b
a
f x g x x

=
log (2)
0
(3 (2 ) ) d
e
x x
e e x

=
log (2)
0
2
3
1
e
x
x
e
x e
(

(

=
log (2)
0
3 2
e
x x
x e e
(
+

=
log (2) log (2)
3 log (2) 2
e e
e
e e
(
+

0 0
0 2e e
(
+

= 3 log
e
(2) + 2
1
2
2 [0 + 2 1]
= 3 log
e
(2) 2
14 a f(x) = 4
1
4
x
2

x-intercepts at f(x) = 0
0 = 4
1
4
x
2

0 = 16 x
2

x
2
= 16
x = 4 and 4
b g(x) = 3
1
3
x
2

x-intercepts at g(x) = 0
0 = 3
1
3
x
2

0 = 9 x
2

x
2
= 9
x = 3 and 3.
I n t e g r a t i o n MM1 2 - 9 269
c Cross-sectional area
A =
4 3
4 3
( ) d ( ) d f x x g x x

=
4 3
2 2
4 3
1 1
4 d 3 d
4 3
x x x x

| | | |

| |
\ . \ .

=
4 3
3 3
3 4
1 1
4 3
4 3 3 3
x x
x x

( | | (
( | (
|
( \ .

=
1 64 1 64
4 4 4 4
4 3 4 3
( | | | |

| | (
\ . \ .

1 27 1 27
3 3 3 3
3 3 3 3
( | | | |

| | (
\ . \ .

=
16 16
16 16
3 3
( | | | |
+
| | (
\ . \ .
[(9 3) (9 + 3)]
=
16 16
16 16
3 3
| |
+
|
\ .
(6 + 6)
= 32 10
2
3
12
= 9
1
3
m
2

15

f(x) =
1
2
2
2x
2
and g(x) = 2x
2

A =
1 1
2 2
1 1
2 2
( ) d ( ) d f x x g x x

=
1
2
2
1
2
5
2 d
2
x x
| |
|
\ .

1
2
2
1
2
2 d x x

=
1
3
2
1
2
5 2
2 3
x x
(

1
3
2
1
2
2
3
x
(
(

=
5 1 5 1
4 12 4 12
( | | | |
+
| | (
\ . \ .

3 3
2 1 2 1
3 2 3 2
( | |
| | | |
( |
| |
|
\ . \ . (
\ .

=
5 1 5 1
4 12 4 12
| |
+
|
\ .

1 1
12 12
| |
+
|
\ .

= 2
1
2

4
12

= 2
1
6

Area = 2
1
6
m
2

16

a x-intercepts of curve
0 = 4
2
100
x

2
100
x
= 4
x = 400
= 20
x-intercepts x = 20 and 20
b Length of bridge
= |20| + 20
= 20 + 20
= 40 m
c Area of side of bridge
= ( ) d ( ) d
b b
a a
f x x g x x

=
2
20 20
20 20
5 d 4 d
100
x
x x

= [ ]
20
3
20
0
0
2 5 2 4
300
x
x x
(

(

= 2[5 20 0] 2
3
20
4 20 (0)
300
( | |
( |
|
( \ .

=
80
200 2 80
3
| |

|
\ .

= 93
1
3
m
2

d V = Area Width
= 93
1
3
9
= 840 m
3

17

For f(x) = 5 sin
30
x | |
|
\ .

Amplitude = 5
Period =
2
30
= 2
30
= 60
So length of tunnel =
1
2
60 = 30 m
a Area of entrance
=
30 30
0 0
( ) d ( ) d f x x g x x

=
30 30
0 0
5 d 5sin d
30
x
x x
| |
|
\ .

=
[ ]
30
30
0
0
1
5 5 cos
30
30
x
x
(
(
| |

( |
\ .
(

= 150
30
0
150
cos
30
x
( | |
| (
\ .

MM1 2 - 9 270 I n t e g r a t i o n

= 150
150 30 150
cos cos(0)
30

( | | | | | |
( | | |
\ . \ . \ .

= 150
150 150
1 1

( | | | |

| | (
\ . \ .

= 150
150 150

(
+
(

= 150
300
m
2

b Volume of concrete
V = Area Length
V =
(150 300)
200

V =
200(150 300)

V =
30000 60000
m
3

Exercise 9I Average value of a function
1 a y = x
3
x, x [1, 3]
y
av
=
1
( ) d
b
a
f x x
b a

=
3
3
1
1
d
3 1
x x x

=
3
4 2
1
1
2 4 2
x x
(
(

=
4 2
1 3 3 1 1
2 4 2 4 2
| | | |
| |
| |
|
| |
\ .
\ . \ .

=
1 81 9 1 1
2 4 2 4 2
| | | | | |

| | |
\ . \ . \ .

=
1 80 8
2 4 2
| |
|
\ .

=
1
16
2

y
av
= 8
b y = sin(x), x 0,
6
(
(

y
av
=
1
0
6
6
0
sin( ) d x x

= [ ]
6
0
6
cos( ) x

=
6
cos ( cos(0))
6
| | | |

| |
\ . \ .

=
6 3
( 1)
2
| | | |
| |
| |
\ . \ .

=
6 3
1
2
| |
|
|
\ .

=
6 2 3
2
| |
|
|
\ .

y
av
=
3(2 3)

c y = x , x [1, 4]
y
av
=
1
( ) d
b
a
f x x
b a

=
4
1
1
d
4 1
x x

=
1
4
2
1
1
d
3
x x

=
4
3
2
1
1 2
3 3
x
(
(
(
(

=
3
2
1 2 4 2
3 3 3
| | | |
| | | |

| | |
\ .
| |
\ . \ .

=
1 16 2
3 3 3
| | | | | |

| | |
\ . \ . \ .

=
1 14
3 3

y
av
=
14
9

d y = e
3x
, x [0, 2]
y
av
=
1
( ) d
b
a
f x x
b a

=
2
3
0
1
d
2 0
x
e x

=
2
3
0
1
2 3
x
e
(
(

=
6 0
1
2 3 3
e e
| |
|
|
\ .

=
6
1 1
2 3
e

y
av
=
6
1
6
e

2 a y = x ln (x), x [2, 5]
y
av
=
1
( ) d
b
a
f x x
b a

=
5
2
1
ln( ) d
5 2
x x x

=
5
2
1
ln( ) d
3
x x x

The average value of y = ln(x) for the interval [2, 5] is

1
(50ln(5) 8ln(2) 21)
12

b y = tan (2x), x 0,
6
(
(

y
av
=
1
( ) d
b
a
f x x
b a

y
av
=
1
0
6
6
0
tan(2 ) d x x

=
6
0
6
tan(2 ) d x x

I n t e g r a t i o n MM1 2 - 9 271

6
0
6
tan(2 ) d x x

The average value of y = tan(2x) for the interval [0,
6
] is

3ln(2)

c y = xe
x
, x [0, 4]

y
av
=
1
( ) d
b
a
f x x
b a

=
4
0
1
d
4 0
x
xe x

=
4
0
1
d
4
x
xe x


4
0
1
d
4
x
xe x

The average value of y = xe
x
for the interval [0, 4] is

4
1
(3 1)
4
e +
d y = 1, x x + x [1, 7]
y
av
=
1
( ) d
b
a
f x x
b a

=
1
7 1
7
1
1 d x x x +

=
7
1
1
1 d
6
x x x +


7
1
1
1 d
6
x x x +

The average value of y = 1 x x + for the interval [1, 7] is

302 2
45

3 y = e
2x
for x [1, 0]
a y
av
=
1
( ) d
b
a
f x x
b a

=
0
2
1
1
d
0 ( 1)
x
e x

=
0
2
1
d
x
e x

=
0
2
1
2
x
e
(

=
0 2
2 2
e e
| | | |
| |
| |
\ . \ .

=
2
1
2 2
e

y
av
=
2
1
( 1)
2
e
b e
2x
=
2
1
( 1)
2
e
2x =
2
1
ln
2
e
| |
|
|
\ .

x =
2
1 1
ln
2 2
e
| |
|
|
\ .

4 f(x) = log
e
(2x + 1) for x [0, 4]
y
av
=
1
( ) d
b
a
f x x
b a

=
4
0
1
log (2 1) d
4 0
e
x x +

=
4
0
1
ln(2 1) d
4
x x +


4
0
1
ln(2 1) d
4
x x +

The average value of f(x) = log
e
(2x + 1) for the interval
[0, 4] is
(9ln(3) 4)
4
C
5 y = sin(2x) for x 0,
4
(
(

y
av
=
1
( ) d
b
a
f x x
b a

=
1
0
4
4
0
sin(2 ) d x x

= ( )
4
0
4 1
cos 2
2
x
(

= ( )
4 1 1
cos cos 0
2 2 2
| | | | | | | |

| | | |
\ . \ . \ . \ .

=
4 1
0
2
| |
+
|
\ .

=
4 1
2

y
av
=
2

E
Exercise 9J Further applications of integration
1 f(x) = (2 x)
2

f(x) = ( ) d f x x

=
2
(2 ) d x x

f(x) =
3
(2 )
1 3
x
c
+

f(x) =
3
1
(2 )
3
x c
+
f(x) =
4
3
, x = 0

4
3
=
3
1
(2)
3
c
+

4
3
=
8
3
c
+
c =
4 8
3 3
+
c = 4
So f(x) =
3
1
(2 ) 4
3
x +
2
d
d
y
x
= 1 4 cos(2x)
y =
d
d
d
y
x
x

y = (1 4cos(2 )) d x x

MM1 2 - 9 272 I n t e g r a t i o n

y = x
1
4 sin(2 )
2
x c +
y = x 2 sin(2x) + c
y = 2 when x = 0
2 = 0 2x sin 0 + c
c = 2
So y = x 2 sin(2x) + 2
If x =
12

y =
12
2 sin 2 2
12
| |
+
|
\ .

=
12
2 sin 2
6
| |
+
|
\ .

=
12
2
1
2
+ 2
=
12
+ 1
3
d
d
y
x
= 0.03(x + 1)
2
+ 0.03
a When x = 0, y = 0
b y =
d
d
d
y
x
x

y =
2
( 0.03( 1) 0.03) d x x + +

y =
3
0.03 ( 1)
0.03
3
x
x c
+
+ +
y = 0.01(x + 1)
3
+ 0.03x + c
y = 0 when x = 0
0 = 0.01 (1)
3
+ 0.03 0 + c
0 = 0.01 + c
c = 0.01
So y = 0.01(x + 1)
3
+ 0.03x + 0.01
= 0.01(x
3
+ 3x
2
+ 3x + 1) + 0.03x + 0.01
= 0.01x
3
0.03x
2
0.03x 0.01 + 0.03x + 0.01
= 0.01x
3
0.03x
2

c Maximum deflection occurs when person is at the end of
the board. That is, when x 3.
So y = 0.01x
3
0.03x
2

x 3, y 0.01 3
3
0.03 3
2

= 0.27 0.27
= 0.54
The maximum deflection is 54 cm.
4
d
d
C
n
= 40 2e
0.01w

a n = 100

d
d
C
n
= 40 2e
0.01 100

= 40 2e
1

= 40 2e
= $34.56.
b C =
d
d
d
C
n
n

=
0.01
(40 2 ) d
n
e n

= 40n 2
0.01
1
100
n
e c +
= 40n 200e
0.01n
+ c
C = 0 when n = 0
0 = 0 200e
0
+ c
0 = 200 + c
c = 200
So C = 40n 200e
0.01n
+ 200
c n = 100
C = 40 100 200 e
0.01 100
+ 200
= 4000 200 e
1
+ 200
= 4000 543.66 + 200
= 4200 543.66
= 3656.34
Cost of producing first 100 items is $3656.34
d i Average cost for the first 100 items.
If n = 0, C = 40 0 200e
0
+ 200
= 0
If n = 100, C = 3656.34
So average cost for the first 100 items =
3656.34 0
100 0

= $36.56
ii Average cost of the second 100 items.
Substitute n = 200 into C.
C = 40 200 200 e
0.01 200
+ 200
= 8000 1477.81 + 200
= 6722.19
So average cost of the second 100 items is

6722.19 3656.34
100
= $30.66
5
d
d
x
t
= t(16 t)
a Velocity =
d
d
x
t

i t = 0
v = t(16 t)
= 0(16 0)
= 0 m/s
ii t = 4
v = 4 (16 4)
= 48 m/s
b i Maximum velocity occurs when
d
d
v
t
= 0.
v = 16t t
2

d
d
v
t
= 16 2t
= 0 if t = 8
ii Maximum velocity = 16 8 8
2

= 128 64
c = 64 m/s

d Area under graph
=
10
0
d
d
d
x
t
t

=
10
0
(16 ) d t t t

=
10
2
0
(16 ) d t t t

I n t e g r a t i o n MM1 2 - 9 273
=
10
2 3
0
16
2 3
t t
(
(

=
10
3
2
0
8
3
t
t
(
(

=
3 3
2 2
10 0
8 10 8 0
3 3
( | | (
( | (
|
( \ .

= [ ]
1000
800 0
3
( | |

| (
\ .

=
2
466
3
m
e The distance of
2
466
3
m represents the distance travelled
in 10 seconds.
6
d
d
v
t
= 5 + cos
40
t | |
|
\ .

a In the 40th minute:

d
d
v
t
= 5 +
40
cos
40
| |
|
\ .

= 5 + cos ()
= 5 + 1
= 4 L
b V =
d
d
d
v
t
t

V = 5 cos d
40
t
t
| | | |
+
| |
\ . \ .

V = 5t +
1
sin
40
40
t
c
| |
+
|
\ .

V = 5t +
40
sin
40
t
c
| | | |
+
| |
\ . \ .

V = 0 when t = 0
0 = 0 +
40
sin(0) + c
0 = 0 + c
c = 0
V = 5t +
40
sin
40
t
| | | |
| |
\ . \ .

c Volume pumped out in 40 minutes.
At t = 40, V = 5 40 +
40 40
sin
40
| | | |
| |
\ . \ .

= 200 +
40
sin()
= 200 +
40
0
= 200 L
d Average rate of water pumped out in first hour:
V = 5t +
40
sin
40
t
| | | |
| |
\ . \ .

At t = 0, V = 0
At t = 60, V = 5 60 +
40 60
sin
40
| |
|
\ .

= 300 + 12.7324
= 287.2676
Average rate =
287.2676 0
60 0

= 4.788
Average rate water is pumped in the first hour is
4.79 L/minute
e V = 5t +
40
sin
40
t
| | | |
| |
\ . \ .

1600 = 5t +
40
sin
40
t
t
| |
|
\ .

Solve for point of intersection between y
1
=1600 and
y
2
= 5t +
40
sin
40
t
t
| |
|
\ .
on a CAS graphics calculator
t = 320
So t = 5 h 20 min.
7
d
d
v
t
= 10 + cos
2
t | |
|
\ .

a

b Time for which the rate is above 10.5 L/h.
Let
d
d
v
t
> 10.5
Solve
d
d
v
t
= 10.5
Firstly 10 + cos
2
t | |
|
\ .
= 10.5
cos
2
t | |
|
\ .
= 10.5 10
cos
2
t | |
|
\ .
= 0.5

2
t
= cos
1
(0.5)

2
t
=
3
,
5
3
,
7
3
,
11
3

If
2
t
=
3
or
5
3

t =
3
or
5
3

t =
2
3
hours or t =
10
3
hours
So t is 0 to
2
3
hours;
2
2
3
to 4 hours and so on.
There are 3 periods of time involved which contains 6
lots of
2
3
hours for which the rate is above 10.5 L/h.
= 6
2
3
hr
= 4 hours
c
d
d
V
t
= 10 + cos
2
t | |
|
\ .

MM1 2 - 9 274 I n t e g r a t i o n

V = 10 cos d
2
t
t
| |
+
|
\ .

V = 10t +
1
sin
2
2
t
c
| |
+
|
\ .

V = 10t +
2
sin
2
t | |
|
\ .
+ c
But v = 0 when t = 0.
So 0 = 10 0 +
2
sin(0) + c
c = 0
V = 10t +
2
sin
2
t | |
|
\ .

i Volume of water flowed into system between 8 am
and 2 pm,
that is, t = 6
V = 10 6 +
2
sin
6
2
| |
|
\ .

V = 60 +
2
sin(3)
V = 60 +
2
0
V = 60 Litres
ii Volume of water flowed into system between 3 pm
and 8 pm. At 3 pm t = 7
V = 10 7 +
2
sin
7
2
| |
|
\ .

V = 70 +
2
1
V = 70
2

V = 69.363 Litres
At 8 pm t = 12
V = 10 12 +
2
sin
12
2
| |
|
\ .

V = 120 +
2
sin(6)
V = 120 +
2
0
V = 120 Litres
Difference = 120 69.363
= 50.6 Litres
8 f(x) = 20 0.024x
2

a Cross-sectional area
=
25
2
0
2 (20 0.024 ) d x x

=
25
3
0
0.024
2 20
3
x
x
(
(

= 2[(20 25 0.008 25
3
) 0]
= 2[500 125]
= 2 375
= 750 m
2

Volume = cross-sect. area length
= 750 75
= 56 250 m
3

b Number of air conditioners
=
56 250
11250

= 5
9

Equations y = ax
2

x = 1.5 when y = 2
2 = a (1.5)
2

a =
2
2
(1.5)

A = 2 1.5
1.5
2
2
0
2
d
(1.5)
x x

= 2 1.5
2
2
(1.5)

1.5
3
0
3
x
(
(

= 2 1.5
2
2
(1.5)

3
(1.5)
3

= 2 1.5
2
3
1.5
= 1.5
2
2
3
| |
|
\ .

= 1.5
4
3

= 2 m
2

But channel is half full so area = 1 m
2
.
When half full, let coordinates on the curve be (x, y).
Find y.
Area = area of rectangle(x, y) Area under curve.
Area =
2
2
0
2
d
(1.5)
x
xy x x

Area = xy
3
2
0
2
3 (1.5)
x
x
(
(

Area = xy
3
2
2
3 (1.5)
x

Now y =
2
2
(1.5)
x
2
and area = 1.
Find x.
1 =
2
2
(1.5)
x
2
x
2
2
(1.5)

3
3
x

1 =
2
2
(1.5)
x
3

2
2
(1.5)
3
3
x

1 =
3
2
4
3 (1.5)
x

x
3
=
2
1 3 (1.5)
4

I n t e g r a t i o n MM1 2 - 9 275
x =
2
3
3 (1.5)
4

x = 1.19 m
So substituting into y =
2
2
(1.5)
x
2

To find y, we have:
y =
2
2
(1.5)
(1.19)
2

=
2
1.19
1.5
| |
|
\ .
2
= 1.26
It is 1.26 m tall when half full.
10 y = x
3

Let P have coordinates (a, a
3
).
Area under curve
=
3
0
d
a
x x

=
4
0
4
a
x
(
(

=
4
0
1
4
a
x
(

=
4
1
( 0)
4
a
=
1
4
a
4

Area of rectangle
= a a
3

= a
4

So area under curve is
1
4
of the area of the rectangle.
11

a Let equation of parabola be of the form:
y = ax
2
+ c
c = 6
y = ax
2
+ 6
At x = 4, y = 0 0 = a 16 + 6
16a = 6
a =
6
16

a =
3
8

y =
2
3
6
8
x +
b Area of shaded region
= 10 7 Area under curve
= 10 7
4
2
0
3
2 6 d
8
x x
| |
+
|
\ .

= 70
4
3
0
3
2 6
8 3
x
x
(
+
(

= 70
4
3
0
1
2 6
8
x x
(
+
(

= 70
3
1
2 4 6 4 0
8
( | |
+
| (
\ .

= 70 2[ 8 + 24]
= 70 2 16
= 70 32
= 38 m
2

c Volume of concrete
= Cross-sectional area width
= 38 10
= 380 m
3

12

a To find the coordinates of B
f(x) = g(x)
e
x
1 = 2e
x
+ 2
e
x
1 =
2
2
x
e
+
e
2x
e
x
= 2 + 2e
x

e
2x
e
x
2e
x
+ 2 = 0
e
2x
3e
x
+ 2 = 0
Let y = e
x

y
2
3y + 2 = 0
(y 2)(y 1) = 0
y = 2 or y = 1
e
x
= 2 or e
x
= 1
x = log
e
(2) or x = log
e
(1)
x = log
e
(2) or x = 0
x-coordinate of B is log
e
(2)
Substitute into f(x) = e
x
1

( 2)
log
1
e
y e =
y = 2 1
y = 1
So, coordinates of B are (log
e
(2), 1)
b Area bounded by curves
= [ ( ) ( )] d
b
a
g x f x x

log (2)
0
[( 2 2) ( 1)] d
e
x x
e e x

=
log (2)
0
( 2 2 1) d
e
x x
e e x
+ +

=
log (2)
0
( 2 3) d
e
x x
e e x

=
log (2)
0
2
3
1
e
x
x
e
e x
+
(

=
log (2)
0
[2 3 ]
e
x x
e e x
+
MM1 2 - 9 276 I n t e g r a t i o n

=
log (2) 0 0
2
3log (2) [2 3 0]
log (2)
e
e
e
e e e
(
+ +
(

= (1 2 + 3log
e
(2)) (2 1 + 0)
= 1 + 3log
e
(2) 1
= 2 + 3log
e
(2)
= 3log
e
(2) 2
c Sum of areas under f(x) and g(x)
Sum =
log (2) log (2)
0 0
( 1) d ( 2 2) d
e e
x x
e x e x
+ +

=
log (2) log (2)
0 0
[ ] [2 2 ]
e e
x x
e x e x
+ +
=
log (2) log (2) 0
0
[( log (2)) ( 0)] [(2 2log (2))
(2 2 0)]
e e
e e
e e e
e
+ +
+

= [2 log
e
(2) 1] + [1 + 2log
e
(2) 2]
= 1 log
e
(2) + 1 + 2log
e
(2) 2
= log
e
(2)
Coordinates of B are (log
e
(2), 1)
So area of rectangle OABC
= log
e
(2) 1
= log
e
(2)
Hence sum of the areas under f(x) and g(x) from x = 0 to
x = log
e
(2) is equal to the area of rectangle OABC.
Chapter review
Short answer
1 f (x) =
3 2
(3 2 ) x x
x

=
2 2
3 2 x x
f(x) =
2
(3 2 ) d x x x

f(x) =
3 2
3 2
3 2
x x
c +
f(x) = x
3
x
2
+ c
But f(x) = 3, x = 1
3 = 1
3
1
2
+ c
c = 3
f(x) = x
3
x
2
3
2
d
d
y
x
= cos
4
x | |
|
\ .
+ k
a Stationary point at (2, 1)

d
d
y
x
= 0 at x = 2
0 = cos
2
4
| |
|
\ .
+ k
0 = cos
2
| |
|
\ .
+ k
0 = 0 + k
k = 0
b
d
d
y
x
= cos
4
x | |
|
\ .

y = cos d
4
x
x
| |
|
\ .

y =
4
sin
4
x | |
|
\ .
+ c
At x = 2, y = 1
1 =
4
sin
4
| |
|
\ .
+ c
1 =
4
1 + c
c = 1
4

So y =
4
sin
4
x | |
|
\ .
+ 1
4

c .y = ? when x = 6
y =
4
sin
6
4
| |
|
\ .
+ 1
4

=
4
sin
3
2
| |
|
\ .
+ 1
4

=
4
1 + 1
4

y =
8
+ 1
3 y = sin (x
2
+ 2x)
Let u = x
2
+ 2x

d
d
u
x
= 2x + 2
y = sin(u)

d
d
y
u
= cos(u)

d
d
y
x
=
d
d
y
u

d
d
u
x

= cos(u) 2(x + 1)
= cos(x
2
+ 2x) 2(x + 1)
= 2(x + 1) cos(x
2
+ 2x)
=
2
( 1)cos( 2 ) d x x x x + +

=
2
1
2( 1)cos( 2 ) d
2
x x x x + +

=
1 d
d
2 d
y
x
x
=
1
d
2
y x

=
1
2
sin(x
2
+ 2x)
4 a f (x) = 2e
x
+ k
Stationary point at (0, 3)
f (x) = 0 when x = 0
0 = 2e
0
+ k
0 = 2 + k
k = 2
b f(x) = ( ) d f x x

= (2 2) d
x
e x

= 2e
x
2x + c
At (0, 3)
3 = 2e
0
0 + c
3 = 2 + c
c = 1
f(x) = 2e
x
2x + 1
5
2
1
( ( ) ( )) d f x g x x

=
2
1
( 4) d
x
x e x +

=
2
2
1
4
2
x
x
e x
(
+
(

=
2 1
1
(2 8) 4
2
e e
( | |
+ +
| (
\ .

= 10 e
2

1
4
2
+ e
1

=
1
5
2
e
2
+ e
1
square units
6 a
0
4
1
9
d
(2 3)
x
x

I n t e g r a t i o n MM1 2 - 9 277
=
0
4
1
9 (2 3) d x x

=
0
3
1
(2 3)
9
3 2
x
(
+
(

=
3 0
1
9
[(2 3) ]
6
x

=
3 0
1
3
[(2 3) ]
2
x
+
=
3 3
3
[(3 ) (1) ]
2

=
3 1
1
2 27
(
(

=
3 26
2 27

=
13
9
or
4
1
9

b
2
3
3
cos(2 ) d x x

=
2
3
3
1
sin(2 )
2
x
(
(

=
2
3
3
1
[sin(2 )]
2
x

=
1 4 2
sin sin
2 3 3
( | | | |
| | (
\ . \ .

=
1 3 3
2 2 2
(

(
(

=
1 2 3
2 2
(
(
(

=
3
2

7
0
(4 5) d
k
x x
= 2
Now
2
0
4
5
2
k
x
x
(
(

= 2

2
0
[2 5 ]
k
x x = 2

2
[2 5 ] (0) k k = 2
2k
2
5k + 2 = 0
(2k 1)(k 2) = 0
k =
1
2
or 2
8 f(x) =
1
2 x

a Vertical asymptote: x = 2

b Area under graphs x = 3 to x = 6
=
6
3
1
d
2
x
x

=
6
3
[log ( 2)]
e
x
= [log (6 2) log (3 2)]
e e

= log
e
4 log
e
1
= log
e
4 0
= log
e
4
9 g(x) = (4 x)(6 + x)
g(x) = 0
x = 4 or x = 6

g(x) = (4 x)(6 + x)
= 24 + 4x 6x x
2

= 24 2x x
2

= Area
4
6
( ) d g x x

=
4
2
6
(24 2 ) d x x x

=
4
2 3
6
2
24
2 3
x x
x
(

(

=
3 3
2 2
4 (6)
24 4 4 (24 6) ( 6)
3 3
( (

( (

=
64 216
96 16 144 36
3 3
( | | | |
+
| | (
\ . \ .

=
2
58
3
| |
|
\ .
(108)
=
2
166
3
square units
10

Area =
2
0
[ ( ) ( )] d f x g x x

f (x) = 2cos(x) and g(x) = x

2
0
[2cos( ) ( )] d x x x

=
2
2
0
2sin( )
2
x
x
(
+
(

=
2
2
1 0
2sin 2sin(0)
2 2 2 0

(
| |
| | | | | |
+ + ( |
| | |
|
\ . \ . \ . ( \ .

MM1 2 - 9 278 I n t e g r a t i o n

= 2 1 +
2
4

1
2

=
2
2
8
| |
+
|
|
\ .
square units
11

Area 1 f(1) + 1 f(2) + 1 f(3)
1 2 + 1 5 + 1 10
2 + 5 + 10
17 square units
12 a For y-intercept, x = 0
f(0) = e
0
+ 1
f(0) = 1+1
f(0) = 2
(0, 2)
f(x) =
2
1
x
e +
f (x) =
2
1
2
x
e
f (0) =
0
1
2
e
=
1
2

m
N
= 2
Equation of normal at (0, 2):
y y
1
= m
N
(x x
1
)
y 2 = 2(x 0)
y = 2x + 2
b x-intercept, y = 0
0 = 2x + 2
2x = 2
x = 1
Shaded area =
1
2
0
1 ( 2 2) d
x
e x x + +

=
1
2
0
2 1 d
x
e x x
| |
+ |
|
\ .

=
1
2
2
0
2
x
e x x
(
+ (
(

=
1
0
2
2 1 1 (2 0 0) e e
| |
+ | +
|
\ .

=
1
2
2 2 e square units
Multiple choice
1
3
1
4 d
1
x x
x

=
4
4 1
4 1
x
log
e
|1 x| + c
= x
4
+ log
e
|1 x| + c
The answer is B.
2
4
(5 4) d x x

=
5
(5 4)
5 5
x
c

=
1
25
(5x 4)
5
+ c
The answer is E.
3
4
2(3 4) d x x

=
3
(3 4)
2
3 3
x
+

=
2
9
(3x + 4)
3

The answer is C.
4
3
6
d
3
x
e
x

=
3
6
3
x
e
c

= 2e
3x
+ c
The answer is A.
5 cos 3sin(3 ) d
3
x
x x
| | | |
| |
\ . \ .

= 3 sin
3
x | |
|
\ .
3
1
3
cos(3x) + c
= 3 sin
3
x | |
|
\ .
+ cos(3x) + c
The answer is D.
6
3 4
( sin(4 ) ) d
x
x x e x + +

=
4
4
1 1
cos(4 )
4 4 4
x
x
x e +
=
4 4
1
( cos(4 ) )
4
x
x x e +
The answer is E.
7 f (x) = e
x
+ k
Stationary point (0, 3)
f (x) = 0, x = 0
0 = e
0
+ k
0 = 1 + k
K = 1
f (x) = e
x
1
Now f(x) = ( 1) d
x
e x

f(x) = e
x
x + c
f(x) = 3, x = 0
3 = e
0
0 + c
3 = 1 + c
c = 2
So, f(x) = e
x
x + 2
The answer is C.
8 y = (x x
2
)
8

d
d
y
x
= 8(1 2x)(x x
2
)
7

So
2 7
24(1 2 )( ) d x x x x

=
2 7
3 8(1 2 )( ) d x x x x

=
d
3 d
d
y
x
x

= 3 dy

= 3y
= 3(x x
2
)
8

The answer is B.
I n t e g r a t i o n MM1 2 - 9 279
9 y =
3
3 x x
e
+

d
d
y
x
= 3(x
2
+ 1)
3
3 x x
e
+

=
3
2 3
( 1) d
x x
x e x
+
+

=
3
2 3
1
3( 1) d
3
x x
x e x
+
+

=
1 d
d
3 d
y
x
x

=
1
d
3
y

=
1
3
y + c
=
3
3
1
3
x x
e c
+
+
The answer is D.
10 y = log
e
(5 x
2
)

d
d
y
x
=
2
2
(5 )
x
x

=
2
d
5
x
x
x

=
2
1 2
d
2 5
x
x
x

=
1 d
d
2 d
y
x
x

=
1
d
2
y

=
1
2
y + c
=
1
2
log (5 x
2
) + c
The answer is A.
11 Area = 3
1
2
+ 4
1
2
+ 6
1
2
+ 9
1
2

=
1
1
2
+ 2 + 3 +
1
4
2

= 11 square units
The answer is C.
12 Area = 8 1 + 6 1 + 5 1 + 4 1
= 8 + 6 + 5 + 4
= 23
The answer is C.
13
0
1
lim ( )
n
i
x
i
x x
=
4
0
d x x

=
4
2
0
2
x
(
(

=
2
4
0
2

= 8 E
14
4
0
(3 ) d x x x

=
1
4
2
0
3 d x x x
| |
|
|
\ .

=
4
3
2
2
0
3
3
2
2
x x
(
(
(
(

=
4
3
2
2
0
2
3
3 2
x
x
(
(
(

=
4
3
2
2
0
2
2
x
x
(
(
(

=
3 3
2 2
2 2
4 0
2 4 2 0
2 2
( | | | |
( | |
| |
(
\ . \ .

= [(16 8) (0 0)]
= 8
The answer is B.
15
2
2 2
2
(4 2 ) d
x x
e e x

=
2
2 2
2
4 2
2 2
x x
e e

=
2 2 2
2
[2 ]
x x
e e
+
=
4 4 4 4
[(2 ) (2 )] e e e e

+ +
= 2e
4
+ e
4
2e
4
e
4

= e
4
e
4

The answer is E.
16
0
2cos d
3
x
x
| | | |
| |
\ . \ .

=
0
1
2 sin
1
3
3
x
(
(
| |

( |
\ .
(

=
0
6sin
3
x
( | |
| (
\ .

=
0
6 sin sin
3 3
( | | | |

| | (
\ . \ .

=
3
6 0
2
(

(
(

= 3 3
The answer is C.
17

Shaded area =
4
3
2
( 2) d x x

=
4
4
2
( 2)
4
x
(
(

=
4 4
2
1
[( 2) ]
4
x
=
4 4
1
[(4 2) (2 2) ]
4

=
4 4
1
[2 0 ]
4

=
1
4
16
= 4
The answer is D.

MM1 2 - 9 280 I n t e g r a t i o n

18

Shaded area =
2
2
2
( 1 3 ) d x x

=
2
2
0
2 ( 1 3 ) d x x

=
2
2
0
2 (1 3 ) d x x +

=
2
3
0
3
2
3
x
x
(
+
(

=
3 2
0
2[ ] x x +
= 2[(2 + 8) (0 + 0)]
= 20 square units
The answer is A.
19

x-intercepts
x = 0, 2, 3
Area =
0 3
2 0
d d y x y x

y = x(x + 2)(x 3)
y = x
3
x
2
6x
A =
0 3
3 2 3 2
2 0
( 6 ) d ( 6 ) d x x x x x x x x

=
0 3
4 3 2 4 3 2
2 0
6 6

4 3 2 4 3 2
x x x x x x
( (

( (

=
0 3
4 3 4 3
2 2
2 0
3 3
4 3 4 3
x x x x
x x
( (

( (

=
4 3
2
( 2) ( 2)
(0 0 0) 3 ( 2)
4 3
( | |

( |
|
( \ .

4 3
2
3 3
3 3 (0 0 0)
4 3
( | |
( |
|
( \ .

=
8
0 4 12
3
( | |
+
| (
\ .

81 27
27 0
4 3
( | |

| (
\ .

=
1
5
3

3
15
4
| |
|
\ .

=
1
5
3
+
3
15
4

=
1
21
12

The answer is B.
20 f(x) = e
x
1

The answer is C.
Area =
2
0
( 1) d
x
e x

=
2
0
[ ]
x
e x
= [(e
2
2) (e
0
0)]
= [e
2
2 (1 0)]
= e
2
3
The answer is E.
22

Intersection: e
2
1 = e
x
1
x = 2
Area = total area under graph
= 2(e
2
1) (e
2
3)
= 2e
2
2 e
2
+ 3
= e
2
+ 1
The answer is D.
23 y = x
2
(1)
y = 2x + 3(2)
(1) = (2) x
2
= 2x + 3
x
2
2x 3 = 0
(x 3)(x + 1) = 0
x = 3 or 1
The answer is B.
24 Area bounded by curves
Area = [ ( ) ( )] d
b
a
f x g x x

=
3
2
1
(2 3 ) d x x x +

=
3
2 3
1
2
3
2 3
x x
x
(
+
(

=
1
(9 9 9) 1 3
3
( | |
+ +
| (
\ .

=
2
9 1
3
| |

|
\ .

=
2
10
3

The answer is A.
25 y = cos(2 ) x for x 0,
4
(
(

y
av
=
1
( ) d
b
a
f x x
b a

I n t e g r a t i o n MM1 2 - 9 281
=
1
0
4
4
0
cos(2 ) d x x

=
4
0
4 1
sin(2 )
2
x
(
(

=
4 1 1
sin sin(0)
2 2 2
| | | | | | | |
| | | |
\ . \ . \ . \ .

=
4 1
0
2
| |
|
\ .

=
4 1
2

y
av
=
2

B
Extended response
1
d
d
C
t
= 75t
2
+ 50t + 800
a Initial maintenance cost
t = 0 C = 0
b C as a function of t
C =
d
d
d
C
t
t

C =
2
(75 50 800) d t t t + +

=
3 2
75 50
800
3 2
t t
t c + + +
= 25t
3
+ 25t
2
+ 800t + c
C = 0, t = 0, c = 0
C = 25t
3
+ 25t
2
+ 800t
c t = 5
C = 25 5
3
+ 25 5
2
+ 800 5
C = 3125 + 625 + 4000
C = 7750
Total maintenance cost for 5 years is $7750.
d Total maintenance cost 3 to 5 years
= [25 5
3
+ 25 5
2
+ 800 5] [25 3
3
+ 25 3
2
+
800 3]
= 7750 3300
= $4450
e Maintenance cost for the second year
At t = 2, C = 25 2
3
+ 25 2
2
+ 800 2
C = 200 + 100 + 1600
C = $1900
At t = 1, C = 25 1
3
+ 25 1
2
+ 800 1
C = 25 + 25 + 800
C = $850
So cost for the second year
= 1900 850
= $1050
2
d
d
T
t
=
5
cos
12 12
t | |
|
\ .

a T =
5
cos d
12 12
t
t
| |
|
\ .

T =
5 12
sin
12 12
t
c

| | | |
+
| |
\ . \ .

T = 5 sin
12
t | |
|
\ .
+ c
T = 10 when t = 0
10 = 5 sin (0) + c
10 = 0 + c
c = 10
So T = 5 sin
12
t | |
|
\ .
+ 10
b T = 17 t = ?
17 = 10 5 sin
12
t | |
|
\ .

17 10 = 5 sin
12
t | |
|
\ .

5 sin
12
t | |
|
\ .
= 7
sin
12
t | |
|
\ .
= 1.4
This is not possible to find as sine has a minimum of 1.
So t does not reach 17C during the day.
c For maximum temperature

d
d
T
t
= 0
0 =
5
cos
12 12
t | |
|
\ .

cos
12
t | |
|
\ .
= 0

12
t
= cos
1
(0)

12
t
=
2
,
3
2

t =
2

12
,
3
2

12

t = 6, 18
At t = 6, which is 6 am,
T = 10 5 sin
6
12
| |
|
\ .

T = 10 5 1
T = 5 (Minimum)
At t = 18, which is 6 pm,
T = 10 5 sin
18
12
| |
|
\ .

T = 10 5 sin
3
2
| |
|
\ .

T = 10 5 1
T = 10 + 5
T = 15C (Maximum)
Maximum temperature is 15C at 6 pm.
d So minimum temperature is 5C at 6 am.
e i Temperature at 2 am, t = 2
T = 10 5 sin
12
t | |
|
\ .

= 10 5 sin
2
12
| |
|
\ .

= 10 5 sin
6
| |
|
\ .

= 10 5
1
2

= 10 2.5
= 7.5C
= 10 5
5
4
| |
|
\ .

ii Temperature at 3 pm, t = 15
= 10 5 sin
15
12
| |
|
\ .

MM1 2 - 9 282 I n t e g r a t i o n

= 10 5 sin
5
4
| |
|
\ .

= 10 + 5
2
2

= 13.536
13.5C
f t = ? T = 14.33C
14.33 = 10 5 sin
12
t | |
|
\ .

5 sin
12
t | |
|
\ .
= 10 14.33
= 4.33
sin
12
t | |
|
\ .
=
4.33
5

sin
12
t | |
|
\ .
= 0.866
So
12
t
= sin
1
(0.866)

12
t
=
4
3
;
5
3
,
t =
4
3

12
;
5
3

12

t = 16, 20,
First time is t = 16, this is, 4 pm.
3

a Coordinate of A:
At x = 2, y = e
So A is (2, e).
b Equation of normal at A:
y =
2
x
e

d
d
y
x
= 2
1
2
x
e

At x = 2,
d
d
y
x
=
1
2
e, so gradient of tangent is
2
e
.
Therefore the gradient of normal is
2
e
.
Equation of straight line through (2, e) with gradient
2
e
:
y e =
2
e
(x 2)
y =
2 4 x
e
e e
+ +
c When x = 0, y =
4
e
+ e B(0, e + 4e
1
)
d When x = 0,
y = e
0

= 1
C = (0, 1)
e Shaded area = [ ( ) ( )] d
b
a
f x g x x

f(x) =
1
2
4
x
e e
e
+ + and
2
( )
x
g x e =
A =
2
1
2
0
2
4 d
x
x e e e x
e
| |
+ + |
|
\ .

=
2
2
1
2
0
2
4 2
2
x
x
ex e x e
e
(
+ + (
(

=
1
2 4
2 8 2
2
e e e
e
| |
+ +
|
\ .

(0 + 0 + 0 2e
0
)
= 4e
1
+ 2e + 8e
1
2e + 2
= 2 + 4e
1
square units
4 a Derivative of x log
e
(x)
Let y = x log
e
(x)

d
d
y
x
=
1
x
x
+ log
e
(x) 1

d
d
y
x
= 1 + log
e
(x)
b log ( ) d
e
x x

= ( 1 1) log ( ) d
e
x x + +

= 1 (1 log ( ) d
e
x x + +

=
d
1 d d
d
y
x x
x
+

= 1 d d x y +

= x + y
= x + x log
e
(x)
= x log
e
(x) x
c

Find y when x = e
2
.
y = log
e
(e
2
)
y = 2 log
e
(e)
y = 2 1
y = 2
So height of platform
= |2| + 1
= 3 m
d Consider the area of a rectangle of height 3 and width e.
Also consider translating f(x) = log
e
(x) two units upwards.

2
3 (2 log ( )) d
e
e
e
A e x x
= +

=
2
3 [1 (1 log ( ))] d
e
e
e
e x x
+ +

= 2
e
3 [ log ( )]
e
e
e x x x +
=
2 2 2
3 [( log( )) ( log ( ))]
e
e
e e e e e e e

+ +
I n t e g r a t i o n MM1 2 - 9 283
=
2 2
3 [( ) ( 2 )] e e e e e

+
= 3e 2e + (e
2
)
= e e
2
m
2

e Volume = 20 Area of crosssection
= 20(e e
2
) m
3

51.66 m
3

5 a The outside of the pipe occurs when x = 8 cm.
Substitute x = 8 cm into
d
d
T
x

d
d
T
x
=
20
x

=
20
8

=
20
2 2

=
10 2
2 2

d
d
T
x
= 5 2 C/cm
b Antidifferentiate the rate to obtain a general rule for T in
terms of x.

d
d
T
x
=
20
x

T =
20
dx
x

T =
1
2
20 d x x

T =
1
2
20
1
2
x
c +
T = 40 x c +
Initial conditions of x = 4 cm and T = 100C.
100 = 40 4 c +
100 = 40 2 + c
100 = 80 + c
c = 180
= 180 40 x
c i T = 40 180 x +
T = 40 6 180 +
= 82.02C
ii x = 8 cm
T = 40 8 180 +
= 66.86C
Exam practice 3
Short answer
1 f(x): R R where f(x) = 10x e
x

a Create a table of values from graph
x f(x) Area
1 3.4 3.4
2 2.7 2.7
3 1.5 1.5
4 0.7 0.7
5 0.3
Total 8.3
b y = (x + 1) e
x

Let y = uv where u = x + 1 and v = e
x

d
d
y
x
=
d d
d d
v u
u v
x x
+
= ( 1)
x x
x e e

+ +
=
x
xe

c So d
x
xe x
= ( 1)
x
x e c
+ +
Area required =
5
1
10 d
x
xe x
=
5
1
10 d
x
xe x

=
5
1
10[( 1) ]
x
x e
+
=
5 1
10(6 2 ) e e

=
1 4
20 (2 1) e e

sq. units
2 a
3
4 2cos( ) d
x
x x e x +

=
4
4
2sin( )
4
x
x
x e +
= x
4
2 sin x + e
x

b y = x +
3
x
=
1
2
3
x
x
+ .
So d y x
=
3
2
3log
3
2
e
x
x +
=
2
3log
3
e
x x
x +
There is no need to add a constant because the question asked
for an antiderivative, so c = 0 provides a suitable case.
3 AP =
2 2
1 1
( ) ( ) x x y y +
=
2 2
( 0) ( 2) x y +
=
2 2 2
( 2) x x +
=
4 2
3 4 x x +
Let AP = u where u = x
4
3x
2
+ 4
a AP is a minimum when
d( )
d
AP
x
= 0

d( ) d
d d
AP u
u x
= 0

3
1
(4 6 )
2
x x
u
= 0

3
4 2
4 6
2 3 4
x x
x x
+
= 0
4x
3
6x = 0
x = 0 or 4x
2
6 = 0
x = 0 or 4x
2
= 6
x = 0 or x
2
=
3
2

x =
3
2

x = 0 corresponds to a local maximum. The coordinates of P
are
3 3
,
2 2
| |
|
|
\ .
and
3 3
,
2 2
| |
|
|
\ .
.
MM1 2 - 9 284 I n t e g r a t i o n

b AP =
2 2 2
( 2) x x +
=
2
2 2
3 3
2
2 2
| |
| | | |
|
+ | |
| |
|
\ . \ .
\ .

=
2
3 3
2
2 2
| |
+
|
\ .

=
2
3 1
2 2
| |
+
|
\ .

=
3 1
2 4
+
=
7
4

=
7
2

4 y = a cos
3
x | |
|
\ .

Area =
0
cos d
3
x
a x
| |
|
\ .

3 =
0
cos d
3
x
a x
| |
|
\ .

3 =
0
3 sin
3
x
a
( | |
| (
\ .

3 = 3 sin 3 sin(0)
3
a a
| |
|
\ .

3 3
2
a
= 3
3 3 a = 6
So a =
2
3

5 Rate of change of volume of water in spa:
d
d
V
t
= 30.
Rate of change of depth:
d d d
d d d
x V x
t t v
=
so we need to find
d
d
x
V
.
Since V = 250 log
e
(x).

d
d
V
t
=
250
x
, so
d
d
x
V
=
250
x

d
d
x
t
=
d d
d d
V x
t v
= 30
250
x

=
3
25
x

= 0.12x cm/min
6 f : R R, f(x) = (x 1)(5 x)
a f(x) = x
2
+ 6x 5. Gradient of tangent: f (x) = 2x + 6.
f (1) = 4, so m
T
= 4
Equation to tangent is y = 4x + c.
Substituting (1, 0) 0 = 4 + c so c = 4
y = 4x 4
b Area under parabola =
2
1
( )d f x x
=
2
3
2
1
3 5
3
x
x x
(
+
(

=
8 1
12 10 ( 3 5)
3 3
+ +
=
7
4
3
+
=
2
1
3
sq. units
Area under tangent =
1
2
base height
=
1
1 4
2

= 2
So shaded area =
2 1
2 1
3 3
= sq. units
Multiple choice
1 Area = ( ( ) ( )) d .
b
a
g x f x x
This is not one of the options so

look for an equivalent form. If we reverse the limits we
change the sign of the integral so
( ( ) ( )) d
b
a
g x f x x
= ( ( ) ( )) d
a
b
g x f x x

= ( ( ) ( )) d
a
b
g x f x x

= ( ( ) ( )) d
a
b
f x g x x

The answer is A
2 3sin 2
3
y x
| |
= +
|
\ .
over the interval [0,
3
]
y
av
=
1
( ) d
b
a
f x x
b a

=
1
0
3
3
0
3sin 2 d
3
x x
| |
+
|
\ .

=
3
0
3
3sin 2 d
3
x x
| |
+
|
\ .

Using CAS:
y
av
=
27
4

The answer is E.
3
2
1
( ) d f x x
= 5

1
2
(3 ( ) 1) d f x x
=
2
1
(3 ( ) 1) d f x x

=
2 2
1 1
3 ( ) 1 d f x x +

=
2
1
3 5 [ ] x +
= 15 + 1
=

14

The answer is B.
4 The best option is B, as the second graph is a reflection of the
first graph in the line y = x. Therefore, y = f
1
(x)
The answer is B.
5 f(x) = (2x + 1)
2
and f(0) = 1
f(x) =
2
(2 1) d x x +
.
=
3
(2 1)
2 3
x
c
+
+

=
3
(2 1)
6
x
c
+
+

f(0) =
1
6
c +
.
1 =
1
6
c +
c =
5
6

I n t e g r a t i o n MM1 2 - 9 285
So f(x) =
3
(2 1) 5
6 6
x +
+
=
3
1
((2 1) 5)
6
x + +
The answer is C.
Extended response
1 a S = Total surface area
= area of two circles + surface area of cylinder
=
2
2 2 r rh + .
b V =
2
r h
250 =
2
r h
h =
2
250
r

So S =
2
2
250
2 2 r r
r

| |
+
|
\ .

=
2
2
500
2
r
r
r
+
=
2
500
2 r
r
+
c

d 3.4 r cm
e S =
2
500
2 r
r
+

d
d
S
r
=
2
500
4 r
r

0 =
2
500
4 r
r

4 r =
2
500
r

4 r
3
= 500
r
3
=
500
4

r =
3
125

f i r 3.41 cm
ii
r 2
3
125
4
d
d
S
r
8 125 0 16 31.25

slope

iii Minimum surface area =
2
500
2 3.414
3.414
+
219.7 220 cm
2
.
g Let the cost of the sides be 1 unit (undefined) of cost per
cm
2
then the bottom and top will be 2 units (undefined) of
cost per cm
2
.
So cost, C =
2
500
4 . r
r
+

d
d
C
r
=
2
500
8 r
r

0 =
2
500
8 r
r

8 r =
2
500
r

r
3
=
500
8

r
3
=
125
2

r 2.710 cm
h In this case C =
2
500
2 . a r
r
+

d
d
C
r
=
2
500
4a r
r

0 =
2
500
4a r
r

4a r =
2
500
r

r
3
=
500
4a

r
3
=
125
2a

Since r = 3, a =
125
27
1.474.
Therefore the ratio is 1.47 : 1
MM1 2 - 1 0 286 Di s c r e t e r a n d o m v a r i a b l e s

Exercise 10A Probability
revision
1 (1, 1) (2, 1) (3, 1) (4, 1) (5, 1) (6, 1)
(1, 2) (2, 2) (3, 2) (4, 2) (5, 2) (6, 2)
(1, 3) (2, 3) (3, 3) (4, 3) (5, 3) (6, 3)
(1, 4) (2, 4) (3, 4) (4, 4) (5, 4) (6, 4)
(1, 5) (2, 5) (3, 5) (4, 5) (5, 5) (6, 5)
(1, 6) (2, 6) (3, 6) (4, 6) (5, 6) (6, 6)
a Pr(3) =
2
36

=
1
18

b Pr(12) =
1
36

c Pr(7) =
6
36

=
1
6

d Pr(> 4) =
30
36

=
5
6

e Pr( 7) =
21
36

=
7
12

f Pr(even) =
18
36

=
1
2

g Pr(prime) =
15
36

=
5
12

2 a i Pr(black) =
3
12

=
1
4

ii Pr(red) =
5
12

iii Pr(green) =
4
12

=
1
3

b Pr =
1 5 1
4 12 3
+ +
= 1
c i Pr(not green) = 1 Pr(green)
= 1
1
3

=
2
3

ii Pr(blue) =
3 5
12 12
+
=
8
12

=
2
3

iii Pr(red green) = Pr(blue)
=
1
4

iv Pr(blue red green) = 1
3 = {HHH, HHT, HTH, HTT, THH,
THT, TTH, TTT}
a Pr(3H) =
1
8

b Pr(2H) =
3
8

c Pr(1H) =
3
8

d Pr(0H) =
1
8

e Pr( 2H) =
4
8

=
1
2

4 a Pr(1) =
3
8

b Pr(2) =
2
8

=
1
4

c Pr(3 4 5) =
1 1 1
8 8 8
+ +
=
3
8

d Pr(1 2) =
3
8
+
2
8

=
5
8

5 Pr(A B) = Pr(A) + Pr(B)
Pr(A B)
= 0.3 + 0.6 0.2
= 0.7
6 Pr(A B) = Pr(A) + Pr(B)
Pr(A B)
0.8 = 0.5 + 0.4 Pr(A B)
0.8 = 0.9 Pr(A B)
Pr(A B) = 0.9 0.8
= 0.1
7 a Pr(A B) = Pr(A) + Pr(B)
Pr(A B)
0.8 = 4 Pr(B) + Pr(B) 0.2
0.8 + 0.2 = 5 Pr(B)
Pr(B) =
1
5

= 0.2
b Pr(A) = 4 0.2
= 0.8
8

Pr(MM P) = Pr(MM) + Pr(P)
Pr(MM P)

115
200
=
80
200
+
65
200

Pr(MM P)
0.575 = 0.4 + 0.325
Pr(MM P)
0.575 = 0.725 Pr(MM P)
Pr(MM P) = 0.725 0.575
= 0.15
a Pr(MM) =
80
200

=
2
5
(0.4)
b Pr(P) =
65
200

=
13
40
(0.325)
c Pr(MM P) =
85
200

=
17
40
(0.425)
d Pr(MM P) =
3
20
(0.15)
e Pr(P | MM) =
Pr(P MM)
Pr(MM)

=
3
20
2
5

=
3
20

2
5

=
3
20

5
2

=
3
8

9 a Pr(F) =
12
36

=
1
3

b Pr(G) =
18
36

=
1
2

c No
Chapter 10 Discrete random variables
Di s c r e t e r a n d o m v a r i a b l e s MM1 2 - 1 0 287
d Pr(F) Pr(G)
=
1
3

1
2

=
1
6

Pr(F G) =
6
36

=
1
6

F and G are independent.
10 Pr(P Q) = Pr(P) + Pr(Q) Pr(P Q)
0.91 = 0.72 + 0.25 Pr(P Q)
0.91 = 0.97 Pr(P Q)
Pr(P Q) = 0.06 not mutually
exclusive
11 Pr(X Y) = 0.2
Pr(X Y) = Pr(X) Pr(Y)
= 0.4 0.5
= 0.2
Pr(X Y) = Pr(X) Pr(Y)
X and Y are independent
12 a
B B
A 0.22 0.10 0.32
A 0.08 0.60 0.68
0.30 0.70 1
b i Pr(A B) unfit smoker
= 0.22
ii Pr(A B) fit nonsmoker
= 0.60
c i Pr(A B) = 0.10
ii Pr(A B) = 0.08
iii Pr(A B) + Pr(A B)
= 0.22 + 0.10
= 0.32
iv Pr(B) = 0.70
13 Pr(A) =
1
2
Pr(B) =
1
3
Pr(A B) =
1
6

a Pr(A B) = Pr(A) + Pr(B)
Pr(A B)
=
1
2
+
1
3

1
6

=
2
3

b Pr(A | B) =
Pr( )
Pr( )
A B
B

=
1
6
1
3

=
1
2

c Pr(B | A) =
Pr( )
Pr( )
A B
A

=
1
6
1
2

=
1
3

d Pr(A B) =
1
6

not mutually exclusive
e Pr(A B) = Pr(A) Pr(B)
=
1
2

1
3

=
1
6

Pr(A B) = Pr(A) Pr(B)
A and B are independent
14 a Pr(A B) = Pr(A) + Pr(B)
Pr(A B)
= 0.4 + 0.5 0.2
= 0.7
b Pr(A | B) =
Pr( )
Pr( )
A B
B

=
0.2
0.5

=
2
5

c Pr(B | A) =
Pr( )
Pr( )
A B
A

=
0.2
0.4

=
1
2

15

a Pr(G H) =
35
100

30
100

=
21
200
(0.105)
b Pr(G H) =
65
100

60
100

=
39
100
(0.39)
c Pr(G H) + Pr(PrG H)
=
21
200
+
39
100

=
99
200
(0.495)
d Pr(G | H) =
Pr(G H)
Pr(H)

=
21
200
21 39
200 100
+

=
21
200
99
200

=
7
33

16

a Pr(L) = Pr(W L) + Pr(W L)
=
60 90 40 40
100 100 100 100
+
=
27 4
50 25
+
=
7
10
(0.7)
b Pr(L) = Pr(W L) + Pr(W L)
=
60 10 40 60
100 100 100 100
+
=
3 6
50 25
+
=
3
10
(0.3)
c Pr(W | L) =
Pr(W L )
Pr(L )

=
27
50
7
10

=
27
35

17

a Pr(RR) =
5
8

5
8

=
25
64

b Pr(GrGr) =
3 3
8 8

=
9
64

c Pr(RGr) + Pr(GrR)
=
5 3 3 5
8 8 8 8
+
=
15 15
64 64
+
=
30
64

=
15
32

d Pr(RR) + Pr(GrGr)
=
25 9
64 64
+

=
34
64

=
17
32

18 Pr(same) =
6
36

=
1
6

The answer is C.
19 Pr(S T) = Pr(S) + Pr(T) Pr(S T)
0.6 = 0.2 + 0.5 Pr(S T)
0.6 = 0.7 Pr(S T)
Pr(S T) = 0.1
Not mutually exclusive
The answer is D.
20 QKJ
Pr(red picture)
=
6
52

=
3
26

The answer is D.
21 Pr(M | N) =
Pr( )
Pr( )
M N
N

0.5 =
Pr( )
0.4
M N

Pr(MN) = 0.2
The answer is B.
22 = {HHH, HHT, HTH, HTT, THH,
THT, TTH, TTT}
Pr(3T | first toss T)
=
Pr(3T first toss T)
Pr(first toss T)

=
1
8
4
8

=
1
4

23
A A
B 0.36 0.14 0.5
B 0.24 0.26 0.5
0.60 0.40 1
a Pr(A) = 1 Pr(A)
= 1 0.6
= 0.4
b Pr(B) = 1 Pr(B)
= 1 0.5
= 0.5
c Pr(A B) = Pr(A) + Pr(B)
Pr(A B)
= 0.6 + 0.5 0.36
= 0.74
d From table Pr(A B) = 0.26
e Pr(A B) = Pr(A) + Pr(B)
Pr(A B)
= 0.4 + 0.5 0.14
= 0.76
f Pr(A|B) =
Pr( )
Pr( )
A B
B

=
0.36
0.5

=
36
50

=
18
25

g Pr(B|A) =
Pr( )
Pr( )
B A
A

=
Pr( )
Pr( )
A B
A

=
0.36
0.60

=
36
60

=
3
5

h Pr(A|B) =
Pr( )
Pr( )
A B
B

=
0.24
0.50

=
24
50

=
12
25

i Pr(B |A) =
Pr( )
Pr( )
B A
A

=
Pr( )
Pr( )
A B
A

=
0.14
0.4

=
14
40

=
7
20

24 6 T-shirts: 2 white, 4 black
a Pr(both black) =
4
2
6
2
C
C

=
6
15

=
2
5

b Pr(both white) =
2
2
6
2
C
C

=
1
15

c Pr(different) =
4 2
1 1
6
2
C C
C

=
4 2
15

=
8
15

d Pr(same) =
2
5
+
1
15

=
7
15

25 a Pr(strawberry) =
4
12

=
1
3

Pr(orange) =
3
12

=
1
4

Pr(peppermint) =
5
12

Pr(same)
=
1
3

1
3
or
1
4

1
4
or
5
12

5
12

=
1
9
+
1
16
+
25
144

=
25
72

b Pr(same)
= Pr(strawberry) + Pr(orange) +
Pr(peppermint)
=
4
12

3
11
+
3
12

2
11
+
5
12

4
11

=
1
11
+
1
22
+
5
33

=
19
66

26 S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
S = {1, 3, 3, 5, 5, 6}
Pr(even) =
1
6

The answer is A.
27 Pr(same) = Pr(red) + Pr(green)
=
3 2
2 2
5 5
2 2
C C
C C
+
=
3
10
+
1
10

=
4
10

=
2
5

The answer is B.
28

a Pr( 2R | Red first) =
Pr( 2R Red first)
Pr(Red first)

=
275
512
320
512

=
275
512

512
320

=
55
64

b Pr( 2R | Red first) =
Pr( 2R Red first)
Pr(Red first)

=
180
336
210
336

=
180
336

336
210

=
6
7

29 a Pr(WWWWW) =
8 8 8 8 8
10 10 10 10 10

=
1024
3125

= 0.3277
b Pr(wins | wins first 3) =
Pr(wins and wins first 3)
(Pr wins first 3)

=
1024
3125
1600
3125

=
1024
1600

=
16
25
(0.64)
30

C E = 0.2
0.4 Pr(E) = 0.2
Pr(E) =
1
2

31

Pr(C S)
Pr(S)
=
0.18
0.18 0.63 +

=
0.18
0.81

=
2
9

32

Pr(H | W) =
Pr(H W)
Pr(W)

=
0.44
0.44 0.18 +

=
0.44
0.62

=
22
31

33 a Pr(CC CC) = 0.7 0.35 0.65 0.65
= 0.103 512 5
0.1035
b Pr(CCCC ) + Pr(CCC C) + Pr(CC CC) + Pr(C CCC)
= 3 (0.7 0.65 0.65 0.35) + (0.3 0.65 0.65
0.65)
= 0.310 537 5 + 0.082 387 5
= 0.392 925
0.3927
c Pr(clears 3 | doesnt clear first)
=
Pr(clears 3 doesn't clear first)
Pr(doesn't clear first)

=
Pr(C CCC)
0.3

=
0.3 0.65 0.65 0.65
0.3

= 0.274 625
= 0.2746
Exercise 10B Discrete random variables
1 a Since number of people can be counted, the random
variable is discrete.
b Since time must be measured, the random variable is
continuous.
c Since length must be measured, the random variable is
continuous.
d Since shoe size can be counted, the random variable is
discrete.
e Since weight must be measured, the random variable is
continuous.
f Since the number of grains can be counted, the random
g Since height must be measured, the random variable is
continuous.
h Since the number of books can be counted, the random
2 a
x 0 1 2
Pr(X = x)
1
4
1
2
1
4
b


3 a HHH, HHT, HTH, HTT, THH, THT, TTH, TTT
b x = 0, 1, 2, 3
c
x 0 1 2 3
Pr(X = x)
1
8

3
8

3
8
1
8

d Pr(X 2) = Pr(X = 0, 1, 2)
=
1
8
+
3
8
+
3
8

=
7
8

4 a

b

c

d

5 a 0.2 + 0.3 + 0.2 + 0.2 + 0.1 = 1
Yes, since the probabilities sum to 1 and each value for
probability lies between 0 and 1.
b 0.1 + 0.1 + 0.1 + 0.1 + 0.1 = 0.5
No, since the probabilities do not sum to 1.
c 0.1 for Pr(X = 15) is not possible as 0 Pr(A) 1.
d 0.1 + 0.1 + 0.4 + 0.2 + 0.2 = 1
Yes, since the probabilities sum to 1 and each value for
probability lies between 0 and 1.
6 a 0.3 + 0.2 + 0.2 + k + 0.1 = 0.8 + k
0.8 + k = 1
k = 0.2
b 0.1 + 0.1 + 0.1 + 0.1 + k = 0.4 + k
0.4 + k = 1
k = 0.6
c k + 2k + 3k + 4k + k = 11k
11k = 1
k =
1
11

d k + 0.2 + 3k + 0.3 + 0.1 = 0.6 + 4k
0.6 + 4k = 1
4k = 0.4
k = 0.1
7 a (Pr(X = x)) = 1

2 2
3 5 4 7
13 13 13 13 13
k k k k
+ + + + = 1

2
(2 ) 8 3
13
k k + +
= 1
2k
2
+ 8k + 3 = 13
2k
2
+ 8k 10 = 0
k
2
+ 4k 5 = 0
(k + 5)(k 1) = 0
k = 5 k = 1
x 1 2 3 4 5
Pr(X = x)
3
13
------
1
13
------

1
13
------

1
13
------

7
13
------

b Discard k = 5 as negative probabilities would have been
obtained.
For example, x = 1 Pr(1) =
15
13
not possible
8 Sum of two numbers

a
x 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Pr(X = x)
1
36
1
18
1
12
1
9
5
36

1
6

5
36

1
9

1
12
1
18
1
36
b Pr(X > 9) = Pr(X = 10, 11 or 12)
=
1 1 1
12 18 36
+ +
=
1
6

c Pr(X < 6) = Pr(X = 2, 3, 4, 5)
=
1 1 1 1
36 18 12 9
+ + +
=
5
18

d Pr(4 X < 6) = Pr(X = 4 or 5)
=
1 1
12 9
+
=
7
36

e Pr(3 X 9) = Pr(X = 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 or 9)
=
1 1 1 5 1 5 1
18 12 9 36 6 36 9
+ + + + + +
=
29
36

f Pr(X < 12) = 1 Pr(X = 12)
= 1
1
36

=
35
36

g Pr(6 X < 10) = Pr(X = 6, 7, 8 or 9)
=
5 1 5 1
36 6 36 9
+ + +
=
5
9

9 a
x 1 2 3 4 5
Pr(X = x)
1
5

1
5

1
5

1
5

1
5

b Pr(X = 2 or 4) =
1 1
5 5
+
=
2
5

c Pr(X > 2) = Pr(X = 3, 4 or 5)
=
1 1 1
5 5 5
+ +
=
3
5

10 a
x 1 4 9 16 25 36
Pr(X = x)
1
6

1
6

1
6

1
6
1
6

1
6

b Pr(X < 30)
= Pr(X = 1, 4, 9, 16 or 25)
=
1 1 1 1 1
6 6 6 6 6
+ + + +
=
5
6

c Pr(X > 10) = Pr(X = 16, 25 or 36)
=
1 1 1
6 6 6
+ +
=
1
2

11 a
y 2 3 4 5 6
Pr(Y = y)
1
6

1
6

1
6

1
3
1
6

b Pr(Y > 2) = Pr(Y = 3, 4, 5 or 6)
=
1 1 2 1
6 6 6 6
+ + +
=
5
6

c Pr(Y = 5 | Y > 2) =
Pr( = 5 2)
Pr( 2)
Y Y
Y
>
>

=
2
6
5
6

=
2
5

12 x = 0, p(x) =
2
90

=
1
45

x = 1, p(x) =
10
90

=
1
9

x = 2, p(x) =
18
90

=
1
5

x = 3, p(x) =
26
90

=
13
45

x = 4, p(x) =
34
90

=
17
45

All probabilities lie within 0 Pr(x = x) 1

4
0
( )
x
p x
=
=
1 1 1 13 17
45 9 5 45 45
+ + + +
=
45
45

= 1
Therefore p(x) is a probability function.
13 x = 1, p(x) =
3
160

x = 2, p(x) =
16
160

=
1
10

x = 3, p(x) =
45
160

=
9
32

x = 4, p(x) =
96
160

=
3
5

All probabilities lie within 0 Pr(X = x) 1

4
1
( )
x
p x
=
=
3 1 9 3
160 10 32 5
+ + +
=
160
160

= 1
Therefore p(x) is a probability function.
14 a Pr(red) =
4
9

Pr(blue) =
5
9

Outcomes are RRR, RRB, RBR, RBB, BRR, BRB,
BBR, BBB
Let X = number of red balls
i Pr(X = 0) = Pr(BBB)
=
5 5 5
9 9 9

=
125
729
= 0.1715
ii Pr(X = 1) = Pr(RBB, BRB, BBR)
= 3
4 5 5
9 9 9

=
300
729
= 0.4115

iii Pr(X = 2) = Pr(RRB, RBR, BRR)
= 3
4 4 5
9 9 9

=
240
729

= 0.3292
iv Pr(X = 3) = Pr(RRR)
=
4 4 4
9 9 9

=
64
729

0.0878
x 0 1 2 3
Pr(X = x) 0.1715 0.4115 0.3292 0.0878
b Pr(3 reds | 1 red) =
Pr(( 3) 1)
Pr( 1)
X X
X
=

=
Pr( 3)
Pr( 1)
X
X
=

=
0.0878
1 0.1715

=
0.0878
0.8285

0.1060
15 a (1, 1) (2, 1) (3, 1) (4, 1) (5, 1)
(1, 2) (2, 2) (3, 2) (4, 2) (5, 2)
(1, 3) (2, 3) (3, 3) (4, 3) (5, 3)
(1, 4) (2, 4) (3, 4) (4, 4) (5, 4)
(1, 5) (2, 5) (3, 5) (4, 5) (5, 5)
b i Pr(A) =
15
25
=
3
5

ii Pr(B) =
10
25
=
2
5

iii Pr(C) =
12
25

iv Pr(D) =
19
25

c i Pr(A|B) =
Pr( )
Pr( )
A B
B

=
6
25
2
5

=
6 5
25 2

=
3
5

ii Pr(B|C) =
Pr( )
Pr( )
B C
C

=
6
25
12
25

=
6 25
25 12

=
1
2

iii Pr(C|D) =
Pr( )
Pr( )
C D
D

=
10
25
1
25

=
10 25
25 19

=
10
19

16 a

X = number of heads
x = 0, 1, 2
Pr(X = 0) = Pr(TT)
=
2 2
5 5

=
4
25

Pr(X = 1) = Pr(HT or TH)
= 2
3 2
5 5

=
12
25

Pr(X = 2) = Pr(HH)
=
3 3
5 5

=
9
25

x 0 1 2
Pr(X = x)
4
25

12
25

9
25

b Pr =
4
25
+
12
25
+
9
25
= 1
17 a Pr(X > 3) = Pr(X = 4, 5, 6, 7)
= 0.09 + 0.17 + 0.13 + 0.15
= 0.54
b Pr(X 4) = Pr(X = 1, 2, 3, 4)
= 0.2 + 0.11 + 0.15 + 0.09
= 0.55
c Pr(3 X 6)
= Pr(X = 3, 4, 5, 6)
= 0.15 + 0.09 + 0.17 + 0.13
= 0.54
d Pr(2 < X < 5) = Pr(X = 3, 4)
= 0.09 + 0.15
= 0.24
e Pr(X < 3 | X < 5)
=
Pr( 3 5)
Pr( 5)
X X
X
< <
<

=
Pr( 3)
Pr( 5)
X
X
<
<

=
Pr( 1, 2)
Pr( 1, 2, 3, 4)
X
X
=
=

=
0.2 0.11
0.2 0.11 0.15 0.09
+
+ + +

=
0.31
0.55

=
31
55

f Pr(X = 1, 2, 3)
= 0.2 + 0.11 + 0.15
= 0.46
= Pr(X < 4)
x = 4
g Pr(X = 7, 6, 5, 4) = 0.15 + 0.13 + 0.17 + 0.09
= 0.54
= Pr(X 4)
x = 4
18 The weight of a baby must be measured and so it is not
discrete.
The answer is C.
19 2k + 3k + 4k + k = 10k
10k = 1
k =
1
10

= 0.1
The answer is C.
20 Pr(X 10) = Pr(X = 16, 25, 36)
= 0.35 + 0.08 + 0.2
= 0.63
The answer is E.
21 d + 4d + 5d + 2d = 12d
12d = 1
d =
1
12

The answer is D.
22 Pr(2 heads) = Pr(HHT, HTH, or THH)
= 3
3 3 4
7 7 7

=
108
343

The answer is B.
23 A p(x) = 1.1 1
B p(x) =
7 10 13 16 19
66
+ + + +

=
65
66
1
C p(x) =
4 9 14 19
40
+ + +

=
46
40
1
D p(x) =
3 8 9
20
+ +

=
20
20

= 1
The answer is D.
24 a x = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4
b

Let X = number of boys
Pr(X = 0) =
1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2

=
1
16

Pr(X = 1) = 4
1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2

=
1
4

Pr(X = 2) = 6
1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2

=
3
8

Pr(X = 3) = 4
1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2

=
1
4

Pr(X = 4) =
1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2

=
1
16

x 0 1 2 3 4
Pr(X = x)
1
16
1
4

3
8

1
4

1
16

Exercise 10C Measures of centre of discrete
random distributions
1 E(X) = x Pr(X = x)
= 0 0.21 + 3 0.08 + 6 0.19 + 9 0.17 + 12 0.35
= 0 + 0.24 + 1.14 + 1.53 + 4.2
= 7.11
2 E(X) = x Pr(X = x)
= 2
1
18
+ 1
1
3
+ 0
1
18
+ 1
2
9
+ 2
1
6
+ 3

1
18
+ 4
1
9


=
9
1

1
3
+ 0 +
2
9
+
1
3
+
1
6
+
4
9

=
13
18

3 0.11 + 0.3 + 0.15 + 0.25 + a + 0.1 = 1
0.91 + a = 1
a = 0.09
E(X) = x Pr(X = x)
= 1 0.11 + 3 0.3 + 5 0.15 + 7 0.25 + 9 0.09 + 11 0.1
= 0.11 + 0.9 + 0.75 + 1.75 + 0.81 + 1.1
= 5.42
4
5 1 5 1 2
18 9 18 18 9
a + + + + + = 1

17
18
+ a = 1
a =
1
18

E(X) = x Pr(X = x)
= 2
5
18
+ 1
1
18
+ 4
1
9
+ 7
5
18
+ 10
1
18
+ 13
2
9

=
10
18
+
1
18
+
4
9
+
35
18
+
10
18
+
26
9

= 5
1
3

5 b + 0.2 + 0.02 + 3b + 0.1 + 0.08 = 1
4b + 0.4 = 1
4b = 1 0.4
4b = 0.6
b = 0.15
E(X) = x Pr(X = x)
= 0 0.15 + 1 0.2 + 2 0.02 + 3 0.45 + 4 0.14 + 5 0.08
= 0 + 0.2 + 0.04 + 1.35 + 0.4 + 0.4
= 2.39
6 6k + 2k + k + 3k + 8k = 1
20k = 1
k =
1
20

k = 0.05
E(X) = 4 0.3 + 8 0.1 + 12 0.05 + 16 0.15 + 20 0.4
= 1.2 + 0.8 + 0.6 + 2.4 + 8
= 13
7 a
x 1 2 3 4 5 6
Pr(X = x)
1
6

1
6

1
6

1
6

1
6

1
6

b E(X) = x Pr(X = x)
= 1
1
6
+ 2
1
6
+ 3
1
6
+ 4
1
6
+ 5
1
6
+ 6
1
6

=
1
6
+
2
6
+
3
6
+
4
6
+
5
6
+
6
6

=
21
6

= 3
1
2

8

a
x 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Pr(X = x)
1
36

1
18

1
12

1
9

5
36

1
6

5
36
1
9

1
12

1
18

1
36
b E(X) = x Pr(X = x)
= 2
36
1
+ 3
1
18
+ 4
1
12
+ 5
1
9
+ 6
5
36
+ 7
1
6
+ 8
5
36
+ 9
1
9
+ 10
1
12
+ 11
1
18
+ 12
1
36

=
1
18
+
1
6
+
1
3
+
5
9
+
5
6
+
7
6
+
10
9
+ 1 +
5
6
+
11
18
+
1
3

= 7
9 a

Pr (0 tails) =
1
16

Pr (1 tail) = 4
1
16

=
1
4

Pr (2 tails) = 6
1
16

=
3
8

Pr (3 tails) = 4
1
16

=
1
4

Pr (4 tails) =
1
16

x 0 1 2 3 4
Pr(X = x)
1
16

1
4

3
8

1
4

1
16

b E(X) = 0
1
16
+ 1
1
4
+ 2
3
8
+ 3
1
4
+ 4
1
16

= 0 +
1
4
+
3
4
+
3
4
+
1
4

= 2

10 0.2 + 0.32 + a + 0.18 + b + 0.05 + 0.05 = 1
a + b + 0.8 = 1
a + b = 0.2 [1]
E(X) = x Pr(X = x)
1.91 = 0 0.2 + 1 0.32 + 2 a
+ 3 0.18 + 4 b + 5 0.05 + 6 0.05
= 0 + 0.32 + 2a + 0.54 + 46
+ 0.25 + 0.3
= 1.41 + 2a + 4b
1.91 1.41 = 2a + 4b
0.5 = 2a + 4b
or 0.25 = a + 2b [2]
[2] [1]
b = 0.05
a + 0.05 = 0.2
a = 0.15
a = 0.15 and b = 0.05
11 0.2 + a + 0.23 + 0.15 + b + 0.12 = 1
0.7 + a + b = 1
a + b = 0.3 [1]
E(X) = x Pr(X = x)
2.41 = 0 0.2 + 1 a + 2 0.23 + 3
0.15 + 4 b + 5 0.12
= 0 + a + 0.46 + 0.45 + 4b + 0.6
= a + 4b + 1.51
a + 4b = 2.41 1.51
a + 4b = 0.9 [2]
[2] [1]
3b = 0.6
b = 0.2
a + 0.2 = 0.3
a = 0.1
a = 0.1 and b = 0.2
12 a
x 0 1 2 3
Pr(X = x)
1
8

3
8

3
8

1
8

Gain ($) 30 5 10 15
E(gain) =
1
8
30 +
3
8
5 +
3
8
10 +
1
8
15
=
15
4
+
15
8
+
15
4
+
15
8

=
30
8

= $3.75 per game.
b Each game costs $5.
Profit per game = $3.75 $5
= $1.25
That is $1.25 loss per game.
No because he is going to lose $1.25 per game on
average.
c A fair game is one where the expected outcome is zero.
This is not a fair game.
13 a
x 0 1 2 3
Pr(X = x)
1
8

3
8

3
8

1
8

Gain ($) 40 5 5 10
E(X) =
1
8
40 +
3
8
5 +
3
8
5 +
1
8
10
=
40
8
+
15
8
+
15
8
+
10
8

= $0
b Angie shouldnt play the game, because, even though the
expected gain is $0, she could still lose $40 in one single
game.
c The game is fair as E(X) = 0.
14 E(X) = 2 0.3 + 4 0.2 + 7 0.4 + k 0.1
5.3 = 0.6 + 0.8 + 2.8 + 0.1k
= 4.2 + 0.1k
0.1k = 5.3 4.2
= 1.1
k = 1.1 0.1
= 11
15 E(X) = 2 0.1 + 3 0.08 + 8 0.07 + 10 0.27 + 14
0.16 + k 0.32
10.98 = 0.2 + 0.24 + 0.56 + 2.7 + 2.24 + 0.32k
= 5.54 + 0.32k
0.32k = 10.98 5.54
= 5.44
k = 5.44 0.32
= 17
16 a Pr (0 Tails) = 0.4 0.4 0.4
= 0.064
Pr (1 Tail) = 3 0.6 0.4 0.4
= 0.288
Pr (2 Tails) = 3 0.6 0.6 0.4
= 0.432
Pr (3 Tails) = 0.6 0.6 0.6
= 0.216
x 0 1 2 3
Pr(X = x) 0.064 0.288 0.432 0.216
b E(X) = 0 0.064 + 1 0.288 + 2 0.432 + 3 0.216
= 0 + 0.288 + 0.864 + 0.648
= 1.8
c The x-value with the highest probability is 2.
The mode is 2.
17 a E(X) = x Pr(X = x)
= 1
2
15
+ 2
7
15
+ 3
1
3
+ 4
1
15

=
2
15
+
14
15
+ 1 +
4
15

= 2
1
3

b E(4X) = 4x Pr(X = x)
= (4 1)
2
15
+ (4 2)
7
15
+ (4 3)
1
3

+ (4 4)
1
15

=
8
15
+
56
15
+ 4 +
16
15

= 9
1
3

c E(2X + 1) = (2x + 1) Pr(X = x)
= (2 1 + 1)
2
15
+ (2 2 + 1)
7
15

+ (2 3 + 1)
1
3
+ (2 4 + 1)
1
15

=
6
15
+
35
15
+
7
3
+
9
15

= 5
2
3

d E(X
2
) = x
2
Pr(X = x)
= 1
2

2
15
+ 2
2

7
15
+ 3
2

1
3
+ 4
2

1
15

=
2
15
+
28
15
+ 3 +
16
15

= 6
1
15

18 a E(X) = x Pr(X = x)
= 1 0.33 + 2 0.25 + 3 0.27 + 4 0.15
= 0.33 + 0.5 + 0.81 + 0.6
= 2.24
b E(4X 6) = (4x 6) Pr(X = x)
= (4 1 6) 0.33 + (4 2 6) 0.25
+ (4 3 6) 0.27 + (4 4 6) 0.15
= 0.66 + 0.5 + 1.62 + 1.5
= 2.96
c E(X
2
+ 1) = (x
2
+ 1) Pr(X = x)
= (1
2
+ 1) 0.33 + (2
2
+ 1) 0.25
+ (3
2
+ 1) 0.27 + (4
2
+ 1) 0.15
= 0.66 + 1.25 + 2.7 + 2.55
= 7.16
d E(3X
2
) = 3x
2
Pr(X = x)
= (3 1
2
) 0.33 + (3 2
2
) 0.25 + (3 3
2
)
0.27 + (3 4
2
) 0.15
= 0.99 + 3 + 7.29 + 7.2
= 18.48
19 Expected number of mobiles sold can be found from table.
E(X) = 50 0.32 + 100 0.38 + 150 0.2 + 200
0.06 + 250 0.04
= 16 + 38 + 30 + 12 + 10
= 106
Salary = 106 $12 + $180
= $1452 per month.
20 a i Pr(X 1) = 0.25 0.5
Pr(X 2) = 0.25 + 0.15
= 0.4 0.5
Pr(X 3) = 0.25 + 0.15 + 0.1
= 0.5
Similarly, Pr(X 4) = 0.1 + 0.4
= 0.5
The median is the average of 3 and 4:
3 4
2
+
= 3.5
Therefore the median is 3.5
ii The x-value with the highest probability is 5.
Therefore the mode is 5
b i Pr(X 4) = 0.06 0.5
Pr(X 8) = 0.06 + 0.36
= 0.42 0.5
Pr(X 9) = 0.06 + 0.36 + 0.17
= 0.59 0.5
Therefore the median is 9
Therefore the mode is 8.
c i Pr(X 2) =
1
4

1
2

Pr(X 1) =
1
4
+
1
16

=
5
16

1
2

Pr(X 0) =
1
4
+
1
16
+
3
16

=
8
16

=
1
2

Similarly, Pr(X 1) =
1
8
+
1
8
+
1
16
+
3
16

=
1
2

0 1
2
+
= 0.5
Therefore the median is 0.5
ii The x-value with the highest probability is 2
Exercise 10D Measures of variability of
discrete random distributions
1 E(X) = x Pr(X = x)
= 1 0.2 + 2 0.4 + 3 0.3 + 4 0.1
= 0.2 + 0.8 + 0.9 + 0.4
= 2.3
E(X
2
) = x
2
Pr(X = x)
= 1
2
0.2 + 2
2
0.4 + 3
2
0.3 + 4
2
0.1
= 0.2 + 1.6 + 2.7 + 1.6
= 6.1
[E(X)]
2
= 2.3
2

= 5.29
Var (X) = E(X
2
) [E(X)]
2

= 6.1 5.29
= 0.81
2 a E(X ) = x Pr(X = x)
= 2
1
8
+ 4
3
16
+ 6
9
16
+ 8
1
8

=
1
4
+
3
4
+
27
8
+ 1
= 5
3
8

b E(X
2
) = x
2
Pr(X = x)
= 2
2

1
8
+ 4
2

3
16
+ 6
2

9
16
+ 8
2

1
8

=
1
2
+ 3 + 20
1
4
+ 8
= 31
3
4

[E(X)]
2
=
2
3
5
8

= 28
57
64

Var (X) = 31
3
4
28
57
64

= 2
55
64

3 a E(Y) = y Pr(Y = y)
= 1.20 0.05 + 1.25 0.2 + 1.30 0.1 + 1.35
0.25+ 1.60 0.4
= 0.06 + 0.25 + 0.13 + 0.3375 + 0.64
= 1.4175
Therefore the expected cost of a loaf of bread is $1.42.
b E(Y
2
) = y
2
Pr(Y = y)
= 1.20
2
0.05 + 1.25
2
0.2 + 1.30
2
0.1 + 1.35
2

0.25 + 1.60
2
0.4
= 0.072 + 0.3125 + 0.169 + 0.4556 + 1.024
= 2.033
[E(Y)]
2
= 1.4175
2

= 2.0093
Var (Y) = E(Y
2
) [E(Y)]
2

= 2.033 2.0093
= 0.0237
The variance of the cost is approximately $0.02 or 2 cents.

4 Var (aX + b) = a
2
Var (X) so Var (2Y 1) = 4 Var (Y)
E(Y) = 0 0.3 + 1 0.2 + 2 0.3 + 3 0.2
= 0 + 0.2 + 0.6 + 0.6
= 1.4
E(Y
2
) = 0
2
0.3 + 1
2
0.2 + 2
2
0.3 + 3
2
0.2
= 0 + 0.2 + 1.2 + 1.8
= 3.2
Var (Y) = E(Y
2
) [E(Y)]
2

= 3.2 1.4
2

= 1.24
4 Var (Y) = 4 1.24
= 4.96
5 a E(X) = x Pr(X = x)
= 2 0.15 + 4 0.3 + 6 0.42 + 8 0.13
= 0.3 + 1.2 + 2.52 + 1.04
= 5.06
[E(X)]
2
= 5.06
2

= 25.6036
E(X
2
) = 2
2
0.15 + 4
2
0.3 + 6
2
0.42 + 8
2
0.13
= 0.6 + 4.8 + 15.12 + 8.32
= 28.84
Var (X) = E(X
2
) [E(X)]
2

= 28.84 25.6036
= 3.2364
b E(2X) = 2x Pr(X = x)
= (2 2) 0.15 + (2 4) 0.3 + (2 6) 0.42
+ (2 8) 0.13
= 0.6 + 2.4 + 5.04 + 2.08
= 10.12
[E(2X)]
2
= 10.12
2

= 102.4144
E(2X)
2
= (2 2)
2
0.15 + (2 4)
2
0.3 + (2 6)
2
0.42
+ (2 8)
2
0.13
= 2.4 + 19.2 + 60.48 + 33.28
= 115.36
Var (2X) = E(2X)
2
[E(2X)]
2

= 115.36 102.4144
= 12.9456
c E(3X + 1) = (3x + 1) Pr(X = x)
= (3 2 + 1) 0.15 + (3 4 + 1) 0.3 +
(3 6 + 1) 0.42 + (3 8 + 1) 0.13
= 1.05 + 3.9 + 7.98 + 3.25
= 16.18
[E(3X + 1)]
2
= 16.18
2

= 261.7924
E(3X + 1)
2
= 7
2
0.15 + 13
2
0.3 + 19
2
0.42
+ 25
2
0.13
= 7.35 + 50.7 + 151.62 + 81.25
= 290.92
Var (3X + 1) = E(3X + 1)
2
[E(3X + 1)]
2

= 290.92 261.7924
= 29.1276
d E(5X + 7) = (5x + 7) Pr(X = x)
= (5 2 + 7) 0.15 + (5 4 + 7) 0.3 +
(5 6 + 7) 0.42 + (5 8 + 7) 0.13
= 0.45 3.9 9.66 4.29
= 18.3
[E(5X + 7)]
2
= (18.3)
2

= 334.89
E(5X + 7)
2
= (3)
2
0.15 + (13)
2
0.3 + (23)
2
0.42
+ (33)
2
0.13
= 1.35 + 50.7 + 222.18 + 141.57
= 415.8
Var (5X + 7) = E(5X + 7)
2
[E(5X + 7)]
2

= 415.8 334.89
= 80.91
6 a E(X) = x Pr(X = x)
= 0 0.27 + 1 0.15 + 3 0.13 + 5 0.1 + 7 0.35
= 0 + 0.15 + 0.39 + 0.5 + 2.45
= 3.49
[E(X)]
2
= 3.49
2

= 12.1801
E(X
2
) = 0
2
0.27 + 1
2
0.15 + 3
2
0.13 + 5
2
0.1 + 7
2

0.35
= 0 + 0.15 + 1.17 + 2.5 + 17.15
= 20.97
Var (X) = E(X
2
) [E(X)]
2

= 20.97 12.1801
= 8.7899
b Var (3X) = 3
2
Var (X)
= 9 8.7899
= 79.1091
c Var (10X 5) = 10
2
Var (X)
= 100 8.7899
= 878.99
d Var (5X + 7) = (5)
2
Var (X)
= 25 Var (X)
= 25 8.7899
= 219.7475
7 E(X) = x Pr(X = x)
= 2 0.3 + 4 0.1 + 6 0.5 + k 0.1
= 0.6 + 0.4 + 3 + 0.1k
= 4 + 0.1k
E(X
2
) = x
2
Pr(X = x)
= (2
2
) 0.3 + (4
2
) 0.1 + (6)
2
0.5 + (k)
2
0.1
= 1.2 + 1.6 + 18 + 0.1k
2

= 20.8 + 0.1k
2

[E(X)]
2
= (4 + 0.1k)
2

= 0.01k
2
+ 0.8k + 16
Var (X) = E(X
2
) [E(X)]
2

5.8 = 20.8 + 0.1k
2
(0.01k
2
+ 0.8k + 16)
= 0.09k
2
0.8k + 4.8
0.09k
2
0.8k 1 = 0
9k
2
80k 100 = 0
(k 10) (9k + 10) = 0

k = 10 or k

10
9
=

k = 10, since k is a positive integer.
8 E(X) = x Pr(X = x)
= 1 0.1 + k 0.2 + 7 0.3 + 10 0.4
= 0.1 + 0.2k + 2.1 + 4
= 6.2 + 0.2k
E(X
2
) = x
2
Pr(X = x)
= 1
2
0.1 + k
2
0.2 + 7
2
0.3 + 10
2
0.4
= 0.1 + 0.2k
2
+ 14.7 + 40
= 54.8 + 0.2k
2

[E(X)]
2
= (6.2 + 0.2k)
2

= 0.04k
2
+ 2.48k + 38.44
Var (X) = E(X
2
) [E(X)]
2

7.96 = 54.8 + 0.2k
2
(0.04k
2
+ 2.48k + 38.44)
= 0.16k
2
2.48k + 16.36
0.16k
2
2.48k + 8.4 = 0
16k
2
248k + 840 = 0
2k
2
31k + 105 = 0
(k 5) (2k 21) = 0
k = 5 or
21
2

k = 5, since k is a positive integer.
9 E(X) = 1
1
4
+ 2
1
3
+ 3
1
4
+ 4
1
6

=
1
4
+
2
3
+
3
4
+
2
3

= 2
1
3

[E(X)]
2
=
2
1
2
3

= 5
4
9

E(X
2
) = 1
2

1
4
+ 2
2

1
3
+ 3
2

1
4
+ 4
2

1
6

=
1
4
+
4
3
+
9
4
+
8
3

= 6
1
2

Var (X) = E(X
2
) [E(X )]
2

= 6
1
2
5
4
9

= 1
1
18
or 1.0556
SD(X) = 1.0556
= 1.0274
10 a E(X) = 6 0.3 + 7 0.3 + 10 0.2 + 12 0.2
= 1.8 + 2.1 + 2 + 2.4
= 8.3
b [E(X)]
2
= 8.3
2

= 68.89
E(X
2
) = 6
2
0.3 + 7
2
0.3 + 10
2
0.2 + 12
2
0.2
= 10.8 + 14.7 + 20 + 28.8
= 74.3
Var (X) = E(X
2
) [E(X)]
2

= 74.3 68.89
= 5.41
c SD(X) = 5.41
= 2.33
11 Var (X) = E(X
2
) [E(X)]
2

= 340 12
2

= 340 144
= 196
SD(X) = 196
= 14
12 Var (X) = E(X
2
) [E(X)]
2

= 529 20
2

= 529 400
= 129
SD(X) = 129
= 11.36
13 a
y 2 1.5 1 0
Pr(Y = y) 0.5 0.3 0.15 0.05
b E(Y) = 2 0.5 + 1.5 0.3 + 1 0.15 + 0 0.05
= 1 + 0.45 + 0.15 + 0
= $1.60
c E(Y
2
) = 2
2
0.5 + 1.5
2
0.3 + 1
2
0.15 + 0
2
0.05
= 2 + 0.675 + 0.15 + 0
= 2.825
Var (Y) = E(Y
2
) [E(Y)]
2

= 2.825 1.6
2

= 2.825 2.56
= 0.265
SD(X) = 0.265
= $0.51
14 2 = 4.35 2 2.08
= 4.35 4.16
= 0.19
+ 2 = 4.35 + 2 2.08
= 4.35 + 4.16
= 8.51
Pr( 2 X + 2)
= Pr(0.19 X 8.51)
= Pr(1 X 8)
= 0.95
15 a When x = 1, p(x) =
1
35

When x = 3, p(x) =
9
35

When x = 5, p(x) =
25
35

=
5
7

x 1 3 5
Pr(X = x)
1
35

9
35

5
7

b E(X) = 1
1
35
+ 3
9
35
+ 5
5
7

=
1
35
+
27
35
+
25
7

= 4
13
35
( 4.3714)
c [E(X)]
2
=
2
13
4
35

= 19.1094
E(X
2
) = 1
2

1
35
+ 3
2

9
35
+ 5
2

5
7

=
1
35
+
81
35
+
125
7

= 20
7
35
(= 20.2)
Var (X) = E(X
2
) [E(X)]
2

= 20.2 19.1094
= 1.0906
SD(X) = 1.0906
= 1.0443
d 2 = 4.3714 2 1.0443
= 4.3714 2.0886
= 2.2828
+ 2 = 4.3714 + 2 1.0443
= 4.3714 + 2.0886
= 6.46
Pr( 2 X + 2)
= Pr(2.2828 X 6.46)
= Pr(3 X 6)
= Pr(X = 3 or 5)
=
9
35
+
5
7

=
34
35

16 a When x = 2, p(x) =
2
2 1
50

=
3
50


When x = 3, p(x) =
2
3 1
50

=
8
50

=
4
25

When x = 4, p(x) =
2
4 1
50

=
15
50

=
3
10

When x = 5, p(x) =
2
5 1
50

=
24
50

=
12
25

x 2 3 4 5
Pr(X = x)
3
50

4
25

3
10

12
25

b E(X) = 2
3
50
+ 3
4
25
+ 4
3
10
+ 5
12
25

=
3
25
+
12
25
+ 1
1
5
+ 2
2
5

= 4
1
5
(= 4.2)
c [E(X)]
2
=
2
1
4
5

= 17.64
E(X
2
) = 2
2

3
50
+ 3
2

4
25
+ 4
2

3
10
+ 5
2

12
25

=
6
25
+
36
25
+ 4
4
5
+ 12
= 18
12
25
(= 18.48)
Var (X) = E(X
2
) [E(X)]
2

= 18.48 17.64
= 0.84
SD(X) = 0.84
= 0.9165
d 2 = 4.2 2 0.9165
= 4.2 1.8330
= 2.367
+ 2 = 4.2 + 2 0.965
= 4.2 + 1.8330
= 6.033
Pr( 2 X + 2)
= Pr(2.367 X 6.033)
= Pr(3 X 6)
= Pr(X = 3, 4 or 5)
=
4
25
+
3
10
+
12
25

= 0.94
17 a 0.4 + 0.2 + 0.2 + k = 1
k + 0.8 = 1
k = 1 0.8
= 0.2
b The most likely value of x is 1 as it has the highest
probability.
c E(X) = 1 0.4 + 2 0.2 + 3 0.2 + 4 0.2
= 0.4 + 0.4 + 0.6 + 0.8
= 2.2
d [E(X)]
2
= 2.2
2

= 4.84
E(X
2
) = 1
2
0.4 + 2
2
0.2 + 3
2
0.2 + 4
2
0.2
= 0.4 + 0.8 + 1.8 + 3.2
= 6.2
Var(X) = E(X
2
) [E(X)]
2

= 6.2 4.84
= 1.36
e SD(X) = 1.36
= 1.1662
f 2 = 2.2 2 1.1662
= 2.2 2.3324
= 0.1324
+ 2 = 2.2 + 2 1.1662
= 2.2 + 2.3324
= 4.5324
Pr( 2 X + 2)
= Pr(0.1324 X 4.5324)
= Pr(0 X 4)
= Pr(X = 1, 2, 3, 4)
= 1
18 a 2 = 4 2 2
= 0
+ 2 = 4 + 2 2
= 8
0 X 8
b 2 = 10 2 3
= 4
+ 2 = 10 + 2 3
= 16
4 X 16
c 2 = 35 2 7
= 21
+ 2 = 35 + 2 7
= 49
21 X 49
d 2 = 21.6 2 5.2
= 11.2
+ 2 = 21.6 + 2 5.2
= 32
11.2 X 32
e 2 = 9.7 2 0.7
= 8.3
+ 2 = 9.7 + 2 0.7
= 11.1
8.3 X 11.1
f 2 = 17
1
2
2 2
1
3

= 12
5
6

+ 2 = 17
1
2
+ 2 2
1
3

= 22
1
6

12
5
6
X 22
1
6

19
x 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Pr(X = x)
1
36

1
18

1
12

1
9

5
36

1
6

5
36
1
9

1
12
1
18
1
36
a E(X) = 2
1
36
+ 3
1
18
+ 4
1
12
+ 5
1
9
+ 6
5
36
+ 7
1
6
+ 8
5
36
+ 9
1
9
+ 10
1
12
+ 11
18
1
+ 12
1
36

=
1
18
+
1
6
+
1
3
+
5
9
+
5
6
+
7
6
+
10
9
+ 1 +
5
6
+
11
18
+
1
3

= 7
b [E(X)]
2
= 7
2

= 49
E(X
2
) = 2
2

1
36
+ 3
2

1
36
+ 4
2

1
12
+ 5
2

1
9
+ 6
2

5
36
+ 7
2

1
6
+ 8
2

5
36
+ 9
2

1
9
+ 10
2

1
12
+ 11
2

1
18
+ 12
2

1
36

=
1
9
+
1
2
+
4
3
+
25
9
+ 5 +
49
6
+
80
9
+ 9 +
25
3
+
121
18
+ 4
= 54
5
6
( 54.8333)
Var (X) = E(X
2
) [E(X)]
2

= 54.8333 49
= 5.8333
= 5.83
c SD(X) = 5.8333
= 2.4152
2 = 7 2 2.4152
= 7 4.8304
= 2.1696
+ 2 = 7 + 2 2.4152
= 7 + 4.8304
= 11.8304
Pr( 2 X + 2 )
= Pr(2.1696 X 11.8304)
= Pr(3 x 11)
= 1 Pr(X = 2 or 12)
= 1
1 1
36 36

+

= 1
1
18

=
17
18

0.94
20 a
x 1 2 3 4
Pr(X = x)
1
4

3
8

1
4

1
8
b E(X) = 1
1
4
+ 2
3
8
+ 3
1
4
+ 4
1
8

=
1
4
+
3
4
+
3
4
+
1
2

= 2
1
4
(= 2.25)
c [E(X)]
2
= 2.25
2

= 5.0625
E(X
2
) = 1
2

1
4
+ 2
2

3
8
+ 3
2

1
4
+ 4
2

1
8

=
1
4
+ 1
1
2
+ 2
1
4
+ 2
= 6

Var (X) = E(X
2
) [E(X)]
2

= 6 5.0625
= 0.9375
SD(X) = 0.9375
= 0.9682
0.97
d Pr(X = 4 | X 1) =
Pr( 4 1)
Pr( 1)
X X
X
=

=
Pr( 4)
Pr( 2, 3 or 4)
X
X
=
=

=
1
8
3 1 1
8 4 8
+ +

=
1
8
6
8

=
1
6

21 k + 2k + 3k + 4k = 1
10k = 1
k = 0.1
E(X) = 0 0.1 + 1 0.2 + 2 0.3 + 3 0.4
= 0 + 0.2 + 0.6 + 1.2
= 2.0
[E(X)]
2
= 2.0
2

= 4.0
E(X
2
) = 0
2
0.1 + 1
2
0.2 + 2
2
0.3 + 3
2
0.4
= 0 + 0.2 + 1.2 + 3.6
= 5.0
Var(X) = E(X
2
) [E(X)]
2

= 5.0 4.0
= 1.0
SD(X) = 1.0
= 1.0
The answer is A.
22 E(X) = 0 0.4 + 3 0.3 + 6 0.1 + 9 0.2
= 0 + 0.9 + 0.6 + 1.8
= 3.3
[E(X)]
2
= 10.89
E(X
2
) = 0
2
0.4 + 3
2
0.3 + 6
2
0.1 + 9
2
0.2
= 0 + 2.7 + 3.6 + 16.2
= 22.5
Var (X) = 22.5 10.89
= 11.61
SD(X) = 11.61
= 3.41
The answer is E.
23 Var (aX + b) = a
2
Var (X)
Var (6X 3) = 36 Var (X)
= 36 11.61
= 417.96
The answer is C.
Chapter review
Short answer
1 a Pr(no team wins) =
1 2 1
2 3 4

=
1
12

b Pr(1 team wins) = Pr(ABC) + Pr(ABC) + Pr(ABC)
=
1 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 3
2 3 4 2 3 4 2 3 4
+ +
=
1 1 1
12 24 4
+ +
=
9
24

c Pr(2 teams win) = Pr(ABC) + Pr(ABC) + Pr(ABC)
=
1 1 1 1 2 3 1 1 3
2 3 4 2 3 4 2 3 4
+ +
=
1 1 1
24 4 8
+ +
=
5
12

d Pr(all teams win) =
1 1 3
2 3 4

=
1
8

2 a Pr(A B) = Pr (A) Pr(A B)
= 0.25 0.1
= 0.15
b Pr(A B) = Pr (A)
= 0.25
3 a Pr(X < 5) =
12
30

=
2
5

b Pr(X > 5) =
8
30

=
4
15

4 a i Pr(X = 2) = 0.3
ii Pr(X 2) = 0.2 + 0.3
= 0.5
iii Pr(X > 2) = 0.2 + 0.2 + 0.1
= 0.5
iv Pr(X < 4|X > 1) =
Pr(1 4)
Pr( 1)
X
X
< <
>

=
0.5
0.8

=
5
8

b E(X) = 1 0.2 + 2 0.3 + 3 0.2 + 4 0.2 + 5 0.1
= 2.7 min
c 4 min = 0.2 50
= 10
5 a 4k
2
+ 4k + 5k
2
+ 2k + k
2
+ k + 2k = 1
10k
2
+ 9k = 1
10k
2
+ 9k 1 = 0
b (10k 1)(k + 1) = 0
k =
1
10
or k = 1
k must be a value such that the probabilities are all
positive and 0 < k < 1
k =
1
10

6 a When x = 1, p(x) =
2
1
30

=
1
30

When x = 2, p(x) =
2
2
30

=
4
30

=
2
15

When x = 3, p(x) =
2
3
30

=
9
30

=
3
10

When x = 4, p(x) =
2
4
30

=
16
30

=
8
15

x 1 2 3 4
Pr(X = x)
1
30

2
15

3
10
8
15

b E(X) = 1
1
30
+ 2
2
15
+ 3
3
10
+ 4
8
15

=
1
30
+
4
15
+
9
10
+
32
15

= 3
1
3

7 a
x 2 3 4 5 6 7
Pr(X = x)
7
36

7
36

7
36

7
36
7
36

1
36

b E(X) = 2
7
36
+ 3
7
36
+ 4
7
36
+ 5
7
36

+ 6
7
36
+ 7
1
36

=
14
36
+
21
36
+
28
36
+
35
36
+
42
36
+
7
36

=
147
36

= 4
1
12

c Pr(X < ) =
1
Pr 4
12
X

<

= Pr(X = 2, 3 or 4)
=
7
36
+
7
36
+
7
36

=
21
36

=
7
12

8
Gain ($) 2.00 0 1.00
Pr(X = x) 0.3 0.4 0.3
E(Gain) = 2.00 0.3 + 0 0.4 + 1.00 0.3
= 0.6 + 0 0.3
= 0.3
Therefore this is not a fair game as E(Gain) 0.
9
x 0 1 2 3
Pr(X = x)
1
8

3
8

3
8

1
8

Gain ($) 2 2 1 4
E(Gain) =
1
8
2 +
3
8
2 +
3
8
1 +
1
8
4
=
1
4
+
3
4
+
3
8
+
1
2

=
1
8

Therefore the game is not fair as E(Gain) 0.
10 a
x 2 5 11
Pr(X = x)
5
9
1
3
1
9
Area of centre = 100
Area of middle ring = 300
Area of outer ring = 500
Pr(X = 2) =
500
900
=
5
9

Pr(X = 5) =
300
900
=
1
3

Pr(X = 11) =
100
900
=
1
9

i E(X) = 2
5
9
+ 5
1
3
+ 11
1
9

=
10
9
+
5
3
+
11
9

= 4
ii E(score from 5 shots) = 5 4
= 20
b Pr(5 points on all 5 shots) =
5
1
3

=
1
243

11 a i Pr(X 3) = 0.1 0.5
Pr(X 4) = 0.1 + 0.45
= 0.55 0.5
Therefore the median is 4.
b i Pr(X 1) =
1
5

1
2

Pr(X 4) =
1 3
5 10
+
=
2
5

1
2

Pr (X 6) =
1 3 1
5 10 10
+ +
=
5
10

=
1
2


Similarly, Pr(X 8) =
2 1
5 10
+
=
1
2

6 8
2
+
= 7
Therefore the median is 7.
ii The x-value with the highest probability is 4
12
Cost x ($) 7 8 9 10
Pr(X = x) 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.1
a E(X) = 7 0.4 + 8 0.2 + 9 0.3 + 10 0.1
= 2.8 + 1.6 + 2.7 + 1
= 8.1
The expected cost per car is $8.10.
b E(profit) = 8.1 100 300
= 510
Fast Eddys profit is $510.
c The mode is 2.
13 E(X) = 1 0.1 + 3 0.25 + 5 0.35 + n 0.3
4.7 = 0.1 + 0.75 + 1.75 + 0.3n
= 2.6 + 0.3n
0.3n = 2.1
n = 7
14 a
x ($) 5000 500 50 10
Pr(X = x)
1
5000

1
2500

1
250

1
50

E(X) = 5000
1
5000
+ 500
1
2500
+ 50
1
250

+ 10
1
50

= 1 +
1 1 1
5 5 5
+ +
= 1
3
5
(= 1.60)
Expected profit = Gain per game Cost per game
Expected profit = 1.60 2.00
= 0.40
That is, a loss of 40 cents per game.
b House Profit = 5000 0.40
= $2000
c House percentage
=
Profit
Cost

100
1

=
2000
5000 2

100
1

=
2000
10000

100
1

= 20%
15 a
x 200 150 100
Pr(X = x)
1
500

1
500
1
500

E(X) = 200
1
500
+ 150
1
500
+ 100
1
500

=
2
5
+
3
10
+
1
5

=
9
10

= 0.90
Expected Profit
= Gain per ticket Cost per ticket
= 0.90 1.00
= 0.10
That is, a loss of 10 cents per ticket.
b House Profit = 500 0.10
= $50
c House percentage
=
Profit
Cost

100
1

=
50
500 1

100
1

=
1
10

100
1

= 10%
16 a When x = 0, p(x) =
0(0 1)
40
+

= 0
When x = 1, p(x) =
1(1 1)
40
+

=
1
20

When x = 2, p(x) =
2(2 1)
40
+

=
3
20

When x = 3, p(x) =
3(3 1)
40
+

=
3
10

When x = 4, p(x) =
4(4 1)
40
+

=
1
2

p(x) =
1
2
+
3
10
+
3
20
+
1
20
+ 0
= 1
Therefore n = 4.
b
x 0 1 2 3 4
Pr(X = x) 0
1
20
3
20

3
10

1
2

c E(X ) = 0 0 + 1
1
20
+ 2
3
20
+ 3
3
10
+ 4
1
2

= 0 +
1
20
+
3
10
+
9
10
+ 2
= 3
1
4

Multiple choice
1 Pr(A B) = Pr(A) + Pr(B) Pr(A B)
= 0.65 + 0.37 0.28
= 0.74
The answer is D.
2 Pr(A|B) =
Pr( )
Pr( )
A B
B

=
0.19
0.27

= 0.7037
The answer is C.
3 One person attends = Pr(F K) or Pr(F K)
= 0.60 0.15 + 0.40 0.85
= 0.09 + 0.34
= 0.43
The answer is E.
4 Pr(Y ) =
7
10

Pr(YYY) =
7 6 5
10 9 8

=
7 1 1
1 3 8

=
7
24

The answer is D.
5 Number of runs must be counted and so this is discrete.
The answer is A.
6 A P(x) = 1
B P(x) = 1
C P(x) = 1
D Pr(x = 4) = 0.4 but 0 Pr(x) 1
The answer is D.
7 Pr(X is odd | X < 4) =
Pr( is odd 4)
Pr( 4)
X X
X
<
<

=
Pr( 1 or 3)
Pr( 0, 1, 2 or 3)
X
X
=
=

=
0.2 0.1
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.1
+
+ + +

=
0.3
0.7

=
3
7

The answer is D.
8 0.3 + 5k + 0.2 + 3k + 0.1 = 1
8k + 0.6 = 1
8k = 1 0.6
= 0.4
k = 0.05
The answer is B.
9
x 1 2 3 4 5 6
Pr(X = x) 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2
Gain ($) 2 2 2 2 5 5
E(Gain) = 0.1 2 + 0.1 2 + 0.2 2 + 0.2 2
+ 0.2 5 + 0.2 5
= 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.4 + 1 + 1
= 0.80
A gain of $0.80 per game.
The answer is C.
10
x Ace King Queen Jack
Pr(X = x) 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1
Gain ($) 1 k 2 5
E(Gain) = 0.4 1 + 0.3 k + 0.2 2 + 0.1 5
0.40 = 0.4 + 0.3k + 0.4 + 0.5
0.3k = 0.9
k = 3
Pay $3
The answer is B.
11
x Bullseye Miss Board
Pr(X = x) 0.1 0.2 0.7
Gain ($) 2 k 0.20
E(Gain) = 0.1 2 + 0.2 k + 0.7 0.2
0 = 0.2 + 0.2k + 0.14 (Fair game)
0 = 0.34 + 0.2k
0.2k = 0.34
k = 1.70
Pay $1.70
The answer is A.
12 E(X) = 1 0.3 + 2 0.3 + 3 0.2 + 4 0.1 + 5 0.1
= 0.3 + 0.6 + 0.6 + 0.4 + 0.5
= 2.4
Toll = 2 + 2.4 0.5
= 2 + 1.2
= $3.20
The answer is A.
13 E(X) = 1 0.3 + 2 0.3 + 3 0.2 + 4 0.1 + 5 0.1
= 0.3 + 0.6 + 0.6 + 0.4 + 0.5
= 2.4
The answer is D.
14 E(5X 8) = 5E(X) 8
= 5 2.4 8
= 12 8
= 4
The answer C.
15 E(X) = 2 0.1 + 1 0.25 + 0 0.2 + 1 0.15
+ 2 0.3
= 0.2 + 0.25 + 0 + 0.15 + 0.6
= 0.3
The answer is E.
16 [E(X)]
2
= 0.3
2

= 0.09
E(X
2
) = (2)
2
0.1 + (1)
2
0.25 + (0)
2
0.2 + 1
2
0.15
+ 2
2
0.3
= 0.4 + 0.25 + 0 + 0.15 + 1.2
= 2
Var(X) = E(X
2
) [E(X)]
2

= 2 0.09
= 1.91
The answer is C.
17 Var(3X + 2) = 3
2
Var(X)
= 9Var(X)
= 9 1.91
= 17.19
The answer is B.
18 E(X) = 3 0.21 + 6 0.35 + 9 0.17 + 12 0.27
= 0.63 + 2.10 + 1.53 + 3.24
= 7.5
[E(X)]
2
= 7.5
2

= 56.25
E(X
2
) = 3
2
0.21 + 6
2
0.35 + 9
2
0.17 + 12
2
0.27
= 1.89 + 12.6 + 13.77 + 38.88
= 67.14
Var(X) = E(X
2
) [E(X)]
2

= 67.14 56.25
= 10.89

SD(X) = 10.89
= 3.3
= 7.5, = 3.3
The answer is D.
19 E(X) = 1 0.2 + 2 0.2 + 3 0.4 + 4 0.2
= 0.2 + 0.4 + 1.2 + 0.8
= 2.6
[E(X)]
2
= 2.6
2

= 6.76
E(X
2
) = 1
2
0.2 + 2
2
0.2 + 3
2
0.4 + 4
2
0.2
= 0.2 + 0.8 + 3.6 + 3.2
= 7.8
Var(X) = E(X
2
) [E(X)]
2

= 7.8 6.76
= 1.04
SD(X) = 1.04
= 1.02
= 2.6, = 1.02
2 = 2.6 2 1.02
= 2.6 2.04
= 0.56
+ 2 = 2.6 + 2 1.02
= 2.6 + 2.04
= 4.64
2 X + 2
= 0.56 X 4.64
Therefore 1 X 4
The answer is B.
Extended response
1 a E(X) = 14.40
1
4
+ 15.60
1
4
+ 12.00
3
10

+ 18.00
1
5

= 3.60 + 3.90 + 3.60 + 3.60
= 14.70
The mean price per box is $14.70.
b [E(X)]
2
= 14.70
2

= 216.09
E(X
2
) = 14.40
2

1
4
+ 15.60
2

1
4
+ 12.00
2

3
10

+ 18.00
2

1
5

= 51.84 + 60.84 + 43.20 + 64.80
= 220.68
Var(X) = 220.68 216.09
= 4.59
SD(X) = 4.59
= 2.14
The standard deviation is $2.14.
c Average = 14.70 24
= 0.6125
The average price per doughnut is 61.25 cents.
d Cost = 61.25 1.14
= 69.825
The canteen should sell the doughnuts for 70 cents each to
make a 14% profit.
e Average profit per box = 24 0.70 14.70
= 16.80 14.70
= $2.10
2 a i 36 20 = 720
Amina collects $720 if her number comes up. (A profit
of $700)
ii
x ($) 700 20
Pr(X = x)
1
37

36
37

E(X) = 700
1
37
20
36
37

=
700
37

720
37

=
20
37

= 0.5405
Expected loss is 54 cents per game
iii No as E(X) 0.
b i 2 20 = 40
Amina collects $40 if an even number comes
up. (A profit of $20)
ii
x ($) 20 20
Pr(X = x)
18
37
19
37

E(X) = 20
18
37
20
19
37

=
360
37

380
37

=
20
37

= 0.5405
Expected loss is 54 cents per game.
iii No as E(X) 0.
c i 3 20 = $60
Amina collects $60 if a number 1 12 comes up.
(A profit of $40)
ii
x ($) 40 20
Pr(X = x)
12
37
25
37

E(X) = 40
12
37
20
25
37

=
480
37

500
37

=
20
37

= 0.5405
Expected loss is 54 cents per game.
iii No as E(X) 0
d House percentage =
0.54
20

100
1

= 2.7%
3 a Pr(X = x) = 1
2t
2
+ 3t + 2t
2
+ 2t + 4t
2
+ t + t = 1
8t
2
+ 7t = 1
8t
2
+ 7t 1 = 0
(8t 1)(t + 1) = 0
t =
1
8
or t = 1
(Reject t = 1)
t =
1
8

x ($) 0 1 2 3 4 5 >5
Pr(X = x)
1
32

3
8

1
32

1
4

3
16

1
8
0
b Pr(X 2) =
1
32
+
1
4
+
3
16
+
1
8

=
19
32

c Pr(X 4) =
1
32
+
3
8
+
1
32
+
1
4
+
3
16

=
7
8

d E(X) = 0
1
32
+ 1
3
8
+ 2
1
32
+ 3
1
4

+ 4
3
16
+ 5
1
8

= 0 +
3
8
+
1
16
+
3
4
+
3
4
+
5
8

= 2.5625 packages
e E(X
2
) = 0
2

1
32
+ 1
2

3
8
+ 2
2

1
32
+ 3
2

1
4

+ 4
2

3
16
+ 5
2

1
8

= 8.875
[E(X)]
2
= 2.5625
2

= 6.5664
Var(X) = 8.875 6.5664
= 2.3806
SD(X) = Var( ) X
= 2.3086
= 1.5194
f Pr( 2 X + 2 )
= E(X) = 2.5625,
= SD(X) = 1.5194
2 = 2.5625 2 1.5194
= 0.4763
+ 2 = 2.5625 + 2 1.5194
= 5.6013
Pr( 2 + 2 ) = (0.4763 5.6013)
= (0 5)
1
g Earnings = $25 E(X) + bonuses
= 25 2.5625 +
3 1
200 200
16 8

+

= $64.06 + $62.5
= $126.56
h
Pr( 4 2)
Pr( 2)
X X
X

=
Pr( 4)
Pr( 2)
X
X

=
5
16
19
32

=
10
19

MM1 2 - 1 1 308 T h e b i n o mi a l d i s t r i b u t i o n

Exercise 11A The binomial distribution
1 a No, since there are more than 2 possible outcomes.
b Yes, since there are 10 independent trials and two
possible outcomes, three or non-three.
c No, since there are more than 2 possible outcomes.
d Yes, since there are 15 independent trials and two
possible outcomes, tail or non-tail (head).
e No, since the probability of success is not fixed.
f Yes, since they are independent, and two possible
outcomes, black or red.
g No, since the probability of success is not fixed and
success is not defined.
2 a
7
C
2
(0.4)
2
(0.6)
5
= 21 0.16 0.077 76
= 0.2613
b
9
C
3
(0.1)
3
(0.9)
6
= 84 0.001 0.531 441
= 0.0446
c
10
C
5
(0.5)
5
(0.5)
5
= 252 0.031 25 0.031 25
= 0.2461
d
8
C
5
(0.2)
5
(0.8)
3
= 56 0.000 32 0.512
= 0.0092
e
9
C
7
7
1
3
| |
|
\ .
2
2
3
| |
|
\ .
= 36
1
2187

4
9

=
16
2187

= 0.0073
f
10
C
0
(0.85)
10
(0.15)
0
= 1 0.196 87 1
= 0.1969
3 a n = 5
b p = 0.3
c Pr(X = x) =
5
C
x
(0.3)
x
(0.7)
5 x

Pr(X = 0) =
5
C
0
(0.3)
0
(0.7)
5

= 1 1 0.168 07
= 0.168 07
Pr(X = 1) =
5
C
1
(0.3)
1
(0.7)
4

= 5 0.3 0.2401
= 0.360 15
Pr(X = 2) =
5
C
2
(0.3)
2
(0.7)
3

= 10 0.09 0.343
= 0.3087
Pr(X = 3) =
5
C
3
(0.3)
3
(0.7)
2

= 10 0.027 0.49
= 0.1323
Pr(X = 4) =
5
C
4
(0.3)
4
(0.7)
1

= 5 0.0081 0.7
= 0.028 35
Pr(X = 5) =
5
C
5
(0.3)
5
(0.7)
0

= 1 0.002 43 1
= 0.002 43
x 0 1 2 3 4 5
Pr
(X = x)
0.168 07 0.360 15 0.3087 0.1323 0.028 35 0.002 43
4 Pr(X = x) =
n
C
x
p
x
q
nx

X Bi(5,
1
5
)
Pr(X = 4) =
5
C
4
4
1
5
| |
|
\ .
1
4
5
| |
|
\ .

= 5
1
625

4
5

=
4
625

5 Pr(X = x) =
n
C
x
p
x
q
nx

X Bi(4, 0.1)
Pr(X = 3) =
4
C
3
(0.1)
3
(0.9)
1
= 4 0.001 0.9
= 3.6 0.001
= 0.0036
6 Pr(X = x) =
n
C
x
p
x
q
nx

X Bi
1
4,
3
| |
|
\ .

a Pr(X = 1) =
4
C
1
1 3
1 2
3 3
| | | |
| |
\ . \ .

= 4
1 8
3 27

=
32
81

b Pr(X = 2) =
4
C
2
2 2
1 2
3 3
| | | |
| |
\ . \ .

= 6
1 4
9 9

=
24
81

=
8
27

c Pr(X 1) = 1 Pr(X = 0)
= 1
4
C
0
0 4
1 2
3 3
| | | |
| |
\ . \ .

= 1
16
81

=
65
81

7 a Pr(HHTT) =
1
2

1
2

1
2

1
2

=
1
16

= 0.0625
b Pr(HHHH) =
1
2

1
2

1
2

1
2

=
1
16

= 0.0625
c Pr(X = x) =
n
C
x
p
x
q
nx

n = 4
x = 2
p =
1
2

q =
1
2

Pr(X = 2) =
4
C
2

2
1
2
| |
|
\ .
2
1
2
| |
|
\ .

= 6
1
4

1
4

=
6
16

=
3
8

= 0.375
Chapter 11 The binomial distribution
T h e b i n o mi a l d i s t r i b u t i o n MM1 2 - 1 1 309
8 a Pr(X = x) =
n
C
x
p
x
q
n x

X Bi(3, 0.2)
Pr(X = 3) =
3
C
2
(0.2)
2
(0.8)
1

= 3 0.04 0.8
= 3 0.032
= 0.096
b C = successfully completing a crossword puzzle
Pr(CCCC) = (0.2)
3
(0.8)
1

= 0.008 0.8
= 0.0064
c Pr(successfully completes first 3) = 0.2 0.2 0.2
= 0.008
d Pr(successfully completes first 3 | successfully completes first 2)
=
Pr(successfully completes 1st 3 successfully completes 1st 2)
Pr(successfully completes 1st 2)

=
Pr((CCC) (CCC or CCC ))
Pr(CCC or CCC )

=
Pr(CCC)
Pr(CCC or CCC )

=
2
0.008
0.008 0.2 0.8 +

=
0.008
0.04

= 0.2
9 Pr(T) = 0.6
a Pr(TTTTH) = (0.6)
4
(0.4)
= 0.1296 0.4
= 0.0518
b n = 5
x = 4
p = 0.6
q = 0.4
Pr(X = 4) =
5
C
4
(0.6)
4
(0.4)
1

= 5 0.1296 0.4
= 0.2592
10 Pr(X = x) =
n
C
x
p
x
q
nx

n = 8
p = 0.55
q = 0.45
a x = 4
Pr(X = 4) =
8
C
4
(0.55)
4
(0.45)
4

= 70 0.0915 0.0410
= 0.262 66
0.2627
b x = 8
Pr(X = 8) =
8
C
8
(0.55)
8
(0.45)
0

= 1 0.008 37 1
= 0.008 37
0.0084
c x = 5
Pr(X = 5) =
8
C
5
(0.55)
5
(0.45)
3

= 56 0.050 33 0.091 25
= 0.256 82
0.2568
d Three opposing is the same as five supporting so, same as c = 0.2568.
11 Pr(X = x) =
n
C
x
p
x
q
nx

n = 52
x = 26
p = 0.4
q = 0.6
Pr(X = 26) =
52
C
26
(0.4)
26
(0.6)
26

= 0.038 098
0.0381

12 Pr(X = x) =
n
C
x
p
x
q
nx

n = 20
x = 10
p =
5
8

q =
3
8

Pr(X = 10) =
20
C
10

10 10
5 3
8 8
| | | |
| |
\ . \ .

= 0.092 41
0.0924
13 a Pr(X = x) =
n
C
x
p
x
q
nx

n = 10
x = 6
p = 0.39
q = 0.61
Pr(X = 6) =
10
C
6
(0.39)
6
(0.61)
4

= 0.1023
b Pr(X = x) =
n
C
x
p
x
q
nx

n = 10
x = 4
p = 0.3
q = 0.7
Pr(X = 4) =
10
C
4
(0.3)
4
(0.7)
6

= 0.2001
14 Pr(X = x) =
n
C
x
p
x
q
nx

n = 10
x = 1
p = 0.03
q = 0.97
Pr(X = 1) =
10
C
1
(0.03)
1
(0.97)
9

= 0.2281
15 Pr(X = x) =
n
C
x
p
x
q
x

n = 200
x = 12
p = 0.08
q = 0.92
Pr(X = 12) =
200
C
12
(0.08)
12
(0.92)
188

= 0.0653
16 Pr(X = x) =
n
C
x
p
x
q
nx

n = 20
p =
600
30000
= 0.02
q = 0.98
a x = 2
Pr(X = 2) =
20
C
2
(0.02)
2
(0.98)
18

= 0.0528
b x = 0
Pr(X = 0) =
20
C
0
(0.02)
0
(0.98)
20

= 0.6676
17 a Pr(X = x) =
n
C
x
p
x
q
nx

n = 8
x = 4
p =
1
2

q =
1
2

Pr(X = 4) =
8
C
4
4 4
1 1
2 2
| | | |
| |
\ . \ .

= 0.2734
b Pr(X = x) =
n
C
x
p
x
q
nx

n = 8
x = 2
p = 0.3
q = 0.7
Pr(X = 2) =
8
C
2
(0.3)
2
(0.7)
6

= 0.2965
c n = 8
x = 0
p = 0.2
q = 0.8
Pr(X = 0) =
8
C
0
(0.2)
0
(0.8)
8

= 0.1678
18 p = 0.78
q = 0.22
n = 10
Pr(X < 3) = Pr(X = 0) + Pr(X = 1) + Pr(X = 2)
=
10
C
0
(0.78)
0
(0.22)
10
+
10
C
1
(0.78)(0.22)
9
+
10
C
2
(0.78)
2
(0.22)
8

The answer is C.
19 Pr(X = x) =
n
C
x
p
x
q
nx

n = 7
x = 4
p = 0.6
q = 0.4
Pr(X = x) =
7
C
4
(0.6)
4
(0.4)
3

= 35 (0.6)
4
(0.4)
3

The answer is E.
20 Pr(X = x) =
n
C
x
p
x
q
nx

n = 20
x = 11
p =
1
4

q =
3
4

Pr(X = 11) =
20
C
11
11 9
1 3
4 4
| | | |
| |
\ . \ .

The answer is B.
21 p = 0.02
q = 0.98
n = 40
Pr(X 1) = 1 Pr(X = 0)
= 1
40
C
0
(0.02)
0
(0.98)
40

= 1 (0.98)
40

The answer is D.
22 Pr(X = x) =
n
C
x
p
x
q
nx

n = 10
x = 3
p = 0.3
q = 0.7
Pr(X = 3) =
10
C
3
(0.3)
3
(0.7)
7

= 0.2668
The answer is C.
23 p = 0.6
q = 0.4
n = 5
a i Pr(X = 0) =
5
C
0
(0.6)
0
(0.4)
5

= (0.4)
5

= 0.010 24
= 0.0102
ii Pr(X 1) = 1 Pr(X = 0)
= 1 0.010 24
= 0.989 76
0.9898
b Pr(X 1) = 1 Pr(X = 0)
0.7 = 1
n
C
0
(0.6)
0
(0.4)
n

0.7 = 1 0.4
n

0.4
n
= 0.3
n =
log(0.3)
log(0.4)

n = 1.313 963 748
2
24 n = ?
p = 0.05
q = 0.95
Pr(X 1) = 1 Pr(X = 0)
0.6 = 1
n
C
0
(0.05)
0
(0.95)
n

0.6 = 1 0.95
n

0.95
n
= 1 0.6
0.95
n
= 0.4
ln (0.95)
n
= ln 0.4
n ln (0.95) = ln 0.4
n =
ln(0.4)
ln(0.95)

= 17.86
= 18 tickets
25 Pr(X = x) =
n
C
x
p
x
q
nx

n = unknown
x = 1, 2, 3, , n (X 1)
p = 0.1
q = 0.9
Pr(X 1) = 0.9
Pr(X 1) = 1 Pr(X = 0)
0.9 = 1 Pr(X = 0)
Pr(X = 0) = 1 0.9
= 0.1
Pr(X = 0) =
n
C
0
(0.1)
0
(0.9)
n0

0.1 = 0.9
n

ln(0.1) = ln(0.9)
n

= n ln(0.9)
n =
ln(0.1)
ln(0.9)

=
2.3026
0.1054

= 21.85
She needs to take 22 turns.
26 a Pr(X = x) =
n
C
x
p
x
q
nx

n = unknown.
x = 1, 2, 3, , n
p =
1
8145 060

q =
8145 059
8145 060

Pr(X = 1, 2, 3, , n) = 1 Pr(X = 0)
0.5 = 1 Pr(X = 0)
Pr(X = 0) = 1 0.5
= 0.5
Pr(X = 0) =
n
C
0
0 0
1 8145 059
8145 060 8145 060
n
| | | |
| |
\ . \ .

0.5 =
8145 059
8145 060
n
| |
|
\ .

ln(0.5) = ln
8145 059
8145 060
n
| |
|
\ .

= n ln
8145 059
8145 060
| |
|
\ .

n = ln (0.5) ln
8145 059
8145 060
| |
|
\ .

= 5 645 725.212
The number of games to be played is 5 645 726
b Number of tickets =
5645726
16

= 352 858
Therefore 352 858 tickets need to be bought.
c Cost = 352 858 4.10
= $1 446 717.80
Therefore the tickets would cost $1 446 717.80
27 a x = 2, since it has the greatest probability.
b The graph is positively skewed.
28 a i

ii The graph is positively skewed.
b i

ii The graph is symmetrical or normally distributed.
c i

ii The graph is negatively skewed.
29 a i The graph is positively skewed since p < 0.5.
ii The graph is symmetrical or normally distributed
since p = 0.5.
iii The graph is negatively skewed since p > 0.5.
b p effects the skewness of the graph.
30 a The graph is symmetrical or normally distributed since
p = 0.5.
b The graph is still symmetrical but the vertical columns
are not as high if n is doubled.
31 a The graph is positively skewed, since p < 0.5.
b The graph is negatively skewed, since p > 0.5.
32 a Symmetrical or normally distributed.
b Positively skewed.
c Symmetrical or normally distributed.
d Negatively skewed.
Exercise 11B Problems involving the
binomial distribution for multiple probabilities
1 a
4
C
3
(0.4)
3
(0.6) +
4
C
4
(0.4)
4
(0.6)
0

= 4 0.064 0.6 + 1 0.0256 1
= 0.1536 + 0.0256
= 0.1792
b
5
C
3
(0.6)
3
(0.4)
2
+
5
C
4
(0.6)
4
(0.4) +
5
C
5
(0.6)
5
(0.4)
0

= 10 0.216 0.16 + 5 0.1296 0.4 + 1 0.077 76 1

= 0.3456 + 0.2592 + 0.077 76
= 0.6826
2 a Pr(X 4) = Pr(X = 4) + Pr(X = 5)
= 0.15 + 0.08
= 0.23
b Pr(X > 0) = 1 Pr(X = 0)
= 1 0.15
= 0.85
c Pr(X 4) = 1 Pr(X = 5)
= 1 0.08
= 0.92
d Pr(X < 2) = Pr(X = 0) + Pr(X = 1)
= 0.15 + 0.3
= 0.45
3 a Pr(X 2) = Pr(X = 2) + Pr(X = 3) + + Pr(X = 5)
= 1 Pr(X = 0) Pr(X = 1)
= 1
5
C
0
(0.3)
0
(0.7)
5

5
C
1
(0.3)
1
(0.7)
4

= 1 0.168 07 0.360 15
0.4718
b Pr(X < 4) = Pr(X = 0) + Pr(X = 1) + + Pr(X = 3)
= 1 Pr(X = 4) Pr(X = 5)
= 1
5
C
4
(0.3)
4
(0.7)
5
C
5
(0.3)
5
(0.7)
0

= 1 0.028 35 0.002 43
0.9692
4 a Pr(X 4) = Pr(X = 4) + Pr(X = 5)
=
5
C
4
(0.6)
4
(0.4)
1
+
5
C
5
(0.6)
5
(0.4)
0

= 0.2592 + 0.077 76
0.3370
b Pr(X 4) = Pr(X = 4) + Pr(X = 5) + Pr(X = 6)
=
6
C
4
(0.5)
4
(0.5)
2
+
6
C
5
(0.5)
5
(0.5) +
6
C
6
(0.5)
6

= 0.234 38 + 0.093 75 + 0.015 63
= 0.3438
c Pr(X 4) = Pr(X = 4) + + Pr(X = 7)
=
7
C
4
(0.2)
4
(0.8)
3
+
7
C
5
(0.2)
5
(0.8)
2

+
7
C
6
(0.2)
6
(0.8)
1
+
7
C
7
(0.2)
7
(0.8)
0

= 0.028 672 + 0.0043 + 0.000 358 4
+ 0.000 012 8
0.0333
5 Pr(X = x) =
n
C
x
p
x
q
n x

X Bi(5,
1
2
)
a Pr(X 1) = 1 Pr(X = 0)
= 1
5
C
0
0 5
1 1
2 2
| | | |
| |
\ . \ .

= 1 1 1
1
32

= 1
1
32

=
31
32

b Pr(X > 3) = Pr(X = 4) + Pr(X = 5)
=
5
C
4
4 1
1 1
2 2
| | | |
| |
\ . \ .
+
5
C
5
5 0
1 1
2 2
| | | |
| |
\ . \ .

= 5
1 1 1
1 1
16 2 32
+
=
5 1
32 32
+
=
3
16

c Pr(X > 3|X > 1) =
Pr(( 3) ( 1))
Pr( 1)
X X
X
> >
>

=
Pr( 3)
Pr( 1)
x
x
>
>

=
3
16
31
32

=
6
31

6 Pr(X = x) =
n
C
x
p
x
q
nx

X Bi(4,
1
3
)
a Pr(X 3) = Pr(X = 3) + Pr(X = 4)
=
4
C
3
3 1
1 2
3 3
| | | |
| |
\ . \ .
+
4
C
4
4 0
1 2
3 3
| | | |
| |
\ . \ .

= 4
1
27

2
3
+ 1
1
81
1
=
8 1
81 81
+
=
9
81

=
1
9

b Pr(X < 2) = Pr(X = 0) + Pr(X = 1)
=
4
C
0
0 4
1 2
3 3
| | | |
| |
\ . \ .
+
4
C
1
1 3
1 2
3 3
| | | |
| |
\ . \ .

= 1 1
16
81
+ 4
1
3

8
27

=
16 32
81 81
+
=
48
81

c Pr(X 3 | X 1) =
Pr(( 3) ( 1))
Pr( 1)
X X
X

=
Pr( 3)
Pr( 1)
X
X

=
9
81
1 Pr( 0) X =

=
9
81
16
1 1 1
81

=
9
81
65
81

=
9
65

7 Pr(X = x) =
n
C
x
p
x
q
n x

X Bi(3, 0.9)
Pr(X < 2) = Pr(X = 0) + Pr(X = 1)
=
3
C
0
(0.9)
0
(0.1)
3
+
3
C
1
(0.9)
1
(0.1)
2

= 1 1 0.001 + 3 0.9 0.01
= 0.001 + 0.027
= 0.028
8 n = 6, p =
2
3
, q =
1
3

Pr(X = x) =
n
C
x
p
x
q
nx

a Pr(X = 6) =
6
C
6
6 0
2 1
3 3
| | | |
| |
\ . \ .

0.0878
b Pr(X 2) = Pr(X = 2) + Pr(X = 3) + Pr(X = 4) + Pr(X = 5)
+ Pr(X = 6)
= 1 Pr(X = 0) Pr(X = 1)
= 1
6
C
0
0 6
2 1
3 3
| | | |
| |
\ . \ .

6
C
1
1 5
2 1
3 3
| | | |
| |
\ . \ .

= 1 0.001 37 6 0. 6
0.004 115
= 0.982 17
0.9822
c Pr(X = 0) + Pr(X = 1) =
6
C
0
0 6
2 1
3 3
| | | |
| |
\ . \ .
+
6
C
1
1 5
2 1
3 3
| | | |
| |
\ . \ .

= 0.001 37 + 0.016 46
0.0178
9 a Pr(X 5) = Pr(X = 5) + Pr(X = 6) + Pr(X = 7) + Pr(X = 8)
+ Pr(X = 9) + Pr(X = 10)
Pr(X = x) =
n
C
x
p
x
q
nx

Pr(X 5) =
10
C
5
(0.4)
5
(0.6)
5
+
10
C
6
(0.4)
6
(0.6)
4

+
10
C
7
(0.4)
7
(0.6)
3
+
10
C
8
(0.4)
8
(0.6)
2

+
10
C
9
(0.4)
9
(0.6) +
10
C
10
(0.4)
10
(0.6)
0

= 0.200 66 + 0.111 48 + 0.042 47 + 0.010 62
+ 0.001 57 + 0.000 10
0.3669
b Pr(X 9) = Pr(X = 9) + Pr(X = 10)
Pr(X = x) =
n
C
x
p
x
q
nx

Pr(X 9) =
10
C
9
(0.6)
9
(0.4)
1
+
10
C
10
(0.6)
10
(0.4)
0

= 0.040 31 + 0.006 05
0.0464
10 a Pr(X 3) = Pr(X = 3) + Pr(X = 4) + Pr(X = 5)
+ Pr(X = 6)
Pr(X = x) =
n
C
x
p
x
q
nx

Pr(X 3) =
6
C
3
(0.8)
3
(0.2)
3
+
6
C
4
(0.8)
4
(0.2)
2

+
6
C
5
(0.8)
5
(0.2)
1
+
6
C
6
(0.8)
6
(0.2)
0

= 0.081 92 + 0.245 76 + 0.393 216 + 0.262 144
0.9830
b Pr(X < 3) = 1 Pr(X 3)
= 1 0.9830
= 0.0170
11 a Pr(X 3) = Pr(X = 3) + Pr(X = 4) + Pr(X = 5)
Pr(X = x) =
n
C
x
p
x
q
nx

Pr(X 3) =
5
C
3
3 2
1 1
2 2
| | | |
| |
\ . \ .
+
5
C
4
4 1
1 1
2 2
| | | |
| |
\ . \ .

+
5
C
4
5 0
1 1
2 2
| | | |
| |
\ . \ .

= 0.3125 + 0.156 25 + 0.031 25
= 0.5000
b Pr(X 2) = 1 Pr(X = 0) Pr(X = 1)
= 1
5
C
0
0 5
5 1
6 6
| | | |
| |
\ . \ .

5
C
1
1 4
5 1
6 6
| | | |
| |
\ . \ .

= 1 0.000 128 6 0.003 215 02
0.9967
c Pr(X 2) = Pr(X = 0) + Pr(X = 1) + Pr(X = 2)
=
5
C
0
0 5
1 5
6 6
| | | |
| |
\ . \ .
+
5
C
1
1 4
1 5
6 6
| | | |
| |
\ . \ .

+
5
C
2
2 3
1 5
6 6
| | | |
| |
\ . \ .

= 0.401 877 6 + 0.401 877 6 + 0.160 751 0
0.9645
12 a Pr(X 7) = Pr(X = 7) + Pr(X = 8)
=
8
C
7
(0.7)
7
(0.3)
1
+
8
C
8
(0.7)
8
(0.3)
0

= 0.197 650 + 0.057 648
0.2553
b Pr(X > 7|X > 5) =
Pr( 7 5)
Pr( 5)
X X
X
> >
>

=
Pr( 7)
Pr( 5)
X
X
>
>

Pr(X > 7) = Pr(X = 8)
=
8
C
8
(0.7)
8
(0.3)
0

= 0.057648
Pr(X > 5) = Pr(X = 6) + Pr(X = 7) + Pr(X = 8)
=
8
C
6
(0.7)
6
(0.3)
2
+ 0.2553
= 0.296 48 + 0.2553 (from part (a))
= 0.551 774

Pr( 7)
Pr( 5)
X
X
>
>
=
0.057648
0.551774

= 0.1045
13 a Pr(X 8) = Pr(X = 8) + Pr(X = 9) + Pr(X = 10)
+ Pr(X = 11) + Pr(X = 12)
=
12
C
8
(0.49)
8
(0.51)
4
+
12
C
9
(0.49)
9
(0.51)
3

+
12
C
10
(0.49)
10
(0.51)
2
+
12
C
11
(0.49)
11
(0.51)
1

+
12
C
12
(0.49)
12
(0.51)
0

= 0.111 29 + 0.047 52 + 0.013 698 + 0.002 393
+ 0.000 19
0.1751
b Pr(X 10|X 8) =
Pr( 10 8)
Pr( 8)
X X
X

=
Pr( 10)
Pr( 8)
X
X

Pr(X 10) = Pr(X = 10) + Pr(X = 11) + Pr(X = 12)
= 0.013 70 + 0.002 39 + 0.000 19
0.016 28
Pr(X 8) 0.1751

Pr( 10)
Pr( 8)
X
X
=
0.01628
0.1751

0.0930
14 Pr(X < 2) = Pr(X = 0) + Pr(X = 1)
=
5
C
0
(0.7)
0
(0.3)
5
+
5
C
1
(0.7)
1
(0.3)
4

= (0.3)
5
+
5
C
1
(0.7)(0.3)
4

The answer is A.
15
1
4
of 80 = 20
Pr(X = x) =
n
C
x
p
x
q
n

x

x = 20, n = 80
Pr(X = 20) =
80
C
20
p
20
q
60

=
80
C
20
p
20
(1 p)
60

The answer is D.
16 n = 10, p = k
X Bi (10, p)
Pr(X 1) = 1 Pr(X = 0)
= 1
10
C
0
p
0
(1 p)
10

= 1 (1 p)
10

p = k, 1 (1 k)
10

The answer is A.
17 Pr(X 3) = 1 Pr(X = 0) Pr(X = 1) Pr(X = 2)
= 1
10
C
0
(0.03)
0
(0.97)
10

10
C
1
(0.03)
1
(0.97)
9

10
C
2
(0.03)
2
(0.97)
8

= 1 0.7374 0.2281 0.0317
= 0.0028
The answer is D.
18 Pr(X 8) = Pr(X = 8) + Pr(X = 9) + Pr(X = 10)
=
10
C
8
(0.6)
8
(0.4)
2
+
10
C
9
(0.6)
9
(0.4)
1

+
10
C
10
(0.6)
10
(0.4)
0

= 0.1209 + 0.0403 + 0.0060
= 0.1672
The answer is C.

19 Pr(X 11|X 10) =
Pr( 11 10)
Pr( 10)
X X
X

=
Pr( 11)
Pr( 10)
X
X

Pr(X 11) = Pr(X = 11) + Pr(X = 12)
=
12
C
11
(0.95)
11
(0.05)
1
+
12
C
12
(0.95)
12
(0.05)
0

= 0.341 28 + 0.540 36
= 0.881 64
Pr(X 10) = Pr(X = 10) + Pr(X = 11) + Pr(X = 12)
=
12
C
10
(0.95)
10
(0.05)
2
+ 0.88164
= 0.098 791 6 + 0.881 64
= 0.980 43

Pr( 11)
Pr( 10)
X
X
=
0.88164
0.98043

= 0.8992
The answer is D.
20 Pr(X 10) = Pr(X = 10) + Pr(X = 11) + Pr(X = 12)
+ Pr(X = 13) + Pr(X = 14) + Pr(X = 15)
=
15
C
10
(0.5)
10
(0.5)
5
+
15
C
11
(0.5)
11
(0.5)
4

+
15
C
12
(0.5)
12
(0.5)
3
+
15
C
13
(0.5)
13
(0.5)
2

+
15
C
14
(0.5)
14
(0.5)
1
+
15
C
15
(0.5)
15
(0.5)
0

= 0.091 64 + 0.041 66 + 0.013 89 + 0.003 20
+ 0.000 46 + 0.000 03
= 0.1509
21 a Pr(X 3) = Pr(X = 0) + Pr(X = 1) + Pr(X = 2)
+ Pr(X = 3)
=
30
C
0
(0.05)
0
(0.95)
30
+
30
C
1
(0.05)
1
(0.95)
29

+
30
C
2
(0.05)
2
(0.95)
28
+
30
C
3
(0.05)
3
(0.95)
27

= 0.214 64 + 0.338 90 + 0.258 64 + 0.127 05
0.9392
b Pr(X 3) = 1 Pr(X < 3)
= 1 0.214 64 0.338 90 0.258 64
0.1878
22 a Pr(X 1) = Pr(X = 0) + Pr(X = 1)
=
50
C
0
(0.01)
0
(0.99)
50
+
50
C
1
(0.01)
1
(0.99)
49

= 0.605 006 1 + 0.305 558 6
0.9106
b Pr(X 2) = Pr(X = 0) + Pr(X = 1) + Pr(X = 2)
=
50
C
0
(0.02)
0
(0.98)
50
+
50
C
1
(0.02)(0.98)
49

+
50
C
2
(0.02)
2
(0.98)
48

= 0.364 169 7 + 0.371 601 7 + 0.185 800 9
0.9216
c Pr(X 2) = Pr(X = 0) + Pr(X = 1) + Pr(X = 2)
=
50
C
0
(0.04)
0
(0.96)
50
+
50
C
1
(0.04)
1
(0.96)
49

+
50
C
2
(0.04)
2
(0.96)
48

= 0.129 885 8 + 0.270 595 4 + 0.276 232 8
0.6767
d Pr(X 3) = Pr(X = 0) + Pr(X = 1) + Pr(X = 2)
+ Pr(X = 3)
=
50
C
0
(0.07)
0
(0.93)
50
+
50
C
1
(0.07)
1
(0.93)
49

+
50
C
2
(0.07)
2
(0.93)
48
+
50
C
3
(0.07)
3
(0.93)
47

= 0.026 555 1 + 0.099 938 + 0.184 295 1 +
0.221 946 7
= 0.5327
23 a Pr(X = 0) =
10
C
0
0 10
1 2
3 3
| | | |
| |
\ . \ .

= 0.0173
b Pr(X = 4) =
10
C
4
4 6
1 2
3 3
| | | |
| |
\ . \ .

= 0.2276
c Pr(X 2) = 1 Pr(X < 2)
= 1 Pr(X = 0) Pr(X = 1)
= 1 0.0173
10
C
1

1 9
1 2
3 3
| | | |
| |
\ . \ .

= 1 0.0173 0.086 708
0.8960
24

Pr(a difference of zero) =
6
36

=
1
6

Pr(a difference of 1) =
10
36

=
5
18

Pr(a difference of 5) =
2
36

=
1
18

a Pr(X 1) = 1 Pr(X = 0)
= 1
5
C
0

0 5
1 5
6 6
| | | |
| |
\ . \ .

= 1 0.401 876
= 0.5981
b Pr(X 2) = Pr(X = 2) + Pr(X = 3) + Pr(X = 4) + Pr(X = 5)
= 1 Pr(X = 0) Pr(X = 1)
= 1
5
C
0
0 5
5 13
18 18
| | | |
| |
\ . \ .

5
C
1
1 4
5 13
18 18
| | | |
| |
\ . \ .

= 1 0.196 496 0.377 877
= 0.4256
c Pr(X 1) = 1 Pr(X = 0)
= 1
5
C
0
0 5
1 17
18 18
| | | |
| |
\ . \ .

= 1 0.751 418 8
= 0.2486
25 n = 10, p = 0.8
a Pr(X 8) = Pr(8) + Pr(9) + Pr(10)
=
10
C
8
(0.8)
8
(0.2)
2
+
10
C
9
(0.8)
9
(0.2)
1

+
10
C
10
(0.8)
10
(0.2)
0

= 0.301 99 + 0.268 44 + 0.107 37
= 0.6778
b (0.6778 + 0.3222)
10

Pr(X = 9) =
10
C
9
(0.6778)
9
(0.3222)
1

= 10 0.030 19 0.3222
= 0.0973
26 n = 15, p = 0.75, q = 0.25
a Pr(X 10)
= Pr(X = 10) + Pr(X = 11) + . + Pr(X = 15)
=
15
C
10
(0.75)
10
(0.25)
5
+
15
C
11
(0.75)
11
(0.25)
4

+
15
C
12
(0.75)
12
(0.25)
3
+
15
C
13
(0.75)
13
(0.25)
2

+
15
C
14
(0.75)
14
(0.25)
1
+
15
C
15
(0.75)
15

= 0.165 146 + 0.225 194 + 0.225 199 + 0.155 907
+ 0.066 82 + 0.013 363
= 0.8516
b p = 0.8516
q = 0.1484
Pr(X = 8) =
10
C
8
(0.8516)
8
(0.1484)
2

= 0.2741
27 The prime numbers obtainable are 2, 3, 5.
Pr(prime) =
3
6
=
1
2

a Pr(X 4)
= Pr(X = 4) + Pr(X = 5) + Pr(X = 6)
=
6
C
4
4 2
1 1
2 2
| | | |
| |
\ . \ .
+
6
C
5
5 1
1 1
2 2
| | | |
| |
\ . \ .
+
6
C
6
6 0
1 1
2 2
| | | |
| |
\ . \ .

= 0.234 375 + 0.093 75 + 0.015 625
= 0.3438
b Pr(X = 5) =
8
C
5
(0.3438)
5
(0.6562)
3

= 0.0760
28 a Pr(X < 2) = Pr(X = 0) + Pr(X = 1)
=
6
C
0
(0.05)
0
(0.95)
6
+
6
C
1
(0.05)
1
(0.95)
5

= 0.735 09 + 0.232 13
= 0.9672
b Pr(X 22)
= Pr(X = 22) + Pr(X = 23) + Pr(X = 24)
=
24
C
22
(0.9672)
22
(0.0328)
2
+
24
C
23
(0.9672)
23
(0.0328)
1

+
24
C
24
(0.9672)
24
(0.0328)
0

= 0.142 57 + 0.365 56 + 0.449 15
= 0.9573
Exercise 11C Markov chains and transition matrices
1 a

b

Pr(good on Sunday)
= 0.65
3
+ 0.65 0.35 0.55 + 0.35 0.55 0.65 + 0.35 0.45 0.55
= 0.6115
2

a Pr(second film fails, previous success) = 0.25 0.75 + 0.75 0.62
= 0.6525
b Pr(third film fails, previous success)
= 0.25 0.25 0.75 + 0.25 0.75 0.62 + 0.75 0.38 0.75 + 0.75 0.62 0.62
= 0.665 175
= 0.6652
3 a

The probability the club chooses Best Match next season is 0.3

b

0.063 + 0.168 + 0.098 + 0.448 = 0.777.
Probability the club will be using Kingfisher in 3 years time is 0.777.
4 B = in bed before 10 pm.
O = on time to school

a Pr(on time) = Pr(BO) + Pr(BO)
= 0.6 0.8 + 0.4 0.4
= 0.48 + 0.16
= 0.64
b Pr(bed late | on time) =
Pr(B O)
Pr(O)

=
Pr(O|B ) Pr(B )
Pr(O)

=
0.4 0.4
0.64

=
0.16
0.64

=
16
64

=
1
4
= 0.25
5 T = holidaying in Tasmania
C = holidaying in Cairns

Pr(Cairns in two years time) = Pr(TC) + Pr(CC)
= 0.3 0.7 + 0.7 0.4
= 0.21 + 0.28
= 0.49
6 C = eating Chinese take-away
F = eating fish and chips

Pr(Chinese once in next 3 Sundays) = Pr(CCFF) + Pr(CFCF) + Pr(CFFC)
= 0.3 0.7 0.5 + 0.7 0.5 0.7 + 0.7 0.5 0.5
= 0.21 0.5 + 0.49 0.5 + 0.35 0.5
= 0.105 + 0.245 + 0.175
= 0.525
7 a 30% bus train 60% train bus
70% bus bus 40% train train
t
i + 1
= 0.40t
1
+ 0.30b
1
b
i + 1
= 0.60t
1
+ 0.70b
1

Train Bus
January 4900 5600
February t = 0.40 4900 + 0.30 5600
= 3640
b = 0.60 4900 + 0.70 5600
= 6860
March t = 0.4 3640 + 0.3 6860
= 3514
b = 0.6 3640 + 0.7 6860
= 6986
April t = 0.40 3514 + 0.3 6986
= 3501.4
b = 0.6 3514 + 0.7 6986
= 6998.6
May t = 0.4 3501.4 + 0.3 6998.6
= 3500.14
3500
b = 0.6 3501.4 + 0.7 6998.6
= 6999.86
7000
b b + t = 10 500
t = 0.4t + 0.3b 0.6t = 0.3b
b = 2t
b = 0.6t + 0.7b
t = 10 500 b
= 10 500 2t

3
3
t
=
10500
3

t = 3500
t + b = 10 500
b = 10 500 3500
= 7000
8 a 10%P Sam 20% S P
90%P P 80% S S
P
i + 1
= 0.9P
i
+ 0.2S
i
S
i + 1
= 0.1P
i
+ 0.8S
i

June 2800 Pete 3100 Sam
July P = 0.9 2800 + 0.2 3100
= 3140
S = 0.1 2800 + 0.8 3100
= 2760
Aug P = 0.9 3140 + 0.2 2760
= 3378
S = 0.1 3140 + 0.8 2760
= 2522
Sep P = 0.9 3378 + 0.2 2522
= 3544.6
S = 0.1 3378 + 0.8 2522
= 2355.4
Oct P = 0.9 3544.6 + 0.2 2355.4
= 3661.22
3661
S = 0.1 3544.6 + 0.8 2355.4
= 2238.78
2239
b P + S = 5900
P = 0.9P + 0.2S
S = 0.1P + 0.8S
0.1P = 0.2S
P = 2S
S = 5900 P
= 5900 2S
3S = 5900
S =
5900
3

=
2
1966
3

1967
P + S = 5900
P = 5900 S
=
1
3933
3

3933

9 G A

0.9 0.75
0.1 0.25
G
A
(
(

200
100
G
A
(
(

a and b

50
0.9 0.75
0.1 0.25
(
(

200
100
(
(

=
264.71
35.29
(
(

Gym 265, Aerobics 35
10

The answer is C.
11 a The matrix can be labeled
2
2
S C
1 1
1 2
S
4 5
3 3
C
4 5
. We want the
probability of visiting Chadstone one week and
Southland the next.
Pr(S
2
| C
1
) =
2
5
.
b S
0
=
0
1
(
(

5
th
weekend S
4
S
4
= T
4
S
0

=
4
1 2
0
4 5

3 3 1
4 5
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

=
0.34765
0.65235
(
(

Therefore the probability that she will be at Chadstone in
four weekends time is 0.652.
c Let n = 50
S
50
= T
50
S
0

=
50
1 2
0
4 5
3 3 1
4 5
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

=
0.347826
0.652174
(
(

Therefore, in the long term, the proportion of time Miya
spends at Chadstone, compared to Southland is 0.652.
12 a B = hitting a bullseye
Pr(BBB) = 0.65 0.65 0.35
= 0.147 875
= 0.1479
b T =
0.65 0.15
0.35 0.85
(
(

S
0
=
1
0
(
(

10
th
throw S
9

S
9
= T
9
S
0

=
4
0.65 0.15 1
0.35 0.85 0
( (
( (

=
0.301367
0.698633
(
(

Therefore the probability that Paul will hit a bullseye on
his 10
th
throw is 0.3014.
Exercise 11D Expected value, variance and
standard deviation of the binomial distribution
1 a E(X) = np
= 10 0.6
= 6
b E(X) = np
= 8 0.2
= 1.6
c E(X) = np
= 100 0.5
= 50
d E(X) = np
= 50
3
4

= 37.5
2 a Var(X) = npq
n = 20, p = 0.6, q = 0.4
Var(X) = 20 0.6 0.4
= 4.8
b Var(X) = npq
= 15 0.9 0.1
= 1.35
c Var(X) = npq
= 25 0.4 0.6
= 6
d Var(X) = npq
= 20
1
4

3
4

= 3
3
4

3 a Var(X) = npq
= 10 0.2 0.8
= 1.6
SD(X) = npq
= 1.6
= 1.26
b Var(X) = npq
= 30 0.5 0.5
= 7.5
SD(X) = npq
= 7.5
= 2.74
c Var(X) = npq
= 50 0.7 0.3
= 10.5
SD(X) = npq
= 10.5
= 3.24
d Var(X) = npq
= 72
2
5

3
5

= 17.28
SD(X) = npq
= 17.28
= 4.16
4 a E(X) = np
n = 10, p =
1
2

E(X) = 10
1
2

= 5
b Var(X) = npq
= 10
1
2

1
2

= 2.5
c SD(X) = npq
= 2.5
= 1.58
5 a E(X) = np
n = 20, p =
3
13

E(X) = 20
3
13

= 4.62
b Var(X) = npq
= 20
3
13

10
13

= 3.55
c SD(X) = npq
= 3.55
= 1.88
6 a E(X) = np
n = 20, p = 0.6
E(X) = 20 0.6
= 12
b Var(X) = npq
= 20 0.6 0.4
= 4.8
c SD(X) = npq
= 4.8
= 2.19
7 a E(X) = np
n = 10, p =
1
6

E(X) = 10
1
6

= 1.67
b Pr(X > 1.67) = Pr(X = 2) + Pr(X = 3) + + Pr(X = 10)
= 1 [Pr(X = 0) + Pr(X = 1)]
Pr(X = x) =
n
C
x
p
x
q
n x

Pr(X > 1.67) = 1
0 10 1 9
10 10
0 1
1 5 1 5
6 6 6 6
C C
(
| | | | | | | |
+ (
| | | |
\ . \ . \ . \ . (

= 1 0.161 51 0.323 01
= 0.5155
8 a n = 15
p =
1
2
(primes are 2, 3, 5)
E(X) = 15
1
2

= 7.5
b Pr(X > 7.5) = Pr(X 8)
= Pr(X = 8) + + Pr(X = 15)
= 1 Pr(X 7)
= 1 0.5000 (From the CAS calculator)
= 0.5
9 a E(X) = 27
1
5

= 5.4
b Pr(X > 5.4) = Pr(X 6)
= 1 Pr(X 5)
= 0.4613
10 a E(X) = 80 0.35
= 28
b Pr(X > 28) = Pr(X 29)
= 1 Pr(X 28)
= 0.4488
11 a E(X) = np
n = 120
p = 0.8
E(X) = 120 0.8
= 96
96 rabbits are expected to die.
b 120 96
= 24
24 rabbits are expected to live.
12 a E(X) = 10 so np = 10 (i)
Var(X) = 5 so npq = 5 (ii)
Substitute (i) into (ii).
npq = 5
10q = 5
q =
5
10

= 0.5
q = 1 p
0.5 = 1 p
p = 0.5
b np = 10 where p = 0.5
n 0.5 = 10
n =
10
0.5

n = 20
13 a E(X) = 12 so np = 12
Var(X) = 3 so npq = 3
npq = 3
12q = 3
q =
12
3

q =
1
4

q = 1 p

1
4
= 1 p
p =
3
4

b np = 12 where p =
3
4

n
3
4
= 12
n = 12
3
4

n = 16

14 a E(X) = 9 so np = 9
npq = 6
9q = 6
q =
6
9

q =
2
3

q = 1 p

2
3
= 1 p
p =
1
3

b np = 9
n
1
3
= 9
n = 9
1
3

n = 27
c Pr(X = 10) =
27
C
10
10 17
1 2
3 3
| | | |
| |
\ . \ .

= 8 436 285 1.693 508 8 10
5

1.014 959 23 10
3

= 0.1450
15 a E(X) = 3 so np = 3
Var(X) = 2.4 so npq = 2.4
npq = 2.4
3q = 2.4
q =
2.4
3

q = 0.8
q = 1 p
0.8 = 1 p
p = 0.2
b np = 3
n 0.2 = 3
n =
3
0.2

n = 15
c Pr(X = 10) =
15
C
10
(0.2)
10
(0.8)
5

= 0.0001
d Pr(X 2) = Pr(X = 0) + Pr(X = 1) + Pr(X = 2)
=
15
C
0
(0.2)
0
(0.8)
15
+
15
C
1
(0.2)
1
(0.8)
14

+
15
C
2
(0.2)
2
(0.8)
13

= 0.035 18 + 0.1319 + 0.2309
= 0.3980
16 E(X) = 20
1
2

= 10
The answer is C.
17 E(X) = 40
7
10

= 28
The answer is E.
18 Var(X) = npq
= 28
3
10

= 8.4
The answer is C.
19 E(X) = 200 0.8
= 160
Var(X) = npq
= 160 0.2
= 32
The answer is E.
20 E(X) = 10 so np = 10
npq = 6
10q = 6
q = 0.6
p = 0.4
2
5
| |
=
|
\ .

np = 10
n 0.4 = 10
n = 25
The answer is D.
21 Pr(X = 3) =
5
C
3
p
3
q
2

= 10p
3
(1 p)
2

The answer is D.
22 a E(X) = 16
np = 16 where n = 20
20p = 16
p =
16
20

p = 0.8
4
5
| |
=
|
\ .

b Var(X) = npq
= 20 0.8 0.2
= 3.2
c SD(X) = 3.2
= 1.79
23 a Pr(X = 10) where n = 20, p = 0.2
=
20
C
10
(0.2)
10
(0.8)
10

= 0.0020
b Pr(X 3) = Pr(X = 3) + + Pr(X = 20)
= 1 [Pr(X = 0) + Pr(X = 1) + Pr(X = 2)]
= 1 [
20
C
0
(0.2)
0
(0.8)
20
+
20
C
1
(0.2)
1
(0.8)
19

+
20
C
2
(0.2)
2
(0.8)
18
]
= 1 [0.011 529 2 + 0.057 646 08
+ 0.136 909 43]
= 1 0.2061
= 0.7939
24 E(X) = 25 0.04
= 1
Pr(X > 1) = Pr(X = 2) + + Pr(X = 25)
= 1 [Pr(X = 0) + Pr(X = 1)]
= 1 [
25
C
0
(0.04)
0
(0.96)
25
+
25
C
1
(0.04)
1
(0.96)
24
]
= 1 [0.360 396 7 + 0.375 413 2]
= 1 0.7358
= 0.2642
25 a E(X) = 3
np = 3
10p = 3
p = 0.3
Pr(X = 2) =
10
C
2
(0.3)
2
(0.7)
8

= 0.2335
b Pr(X 2) = Pr(X = 0) + Pr(X = 1) + Pr(X = 2)
=
10
C
0
(0.3)
0
(0.7)
10
+
10
C
1
(0.3)
1
(0.7)
9
+ 0.2335
= 0.0282 + 0.121 06 + 0.2335
= 0.3828
26 E(X) = np
= 500 0.8
= 400
27 a n = 15, p = 0.5
Pr(X 8) = Pr(X = 8) + Pr(X = 9) + + Pr(X = 15)
=
15
C
8
(0.5)
8
(0.5)
7
+
15
C
9
(0.5)
9
(0.5)
6
+
+
15
C
15
(0.5)
15
(0.5)
0

= 0.196 38 + 0.152 74 + 0.091 64 + 0.041 66 +
0.013 89 + 0.003 20 + 0.000 46 + 0.000 03
= 0.5000
b n = 15, p = 0.55
Pr(X 8) =
15
C
8
(0.55)
8
(0.45)
7
+
15
C
9
(0.55)
9
(0.45)
6

+ +
15
C
15
(0.55)
15
(0.45)
0

= 0.201 34 + 0.191 40 + 0.140 36 + 0.077 98
+ 0.031 77 + 0.008 96 + 0.001 56 + 0.000 13
= 0.6535
c n = 15, p = 0.45
Pr(X 8) =
15
C
8
(0.45)
8
(0.55)
7
+
15
C
9
(0.45)
9
(0.55)
6

+ +
15
C
15
(0.45)
15
(0.55)
0

= 0.164 74 + 0.104 83 + 0.051 46 + 0.019 14
+ 0.005 22 + 0.000 99 + 0.000 12 + 0.000 006
= 0.3465
28 a E(X) = np
n = 10 000, p =
1
2

E(X) = 10 000
1
2

= 5000
b Var(X) = npq
n = 10 000, p =
1
2
, q =
1
2

Var(X) = 10 000
1
2

1
2

= 2500
c SD(X) = npq
= 2500
= 50
29 a E(X) = np
n = 30, p = 0.2
E(X) = 30 0.2
= 6
b Yoghurt B is a popular product of the company and more
popular than expected.
30 n = 30, p = 0.02
a Pr(X = 0) =
30
C
0
(0.02)
0
(0.98)
30

= 0.5455
b Pr(X = 1) =
30
C
1
(0.02)
1
(0.98)
29

= 0.3340
c E(X) = 30 0.02
= 0.6
d Pr(X 1) = Pr(X = 0) + Pr(X = 1)
= 0.5455 + 0.3340
= 0.8795
e n = 10, p = 0.8795
Pr(X = 10) =
10
C
10
(0.8795)
10
(0.1205)
0

= 0.2769
31 a E(X) = 1600 0.10
= 160
b Var(X) = npq
= 160 0.9
= 144
SD(X) = Var( ) X
= 144
= 12
= E(X) = 160
= SD(X) = 12
+ 2 = 160 + 24
= 184
2 = 160 24
= 136
c There is a probability of 0.95 that between 136 to 184
students will have a reading level that is inadequate to
cope with high school.
32 a E(X) = 1800 0.70
= 1260
b Var(X) = 1260 0.3
= 378
SD(X) = Var( ) X
= 378
= 19.44
= E(X) = 1260, = SD(X) = 19.44
+ 2 = 1260 + 38.88
= 1298.88
2 = 1260 38.88
= 1221.12
c There is a probability of 0.95 that between 1222 and
1298 patients will be cured.
Chapter review
Short answer
1 X Bi(5,
1
2
)
a Pr(X = 3) =
5
C
3
3 2
1 1
2 2
| | | |
| |
\ . \ .

=
1 1
10
8 4

=
5
16

b Pr(X 1) = 1 Pr(X = 0)
= 1
5
C
0
0 5
1 1
2 2
| | | |
| |
\ . \ .

= 1 1 1
1
32

=
31
32

c Pr(HHHT) =
1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2 2

=
1
32

2 X Bi(3, 0.9)
a Pr(X = 2) =
3
C
2
2 1
(0.9) (0.1)
= 3 0.81 0.1
= 2.43 0.1
= 0.243
b Pr(X = 0) =
3
C
0
0 3
(0.9) (0.1)
= 0.001
c Pr(MGG) = 0.1 0.9 0.9
= 0.081
3 X Bi
3
4,
4
| |
|
\ .

a Pr(X = 2) =
4
C
2
2 2
3 1
4 4
| | | |
| |
\ . \ .

=
9 1
6
16 16

=
54
256

=
27
128


b Pr(X = 2 | X 1) =
Pr(( 2) ( 1))
Pr( 1)
X X
X
=

=
Pr( 2)
Pr( 1)
X
X
=

=
27
128
1 Pr( 0) X =

=
4
27
128
1
1
4
| |
|
\ .

=
27
128
1
1
256

=
27
128
255
256

=
27 256
128 255

=
54
255

4 a X Bi
1
4,
5
| |
|
\ .

Pr(X = 1) =
4
C
1
1 3
1 4
5 5
| | | |
| |
\ . \ .

=
1 64
4
5 125

=
256
625

b X Bi
1
4,
3
| |
|
\ .

Pr(X 3) = Pr(X = 3) + Pr(X = 4)
=
4
C
3
3 1
1 2
3 3
| | | |
| |
\ . \ .
+
4
C
4
4 0
1 2
3 3
| | | |
| |
\ . \ .

=
1 2 1
4 1 1
27 3 81
+
=
8 1
81 81
+
=
9
81

=
1
9

5 a X Bi(4, p)
Pr(one rainbow ball) =
4
C
1
1 3
(1 ) p p
b let P(p) =
4
C
1
1 3
(1 ) p p
=
3
4 (1 ) p p
To find max, P(p) = 0
P(p) = 4p 3(1 p)
2
1 + (1 p)
3
4
=
2
4(1 ) ( 3 (1 )) p p p +
=
2
4(1 ) (1 4 ) p p
0 =
2
4(1 ) (1 4 ) p p
p = 1 or
1
4

from the graph, there is a maximum when p =
1
4

p =
1
4

6 X Bi
1
4,
2
| |
|
\ .

Pr(X < 2) = Pr(X = 0) + Pr(X = 1)
=
4
C
0
0 4
1 1
2 2
| | | |
| |
\ . \ .
+
4
C
1
1 3
1 1
2 2
| | | |
| |
\ . \ .

=
1 1 1
1 1 4
16 2 8
+
=
1 4
16 16
+
=
5
16

7 Let S = drinking a skinny macchiato
R = drinking a regular macchiato
a Pr(R Tues, S Wed) = 0.7 0.2
= 0.14
b Pr(S Wed) = Pr(R Tues, S Wed) + Pr(S Tues, S Wed)
= 0.14 + 0.3 0.3
= 0.14 + 0.09
= 0.23
8 C = watching a comedy movie
A = watching an action movie

a Pr(A on 3rd Friday) = Pr(CA) + Pr(AA)
= 0.1 0.9 + 0.9 0.4
= 0.09 + 0.36
= 0.45
b Pr(C on 2nd Friday | A on 3rd Friday)
=
Pr(C on 2nd Fri A on 3rd Fri)
Pr(Aon 3rd Fri)

=
Pr(A|C) Pr(C)
Pr(A on 3rd Fri)

=
0.9 0.1
0.45

=
0.09
0.45

=
9
45

=
1
5
= 0.2
9 M = Maria winning
P = Patrick winning

Pr(M beats P once in next 3 matches)
= Pr(MMPP) + Pr(MPMP) + Pr(MPPM)
= 0.7 0.3 0.8 + 0.3 0.2 0.3 + 0.3 0.8 0.2
= 0.56 0.3 + 0.06 0.3 + 0.24 0.2
= 0.168 + 0.018 + 0.048
= 0.234
10 a i mean, = np
= 100 0.5
= 50
ii variance = npq
= 100 0.5 0.5
= 25
b i mean, = np
= 50 0.8
= 40
ii variance = npq
= 50 0.8 0.2
= 8
11 Mean = np = 10
Variance = npq = 8
a Substitute in for np:
10q = 8
q =
4
5

p =
4
1
5

=
1
5

b n
1
5
= 10
n = 50
12 X Bi(40,
1
5
)
a E(X) = np
= 40
1
5

= 8
b Var(X) = npq
= 40
1 4
5 5

=
32
5

= 6.4
Multiple choice
1 n = 20, p =
3
7

Pr(X = 8) =
20
C
8
8 12
3 4
7 7
| | | |
| |
\ . \ .


= 0.1738
The answer is C.
2 n = 12, p =
3
8

Pr(X = 3) =
12
C
3
3 9
3 5
8 8
| | | |
| |
\ . \ .

= 0.1688
The answer is B.
3 B because it has more than two outcomes.
The answer is B.
4 n = 7, p = 0.65
Pr(X = 3) =
7
C
3
(0.65)
3
(0.35)
4

= 35 0.65
3
0.35
4

The answer is D.
5 n = 10, p = 0.5
Pr(X = 4) =
10
C
4
(0.5)
4
(0.5)
6

= 0.2051
The answer is B.
6 n = 10, p = 0.5
Pr(X 8) = Pr(X = 8) + Pr(X = 9) + Pr(X = 10)
=
10
C
8
(0.5)
8
(0.5)
2
+
10
C
9
(0.5)
9
(0.5)
1

+
10
C
10
(0.5)
10
(0.5)
0

= 0.043 945 + 0.009 765 6 + 0.000 976 56
= 0.0547
The answer is C.
7 X Bi(n, 0.36)
Pr(X 1) = 1 Pr(X = 0)
Pr(X 1) > 0.85
1 Pr(X = 0) > 0.85
1
n
C
0
(0.36)
0
(0.64)
n
> 0.85
1 0.64
n
> 0.85
1 0.85 > 0.64
n

0.15 > 0.64
n

ln(0.15) > ln(0.64
n
)
ln(0.15) > n ln(0.64)

ln(0.15)
ln(0.64)
< n
n > 4.2509
Therefore Sam needs to play at least 5 games in order to ensure the probability of
him winning at least once is greater than 0.85.
The answer is C.
8 n = 100, p =
1
50

Pr(X 3) = Pr(X = 3) + + Pr(X = 100)
= 1 Pr(X < 3)
= 1 [Pr(X = 0) + Pr(X = 1) + Pr(X = 2)]
= 1
0 100 1 99 2 98
100 100 100
0 1 2
1 49 1 49 1 49
50 50 50 50 50 50
C C C
(
| | | | | | | | | | | |
+ + (
| | | | | |
\ . \ . \ . \ . \ . \ . (

= 1 [0.132 619 6 + 0.270 652 + 0.273 414]
= 1 0.6767
= 0.3233
The answer is A.
9 Pr(X 1) = 1 Pr(X = 0)
= 1
20
C
0
6 20
3 4
7 7
| | | |
| |
\ . \ .

= 1
20
4
7
| |
|
\ .

The answer is A.
10 n = 15
p = 0.67
q = 0.33
Pr(X 7) =
15
C
7
(0.67)
7
(0.33)
8
+
15
C
8
(0.67)
8
(0.33)
7
+ . +
15
C
15
(0.67)
15

The answer is D.
11
1
5
of 60 = 12

60
C
12
(k)
12
(1 k)
48

The answer is E.
12 X Bi
2
3,
3
| |
|
\ .

Pr(X = 2 | X 1) =
Pr (( 2) ( 1))
Pr ( 1)
X X
X
=

=
Pr ( 2)
Pr ( 1)
X
X
=

=
2 1
3
2
2 1
3 3
1 Pr ( 0)
C
X
| | | |
| |
\ . \ .
=

=
3
4 1
3
9 3
1
1
3

| |
|
\ .

=
4
9
1
1
27

=
4
9
26
27

=
6
13

Therefore the answer is D.
13 S
0
must be of the form
x
y
(
(

or
1
p
p
(
(

and T of the form
1
1
a b
a b
(
(

.
The only one that satisfies these criteria is B.
T =
0.6 0.1
0.4 0.9
(
(

and S
0
=
0.3
0.7
(
(

The answer is B.
14

Poor on Thursday given that it was poor on Tuesday
= 0.65 0.65 + 0.35 0.17
= 0.4225 + 0.0595
= 0.4820
The answer is B.
15 n = 60, p =
1
2

1
2

=
1
4

E(X) = 60
1
4

= 15
The answer is B.
16 n = 50, p =
1
2
= q
npq = 50
1
2

1
2

=
25
2

The answer is D.
17 E(X) = 50
1
2

= 25
The answer is E.
18 A: npq = 20 0.6 0.4
= 4.8 No
B: npq = 15 0.9 0.1
= 1.35 Yes
The answer is B.
19 np = 10
npq = 3
npq = 9
Substitute in for np:
10q = 9
q =
9
10

p =
9
1
10

=
1
10

The probability of the computer part being defective is
1
10
.
The answer is A.
Extended response
1 a n = 150, p = 0.9
E(X) = 150 0.9
= 135
b Probability of a free pizza = q
= 1 p
= 1 0.9
= 0.1
c Late deliveries = 150 135
= 15
Loss = 15 4
= 60
Saverio expects to lose $60 this night.
2 a n = 10, p = 0.1
E(x) = np
= 10 0.1
= 1
b Pr(X = 5) =
10
C
5
(0.1)
5
(0.9)
5

= 0.0015
c Pr(X 2) = 1 Pr(X < 2)
= 1 [Pr(X = 0) + Pr(X = 1)]
= 1 [
10
C
0
(0.1)
0
(0.9)
10
+
10
C
1
(0.1)
1
(0.9)
9
]
= 1 [0.348 68 + 0.387 42]
= 1 0.7361
= 0.2639
d n = 1000, p = 0.01
E(X) = 1000 0.01
= 10
3 a n = 20, p = 0.05
E(X) = 20 0.05
= 1

b Pr(X > 1) = 1 Pr(X 1)
= 1 [Pr(X = 0) + Pr(X = 1)]
= 1 [
20
C
0
(0.05)
0
(0.95)
20
+
20
C
1
(0.05)
1
(0.95)
19
]
= 1 [0.358 49 + 0.377 35]
= 1 0.735 84
= 0.264 16
0.2642
c Pr(X > 5) = 1 Pr(X 5)
= 1 [Pr(X = 0) + Pr(X = 1) + Pr(X = 2) + Pr(X = 3)
+ Pr(X = 4) + Pr(X = 5)]
= 1 [0.7358 +
20
C
2
(0.05)
2
(0.95)
18

+
20
C
3
(0.05)
3
(0.95)
17
+
20
C
4
(0.05)
4
(0.95)
16

+
20
C
5
(0.05)
5
(0.95)
15
]
= 1 [0.735 84 + 0.188 68 + 0.059 58 + 0.013 33
+ 0.002 24]
= 1 0.9997
= 0.0003
4 X Bi(6, 0.65)
a i Pr(X = 0) = (0.35)
6

= 0.0018
ii Pr(X 3) = BinomCdf(6, 0.65, 3, 6)
= 0.8826
iii Pr(X = 5 | X 3) =
Pr(( 5) ( 3))
Pr( 3)
X X
X
=

=
Pr( 5)
Pr( 3)
X
X
=

=
6 5 1
5
(0.65) (0.35)
0.8826
C

=
0.2437
0.8826

= 0.2761
b Pr(X 1) > 0.9
1 Pr(X = 0) > 0.9
1
n
C
0
(0.65)
0
(0.35)
n
> 0.9
1 0.35
n
> 0.9
1 0.9 > 0.35
n

0.1 > 0.35
n

ln(0.1) > ln(0.35
n
)
ln(0.1) > n ln(0.35)

ln(0.1)
ln(0.35)
< n
n > 2.1933
Therefore Aiko needs 3 throws to ensure a probability of
more than 0.9 of getting at least one goal.
5 X Bi(20, 0.68)
X = a train being on time
a Pr(X 10) = BinomCdf(20, 0.68, 0, 10)
= 0.0719
b Pr(X 12) = BinomCdf(20, 0.68, 12, 20)
= 0.8432
c X Bi(10, 0.8432)
X = at least 12 trains are on time
Pr(X = 9) = BinomPdf(10, 0.8432, 9)
= 0.3378
6 X Bi(2400, 0.6)
n = 2400
p = 0.6
q = 0.4
a E(X) = np
= 2400 0.6
= 1440
b Var(X) = npq
= 2400 0.6 0.4
= 576
SD(X) = Var( ) X
= 576
= 24
+ 2 = 1440 + 2 24
= 1488
2 = 1440 2 24
= 1392
c Interval [ 2, + 2]
= [1392, 1488]
This means that there is a probability of about 0.95 that
between 1392 and 1488 of the 2400 people selected will
be cured by the drug.
7 X Bi
1
80,
5
| |
|
\ .

a W = win a prize
L = lose (no prize)
Pr(LLLLWW) =
4 2
4 1
5 5
| | | |
| |
\ . \ .

= 0.0164
b Pr(X 10) = BinomCdf(80,
1
5
, 10, 80)
= 0.9713
c Pr(X 18 | X 10) =
Pr(( 18) ( 10))
Pr( 10)
X X
X

=
Pr(10 18)
Pr( 10)
X
X

=
1
BinomCdf (10, , 10, 18)
5
0.9713

=
0.7334
0.9713

= 0.7550
8 a X Bi(8, 0.8)
i Pr(X = 8) =
8
C
8
(0.8)
8
(0.2)
0

= (0.8)
8

= 0.1678
ii Pr(X = 6) =
8
C
6
(0.8)
6
(0.2)
2

= 28 0.262 144 0.04
= 0.2936
iii Pr(1st 4 successful | 6 out of 8 successful)
=
Pr(1st 4 success 6 out of 8 success)
Pr(6 out of 8 successful)

G = scoring a goal
= Pr(GGGG) Pr(2 goals out of the last 4 attempts)
Pr(2 goals out of the last 4 attempts)
=
4
C
2
(0.8)
2
(0.2)
2

= 6 0.64 0.04
= 0.1536
= (0.8)
4
0.1536
= 0.0629
Pr(1st 4 successful6 out of 8 successful)
=
Pr(6 out of 8 successful)

=
0.0629
0.2936

= 0.214
b i Pr(next 7 success | goal on 1
st
attempt) = (0.84)
7

= 0.2951
ii G = scoring a goal
M = missing the goal
Pr(2 out of next 3 are goals) = Pr(GGGM) + Pr(GGMG)
+ Pr(GMGG)
= 0.84 0.84 0.16 + 0.84 0.16 0.64 + 0.16
0.64 0.84
= 0.1129 + 0.0860 + 0.0860
= 0.2849
9 R = going for a run
W = going for a walk
a Pr(RRR) = 0.45 0.2 0.2
= 0.018
b Pr(at least 1 run in next 3 afternoons)
= 1 Pr(no runs in next 3 afternoons)
= 1 (0.55 0.55 0.55)
= 0.8336
c Initial state matrix: S
0
=
0
1
(
(

(we definitely know she
went for a walk on the 1st Wed)
This Wed = 1st day S
0

next Wed = 8th day S
7

T =
0.2 0.45
0.8 0.55
(
(

S
7
= T
7
S
0

=
7
0.2 0.45 0

0.8 0.55 1
( (
( (

=
0.360022
0.639978
(
(

The first element relates to the probability of going for
a run.
Therefore the probability that she will go for a run the
following Wednesday is 0.3600.
d Let n = 50
S
50
= T
50
S
0

=
50
0.2 0.45 0
0.8 0.55 1
( (
( (

=
0.36
0.64
(
(

Therefore, in the long term, the proportion of afternoons
that Anna will go for a run is 0.36.
10 a Initial state matrix: S
0
=
300
100
(
(

(Kaz has 300 customers
and Al has 100)
1st week of July S
0
1st week of August S
4

T =
0.7 0.4
0.3 0.6
(
(

S
4
= T
4
S
0

=
4
0.7 0.4 300
0.3 0.6 100
( (
( (

=
229.15
170.85
(
(

Therefore in the 1st week of August, 229 customers will
visit Kazs Kitchen and 171 people will visit Als fine
dining.
b Let n = 50
S
50
= T
50
S
0

=
50
0.7 0.4 300
0.3 0.6 100
( (
( (

=
228.57143
171.42857
(
(

Therefore, in the long term, 229 people will dine at
Kazs Kitchen each week and Al will get 171 customers
each week.
11
340
400
= 85% Tellya Tellya
15% Tellya Yodacall

90
100
= 90% Yodacall Yodacall
10% Yodacall Tellya
a t
i + 1
= 0.85t
i
+ 0.1y
i

y
i + 1
= 0.15t
i
+ 0.9y
i

b Tellya =
400
500

= 80% of the market
Yodacall =
100
500

= 20% of the market
c t
i + 1
= 0.85 400 + 0.1 100
= 350
y
i + 1
= 0.15 400 + 0.9 100
= 150
d
4
0.85 0.10 400
0.15 0.90 100
( (
( (

=
263.28
236.72
(
(

52.6% Tellya 47.4% Yodacall
e
7
0.85 0.10 400
0.15 0.90 100
( (
( (

=
226.696 777 3
273.303 222 7
(
(

f
12
0.85 0.10 400
0.15 0.90 100
( (
( (

=
206.335 270 4
293.664 729 6
(
(

g
50
0.85 0.10 400
0.15 0.90 100
( (
( (

=
200
300
(
(

40% Tellya 60% Yodacall
Both will be viable however Tellyas share has dropped
by half to 40% while Yodacalls have increased, tripled
in fact.
MM1 2 - 1 2 328 Co n t i n u o u s d i s t r i b u t i o n s

Exercise 12A Continuous
random variables
1 a

Area =
1
2
0
2dx

= [ ]
1
2
0
2x
= 1
f(x) may be a pdf.
b

f(x) is not positive or 0 over the
whole interval, so it is not a pdf.
c

Area =
1
1
(1 ) d x x

=
1
2
1
2
x
x
(

=
1 1
1
2 2

= 2
Area is not equal to 1, so f(x) is
not a pdf.
d

Area = 2
2
1
0
3
d
2
x
x

= 2
1
3
0
2
x
(
(

= 2
1
2

= 1
f(x) may be a pdf.
e

Area = 2
4
0
cos(2 ) d x x

= 2
4
0
1
sin(2 )
2
x
(
(

= 2
1
0
2
| |
|
\ .

= 1
f(x) may be a pdf.
f

Area =
3
2
2
2sin( ) d x x

= [ ]
3
2
2
2cos( ) x

= 0 2
= 2
not a pdf.
g

Area =
1
1
d
e
x
x

= [ ]
1
log | |
e
e
x
= 1 0
= 1
f(x) may be a pdf.
h

Area =
2
1
2 1d x x

=
2
3
2
1
2 2( 1)
3
x
(
(
(
(

=
4
0
3

not a pdf.
2 a
2
1
(2 1)d a x x
= 1

2
2
1
ax ax
(

= 1
(4a 2a) (a a) = 1
2a = 1
a =
1
2

b
1
2
1
(10 3 ) d a x x
= 1

1
3
1
(10 ) a x x

= 1
9a 9a = 1
18a = 1
a =
1
18

c
0
sin( ) d
2
a
x x
= 1

0
cos( )
2
a
x
(

= 1

2 2
a a
= 1
a = 1
d
3
2
2
d
x
ae x
= 1

3
2
2
x
ae
(

= 1
ae
1
ae
0
= 1
a(e
1
1) = 1
a =
1
1 e

e
3
2
0
d
4
ax
x
= 1

2
4
0
16
ax
(
(

= 1

16
16
a
= 1
a = 1
f
2
7
2 a x
dx = 1

2
3
2
7
2 (2 )
3
a x
(
(
(
(

= 1

16
18
3
a
a
= 1

38
3
a
= 1
a =
3
38

g
1
2
4
ax a
dx = 1

1
1
4
ax ax
(
+

= 1
Chapter 12 Continuous distributions
Co n t i n u o u s d i s t r i b u t i o n s MM1 2 - 1 2 329
(a a) 4
4
a
a
| |
|
\ .
= 1

15
4
a
= 1
a =
4
15

h
4
3
( 1)d ax x x
= 1

4
2
3
a x x
dx = 1

4
3 2
3
3 2
x x
a
(
(

= 1

64 9
8 9
3 2
a
( | | | |

| | (
\ . \ .
= 1

40 9
3 2
a
| |
|
\ .
= 1

53
6
a = 1
a =
6
53

3
1 2
0 1
d a x ax +

dx =1

2 1
2
0 1
2
ax
ax
( (
+
( (

= 1
a + 2
2
a
a
| |
|
\ .
= 1

5
2
a
= 1
a =
2
5

f(x) =
2
, 0 1
5
2
, 1 2
5
0, elsewhere
x
x x
<

4
0 2
1 0
1
( 2)d 2
2
a x x a x
| |
+ + +
|
\ .

dx = 1

0
2
2
2
0
1
1
2 2
2 4
x
a x a x x
(
(
+ + +
(
(

= 1

3
(1 4 0)
2
a
a + + = 1

3
5
2
a
a + =1

13
2
a
= 1
a =
2
13

f(x) =
2
( 2), 1 0
13
2 1
2 , 0 2
13 2
0, elsewhere
x x
x x
| |
+
|
\ .

5
3 4
2
1 3
d (12 ) mx x m x +

dx = 1

3 4
3 2
1 3
12
3 2
mx x
m x
( (
+
( (

= 1

9
9 (48 8) 36
3 2
m
m m
( | | | |
+
| | (
\ . \ .
= 1

26 63
40
3 2
m
m
( | |
+
| (
\ .
= 1

26 17
3 2
m m
+ = 1

52 51
6
m m +
= 1
103m = 6
m =
6
103

f(x) =
2
6
, 1 3
103
6
(12 ), 3 4
103
0, elsewhere
x x
x x

6
0
1
0
2
d
k
x x x
+

dx = 1

0
2 2
1
0
2
2 2
k
x x
( (
+
( (

= 1

2
1
8 2
k
+ = 1

2
2
k
=
7
8

k
2
=
14
8


=
7
4

k =
7
2

7
2
1
4
n x
dx = 1

3
1
12
n
x
(
(

= 1

3
1
12 12
n
= 1

3
12
n
=
1
1
12

3
12
n
=
11
12

n
3
= 11
n =
3
11
8
0.5
0
sin(2 ) d k x x
= 1

0.5
0
1
cos(2 )
2
k x
(

= 1

1 1
cos(2 0.5) ( cos(2 0)
2 2
k

| |

|
\ .
= 1

1 1
cos( ) cos(0)
2 2
k

| |
+
|
\ .
= 1

1 1
1 1
2 2
k

| |
+
|
\ .
= 1

1 1
2 2
k

| |
+
|
\ .
= 1
k
1
= 1
k =
9
log (3)
0
e
x
k e
dx = 1

log (3)
0
e
x
k e

= 1

log (3) 0
( ( ))
e
k e e

= 1

1
log (3 )
( 1)
e
k e
+ = 1

1
1
3
k
| |
+
|
\ .
= 1

2
3
k = 1
k =
3
2

10 a Let the length of the rectangle = x and the width of the
rectangle = y
x = b a
Area must equal 1
A = L W
1 = b a w
So, the width must be equal to
1
b a

f(x) =
1
,
0, elsewhere
a x b
b a

b
1
30 p
=
1
25

p = 5
Exercise 12B Using a probability density
function to find probabilities of continuous
random variables
1 a Pr(X > 1.5)
=
2
1.5
1
(2 1)d
4
x x +

=
2
2
1.5
1
4
x x
(
+

=
1
4
[6 3.75]
= 0.5625
b Pr(1.2 < X < 1.75)
=
1.75
1.2
1
(2 1) d
4
x x +

=
1.75
2
1.2
1
4
x x
(
+

=
1
4
[4.8125 2.64]
= 0.543 125
c Pr(X > 1.5 | X > 1.2)
=
Pr( 1.5 1.2)
Pr( 1.2)
X X
X
> >
>

=
Pr( 1.5)
Pr( 1.2)
X
X
>
>

Pr(X > 1.2) = 0.84
=
0.5625
0.84

= 0.6696
2 a Pr(X < 3)
=
3
2
1
1
(4 ) d
9
x x

=
3
2
1
1
(16 8 ) d
9
x x x +

=
3
3
2
1
1
16 4
9 3
x
x x
(
+
(

=
1 1
(48 36 9) 16 4
9 3
( | |
+ +
| (
\ .

= 0.9630
b Pr(X > 2)
=
4
2
2
1
(4 ) d
9
x x

=
4
3
2
2
1
16 4
9 3
x
x x
(
+
(

=
1 64 8
64 64 32 16
9 3 3
( | | | |
+ +
| | (
\ . \ .

= 0.2963
c Pr(2 < X < 3)
=
3
2
2
1
(4 ) d
9
x x

=
3
3
2
2
1
16 4
9 3
x
x x
(
+
(

=
1 2
21 18
9 3
(
(

= 0.2593
d Pr(2 < X < 3 | X < 3)
=
Pr(2 3 3)
Pr( 3)
X X
X
< < <
<

=
Pr(2 3)
Pr( 3)
X
X
< <
<

=
0.2593
0.9630

= 0.2693
e Pr(X > 2 | X < 3)
=
Pr( 2 3)
Pr( 3)
X X
X
> <
<

=
Pr(2 3)
Pr( 3)
X
X
< <
<

=
0.2593
0.9630

= 0.2693
3 a
2
0
( 2) ax x
dx = 1

2
2
0
2 a x x
dx= 1

2
3
2
0
3
x
a x
(
(

= 1

8
4
3
a
| |
|
\ .
= 1

4
3
a
= 1
a =
3
4

b i
2
1.5
3
( 2)
4
x x
dx
=
2
3
2
1.5
3
4 3
x
x
(

(

=
3 8
4 (1.125 2.25)
4 3
( | |

| (
\ .

= 0.1563
ii
0.4
0
3
( 2)
4
x x
dx
=
0.4
3
2
0
3
4 3
x
x
(

(

= 0.1040
iii Pr(0.4 < X < 1.5)
=
1.5
0.4
3
( 2)
4
x x
dx
=
1.5
3
2
0.4
3
4 3
x
x
(

(

=
3
4
[1.125 0.1387]
= 0.7398
iv Pr(X > 0.4 | X < 1.5)
=
Pr( 0.4 1.5)
Pr( 1.5)
X X
X
> <
<

=
Pr(0.4 1.5)
Pr( 1.5)
X
X
< <
<

=
0.73975
Pr( 1.5) X <

Pr(X < 1.5) =
1.5
0
( )d f x x

= 0.843 75
=
0.73975
0.84375

= 0.8767
4 a Pr(X < 8) =
8
2
1
cos
5 2
x x
| |
|
\ .
dx
= 0.5371
b Pr(X < 8 | X < 8.5) =
Pr(( 8) ( 8.5))
Pr( 8.5)
x X
X
< <
<

=
Pr( 8)
Pr( 8.5)
X
X
<
<

=
8
2
8.5
2
( )d
( )d
f x x
f x x

= 0.6916
5 a

b A =
0.25
0
lim 0.25 d
k
x
k
e x

=
0.25
0
lim
k
x
k
e

=
0.25
lim( 1)
k
k
e

= 0 + 1
= 1
Since f(x) 0 and the total area under the curve is 1,
f(x) is a pdf.
c i
2
0.25
0
0.25 d
x
e x

=
2
0.25
0
x
e

= (e
0.5
1)
= 0.3935
ii Pr(X > 1) = 1 Pr(X < 1)

1
0.25
0
0.25 d
x
e x

=
1
0.25
0
x
e

= (e
0.25
+ 1)
= 0.2212
Pr(X > 1) = 1 0.2212
= 0.7788
iii Pr(X > 1 | X < 2)
=
Pr( 1 2)
Pr( 2)
X X
X
> <
<

=
Pr(1 2)
Pr( 2)
X
X
< <
<

Pr(1 < X < 2)
=
2
1
( ) f x
dx
=
2
0.25
1
x
e

= [e
0.5
e
0.25
]
= 0.1722
Pr(X > 1 | X < 2) =
0.1722
0.3935

= 0.4378

6 a

b A =
2
1
1
lim d
k
k
x
x

=
1
1
lim
k
k
x
(

=
1 1
lim
1
k
k
(

(

= 1
Since f(x) 0 and the total area under the curve is 1, f(x)
is a pdf.
c i Pr(X > 2) =
2
2
1
x
dx
= 1 Pr(X < 2)
Pr(X < 2) =
2
2
1
1
x
dx
=
2
1
1
x
(
(

=
1
1
2

= 0.5
Pr(X > 2) = 0.5
ii Pr(X < 3) =
3
2
1
1
x
dx
=
3
1
1
x
(
(

=
1
1
3
| |

|
\ .

=
2
3

iii Pr(2 < X < 3) =
3
2
2
1
x
dx
=
3
2
1
x
(
(

=
1 1
3 2
+
=
1
6

iv Pr(2 < X <3 | X > 2)
=
Pr(2 3 2)
Pr( 2)
X X
X
< < >
>

=
Pr(2 3)
Pr( 2)
X
X
< <
>

=
1
6
1
2

=
1
3

v Pr(X < 3 | X > 2)
=
Pr( 3 2)
Pr( 2)
X X
X
< >
>

=
Pr(2 3)
Pr( 2)
X
X
< <
>

=
1
3

7 Pr(X a) = 0.36

1
1 1
d
3 2
a
x x +
= 0.36

2
1
1
6 2
a
x
x
(
+
(

= 0.36

2
1 1
6 2 6 2
a a
| |
| |
+ +
|
|
|
\ .
\ .
= 0.36

2
8
6 2 12
a a
+ = 0.36 (multiply by 12)
2a
2
+ 6a 8 = 4.32
2a
2
+ 6a 12.32 = 0
Using the quadratic formula, a = 1.4 (Disregard a = 4.4)
8 Pr(X b) =
1
3

4
2
4
b
x
dx =
1
3

4
4
b
x
(
(

=
1
3

4
1
b
+ =
1
3

4
b
=
4
3

b = 3
9 a 0.4 quartile

0
( ) d
a
f x x
= 0.4

0
2
(3 )
5
a
x
dx = 0.4

2
0
2
3
5 2
a
x
x
(
(

= 0.4

2
3
2
a
a =
0.4 5
2

2
3
2
a
a = 1
a
2
6a + 2 = 0
Using the quadratic formula, a = 3 7 (Disregard
3 + 7)
b 0.85 quantile

0
( )
a
f x
dx = 0.85
From part a,

2
3
2
a
a =
0.85 5
2

a
2
6a + 4.25 = 0
Using the quadratic formula, a =
6 19
2

(Disregard
6 19
2
+
as it is beyond the acceptable
domain.)
c 70th percentile

0
( )
a
f x
dx = 0.70
From part a,

2
3
2
a
a =
0.70 5
2

a
2
6a + 3.5 = 0
Using the quadratic formula, a =
6 22
2

(Disregard
6 22
2
+
)
10 a

b Given the symmetrical nature of the graph,
Pr(a a) = 2 Pr(0 a)
2
0
1
cos( ) d
2
a

=
1
2

0
cos( )d
a

=
1
2

[ ]
0
sin( )
a
=
1
2

(sin(a) sin(0)) =
1
2

sin(a) =
1
2

a =
1
1
sin
2
| |
|
\ .

a =
6

11 a

b As the graph is symmetrical, the area under each triangle
must be 0.5
A =
2
bh

0.5 =
1
2 2
2
a

0.5 =
2
2
a

1 =
2
a

a = 2
c i Pr(0.5 < X < 0) = area under left hand triangle
=
0.5 1
2

= 0.25
ii Pr(X 0.5) = left side + Pr(0 < X < 0.5)
= 0.5 + Pr(0.5 < X < 0)
(due to symmetry)
= 0.5 + 0.25
= 0.75
iii Pr(0.5 < X < 0 | X 0.25)
=
Pr(( 0.5 0) ( 0.25))
Pr( 0.25)
X X
X
< <

=
Pr( 0.5 0)
Pr( 0.25)
X
X
< <

=
0.25
0.25 0.5
0.5
2
+

=
1
4
1 1
2 16
+

=
4
16
9
16

=
4
9

12 a

b i Pr(X < 4) =
2
bh

=
1
2
8
2

=
1
4
2

=
1
8

ii Pr(3 < X 8) = Pr(3 < X < 6) + Pr(6 X 8)
= area of trapezium
1
+ area of trapezium
2

=
1 1
( (3) (6)) 3 ( (6) (8)) 2
2 2
f f f f + + +
=
3 1 1 1 1
2 16 4 4 8
| | | |
+ + +
| |
\ . \ .

=
3 5 3
2 16 8
+
=
15 3
32 8
+
=
27
32

13 a


b
0 4
2
10 0
3
3 1 1
d 4
256 8 16
x x x
+ +

dx
=
4
0
3
2
2
2
10
2
3
3 1 2
(4 )
512 8 48
x
x x
(
(
+ + (
(
(

=
2 1
3 3
+
= 1
c i Pr(X < 1) =
1
2
10
3
3 1
d
256 8
x x

=
1
2
2
10
3
3 1
512 8
x x
(
+
(

= 0.1192 0.6667
= 0.5475
ii Pr(X > 2) =
4
2
1
4 d
16
x x

=
4
3
2
2
2
(4 )
48
x
(
(
(

= 0 0.1179
= 0.1179
iii Pr(X > 5) =
0 4
5 0
3 1 1
d 4 d
256 8 16
x x x x
+ +

=
0
2
5
3 1 1
512 8 3
x x
(
+ +
(

(from part b)
= 0.4785 +
1
3

= 0.8118
iv Pr(X < 3) = 1 Pr(X > 3)
= 1
4
3
1
4 d
16
x x

= 1
4
3
2
3
2
(4 )
48
x
(
(
(

= 1 (0 0.0417)
= 0.9583
v Pr(2 < X < 3) = Pr(X < 3) Pr(X < 2)
= 0.9583
2
2
10
3
3 1
d
256 8
x x

= 0.9583
2
2
2
10
3
3 1
512 8
x x
(
+
(

= 0.9583 ( 0.2266 0.6667)
= 0.9583 0.4401
= 0.5182
vi Pr(2 < X < 1 | X < 3)
=
Pr( 2 1 3)
Pr( 3)
X X
X
< < <
<

=
Pr( 2 1)
Pr( 3)
X
X
< <
<

Pr(2 < X < 1)
=
0 1
2 0
3 1 1
d 4 d
256 8 16
x x x x
+ +

=
1
0
3
2
2
2
0
3 1 2
(4 )
512 8 48
x x
x
(
(
+ + (
(
(

= (0 0.2266) + (0.2165 0.3333)
= 0.2266 + 0.1168
= 0.3434
Pr(2 < X < 1 | X < 3) =
0.3434
0.9583

= 0.3583
14 a

b
4
4
cos(2 )d x x
= 2
4
0
cos(2 )d x x

= 2
1
sin(2 )
2
x
= [ ]
4
0
sin(2 ) x

= sin sin(0)
2
| |
|
\ .

= 1
c i Pr
12
X
| |
<
|
\ .
=
1 1
sin 2
2 12 2
| |
+
|
\ .

=
1 1
sin
2 6 2
| |
+
|
\ .

=
1 1 1
2 2 2
+
=
3
4

ii Pr
6
X
| |
<
|
\ .
=
1 1
sin 2
2 6 2
| |
+
|
\ .

=
1 1
sin
2 3 2
| |
+
|
\ .

=
1 3 1
2 2 2
+
=
3 2
4
+

iii Pr | 0
6
X X
| |
< <
|
\ .

=
Pr Pr( 0)
6
Pr( 0)
X X
X
| |
< <
|
\ .
<

=
Pr
6
Pr( 0)
X
X
| |
<
|
\ .
<

=
3 2
4
1
2
+

=
3 2
2
+

15 a f(x) = a sin ,
2
x | |
|
\ .
0 x

0
sin d
2
x
a x
| |
|
\ .
= 1

0
2cos
2
x
a
( | |
| (
\ .
= 1

0
2 cos
2
x
a
( | |
| (
\ .
= 1
cos cos(0)
2
| | | |
| |
\ . \ .
=
1
2a

0 1 =
1
2a

1 =
1
2a

a =
1
2

b
1
sin , 0
( ) 2 2
0, elsewhere
x
x
f x
| |

|
=
\ .

c i Pr
2
X
| |
<
|
\ .
=
2
0
1
sin d
2 2
x
x
| |
|
\ .

=
2
0
cos
2
x
( | |
| (
\ .

= cos cos(0)
4
| | | |

| |
\ . \ .

=
1
1
2

= 1
1
2

=
2 2
2

ii Pr
3
X
| |
>
|
\ .
=
3
1
sin d
2 2
x
x
| |
|
\ .

=
3
cos
2
x
( | |
| (
\ .

= cos cos
2 6
x | | | | | |

| | |
\ . \ . \ .

=
3
0
2
| |
|
|
\ .

=
3
2

iii
2
Pr
3 3
X
| |

|
\ .
=
2
3
3
1
sin d
2 2
x
x
| |
|
\ .

=
2
3
3
cos
2
x
( | |
| (
\ .

= cos cos
3 6
| | | | | |

| | |
\ . \ . \ .

=
1 3
2 2
| |
+ |
|
\ .

=
3 1
2

iv
2
Pr |
3 2
X X
| |
< >
|
\ .
=
2
Pr
3 2
Pr
2
X X
X

| |
< >
|
\ .
| |
>
|
\ .

=
2
Pr
2 3
Pr
2
X
X

| |
< <
|
\ .
| |
>
|
\ .

2
Pr
2 3
X
| |
< <
|
\ .
=
2
3
2
1
sin d
2 2
x
x
| |
|
\ .

=
2
3
2
cos
2
x
( | |
| (
\ .

= cos cos
3 4
| | | | | |

| | |
\ . \ . \ .

=
1 1
2 2
| |
+
|
\ .

=
1 2
2 2
+
=
1 2
2
+

Pr
2
X
| |
>
|
\ .
= 1 Pr
2
X
| |
<
|
\ .

= 1
2 2
2
(from part i)
=
2 2 2
2 2
+

=
2
2

2
Pr |
3 2
X X
| |
< >
|
\ .
=
1 2
2
2
2
+

=
1 2
2
+

=
2 2
2
+

16 f(x) =
1
2 2
,
a
a x +
x R and a > 0
a

As a increases, the graph becomes flatter.
b i Pr(X < 1) f(x) =
1 1
1 x
+

From the CAS calculator, Pr(X < 1) = 0.75
ii Pr(1 X < 1) = 2 Pr(0 < X < 1)
Pr(0 < X < 1) = 0.25
Pr (1 < X < 1) = 2 0.25
= 0.5

iii Pr (1 < X < 1 | X > 1)
=
Pr( 1 1 1)
Pr( 1)
X X
X
< < >
>

=
Pr( 1 1)
Pr( 1)
X
X
< <
>

=
0.5
0.75

=
1
2
3
4

=
2
3

17 a

b A = ( ) d g x x

= 2
0
( ) d g x x

From the CAS calculator, area = 0.5.
c For g(x) to be a pdf, area under the curve must be 1
f(x) = 2 g(x)
=
2
1
2
2
x
e
| |
|
\ .

f(x) =
2 1
,
x
e
x R
d i Pr(X > 0.5)
From the CAS calculator,
= 0.2398
ii Pr(X < 1) = 0.9214
iii Pr(X > 0.32) = 0.6746
iv Pr(0.5 < X < 1.09) = 0.6987
Exercise 12C Measures of central tendency
and spread
1 a Mean =
1.5
2
( )d xf x x

=
1.5
2
2 d x x

=
1.5
2
2
x
(

= 2.25 4
= 1.75
Median:
2
2d
m
x
=
1
2

[ ]
2
2
m
x
=
1
2

2m + 4 =
1
2

2m = 3.5
m = 1.75
Mode: f(x) = 2. There is no x-value that determines the
maximum value, so there is no mode.
b Mean =
0
2
1
1 d
2
x x x
| |
+
|
\ .

=
0
2
2
1
d
2
x x x

=
0
3 2
2
6 2
x x
(
+
(

=
8
0 2
6
| | | |
+
| |
\ . \ .

=
2
3

Median:
2
1
1d
2
m
x x
=
1
2

2
2
4
m
x
x
(
+
(

=
1
2

2
4
m
m
| |
+
|
|
\ .
(1 2) =
1
2

2
1
4
m
m + + =
1
2

2
1
4 2
m
m + + = 0
m
2
+ 4m + 2 = 0
Using the quadratic formula,
m = 2 + 2
Mode: Since f(x) is an increasing function, the maximum
value occurs at the right-hand end point of the interval,
that is, x = 0. Mode is 0.
c Mean =
1
2
0
3 d x x x

=
1
3
0
3 d x x

=
1
4
0
3
4
x
(
(

=
3
4

Median:
2
0
3 d
m
x x
=
1
2

3
0
m
x
(

=
1
2

m
3
=
1
2

m =
3
1
2

Mode: f(x) is increasing over this interval, so the
maximum value occurs at the right-hand end point of the
interval, that is, x = 1.
Mode is 1.
2 a Mean =
1
11
1
d
5
x x x

=
1
3
11
15
x
(

=
1 11 11
15 15
| |
|
|
\ .

2.37
Median:
11
1
d
5
m
x x
=
1
2

2
11
1
10
m
x
(

=
1
2


2
11
10 10
m
| |

|
|
\ .
=
1
2

2
11
10 10
m
+ =
1
2

2
10
m
=
11 1
10 2

2
10
m
=
6
10

m = 6
m = 6
Mode: f(x) is a decreasing function over the interval, so
the maximum value occurs at the lefthand end of the
interval. So, the mode is 11 .
b Mean =
4
2
2
3
(2 ) d
8
x x x

=
4
2
2
3
(4 4 ) d
8
x
x x x +

=
2 3
4
2
12 12 3
d
8 8 8
x x x
x +

=
4
2 3 4
2
6 4 3
8 8 32
x x x
(
+
(

= (12 32 + 24)
3
3 4
2
| |
+
|
\ .

= 3.5
Median:
2
2
3
(2 ) d
8
m
x x
=
1
2

3
2
1
(2 )
8
m
x
(

(

=
1
2

3
1
(2 )
8
m
|

\
=
1
2
|
|
.

(2 m)
3
= 4
2 m =
3
4
m = 2
3
4
Mode: f(x) is increasing over the interval, so the
maximum value occurs when x = 4.
Mode = 4.
c Mean =
2
2
1
6
( 1)d
5
x x x

=
2
3 2
1
6 6
d
5 5
x x x

=
2
4 3
1
6 2
20 5
x x
(
(

= (4.8 3.2) (0.3 04)
= 1.7
Median:
1
6
( 1)d
5
m
x x x
=
1
2

2
1
6 6
d
5 5
m
x x x
=
1
2

3 2
1
2 3
5 5
m
x x
(
(

=
1
2

3 2
2 3 2 3
5 5 5 5
m m
| |
| |

|
|
|
\ .
\ .
=
1
2

3 2
2 3 1
5
m m +
=
1
2

2m
3
3m
2
+ 1 =
5
2

2m
3
3m
2
3
2
= 0
m = 1.746
Mode: The function is increasing over the given interval,
so the maximum value occurs at x = 2.
Mode is 2.
3 a Variance = E(X
2
)
2

Mean =
6
2
1
d
4
x x

=
6
2
2
8
x
(
(

=
9 1
2 2

= 4
E(X
2
) =
6
2
2
1
d
4
x x

=
6
3
2
12
x
(
(

=
8
18
12

=
52
3

Variance =
2
52
(4)
3

=
52
16
3

=
4
3

Standard deviation = variance
=
4
3

=
2
3

b Var(X) = E(X
2
)
2

Mean =
2
0
1
(3 )d
4
x x x

=
2
2
0
1
3 d
4
x x x

=
2
2 3
0
1 3
4 2 3
x x
(
(

=
1 8
6 0
4 3
(

(

=
10
12

E(X
2
) =
2
2
0
1
(3 )d
4
x x x

=
2
2 3
0
1
3 d
4
x x x

=
2
4
3
0
1
4 4
x
x
(
(

= [ ]
1
8 4
4

= 1

Var(X) =
2
10
1
12
| |
|
\ .

=
144 100
144 144

=
44
144

=
11
36

SD(X) = Var( ) X
=
11
6

c Var(X) = E(X
2
)
2

Mean =
1
3
0
4( )d x x x x

=
1
2 4
0
4 4 d x x x

=
1
3 5
0
4 4
3 5
x x
(
(

=
4 4
3 5

=
8
15

E(X
2
) =
1
2 3
0
4( )d x x x x

=
1
3 5
0
4 4 d x x x

=
1
6
4
0
2
3
x
x
(
(

=
2
1
3

=
1
3

Var(X) = E(X
2
)
2

=
2
1 8
3 15
| |
|
\ .

=
11
225

SD(X) = Var( ) X
=
11
15

4 a Var(X) = E(X
2
)
2

Mean =
3
2
2( 2)d x x x

=
3
2
2
2 4 d x x x

=
3
3
2
2
2
2
3
x
x
(
(

=
16
18 18 8
3
| |
+
|
\ .

=
8
3

E(X )
2
=
3
2
2
2( 2)d x x x

=
3
3 2
2
2 4 d x x x

=
3
4 3
2
2 4
4 3
x x
(
(

=
32
40.5 36 8
3
| |
+
|
\ .

=
43
6

Var(X) =
2
43 8
6 3
| |
|
\ .

=
1
18

SD(X) = var( ) X
=
1 2
or
6 3 2
| |
|
|
\ .

b Var(X) = E(X
2
)
2

Mean =
1
2
0
3
( 1) d
7
x x x +

=
1
2
0
3
( 2 1)d
7
x
x x x + +

=
3 2
1
0
3 6 3
d
7 7 7
x x x
x + +

=
1
4 3 2
0
3 2 3
28 7 14
x x x
(
+ +
(

=
3 2 3
28 7 14
+ +
=
17
28

E(X
2
) =
1
2 2
0
3
( 1) d
7
x x x +

=
4 3 2
1
0
3 6 3
d
7 7 7
x x x
x + +

=
1
5 4 3
0
3 6
35 28 7
x x x
(
+ +
(

=
3 3 1
35 14 7
+ +
=
31
70

Var(X) =
2
31 17
70 28
| |
|
\ .

=
291
3920
(or 0.0742)
SD(X) = var( ) X
= 0.0742
0.2725
c Var(X) = E(X
2
)
2

Mean =
2
1
sin d
2
x x x

= 4.7124
E(X
2
) =
2
2
1
sin d
2
x x x

From the CAS calculator = 22.674
Var(X) = 22.674 (4.7124)
2

0.4674
SD(X) = Var( ) X
= 0.4674
0.6837
5 a Mean of X =
0.3
0
0.3 d
x
x e x

From the CAS calculator =
10
3

b Median of X:
0.3
0
0.3 d
m
x
e x
=
1
2

0.3
0
m
x
e

=
1
2

e
0.3m
e
0.3 0
=
1
2

e
0.3m
+ 1 =
1
2

e
0.3m
=
1
2

0.3m =
1
log
2
e
| |
|
\ .

0.3m =
1
log (2 )
e

0.3m = log (2)
e

0.3m = log (2)
e

m =
10
log (2)
3
e

c The mode of x.
The function is decreasing over the given domain. The
maximum value occurs at the left-hand-end of the
domain, that is, when x = 0.
The mode is 0.
d Var(X) = E(X
2
)
2

E(X
2
) =
2 0.3
0
0.3 d
x
x e x

E(X
2
) =
200
9

Var(X) =
2
200 10
9 3
| |
|
\ .

=
100
9

e SD(X) = Var( ) X
=
10
3

6 a
3
2
2
d
( 1)
a
x
x
= 1

3
2
2
( 1) d a x x
= 1

3
1
2
( 1) a x
(

= 1

2
a
a + = 1

2
a
= 1
a = 2
b Mean of x =
3
2
2
2
d
( 1)
x
x
x

2.3863
c SD(X) = Var( ) X
E(X
2
) =
2
3
2
2
2
d
( 1)
x
x
x

5.7726
Var(X) = 5.7726 2.3863
2

0.0782
SD(X) = 0.0782
0.2796
d Pr( 2 X + 2)
Pr(2.3863 2 0.2796 X 2.3863 + 2 0.2796)
Pr(1.8271 X 2.9455)
Pr(2 X 2.9455) (as 2 is the lower limit)
Pr =
2.9455
2
2
2
d
( 1)
x
x

=
2.9455
2
2
( 1) x
(
(

= 0.9720
7 a
0
cos d
2
a x x
| |
|
\ .
= 1

0
sin
2
a x
( | |
| (
\ .
= 1
sin sin
2 2
a a
| | | |

| |
\ . \ .
= 1
a a = 1
2a = 1
a = 0.5
b

c Mean of X
=
0
0.5 cos d
2
x x x
| |
|
\ .

= 1.5708
=
2

Var(X) = E(X
2
)
2

E(X
2
) =
2
0
0.5 cos d
2
x x x
| |
|
\ .

2.9348
Var(X) = 2.9348 1.5708
2

= 0.4674
d Pr
2
X
| |
|
\ .
=
2
0
0.5cos d
2
x x
| |
|
\ .

=
2
0
0.5sin
2
x
( | |
| (
\ .

= (0 0.5)
= 0.5
e Pr |
2 4
X X
| |

|
\ .
=
Pr
2 4
Pr
4
X X
X

| |

|
\ .
| |
|
\ .

=
Pr
4 2
Pr
4
X
X

| |

|
\ .
| |
|
\ .


Pr
4 2
X
| |

|
\ .
=
2
4
0.5cos d
2
x x
| |
|
\ .

=
2
4
0.5sin
2
x
( | |
| (
\ .

=
1 1
0
2 2
| |

|
\ .

=
1
2 2

Pr
4
X
| |
|
\ .
=
4
0.5cos d
2
x x
| |
|
\ .

=
4
0.5sin
2
x
( | |
| (
\ .

=
1 1 1
2 2 2
| |

|
\ .

=
1 1
2 2 2
+
=
1 2
2 2
+

Pr |
2 4
X X
| |

|
\ .
=
1
2 2
1 2
2 2
+

=
1
1 2 +
(or 0.4142)
8 a
4
4
sin 2 d
4
a x x
| |
+
|
\ .
= 1

4
4
cos2
2 4
a
x
( | |
+
| (
\ .
= 1
1 1
2 2
a a | |

|
\ .
= 1

2 2
a a
+ = 1
a = 1
b

c Mean =
4
4
sin 2 d
4
x x x
| |
+
|
\ .

From the CAS calculator, = 0
Median:
4
sin2 d
4
m
x x
| |
+
|
\ .
=
1
2

4
1
cos 2
2 4
m
x
( | |
+
| (
\ .
=
1
2

1 1
cos 2 cos(0)
2 2 2
m
| | | |
+
| |
\ . \ .
=
1
2

1 1
cos 2
2 2 2
m
| |
+ +
|
\ .
=
1
2

1
cos 2
2 2
m
| |
+
|
\ .
= 0
cos 2
2
m
| |
+
|
\ .
= 0
2m +
2
=
2

2m = 0
m = 0
Median is 0.
Mode: From the graph, the maximum value occurs
when x = 0. Mode is 0.
d The distribution is symmetrical.
9 a
0
3
2
( 2) d k x x
= 1

0
4
2
( 2)
4
k x
(
+
(

= 1

16
4
k
= 1
k =
1
4

b
3
2
1
( 2) d
4
m
x x
=
1
2

4
2
1
( 2)
16
m
x
(
+
(

=
1
2

1
16
(m + 2)
4
0 =
1
2

(m + 2)
4
= 8
m + 2 =
4
8
m =
4
8 2
c
3
2
1
( 2) d
4
a
x x
= 0.25

4
2
1
( 2)
16
a
x
(
+
(

= 0.25
(a + 2)
4
= 4
a =
4
4 2
d
3
2
1
( 2) d
4
a
x x
= 0.75

4
2
1
( 2)
16
a
x
(
+
(

= 0.75
(a + 2)
4
= 0.75 16
(a + 2)
4
= 12
a + 2 =
4
12
a =
4
12 2
e IQR = 0.75 Quantile 0.25 Quantile
=
4 4
12 2 ( 4 2)
=
4 4
12 4
10 a

b Because the graph is symmetrical, therefore = 0.5
c As the graph is symmetrical, therefore the median is 0.5
d The mode is equal to the maximum of the graph. In this
case we have two points where the maximum is the
same. Therefore the mode = 0, 1.
11 Mean of X is
5
7
.

0
2
1
( )d x mx nx x
=
5
7

0
3 2
1
d mx nx x
=
5
7

0
4 3
1
4 3
mx nx
(
+
(

=
5
7

0
4 3
m n | | | |

| |
\ . \ .
=
5
7

5
3 4 7
n m
=

4 3
12
n m
=
5
7

4n 3m =
60
7
[1]
1f f(x) is a pdf, then

0
2
1
mx nx
dx = 1

0
3 2
1
3 2
mx nx
(
+
(

= 1
0
3 2
m n | | | |
+
| |
\ . \ .
= 1

3 2
m n
= 1

2 3
6
m n
= 1
2m 3n = 6 [2]
2 [1] 6m + 8n =
120
7
[3]
3 [2] 6m 9n = 18 [4]
[3] + [4] n =
6
7

n =
6
7

Substitute n =
6
7
into [1]
4
6
7
3m =
60
7

24
7
3m =
60
7

3m =
36
7

m =
12
7

m =
12
7
and m =
6
7
.
Exercise 12D Applications to problem solving
1 a The pdf is only valid over 0 x 2 therefore the
maximum number of hours she could watch is 2.
b =
2
2
0
3
( 1)d
14
t t t +

Using the CAS calculator:
= 1.29
Kathryn watches, on average, 1.29 hours of TV each day.
c Pr(T > 1.5) = Pr(1.5 < T 2)
=
2
2
1.5
3
( 1) d
14
t t +

Using the CAS calculator:
Pr(T > 1.5) = 0.4375
d Pr(T < 1) = Pr(0 T 1)
=
1
2
0
3
( 1) d
14
t t +

= 0.2857
2 a i Pr(X > 5) =
6
5
1 3
d
4 2
x x +

=
6
2
5
1 3
8 2
x x
(
+
(

=
2 2
1 3 1 3
(6) (6) (5) (5)
8 2 8 2
+ +
=
1
8

ii Pr(3 < X < 5) = Pr(3 < X < 4) + Pr(4 < X < 5)
=
4
3
1 1
2 d
4 2
x x
(by symmetry)
=
4
2
3
2
8 2
x x
(

(

=
2 2
4 4 3 3
2
8 2 8 2
| | | |
| |
| |
\ . \ .

=
9 3
2 2 2
8 2
| | | |

| |
\ . \ .

=
3
2
8
| | | |

| |
\ . \ .

=
3
4

iii 4 days and 6 hours = 4.25 days
Pr(X < 4.25) = Pr(2 < X < 4) + Pr(4 < X < 4.25)
=
4.25
4
1 1 3
d
2 4 2
x x + +

=
1 15
2 128
+
= 0.617
b The roses were in a shop for 1.5 days, so for them to last
at least 3 more days we need the roses to last for at least
4.5 days from the moment they were cut.
Pr(X > 4.5 | X > 1.5) =
Pr(( 4.5) ( 1.5))
Pr( 1.5)
X X
X
> >
>

=
Pr( 4.5)
Pr( 1.5)
X
X
>
>

Pr(X > 4.5) =
6
4.5
1 3
d
4 2
x x +

=
9
32

Pr(X > 1.5) = 1 (as all roses last at least 2 days).
Therefore, Pr(X > 4.5 | X > 1.5) =
9
32

3 a Pr(0 X 10) =
10
0.15
0
0.15 d
x
e x

=
10
0.15
0
x
e

= (e
1.5
e
0
)
= e
1.5
+ 1
= 0.7769

b Pr(10 X 20) =
20
0.15
10
0.15 d
x
e x

=
20
0.15
10
x
e

= (e
3.0
e
1.5
)
= 0.1733
c Pr(X > 30) = 1 Pr(X < 30)
= 1
30
0.15
0
0.15 d
x
e x

= 1
30
0.15
0
x
e

= 1 [e
4.5
+ 1]
= e
4.5

= 0.0111
4 a i Pr(X < 800) =
800
0
d
kx
ke x

=
800
0
kx
e

k =
9
10 000

=
9
800
10 000
1 e
| |
|
+
|
\ .

= (e
0.72
+ 1)
= 0.5132
ii Pr(1000 X 2000)
=
2000
1000
d
kx
ke x

=
2000
1000
kx
e

k =
9
10 000

=

9 9
2000 1000
10 000 10 000
e e

| |
|

|
\ .

= (e
1.8
+ e
0.9
)
= 0.2413
iii Pr(X > 2000) = 1 Pr(X < 2000)
= 1
2000
0
d
kx
ke x

= 1
2000
0
kx
e

k =
9
10 000

= 1 (e
1.8
1)
= e
1.8

= 0.1653
b Mean weight =
9
10 000
0
9
d
10 000
x
x
e x

From the CAS calculator, = 1111.11
1111 grams
c Pr(X < 1111) =
1111
0
d
kx
ke x

=
1111
0
kx
e

k =
9
10 000

= (e
0.9999
1)
= 0.6321
5 a i Pr(X < 100) =
1
100
1000
0
1
d
1000
x
e x

=
100
1000
0
x
e
(
(
(

= e
0.1
e
0

= e
0.1
+ 1
= 0.0952
ii Pr( X 180) =
180
1000
0
1
d
1000
x
e x

=
180
1000
0
x
e
(
(
(

= e
0.18
+ 1
= 0.1647
iii Pr(X > 200) =
1000
200
1
d
1000
x
e x

= 1
200
1000
0
1
d
1000
x
e x

= 1
200
1000
0
x
e
(
(
(

= 1 + e
0.2
1
= 0.8187
b Pr(X 230 | X 180) =
Pr( 230)
Pr( 180)
X
X

Pr(X 230) = 1
230
1000
0
1
d
1000
x
e x

= 1 (e
0.23
1)

= + e
0.23

= 0.7945
Pr(X 180) = 1 0.1647
= 0.8353
Pr(X 230 | X 180) =
0.7945
0.8353

= 0.9512
c Pr(X n) = 0.90

1000
1
d
1000
x
n
e x

= 0.90

1000
0
1
d
1000
x
n
e x
= 0.10

1000
0
n
x
e
(
(
(

= 0.1

1000
1
n
e
+ = 0.1

1000
n
e
= 0.9

1000
n
= log (0.9)
e

n = 1000 log
e
(0.9)
n = 105.36 hours
6 a Between 30 and 40 minutes
b i Pr(X < 33) = Pr(30 X < 33)
=
33
30
0.1dx

= [ ]
33
30
0.1x
= 3.3 3.0
= 0.3
ii Pr(36 X 38) =
38
36
0.1dx

= [ ]
38
36
0.1x
= 3.8 3.6
= 0.2
c Mean of X =
40
30
0.1d x x

=
40
2
30
0.1
2
x
(
(

= (80 45)
= 35 minutes
d Pr(X n) = 0.1

30
0.1 d
n
x
= 0.1
[ ]
30
0.1
n
x = 0.1
0.1n 3 = 0.1
0.1n = 3.1
n = 31 minutes
7 a i Pr(2 X 2) =
2
2
2
0.1
d
(0.01 )
x
x

ii Pr(5 X 5) =
5
2
5
0.1
d
(0.01 )
x
x

b Pr(X 407) Greater than the ordered length by 7 metres
Pr(X 7) From the CAS calculator = 0.0045
c Shorter than 3.9 metres (less than 390 cm)
Pr(X 10)
8 a 30 seconds = 0.5 minutes
Pr(0.5 X 0.5)
=
0.5
0.5
cos d
20 20 2
x
x

| |
|
\ .

=
0.5
0.5
1
sin
20 2
x
( | |
| (
\ .

=
1 1
sin sin
40 40 2 2
| | | | | |

| | |
\ . \ . \ .

= 0.1110
b Missed the beginning at 6.58 pm means 5 X 2

2
5
cos d
20 20 2
x
x

| |
|
\ .

=
2
5
1
sin
20 2
x
( | |
| (
\ .

=
1 1
sin sin
10 4 2 2
| | | | | |

| | |
\ . \ . \ .

= 0.2815
c Pr(3 X 5) =
5
3
cos d
20 20 2
x
x
| |
|
\ .

=
5
3
1
sin
20 2
x
( | |
| (
\ .

=
1 1 3
sin sin
4 20 2 2
| | | | | |
| | |
\ . \ . \ .

= 0.1790
9 a and b First determine the value for k.

10 20
0 10
d ( 20) d kx x k x x +

= 1

10 20
2 2
0 10
( 20)
2 2
kx k x
( (

+
( (

= 1

100 100
0 0
2 2
k k | | | |
+
| |
\ . \ .
= 1
50k + 50k = 1
100k = 1
k =
1
100

f(x) =
1
, 0 10
100
1
( 20), 10 20
100
0, elsewhere
x X
x X
<

c Pr(X > 10 | X 7) =
Pr( 10)
Pr( 7)
X
X
>

Pr(X > 10) =
20
10
1
( 20)d
100
x x

=
20
2
10
1
( 20)
200
x
(

(

=
100
0
200
| |

|
\ .

= 0.5
Pr(X 7) =
10
7
1
d 0.5
100
x x +

=
10
2
7
0.5
200
x
(
+
(

=
100 49
0.5
200 200
+
= 0.755
Pr(X > 10 | X 7) =
0.5
0.755

= 0.6623
d It takes Nathan 3 minutes to deposit a cheque, so times up
to 12 minutes will enable him to return to his car on time.
Pr(X 12) =
10 12
0 10
1 1
d ( 20)d
100 100
x x x x +

=
12
2
10
1
0.5 ( 20)
200
x
(
+
(

= 0.5 +
64
0.5
200
| |

|
\ .

= 0.68
Exercise 12E The normal distribution
1 a = 10 2
= 8
+ = 10 + 2
= 12
2 = 10 2 2
= 10 4
= 6
+ 2 = 10 + 2 2
= 10 + 4
= 14
3 = 10 + 3 2
= 10 6
= 4
+ 3 = 10 + 3 2
= 10 + 6
= 16

b = 20 5
= 15
+ = 20 + 5
= 25
2 = 20 2 5
= 20 10
= 10
+ 2 = 20 + 2 5
= 20 + 10
= 30
3 = 20 3 5
= 20 15
= 5
+ 3 = 20 + 3 5
= 20 + 15
= 35

c = 0 1
= 1
+ = 0 + 1
= 1
2 = 0 2 1
= 0 2
= 2
+ 2 = 0 + 2 1
= 0 + 2
= 2
3 = 0 3 1
= 0 3
= 3
+ 3 = 0 + 3 1
= 0 + 3
= 3

2 a i = 15
ii = 15
iii = 45
b i 3 = 15
=
15
3

= 5
ii 3 = 5
=
5
3

=
2
1
3

iii 3 = 15
=
15
3

= 5
c i and ii
d i and iii
3 a

b It widens the graph, increasing the range.
c It shifts the graph to the right.
4 a

b

c

5 a i, since it has the smallest mean.
b The mean increases with time.
c The standard deviation increases with time.
6 a = 65, = 5
b

7 a mean translation of 20 units in the positive x-direction
Standard deviation dilation factor
1
2
from the x-axis
dilation factor 2 from the y-axis
b mean translation of 9 units in the positive x-direction
Standard deviation dilation factor 2 from the x-axis
dilation factor
1
2
from the y-axis
8 a Difference = 75 65
= 10

Difference
=
10
10

= 1
68%
Approximately 68% of the scores lie between 55 and 75.
b Difference = 85 65
= 20

Difference
=
20
10

= 2
2 95%
Approximately 95% of the scores lie between 45 and 85.
c Difference = 95 65
= 30

Difference
=
30
10

= 3
3 99.7%
Approximately 99.7% of the scores lie between 35 and 95.
d + = 75

68%. Therefore 32% of the scores lie outside of
the values. 16% of the scores will be greater than 75.
e 2 = 45

2 95%. Therefore 5% of the scores lie outside of
the 2 values. 2.5% of the scores will be less than 45.
f + 3 = 95

3 99.7%. Therefore 0.3% of the scores lie outside
of the 3 values. 0.15% of the scores are greater
than 95.
9 a + = 35

68%
16% of the values are above 35.
b + 2 = 40

2 95%
2.5% of the values are above 40.
c + 3 = 45

3 99.7%
0.15% of the values are above 45.
10 = 42, = 169
= 13

a + = 55
68%
68% of the values are between 29 and 55.
b + 2 = 68
2 95%
c + 3 = 81
3 99.7%
99.7% of the values are between 3 and 81.
d = 29
68%
16% of the values are below 29.
e + = 55
68%
16% of the values are above 55.
f 3 = 3
3 99.7%
0.15% of the values are below 3.
11 a 68%
= 40 12
= 28
+ = 40 + 12
= 52
b 2 95%
2 = 40 2 12
= 40 24
= 16
+ 2 = 40 + 2 12
= 40 + 24
= 64
95% for 16 X 64
c 3 99.7%
3 = 40 3 12
= 40 36
= 4
+ 3 = 40 + 3 12
= 40 + 36
= 76
99.7% of the values lie between 4 and 76.
12 a 68%
= 27.2 1.4
= 25.8
+ = 27.2 + 1.4
= 28.6
25.8 X 28.6
b 2 95%
2 = 27.2 2 1.4
= 27.2 2.8
= 24.4
+ 2 = 27.2 + 2 1.4
= 27.2 + 2.8
= 30.0
24.4 X 30.0
c 3 99.7%
3 = 27.2 3 1.4
= 27.2 4.2
= 23
+ 3 = 27.2 + 3 1.4
= 27.2 + 4.2
= 31.4
23 X 31.4

d

16% of the values lie above 28.6.
e

2.5% of the values lie above 30.
f

0.15% of the values lie above 31.4.
13 a = 16.6 0.6
= 16
+ = 16.6 + 0.6
= 17.2
16 X 17.2
b 2 = 16.6 1.2
= 15.4
+ 2 = 16.6 + 1.2
= 17.8
15.4 X 17.8
c 3 = 16.6 1.8
= 14.8
+ 3 = 16.6 + 1.8
= 18.4
14.8 X 18.4

d 16% of the values are below 16.
e 2.5% of the values are below 15.4.
f 0.15% of the values are below 14.8.
14 a

b i 50% 16%
= 34%
ii 50% 2.5%
= 47.5%
iii 50% 0.15%
= 49.85%
iv 100% 16% 2.5%
= 81.5%
15 a Pr(21 < X < 27) = 68%
Pr(24 < X < 27) = 34%
Pr(18 < X < 30) = 95%
Pr(18 < X < 24) = 47.5%
Pr(18 < X < 27) = Pr(18 < X < 24) + Pr(24 < X < 27)
= 47.5 + 34
= 81.5%
b Pr(18 < X < 30) = 95%
Pr(X > 30) = 2.5%
Pr(15 < X < 33) = 99.7%
Pr(X > 33) = 0.15%
Pr(30 < X < 33) = Pr(X > 30) Pr(X > 33)
= 2.5 0.15
= 2.35%
16 = 3 kg, = 0.36
= 0.6 kg
a = 3 0.6
= 2.4
+ = 3 + 0.6
= 3.6
2.4 kg X 3.6 kg
b 2 = 3 2 0.6
= 1.8
+ 2 = 3 + 2 0.6
= 4.2
1.8 kg X 4.2 kg
c 3 = 3 3 0.6
= 1.2
+ 3 = 3 + 3 0.6
= 4.8
1.2 kg X 4.8 kg
17 2 = 36 [1]
+ 2 = 60 [2]
[1] + [2] 2 = 96
= 48
Sub. = 48 into [2]
48 + 2 = 60
2 = 12
= 6
The mean is 48 and standard deviation is 6.
The answer is B.
18 The mean does not have to be greater than the standard
deviation for a normal distribution.
The answer is D.
19 3 = 19 [1]
+ 3 = 61 [2]
[1] + [2] 2 = 80
= 40
Sub. = 40 into [2]
40 + 3 = 61
3 = 21
= 7
The answer is C.
20 = 9, = 9
= 3
2 = 9 2 3
= 3
+ 2 = 9 + 2 3
= 15
3 X 15
The answer is C.
21 = 100, = 9
2 = 100 2 9
= 82
+ 2 = 100 + 2 9
= 118
82 X 118
The answer is B.
22 Time is a measured quantity.
The answer is B.
23 = 12, = 2
1.414
a = 12 1.414
= 10.586
+ = 12 + 1.414
= 13.414
10.59 X 13.41
b 2 = 12 2 1.414
= 9.172
+ 2 = 12 + 2 1.414
= 14.828
9.17 X 14.83
c 3 = 12 3 1.414
= 7.758
+ 3 = 12 + 3 1.414
= 16.242
7.76 X 16.24
Exercise 12F The standard normal distribution
1 a

Pr(Z 1) = normCdf (, 1, 0, 1)
= 0.8413
b

Pr(Z 1.5) = normCdf (1.5, , 0, 1)
= 0.0668
c

Pr(Z < 1.75) = normCdf (, 1.75, 0, 1)
= 0.0401
d

Pr(Z > 2.71) = normCdf (2.71, , 0, 1)
= 0.9966
e

Pr(0.42 < Z < 1.513) = normCdf (0.42, 1.513, 0, 1)
= 0.2721
f

Pr(1.6 < Z < 1.4) = normCdf (1.6, 1.4, 0, 1)
= 0.8644
2 a = 25, = 25
= 5
z =
x

=
40 25
5

=
15
5

= 3
b = 17, = 9
= 3
z =
x

=
12 17
3

=
5
3

c = 12, = 6.25
= 2.5
z =
x

=
15 12
2.5

=
3
2.5

= 1.2
3 = 9, = 3
a z =
x

=
10 9
3

=
1
3

b z =
x

=
7.5 9
3

=
1.5
3

= 0.5
c z =
x

=
12.4 9
3

=
3.4
3

= 1.133

4 a

Pr(X > 42) = normCdf (42, , 40, 7)
= 0.3874
b

Pr(X 30) = normCdf (30, , 40, 7)
= 0.9235
c

Pr(X < 45) = normCdf (, 45, 40, 7)
= 0.7623
d

Pr(X 27) = normCdf (, 27, 40, 7)
= 0.0317
e

Pr(25 X 45) = normCdf (25, 45, 40, 7)
= 0.7462
5 = 20, = 25
= 5
a Pr(X > 27) = normCdf (27, , 20, 5)
= 0.0808
b Pr(X 18) = normCdf (18, , 20, 5)
= 0.6554
c Pr(X 8) = normCdf (, 8, 20, 5)
= 0.0082
d normCdf (7, 12, 20, 5) = 0.0501
e Pr(X < 17 | X 25)
=
Pr( 17 25)
Pr( 25)
X X
X
<

=
Pr( 17)
Pr( 25)
X
X
<

=
normCdf ( ,17, 20,5)
normCdf ( , 25, 20,5)

=
0.2743
0.8413

= 0.3260
f Pr(X < 17 | X < )
=
Pr( 17 )
Pr( )
X X
X
< <
<

=
Pr( 17)
Pr( )
X
X
<
<

=
normCdf ( ,17, 20,5)
0.5

=
0.2743
0.5

= 0.5486
6 a Pr(Z < m) = 1 Pr(Z > m)
= 1 0.25
= 0.75
b Pr(Z > m) = Pr(Z < m) = 0.75
c Pr(Z < m) = Pr(Z > m) = 0.25
7 a Pr(a < Z < b) = Pr(Z b) Pr(Z < a)
= 0.62 0.16
= 0.46
b Pr(Z < a | Z < b) =
Pr( )
Pr( )
Z a
Z b
<
<

=
0.16
0.62

=
8
31

8 Pr(a < Z < b) = Pr(Z b) Pr(Z < a)
Pr(Z < a) = Pr(Z b) Pr(a < Z < b)
= 0.58 0.44
= 0.14
9 Pr(a < Z < b) = Pr(Z b) Pr(Z < a)
Pr(Z < a) = Pr(Z b) Pr(a < Z < b)
= 0.88 0.60
= 0.28
Pr(Z > a) = 0.72
10 a m =
x

=
30 36
4

=
6
4

=
3
2

Pr(X < 30) =
3
Pr
2
Z
| |
<
|
\ .

b z =
x

=
43 36
4

=
7
4

= 1.75
Pr(X > 43) = Pr(Z > 1.75)
By symmetry Pr(Z > 1.75) = Pr(Z < 1.75)
m = 1.75
11 = 125, = 11
a Pr(X > 140) = normCdf (140, , 125, 11)
= 0.0863
b Pr(X < 100) = normCdf (, 100, 125, 11)
= 0.0115
c Pr(100 < X < 140) = normCdf (100, 140, 125, 11)
= 0.9022
12 = 152, = 49
= 7
a Pr(X 159) = normCdf (159, , 152, 7)
= 0.1587
b Pr(X < 150) = normCdf (, 150, 152, 7)
= 0.3874
c Pr(145 < X < 159) = normCdf (145, 159, 152, 7)
= 0.6826
d Pr(140 < X < 160) = normCdf (140, 160, 152, 7)
= 0.8302
e Pr(145 < X < 150 | X > 140)
=
Pr((145 150) ( 140))
Pr( 140)
X X
X
< < >
>

=
Pr(145 150)
Pr( 140)
X
X
< <
>

=
normCdf (145,150,152, 7)
normCdf (140, ,152, 7)

=
0.2287
0.9567

= 0.2391
13 Pr(Z > 1.251) = normCdf (1.251, , 0, 1)
= 0.1054
The answer is A.
14 Pr(Z < 0.25) = normCdf (, 0.25, 0, 1)
= 0.4013
The answer is B.
15 z =
x

=
29 20
6

=
9
6

= 1.5
The answer is E.
16 = 1.4, = 0.1
Pr(X > 1.25) = normCdf (1.25, ,1.4, 0.1)
= 0.9332
The answer is E.
17 = 70, = 12
= 3.4641
Pr(X > 77) = normCdf (77, , 70, 12)
= 0.0217
The answer is A.
18 = 12, = 2
Pr(X < 9) = normCdf (, 9, 12, 2)
= 0.0668
The answer is A.
19 = 16, = 4
= 2
Pr(X > 11.5) = normCdf (11.5, ,16, 2)
= 0.9878
The answer is E.
20 = 1.000, = 0.006
Pr( 1.011| 1.004) X X < >
=
Pr(( 1.011) ( 1.004))
Pr( 1.004)
X X
X
< >
>

=
Pr(1.004 1.011)
Pr( 1.004)
X
X
< <
>

=
normCdf (1.004, 1.011, 1.000, 0.006)
normCdf (1.004, , 1.000, 0.006)

=
0.2189
0.2523

= 0.8676
21 a Pr(80 < X < 90) = normCdf (80, 90, 82, 5)
= 0.6006
b Pr(X > 90) = normCdf (90, , 82, 5)
= 0.0548
c Pr(X < 70) = normCdf (, 70, 82, 5)
= 0.0082
Pr(70 < X < 80) = normCdf (70, 80, 82, 5)
= 0.3364
See parts (a) and (b) for other probabilities.
Cost ($) 1.40 1.60 1.80 2.00
Probability 0.0082 0.3364 0.6006 0.0548
d Average Price = 1.4 0.0082 + 1.6 0.3364
+ 1.8 0.6006 + 2 0.0548
= $1.74
22 a = 6, = 0.03
Pr(5.93 X 6.07) = normCdf (5.93, 6.07, 6, 0.03)
= 0.9804
b E(X) = 1000 0.9804
= 980
23 a Pr(X < 27) = normCdf (10
10
, 27, 32, 4)
= 0.1056
b In 20 fish, he would expect 20 0.1056, that is, 2.11 to
be undersize.
He would take home 17 fish.
24 X N(171.2, 5.2
2
)
a i Pr(X > 168) = normCdf(168, , 171.2, 5.2)
= 0.7309
ii Pr(164 < X < 174) = normCdf(164, 174, 171.2, 5.2)
= 0.6218
iii Pr(X > 179 | X > 168) =
Pr(( 179) ( 168))
Pr( 168)
X X
X
> >
>

=
Pr( 179)
Pr( 168)
X
X
>
>

=
normCdf (179, , 171.2, 5.2)
0.7308

= 0.0914
b X Bi(10, 0.7308)
Pr(X = 6) =
10
6
C (0.7309)
6
(0.2692)
4

= 0.1679
25 X N(8.4, 1.8
2
)
a i Pr(X > 10) = normCdf(10, , 8.4, 1.8)
= 0.1870
ii Pr(X > 5 | X < 10.5) =
Pr(( 5) ( 10.5))
Pr( 10.5)
X X
X
> <
<

=
Pr(5 10.5)
Pr( 10.5)
X
X
< <
<

=
normCdf (5, 10.5, 8.4, 1.8)
normCdf ( , 10.5, 8.4, 1.8)

= 0.9665
b X Bi(5, 0.1870)
Pr(X 1) = 1 Pr(X = 0)
= 1
5
0
C (0.1870)
0
(0.8130)
5

= 0.6449

Exercise 12G The inverse cumulative
normal distribution
1 a

Pr(Z < c) = 0:9
c = invNorm (0.9, 0, 1)
= 1.282
b

Pr(Z < c) = 0.2
c = invNorm (0.2, 0, 1)
= 0.842
c

Pr(Z > c) = 0.54
Pr(Z < c) = 0.46
c = invNorm (0.46, 0, 1)
= 0.100
d

Pr(Z > c) = 0.45
Pr(Z < c) = 0.55
c = invNorm (0.55, 0, 1)
= 0.126
2 a

Each unshaded area =
1 0.6826
2

=
0.3174
2

= 0.1587
Pr(Z < c) = 1 0.1587
= 0.8413
c = invNorm (0.8413, 0, 1)
= 1
b

1 0.5
2

=
0.5
2

= 0.25
Pr(Z < c) = 1 0.25
= 0.75
c = invNorm (0.75, 0, 1)
= 0.675
c

1 0.2
2

=
0.8
2

= 0.4
Pr(Z < c) = 1 0.4
= 0.6
c = invNorm (0.6, 0, 1)
= 0.253
d

1 0.38
2

=
0.62
2

= 0.31
Pr(Z < c) = 1 0.31
= 0.69
c = invNorm (0.69, 0, 1)
= 0.496
3 a

Pr(Z < c) = 0.25
c = invNorm (0.25, 0, 1)
= 0.675
b

Pr(Z < c) = 0.4
c = invNorm (0.4, 0, 1)
= 0.253
c

Pr(Z < c) = 0.72
c = invNorm (0.72, 0, 1)
= 0.583
d

Pr(Z < c) = 0.995
c = invNorm (0.995, 0, 1)
= 2.576
4 a

Pr(X < x
1
) = 0.72
x
1
= invNorm (0.72, 10, 2)
= 11.166
b

Pr(X < x
1
) = 0.4
x
1
= invNorm (0.4, 10, 2)
= 9.493
c

Pr(X > x
1
) = 0.63
Pr(X < x
1
) = 0.37
x
1
= invNorm (0.37, 10, 2)
= 9.336
d

Pr(X > x
1
) = 0.2
Pr(X < x
1
) = 0.8
x
1
= invNorm (0.8, 10, 2)
= 11.683
5 a = 34, = 16 = 4

Pr(X > c) = 0.31
Pr(X < c) = 0.69
c = invNorm (0.69, 34, 4)
= 35.984
b

Pr(X < c) = 0.75
c = invNorm (0.75, 34, 4)
= 36.698
c

Pr(X < c) = 0.21
c = invNorm (0.21, 34, 4)
= 30.774
d

Pr(X > c) = 0.54
Pr(X < c) = 0.46
c = invNorm (0.46, 34, 4)
= 33.497

6 = 22, = 25
= 5
a

Find value of k by finding InvNorm (0.85, 22, 5) which
gives 27.182.
Therefore 22 + k = 27.182.
Hence, k = 5.182.
b

Find k by finding InvNorm (0.5 + 0.12, 22, 5) which
gives the X value whose area to the left is 0.62.
InvNorm (0.62, 22, 5) = 23.5274
22 + k = 23.5274
k = 1.527
c Pr(X < k | X < 23) = 0.32

Pr( 23)
Pr( 23)
X k X
X
< <
<
= 0.32

Pr( )
Pr( 23)
X k
X
<
<
= 0.32
Pr(X < k) = 0.32 Pr(X < 23)
= 0.32 Pr
23 22
5
Z
| |
<
|
\ .

= 0.32 Pr(Z < 0.2)
= 0.32 0.5793
= 0.185 376 0.1854

Pr(X < k) = 0.1854
k = invNorm (0.1854, 22, 5)
= 17.525
7 Pr(Z c) = 0.8
InvNorm (0.8, 0, 1) = 0.8416
The answer is E.
8

Pr(Z < z
1
) = 0.7
InvNorm (0.7, 0, 1) = 0.5244
c = 0.5244
The answer is A.
9

Pr(1.2 < Z < k) = 0.4
Pr(Z < k) Pr(Z < 1.2) = 0.4
Pr(Z < k) normCdf (, 1.2, 0, 1) = 0.4
Pr(Z < k) 0.1151 = 0.4
Pr(Z < k) = 0.5151
k = invNorm (0.5151, 0, 1)
= 0.038
The answer is C.
10 Pr(Z < z) = 0.35
Z = invNorm (0.35, 0, 1)
= 0.385

The answer is B.
11 Pr(Z < k | Z < 0.5) = 0.6

Pr( 0.5)
Pr( 0.5)
Z k Z
Z
< <
<
= 0.6

Pr( )
Pr( 0.5)
Z k
Z
<
<
= 0.6
Pr(Z < k) = 0.6 Pr(Z < 0.5)
= 0.6 0.6915
= 0.4149

k = invNorm (0.4149, 0, 1)
k = 0.215
The answer is A.
12 Pr(X < k) = 0.6
k = invNorm (0.6, 20, 4)
= 21.013
The answer is D.
13 = 12, = 4 = 2

Pr(X > k) = 0.82
Pr(X < k) = 0.18
k = invNorm (0.18, 12, 2)
k = 10.1692
The answer is B.
14 = 160, = 8
a Pr(X < x
1
) = 0.95

Pr(X < x
1
) = 0.95
x
1
= invNorm (0.95, 160, 8)
x
1
= 173.159
This is approximately 173.16 cm tall.
b Pr(X > x
1
) = 0.8
or Pr(X < x
1
) = 0.2
x
1
= invNorm (0.2, 160, 8)
x
1
= 153.2672
Luisa is approximately 153.27 cm tall.
15 = 45, = 0.5
a Pr(X < x
1
) = 0.2
x
1
= invNorm (0.2, 45, 0.5)
x
1
= 44.5792
Therefore the minimum length of nails is 44.58 mm.
b Pr(X > x
1
) = 0.2
or Pr(X < x
1
) = 0.8

x
1
= invNorm (0.8, 45, 0.5)
x
1
= 45.4208
Therefore the maximum nail length is 45.42 mm.
16 = 50, = 2
Pr(X < x
1
) = 0.25
x
1
= invNorm (0.25, 50, 2)
x
1
= 48.65
The qualifying time is 48.65 seconds, or less.
17 = 20
Pr(X 19) = 0.7

Pr(Z < z
2
) = 0.7
z
2
= 0.5244
z
1
= 0.5244
z
1
=
1
x

0.5244 =
19 20

0.5244 = 1
=
1
0.5244

= 1.907
The standard deviation is 1.907.
18 = 50
Pr(X < 48) = 0.4

Pr(Z < z
2
) = 0.6
z
2
= 0.2533
z
1
= 0.2533
z
1
=
1
x

0.2533 =
48 50

0.2533 = 2
=
2
0.2533

= 7.896
The standard deviation is 7.896.
19 = 500
Pr(X < 485) = 0.1

Pr(Z < z
2
) = 0.9
z
2
= 1.2816
z
1
= 1.2816
z
1
=
1
x

1.2816 =
485 500

1.2816 = 15
=
15
1.2816

= 11.704
The standard deviation is 11.704 grams.
20 = 16
= 4
Pr(X 17) = 0.99


Pr(Z < z
2
) = 0.99
z
2
= 2.3263
z
1
= 2.3263
z
1
=
1
x

2.3263 =
17
4

9.3052 = 17
= 17 + 9.3052
= 26.3052
The mean is 26.305.
21 = 3
Pr(X 27) = 0.35
or Pr(X < 27) = 0.65

Pr(Z < z
1
) = 0.65
z
1
= 0.3853
z
1
=
1
x

0.3853 =
27
3

1.1559 = 27
= 27 1.1559
= 25.8441
The mean is 25.844.
22 Pr(X < 240) = 0.7

Pr(Z < z
1
) = 0.7
z
1
= 0.5244
z
1
=
1
x

0.5244 =
240
30

15.732 = 240
= 240 15.732
= 224.268
The mean puzzle completion time is 224.27 seconds or
3 min 44.27 seconds.
23 X N(1.5, 0.2
2
)
a For large watermelons: Pr(X > x
1
) = 0.15
Pr(X < x
1
) = 0.85
x
1
= invNorm(0.85, 1.5, 0.2)
= 1.7 kg
If a watermelon is 1.7 kg or heavier, it is classified as large.
b For small watermelons: Pr(X < x
2
) = 0.15
x
2
= invNorm(0.15, 1.5, 0.2)
= 1.3 kg.
Therefore a medium watermelon is between 1.3 and
1.7 kg in weight.
24 X N(54, 8
2
)
a To achieve an A: Pr(X > x
1
) = 0.1
Pr(X < x
1
) = 0.9
x
1
= invNorm(0.9, 54, 8)
= 64.3
Therefore the least mark required to achieve an A is 64.
b To fail: Pr(X < x
2
) = 0.1
x
2
= invNorm(0.1, 54, 8)
= 43.7
Therefore if a student scores 44 or less, they will fail
the test.
Chapter review
Short answer
1 a When x = 0, f(0) = 4
When x =
1
,
2

1
2
f
| |
|
\ .
= 0

b f(x) 0
Area beneath f(x) = 1, so f(x) may be a pdf.
2 a When x = 0, f(0) = 0
When x = 4, f(4) = 2

f(x) 0

1
4
2
0
d x x

=
4
3
2
0
2
3
x
(
(
(
(

=
1
5
3

Area beneath the curve is not equal to 1, so f(x) is not a pdf.
b
1
4
2
0
d ax x
= 1

4
3
2
0
2
3
ax
(
(
(
(

= 1

16
3
a
= 1
a =
3
16

c f(x) = x a x 4
Find a for f(x) to be a pdf.

1
4
2
d
a
x x
= 1

4
3
2
2
3
a
x
(
(
(
(

= 1

3
2
16 2
3 3
a
= 1

13
3
=
3
2
2
3
a

13
2
=
3
2
a
a =
2
3 13
2
| |
|
\ .

3 a Pr
6
X
| |
<
|
\ .
=
6
0
sin(2 ) d x x

=
6
0
1
cos(2 )
2
x
(

=
1 1
cos 2 cos(0)
2 6 2
| | | |

| |
\ . \ .

=
1 1
cos
2 3 2
| |
+
|
\ .

=
1 1 1
2 2 2
+
=
1
4

b Pr |
6 3
X X
| |
< <
|
\ .
=
Pr
4 3
Pr
3
X X
X

| | | | | |
< <
| | |
\ . \ . \ .
| |
<
|
\ .

=
Pr
4
Pr
3
X
X
| |
<
|
\ .
| |
<
|
\ .

Pr
3
X
| |
<
|
\ .
=
3
0
sin(2 ) d x x

=
3
0
1
cos(2 )
2
x
(

=
1 1
cos 2 cos(0)
2 3 2
| | | |

| |
\ . \ .

=
1 2 1
cos
2 3 2
| |
+
|
\ .

=
1 1 1
2 2 2
+
=
3
4

Pr |
6 3
X X
| |
< <
|
\ .
=
1
4
3
4

=
1
3

4 a Pr(1.5 < X < 2) = 0.5 Pr(X < 1.5)
=
0.5 0.5
0.5
2

=
1 1
2 8

=
3
8

b Pr(X < 2.5) = 0.5 + Pr(2 < X < 2.5)
= 0.5 + Pr(1.5 < X < 2) (by symmetry)
=
1 3
2 8
+
=
7
8

c the mode is the highest point and occurs where the two
graphs meet at x = 2, therefore the mode = 2
d the median is the middle value and as the graph is
symmetrical, therefore the median is 2.
5 a
4
0
d k x x
= 1

4
2
0
2
x
k
(
(

= 1
= k(8 0) = 1
k =
1
8

b =
4
2
0
1
d
8
x x

=
4
3
0
1
8 3
x
(
(

=
1 64
0
8 3
| |
|
\ .

=
8
3

c
0
1
d
8
m
x x
= 0.5

2
0
1
8 2
m
x
(
(

= 0.5

2
1
0
8 2
m
| |
|
|
\ .
= 0.5

2
16
m
=
1
2

m
2
= 8
m = 8 or 8
As x [0, 4], therefore, m = 8.
d The mode where the highest point of the graph is. As this
is an increasing function, the mode will be equal to 4.
6 a If the rice is not ready at X = 5.5 minutes then it needs
more time of cook.
=
6
5.5
1
d
2
x

=
6
5.5
1
2
x
(
(

=
5.5
3
2

= 0.25
b 4 minutes and 36 seconds = 4.6 minutes
5 minutes and 15 seconds = 5.25 minutes
=
5.25
4.6
1
d
2
x

=
5.25
4.6
1
2
x
(
(

= 0.325
c
4
1
d
2
a
x
= 0.9

4
1
2
a
x
(
(

= 0.9

1
2
2
a = 0.9
a = 5.8
5 minutes and 48 seconds
7 a

b

c

8 a = 30, = 8

b = 8, = 2

c = 100, = 10

9 Mean translation of 22 units in the positive x-direction
Standard deviation dilation factor of
1
3
from the x-axis
dilation factor of 3 from the y-axis
10 = 60, = 9
a Pr(51 < X < 69)
= normalcdf(51, 69, 60, 9)
= 0.6827
Therefore approximately 68% of sleepers are between
51 kg and 69 kg
b Pr(42 < X < 78)
= normalcdf(42, 78, 60, 9)
= 0.9544
Therefore approximately 95% are between 42 kg and
78 kg.
c Pr(33 < X < 87)
= normalcdf(33, 87, 60, 9)
= 0.9973
Therefore approximately 99.7% are between 33 kg and
87 kg.
11 a = 19.6 3.1
= 16.5
+ = 19.6 + 3.1
= 22.7
16.5 X 22.7
b 2 = 19.6 2 3.1
= 13.4
+ 2 = 19.6 + 2 3.1
= 25.8
13.4 X 25.8
c 3 = 19.6 3 3.1
= 10.3
+ 3 = 19.6 + 3 3.1
= 28.9
10.3 X 28.9
d 16% are above +
= 22.7
e 2.5% are above + 2
= 25.8
f 0.15% are above + 3
= 28.9
12 a = 22, = 6
z =
26 22
6

=
4
6

=
2
3

b = 16, = 4
z =
18 16
4

=
2
4

= 0.5
c = 50.9, = 10
z =
56 50.9
10

=
5.1
10

= 0.51
13 a Pr(Z < p) = 1 Pr(Z > p)
= 1 0.72
= 0.28
b Pr(Z > p) = Pr(Z < p)
= 0.28
14 a Pr(a < Z < b) = Pr(Z b) Pr(Z < a)
Pr(Z < a) = Pr(Z b) Pr(a < Z < b)
= 0.81 0.44
= 0.37
b Pr(Z > a) = Pr(Z > b) + Pr(a < Z < b)
= 0.36 + 0.24
= 0.60
Pr(Z < a) = 0.40
15 a m =
x

=
33 27
3

=
6
3

= 2
Pr(X < 30) = Pr(Z < 2)
b z =
x

=
22.5 27
3

=
4.5
3

= 1.5
Pr(X > 22.5) = Pr(Z > 1.5)
By symmetry Pr(Z > 1.5) = Pr(Z < 1.5)
m = 1.5
16 a Pr(X > 80) =
80 72
Pr
8
Z
| |
>
|
\ .

= Pr(Z > 1)
= 1 Pr(Z < 1)
= 1 0.84
= 0.16
b Pr(64 < X < 72) =
64 72
Pr 0
8
Z
| |
< <
|
\ .

= Pr(1 < Z < 0)
= 0.34
c Pr(X < 64 | X < 72) =
Pr( 64)
Pr( 72)
X
X
<
<

=
Pr( 1)
Pr( 0)
Z
Z
<
<

=
0.16
0.5

= 0.32
Multiple choice
1 II and III cannot be pdfs because they are not positive over
their given domain.
I
1
3
0
3dx

= [ ]
1
3
0
3x
= 1
I is the only possible pdf.
The answer is A.
2 2 sin(4x)a x b
Period =
2

Sine function is positive
3
0, , , ,
4 2 4
| | | |
| |
\ . \ .

3
4
2
2sin(4 ) d x x

= 1
The answer is D.
3
2
2
1
d
a
x
x
= 1

2
1
a
x
(
(

= 1

2
a
a
| |

|
\ .
= 1

2
a
= 1
a = 2
The answer is C.
4 Pr(X > 1.2) =
2
1.2
2
(4 )d
5
x x

=
1.2
1
2
1 (4 )d
5
x x

The answer is C.
5 Pr(X < a) = 0.625

0
1
d
4
a
x
= 0.625
[ ]
0
0.25
a
x = 0.625
0.25a 0 = 0.625
a = 2.5
The answer is C.
6 Mean of X =
4
2
1
4
d
3
x x x

=
4
1
1
4
d
3
x x

=
4
1
4
log | |
3
e
x
(
(

=
4 4
log (4) log (1)
3 3
e e

=
4
(log (4))
3
e

1.8484
The answer is A.
7
2
1
4
d
3
m
x x
=
1
2

1
1
4
3
m
x
(

=
1
2

4 4
3 3 m
| |

|
\ .
=
1
2

4 4
3 3 m
+ =
1
2

4
3m
=
5
6

24 = 15m
m =
24
15

=
8
5

The answer is B.
8 The graph is decreasing over the given interval, so the
maximum value occurs at the left-hand end of the domain.
The mode is 1.
The answer is D.
9 Var(X) = E(X
2
)
2

=
2
4
2 2
1
4 4
d log (4)
3 3
e
x x x
| |

|
\ .

=
2
4
1
4 4
d log (4)
3 3
e
x
| |
|
\ .

=
4 2
1
4 4
log (4)
3 3
e
x
( | |
| (
\ .

The answer is E.
10 Pr(X > 15) = 1 Pr(X < 15)
=
15
0.3
0
1 0.3 d
x
e x

=
15
0.3
0
1
x
e
(

= 1 (e
4.5
e
0
)
= (1 + e
4.5
1)
= 0.0111
The answer is D.

11 Pr(X > 15 | X > 10) =
Pr( 15)
Pr( 10)
X
X
>
>

Pr(X > 10) = 1 Pr(X < 10)
=
10
0
1 ( )d f x x

= 0.0498
Pr(X > 15 | X > 10) =
0.0111
0.0498

= 0.2231
The answer is A.
12 + 2 = 74 [1]
2 = 26 [2]
[1] + [2]: 2 = 100
= 50
So 50 + 2 = 74
2 = 24
= 12
The answer is E.
13 = 27, = 4
+ 2 = 27 + 2 4
= 35
2 = 27 2 4
= 19
95% lie between 19 X 35
The answer is D.
14 As both graphs are symmetrical about the same value,
therefore
1
=
2
. The wider the graph, the greater the
standard deviation,
2
>
1
.
The answer is D.
15 Pr(X > 24) = Pr
x
Z
| |
>
|
\ .

=
24 20
Pr
4
Z
| |
>
|
\ .

= Pr(Z > 1)
This isnt one of the options, but by symmetry
Pr(Z > 1) = Pr(Z < 1).
Therefore the answer is C.
16 Pr(Z > 1.111) = 1 Pr(Z < 1.111)
= 1 0.8667
= 0.1333
The answer is A.
17 z =
x

=
22 16
5

=
6
5

= 1.2
The answer is D.
18 = 1.4, = 0.25
Pr(X 1.6) =
1.6 1.4
Pr
0.25
Z
| |
|
\ .

= Pr(Z 0.8)
= 1 Pr(Z < 0.8)
= 1 0.7881
= 0.2119
The answer is C.
19 = 8, = 2
Pr(X < 9.25) =
9.25 8
Pr
2
Z
| |
<
|
\ .

= Pr(Z < 0.625)
= 0.7340
The answer is C.
20 = 13, = 4
Pr(Z < z
1
) = 0.71
z
1
= 0.5534
z
1
=
k

0.5534 =
13
4
k

2.2136 = k 13
k = 15.2136
The answer is C.
Extended response
1 a i More than 10 minutes
= 1 Pr(X < 10)
=
10
0.09
0
1 0.09 d
x
e x

=
10
0.09
0
1
x
e
(

=
0.9 0
1 ( ) e e

= e
0.9

= 0.4066
ii More than 20 minutes
= 1 Pr(X < 20)
=
20
0.09
0
1 0.09 d
x
e x

=
20
0.09
0
1
x
e
(

= e
1.8

= 0.1653
iii More than half an hour
= 1 Pr(X < 30)
=
30
0.09
0
1 0.09 d
x
e x

=
30
0.09
0
1
x
e
(

= e
2.7

= 0.0672
b Pr(X < 45 | (X 20))
=
Pr(20 45)
Pr( 20)
X
X
<

Pr(20 X < 45)
=
45
0.09
20
0.09 d
x
e x

=
45
0.09
20
x
e

= 0.1479

Pr(20 45)
Pr( 20)
X
X
<
=
0.1479
0.1653

0.8946
c
0.09
0
0.09 d
a
x
e x
= 0.95

0.09
0
a
x
e

= 0.95
e
0.09a
+ 1 = 0.95
0.05 = e
0.09a

log
e
(0.05) = 0.09 a
a =
log (0.05)
0.09
e

a = 33.3 minutes
33.3 minutes prior to 7.00 pm to the nearest minute
is 6.26 pm.
d Pr(call is less than 10 minutes)
= 1 0.4066
= 0.5934
Pr(call is between 10 and 20 minutes) = 0.2413
Pr(call is between 20 and 30 minutes) = 0.0981
Pr(call is greater than 30 minutes)
= 0.0672
Expected cost
= 60 0.5934 + 140 0.2413 + 200 0.0981 + 250
0.0672
= $1.06 to the nearest cent.
2 a = 50
Pr(47 < X < 53) = 0.9
or Pr(X < 47) = Pr(X > 53) =
0.1
2

= 0.05
(As symmetrical about mean)
if Pr(X < 47) = 0.05

Pr(Z < z
2
) = 0.95
z
2
= 1.645
z
1
= 1.645
z
1
=
1
x

1.645 =
47 50

=
3
1.645

= 1.823
The standard deviation is approximately 1.82 cm.
b From part a Pr(X > 53) = 0.05
The percentage of oversize laces is 5%.
c Pr(X < 47) = 0.05
The percentage of undersize laces is 5%.
d Pr(47 < X < 53 | X > 47)
=
Pr(47 53 47)
Pr( 47)
X X
X
< < >
>

=
Pr(47 53)
Pr( 47)
X
X
< <
>

=
0.9
0.95
(From part a)
= 0.9474
3 a Pr(X < 180) = 0.8

Pr(Z < z
1
) = 0.8
z
1
= 0.842
z
1
=
1
x

0.842 =
180
20

16.84 = 180
= 180 16.84
= 163.16
The mean is approximately 163.2 seconds.
b Pr(X > 210)
= normalcdf (210, 10
10
, 163.2, 20)
= 0.0096
c Pr(150 < X < 210)
= normalcdf (150, 210, 163.2, 20)
= 0.7357
d Pr(X > x
1
) = 0.9
or Pr(X < x
1
) = 0.1
invNorm (0.1, 163.2, 20) = 137.5
Therefore 90% of students read the page in 137.5 seconds
or more.
4 = 18 mm, = 1 mm
a Pr(X > 20.5) = normCdf (20.5, , 18, 1)
= 0.0062
b Pr(X < 19) = normCdf (, 19, 18, 1)
= 0.8413
c Pr(X > 19 | X < 20.5)
=
Pr(( 19) 20.5))
Pr(
X X
X
> ( <
< 20.5)

=
Pr(19 20.5)
Pr 20.5
X
X
< <
<

=
normCdf (19, 20.5, 18, 1)
normCdf ( , 20.5, 18, 1)

=
0.152 45
0.993 79

= 0.1534
5 = 28 cm
a Pr(X > 25) = 0.9
Pr(X < 25) = 0.1
Pr(Z < z
1
) = 0.1
z
1
= invNorm (0.1, 0, 1)
= 1.2816
z
1
=
1
x

1.2816 =
25 28

1.2816 = 3
=
3
1.2816

= 2.3408
The standard deviation is 2.34 cm.
b Pr(X > 30) = normcdf (30, , 28, 2.34)
= 0.1964
c Pr(X < x
1
) = 0.3
x
1
= invNorm (03, 28, 2.34)
= 26.77
The maximum length of fish that must be returned is
26.77 cm.
6 a Pr(X < 2.5) =
2.5
3
1
4
( 1) d
81
x x

= 0.0625
b =
4
3
1
4
( 1) d
81
x x x

= 3.4
c median:
3
1
4
( 1) d
81
m
x x
=
1
2

Solve
3
1
4
( 1) d
81
m
x x
=
1
2
for m
m = 1.523, 3.523

As 1 < x < 4, m = 3.523
= 3 hours, 31 minutes
7 a Pr(X < 50) = 0.2
Pr(Z < z) = 0.2
z = invNorm (0.2, 0, 1)
= 0.8416
z =
x

0.8416 =
50 60

= 11.9
b

c Pr(T < 1.25) =
1.25
3 2
1
4 24 44 24 d t t t t +

= 0.191
d X Bi(5, 0.809)
Pr(X = 4) =
5 4 1
4
(0.809) (0.191) C
= 0.41
e Solve
3 2
1
1
4 24 44 24 d
2
m
t t t t + =
, m.
Median, m = 1.4588 as 1 t 2
= 88 minutes
Exam practice 4
Short answer
1 There is 68% of the data within two standard deviations
( 7) of the mean (30), so based on symmetry approximately
34% of students will score between 30 and 37.
2 Pr(A) =
1
6
and Pr(B) =
1
4

A A
B

1
4

B

3
4

1
6

5
6
1
a Calculate Pr(A B) if Pr(A B) =
1
10
.
A A
B
1
10

1
4

B

3
4

1
6

5
6
1
Pr(A B) =
1 1
6 10

=
1
15

b Calculate Pr(A | B) if Pr(A B) =
1
10
.
A A
B
1
10

1
4

B
1
15

3
4

1
6

5
6
1
Pr(A | B) =
Pr( )
Pr( )
A B
B

=
1
15
3
4
=
1 4
15 3

=
4
45

c Calculate Pr(A B) if A and B are mutually exclusive
events.
A A
B
0
1
4

B

3
4

1
6

5
6
1
Pr(A B) =
1
0
6

=
1
6

d Calculate Pr(A B) if A and B are independent events.
A A
B

1
4

B

3
4

1
6

5
6
1
For independent events Pr(A B) = Pr(A) Pr(B)
=
1 1
6 4
=
1
24

Pr(A B) =
1 1
6 24
=
1
8

3

a Overall percentage of baskets = 0.7 0.8 + 0.3 0.6
= 0.56 + 0.18
= 0.74
= 74%
b Probability of win given basket =
0.56
0.74
=
28
37

4 a
C
1
B
1

C
2
0.75 0.40
B
2
0.25 0.60
so T =
0.75 0.40
0.25 0.60
(
(

b S =
Initial proportion of coffee purchasers
Initial proportion of biscotti purchasers
(
(

=
0.9
0.4
(
(

c Pr(Coffee on Tuesday) = 0.75 0.9 + 0.4 0.4
= 0.675 + 0.16
= 0.835
d
4
0.75 0.40 0.9
0.25 0.60 0.4
( (
( (

Multiple choice
1 To compare graphs the standard deviation is needed.

2
= 4, = 2

2
= 0.25, = 0.5
So one variable has four times the spread of the other.
95% of the data of one covers 8 units, 95% of the other
covers 2 units.
Options B and E are consistent with this. The area under the
graph should equal 1 so as the width of the distribution
increases, its height must decrease.
The answer is E.
2 X Bi
1
7,
5
| |
|
\ .

Pr (X = 3) =
3 4
7 1 4
3 5 5
| || | | |
| | |
\ . \ . \ .

The answer is B.
3
x 0 1 2 3 4
Pr(X = x) 0.1 0.1 0.4 0.3 0.1
E(X) = 0 1 + 1 0.1 + 2 0.4 + 3 0.3 + 4 0.1
= 0.1+ 0.8 + 0.9 + 0.4
= 2.2
E(X
2
) = 0
2
1 + 1
2
0.1 + 2
2
0.4 + 3
2
0.3 + 4
2
0.1
= 0.1 + 1.6 + 2.7 + 1.6
= 6.0
Var(X) = E(X
2
) [E(X)]
2
= 6.0 2.2
2
= 1.16
SD(X) = Var( ) X = 1.16
= 1.077 1.08
The answer is C.
4 f(x) =
2
3 if [ 1, 3]
0 elsewhere
ax x

For a continuous random variable
3
1
( )d f x x
= 1.

3
2
1
( 3) d ax x
= 1

3
3
1
3
3
ax
x
(

= 1
9 9 3
3
a
a
| |
+
|
\ .
= 1

28
12
3
a
= 1
a =
39
28

The answer is B.
5 X N(12, 0.25
2
)
z =
x

=
12.5 12
0.25

=
0.5
0.25

= 2
Pr(X < 12.5) = Pr(Z < 2)
= Pr(Z > 2)
The answer is A.
Or Pr(X < 12.5) = Pr(Z < 2)
= 1 Pr(Z > 2)
The answer is D.
So D or A
Extended response
1 f : R R where f(x) =
2
2
2
x
e

a On a calculator page, complete the entry line as:
Define f(x) =
2
2
2
x
e

i f(2) = 0.054
ii f(1) = 0.242
b

c Use the defined function to determine a set of values.
x f(x)
0 0.3989
0.25 0.3867
0.5 0.3521
0.75 0.3011
1 0.2420
Area
L
= (0.3989 + 0.3867 + 0.3521 + 0.3011) 0.25
= 0.3597 sq units
Area
R
= (0.3867 + 0.3521 + 0.3011+ 0.242) 0.25
= 0.3205 sq units
d Pr(1 < X < 1) 0.3597 2
0.7194 (left rectangular)
Pr(1 < X < 1) 0.3205 2
0.6410 (right rectangular)
e On a calculator page, complete the entry line as:

1
1
( )d f x x
(Note: f(x) was defined in part a.)

Integrating f(x) over the interval [1, 1] gives:
A = 0.6827 sq. units

f f(x) =
2
2
2
x
e

2 4 6 8
1
2 8 48 384
2
x x x x
+ +

2 4 6 8
1
1
2 8 48 384 2
x x x x
| |
+ +
|
|
\ .

x f(x) g(x)
0 0.3989 0.3989
0.5 0.3521 0.3521
1 0.2420 0.2421
1.5 0.1295 0.1345
2 0.0540 0.1330
From this table of values, it can be seen that g(x) is a very good approximation to f(x),
only differing once x reaches 2.
g

As can be seen from the plotted points, the two graphs are almost indistinguishable, with the
exception that at 2 and 2 the value of g(x) is 0.1330 whereas the value of f(x) is 0.0540.
h
2 4 6 8
1
1
1
1 d
2 8 48 384 2
x x x x
x
| |
+ +
|
|
\ .

=
1
3 5 7 9
1
1
6 40 336 3456 2
x x x x
x
(
+ +
(

=
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1
6 40 336 3456 6 40 336 3456 2
| | | | | |
+ + + +
| | |
\ . \ . \ .

=
2 1 1 1 1
1
6 40 336 3456 2
| |
+ +
|
\ .

= 0.6827
S o l u t i o n s t o i n v e s t i g a t i o n s MM1 2 363
Chapter 1
Investigation Quartics and beyond
Answers will vary for this investigation. Some guidance is
provided.
2 When the value for n is even, the curve starts from the top
left.
3 When the value for n is odd, the curve starts from the
bottom left.
4 If the sum of the values for n, m and p is even, that is,
n + m + p is even, the curve starts from the top left.
If n + m + p is odd, the curve starts from the bottom left.
Chapter 2
Investigation Goal accuracy
1
1
x

1
2

1
3

1
4

1
5

1
6

1
7
1
8

1
9

1
10

y 8 6 3 4 3 1 2 2 1

Gradient using
1
, 1
10
| |
|
\ .
and
1
, 8
2
| |
|
\ .
:
m
8 1
1 1
2 10

7
0.4
=
= 17.5
y =
17.5
b
x
+
Substitute (2, 8): 8 =
17.5
b
x
+
b = 0.75
y =
17.5
x
0.75
Chapter 9
Investigation Definite integrals
1 Because the upper and lower limits are the same the definite
integral will be zero.
2 a =
[ ]
4 4
2
1 1
2 d x x
x
=

= 4
2
1
2

= 15
b
[ ] [ ]
2 4 2 4
2 2
1 2 1 2
2 d 2 d x x x x
x x
+ = +

= (4 1) + (16 4)
= 15
c The answers are the same.
3 a
4
4
2
1
1
1
2 d 2
2
x x x
(
=
(

= 2
16 1
2 2
| |
|
\ .

= 15
b Answers are the same.
4 a
3
3
2 2 3
0
0
1
(2 ) d
3
x x x x x
(
+ = +
(

2 3 2 3
1 1
3 3 0 0
3 3
| | | |
= + +
| |
\ . \ .

= 18
b
3
3 3 3
2 2 3
0 0 0
0
1
2 d d
3
x x x x x x
(
(
+ = +
(

= (9 0) +
1 1
27 0
3 3
| |

|
\ .

= 18
c Answers are the same.
5 a
3 3
2
1 1
2 d x x x
(
=

= 3
2
1
2

= 8
b
1 1
2
3 3
2 d x x x
(
=

= 1
2
3
2
= 8
c One answer is the negative of the other.
Chapter 11
Investigation Winning at racquetball!
1 Denis beats Glenn in ratio of 5 : 2 so the probability that
Denis wins is
5
7
.
a Binomial distribution with n = 8 and p =
5
7
.
b
8
C
5
5 3
5 2
7 7
| | | |
| |
\ . \ .
= 0.2429
c Pr(X 6) = 1 [Pr(X = 7) + Pr(X = 8)]
= 1
7 1 8 0
8 8
7 8
5 2 5 2
7 7 7 7
C C
(
| | | | | | | |
+ (
| | | |
\ . \ . \ . \ . (

= 1 0.216 83 0.067 76
= 0.7154
d Pr(Glenn wins)
2
7
=
Pr(X 6) = Pr(X = 6) + Pr(X = 7) + Pr(X = 8)
=
6 2 7 8
8 8 2 5 2 5 2
6 7 7 7 7 7 7
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
+ +
| | | | | | |
\ . \ . \ . \ . \ . \ . \ .

= 0.007 77+ 0.000 888 + 0.000 04
= 0.0087
2 a Pr(G, D, G, D, D, G, D, D) =
2
7

5
7

2
7

5
7

5
7

2
7

5
7

5
7
Solutions to investigations
MM1 2 364 S o l u t i o n s t o i n v e s t i g a t i o n s

=
3 5
2 5
7 7
| | | |
| |
\ . \ .

= 0.0152
b Question 2 a is for a specific combination whereas 1 b is for all combinations of Glenn winning three games.
Chapter 12
Investigation Sunflower stems
1 = 75 cm, = 8 cm
a

Using the graphics calculator:
InvNorm (0.9, 75, 8) = 85.252
An A grade sunflower must be at least 85.252 cm.
b InvNorm(0.8, 75, 8) = 81.732
Therefore B grade flowers lie between 81.732 cm and 85.252 cm.
c InvNorm(0.7, 75, 8) = 79.195
C grade flowers lie between 79.195 cm and 81.732 cm.

Maths Quest Methods Solutions Y11

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Maths Quest Methods Solutions Y11

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First published 2010 by

John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd

(x + 3)(x 2)(3x 2)(2x + 3) = y

3.33 2 1 0.33 0.2 0.125 0.1

. This is not one of the

is the x-intercept. This is

< x < and so both cos(x) and

< x < 2, 4th quadrant

units to the left.

units to the left.

units left and 1 unit up.

units to the right

, sin(x) = 1 and x sin(x) =

< < < <

to , f(x) = sin(x), g(x) = cos(x)

, f(x) = cos(x), g(x) = sin(x)

This is not one of the options so

(Note: f(x) was defined in part a.)

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