LOADS

wrt TIME

wrt DIRECTION OF LOADS

wrt AREA

STATIC

DYNAMIC

CONCENTRATED

DISTRIBUTED

NORMAL

SHEAR

BEARING ON A STATIONARY SHAFT DEAD LOAD LOAD IS CONSTANT WRT TO TIME .

STATIC
WHICH VARIES SLOWLY TO ITS MAXIMUM MAGNITUDE AND THEN REMAIN CONSTANT. GRADUALLY APPLIED LOAD GENERALLY LOAD VARIES TO ITS MAXIMUM MAGNITUDE IN 0 TO 1 SEC THEN REMAIN CONSTANT .

(QUICKLY) WHICH ARE ACTING IN SHORT INTERVAL OF TIME TOWARD MAXIMUM MAGNITUDE.

IMPACT /SHOCK LOAD

WHEN ANY MASS IS DROPPED FROM SOME HEIGHT ON OTHER BODY , THEN LOAD APPLIED ON OTHER BODY IS IMPACT LOAD .

DYNAMIC

FATIGUE /CYCLIC LOAD

WHOSE MAGNITUDE OR DIRECTION or BOTH MAGNITUDE AND DIRECTION CHANGE wrt TIME AND THESE LOADS ARE REPEATEDLY APPLIED wrt TIME
IT IS ALSO SAME AS IMPACT LOAD , BUT THE DIFFERNCE IS THAT , THE LOAD APPLIED ON OTHER BODY IS NOW FROM NEGLIGIBLE HEIGHT . ( STRESS = 2* STRESS IN CASE OF GRADUALLY APPLIED LOAD i.e (W/A) )

SUDDENLY APPLIED LOAD

WHEN THE CUTTING TOOL JUST TOUCHES THE ROTATING WORKPIECE .

IMPACT LOAD = WHEN h (height of impact) has some value. SUDDEN LOAD = WHEN h is very small or negligible.

a) Straight two-force member AB is in equilibrium under application of F and -F. b) Internal forces equivalent to F and -F are required for equilibrium of free-bodies AC and CB.

A to B UNIFORMLY DISTRIBUTED LOAD. B to C UNIFORMLY VARYING LOAD.

BEAMS

CLASSIFICATION OF BEAMS TAKING OTHER FACTORS (a) STATICALLY DETERMINATE OR INDETERMINATE Statically determinate - Equilibrium conditions sufficient to compute reactions. Statically indeterminate - Deflections (Compatibility conditions) along with equilibrium
equations should be used to find out reactions. OR

STATICALLY DETERMINATE STRUCTURE No. of unknowns <= no. of equilibrium equations, otherwise STATICALLY INDTERMINATE STRUCTURE

(b) CROSS -SECTION - I,T,C or other cross sections. (c) DEPENDING UPON SUPPORTS USED1) Simply supported - pinned at one end and roller at the other 2) Cantilever - fixed at one end and the other end free 3) Fixed beam - fixed at both ends

BEAMS SUPPORTS
SUPPORTS-Identified by the resistance offered to forces .

(a) Rollers/Links:
Resists forces in a direction along the line of action

(b) Pins/HINGES:
Resists forces in any direction of the plane

(c) Fixed Support:

Resists forces in any direction Resists moments.

SHEAR FORCE SIGN CONVENTION

HOW TO REMEMBER CLOCKWISE DIRECTION OF SHEAR FORCE WILL MAKE BEAM TO ROTATE IN CLOCKWISE DIRECTION, HENCE TAKEN AS POSITIVE.

BENDING MOMENT SIGN CONVENTION

POSITIVE MOMENT = SAGGING NEGATIVE MOMENT = HOGGING

CALCULATION OF BEAMS When all the forces are applied in a single plane, the three equations of static equilibrium are available for analysis.

Fx = 0, Fy = 0 and Mz = 0
Employing these, the reactions at supports could be found out

PLANE SECTIONS normal to the axis before bending remain plane and normal after bending also, as shown in Figure, ab, cd, ef are sections which remain plane and normal. Beam is subjected to pure bending (means no shear, only moments). Longitudinal top fibers are in compression and bottom fibres in tension. Layer of fibres in between which is neither in tension or compression, is called the neutral surface. Neutral axis is the intersection of such a surface with the right section through the beam.