Matter is all around us.

The desks we sit at, the air we breathe and the water we drink are all examples of matter. But matter doesn't always stay the same. It can change in many different ways. In this chapter, we are going to take a closer look at physical and chemical changes that occur in matter. There are two types of changes in matter: physical changes and chemical changes. As the names suggest, physical changes affect physical properties, and chemical changes affect chemical properties. Commonly, many physical changes are reversible (such as heating or cooling), whereas a chemical change is often irreversible, or only reversible accompanying an additional chemical change. A physical change is a change that changes the physical look of an object, but does not make the substance a new one. Matter has three states - solid, liquid, and gas. If you make a cup of tea, then you have to boil water. When boiling water, the steam that comes off the water is a gas. This is an example of a physical change. You can add a tablespoon of salt to a glass of water. If you evaporate the water, then the remaining substance in the cup will be salt. If you put the solution in a pan and let it dry out, then the salt will form a crust on the bottom of the pan. The salt might not took just the same as before, but it is still salt. (E. Christopher) A chemical change is the second kind of change. It is where a substance is transformed into a different substance. When a substance is able to make one or more different substances, it is called a chemical change. Another name for a chemical change is a chemical reaction. Either way is fine. An example of a chemical change or reaction is rusting. The statue of liberty is an example of a chemical change. When the statue was first brought over to the U.S., it was a brownish- red copper color because the statue is made of copper. After a while the statue started to rust, turning it green, the recognizable color it is today. Another example of a chemical change is when you mix vinegar with chalk, as you can see in the below video. (Publishing) Chemical Reactions or chemical changes are the rearrangements of molecules in atoms. This requires enough energy to break the bonds with the reactants. This needed energy can be gained by collisions due to shaking, change in temperature, absorbtion from photons, etc. The products of chemical reactions will have different properties than the starting reactants that may include the colour, smell, and state of matter. The product may also have a different amount of energy. If a product produces energy it is exothermic. If it absorbs energy it is endothermic. Chemical Reactions also most balance, nothing is lost from reactant ---> product. There are five different types of chemical reactions: Synthesis, Decomposition, Single and Double Displacement and Combustion. Click on the links to learn more information about each one.

Example 2: Iron and Sulfur to Iron (II) Sulphide 8 Fe + S8 ---> 8 FeS An example of this in everyday life is when the light from synthesis reactions is used in flares and flash bulbs. Decomposition Reactions are where two reactants disband to form a broken down product. This can be modelled be the equation AB->A+B. These reactions may also be called desynthesis, decombination, or deconstruction reactions. Example 1: Potassium Chlorate and heat to oxygen gas and potassium chloride 2 KClO3 ---> 2 KCl + 3 O2 Example 2: The electrolysis of water to oxygen and hydrogen gas. 2 H2O ---> 2 H2 + O2 An example of this in life is the very exothermic decompostion reaction of nitroglycerin that makes it explosive. Single Displacement Reactions are where one reactant switches with another in a compound. This can be modelled be the equation AB+C-->AC+B. Another way to imagine this is a couple dancing and someone cuts in. These reactions may also be called single replacement, single substitution, or activity replacement. Example 1: Magnesium replaces Hydrogen in water to make magnesium hydroxide and hydrogen gas. Mg + 2 H2O ---> Mg(OH)2 + H2 Example 2: In a potassium iodide solution chlorine gas is added, changing the colour of the solution. 2 KI + Cl2 ---> 2 KCl + I2 An example of this in life is Aluminum and iron trioxide single displacement reaction formerly used to weld railroad rails. Double Displacement Reactions are where one reactant switches with a reactant in another compound and vice versa. This can be modelled be the equation AB+CD->AD+CB. Another way to imagine this is two couples dancing who both switch partners. These reactions may also be called double replacement, or metathesis. Example 1: Lead nitrate and potassium iodide react to make lead iodide and potassium . Pb(NO3)2 + 2 KI ---> PbI2 + 2 KNO3 Example 2: Magnesium Chloride and calcium hydroxide create a white powder: magnesium hydroxide and calcium chloride. MgCl2 + Ca(OH)2 ---> Mg(OH)2 + CaCl2 An example of this in life is two aqueous solutions are mixed, the product is an insoluble solid or precipitation reaction. Combustion Reactions are reactions where something burns. They also always involve oxygen and have a product of carbon dioxide and water. Also, because these reactions often produce heat they are most always exothermic. A typical combustion reaction may look like this CxHy + O2 --> CO2 + H2O or hydrocarbon + oxygen ---> carbon dioxide and water. These reactions may also be called burning reactions. Example 1: Methane and oxygen react to form water and carbon dioxide.

Synthesis Reactions are where two reactants combine to form a more complex product. This can be modelled be the equation A+B->AB. These reactions may also be called combination, construction, or composition reactions. Example 1: Sulfur trioxide and water to sulfuric acid H2O + SO3 ---> H2SO4

CH4(g) + 2O2(g) ----> 2H2O(g) + CO2(g Example 2: Similarly here we see a hydrocarbon react with oxygen to form the two products associated with a combustion reaction; water and carbon dioxide.. 2C2H6(g) + 7O2(g) ----> 6H20(g) + 4CO2 An example of this is a match. First you must strike it so that the reaction has enough energy to take place. Then a combustion reaction occurs. c. 2. oxygen 2 KNO3 --> 2KNO2 & O2