International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) - Volume4Issue4- April 2013

A Critical Review on Air Conditioning for Energy Conservation and Application

Dr. U. V.Kongrea ,A.D.Rajeb ,A.L.Anantwarc ,A.B.Kaled
a

Asso. Prof. Mechanical Engineering Department, J.D.I.E.T Yavatmal (M.S), India. Final Year Mechanical Engineering Department, J.D.I.E.T Yavatmal (M.S), India.

b,c,d

Abstract- The technology of using a heat pump for a space conditioning and domestic hot water heating in residences has been developed for half a century. The earlier air to water heat pump and water heating heat pump gives only hot water and space conditioning and suffered from drawbacks like high cost, unreliable operation and inflexible application. But in this air conditioner cum water dispenser we get hot and cold water with hot and cold air. Thus it becomes multifunctional easily. This paper presents a review of a heat pump as well as a novel air-conditioning product that can achieve the multifunctions with improved energy performance. It obviously improving the efficiency of residential air conditioning units would decrease utility bills and pollution produced by the power generation. Keywords: heat pump, space conditioning,

water dispenser, etc.

I.

INTRODUCTION-

Heat pumps were first used by peoples in 1950s for space heating and for domestic hot water heating. They were not reliable and expensive and the maintenance cost was high. The earlier air to water heat pump and water heating heat pump suffered from drawbacks like high cost, unreliable operation and inflexible application. Most residential water heaters are equipped with conventional heaters generating heat by consuming fossil fuels or electricity. Those water heaters are usually simple, but not desirable in view of energy utilization & efficiency. These early models were suffered from high purchase prices, high maintenance costs, noisy, poor, longevity a limited installation options. For instance, Energy saving is one of the key issues not only from the view of energy conservation but also for the support for global environment [1]. After 1950s there is effective development in the field of heat pump. Heat pump water heater is a promising technology and use mechanical principles of refrigerators and air conditioners. The technology of heat pump has been used for waste heat recovery and hot water production. Water heating is the main task of the heat pump water heater; the additional air-

conditioning and heat recovery ventilation are the by-products. As a matter of fact, a higher condensing temperature is difficult to obtain by using different refrigerants [2]. The use of Heat Pumps for the heating and cooling of the Equitable Building , was a pioneering achievement in the Western hemisphere[3]. Many technologies are developed for heat pump so that it can be used for various purposes. Ito and Miura [4] investigated the mechanism of Heat pump for hot water supply using dual heat sources such as ambient air and water then, the performance of a Heat pump, which used water and the ambient air as the heat sources to heat water, was experimentally studied. Along with heat pump there is also development in the field of air-conditioning. Ji. et al. [2] introduced a novel air-conditioning product, that could achieve the multi-functions with improved energy performance. They reported the basic design principles and the laboratory test results. The results shows if a water heater is incorporated in the outdoor unit of a split-type air-conditioner, so that space cooling and water heating could take place simultaneously, also the energy performance could be raised considerably.

II.

BRIEF HISTORY OF VCR SYSTEM ADVANCES Firstly there is an improvement in single stage cycle of vapor compression refrigeration. In single stage cycle of vapor compression refrigeration the expansion in most practical real vapor compression cycles occurring in an expansion valve. It is an irreversible throttling process. This causes a reduced cooling capacity and an increase work [6]. Hopper and Ambrose (1972) have recommended an improved expansion process with a replacement of the expansion valve by a vortex tube [5]. Based on the principle of the temperature splitting phenomenon of a Ranque Hilsch vortex tube in which a stream of gas divides itself into a hot and cold flow, (as a

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International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) - Volume4Issue4- April 2013

natural heat pump mechanism) By this, the liquid refrigerant is throttled to the evaporator pressure while the vapor refrigerant is separated with hot and cold flows. The cold vapor along with the liquid is lead to the evaporator while the hot vapor continues rejecting its heat before reaching the evaporator. This leads to a lower quality of refrigerant, by testing the cycle with various refrigerants and showed different improved performances [6]. Ahlborm et al. (1998) produced a theoretical analysis explaining the establishment of a secondary circulation in the vortex tube. They demonstrated that a vortex tube satisfies different required processes employed in heat pumps [7]. By application of these various processes on heat pump for increasing its coefficient of performance. Another option for COP improvement is the use of an ejector as an expansion valve in the vapor compression cycle. Domanski (1995) studied the ejector expansion cycle with 38 different refrigerants and found improvements in both the reduced work and increased capacity. He also showed that the COP improvement of the ejector expansion cycle is sensitive to the ejectors efficiency [8]. Menegay and Kornhauser (1996) further increase the COP up to 9% for a heat pump by the use of R12 by modifying the ejectors configuration with the addition of a bubble flow tube fitted upstream of the motive nozzle [9]. Further benefits such as reduced pressure ratio and discharge temperature etc. have also been seen in the ejector expansion cycle (Disawas and Wongwises, 2005). VCR compression system for heat pump to increase its COP is then modified by using compressor in place of ejector. Driver and Davidson (1996) developed a unique positive displacement compressor applied to the heat pump and found a performance improvement of over 25% for R134a compared with the cycle using the conventional expansion devices. They also showed that the higher the compressor efficiency, the higher the potential performance improvement [10]. Tamura et al. (1997) tested a high temperature heat pump with a screw compressor and expander separately, while Henderson et al. (2000) used a rotary vane compressor by the replacement for both the expansion valve and the single compressor in a heat pump [11]. Now there is large development in the field of compressor to increase vapor compression. Hewitt et al. (2006) recently designed and evaluated an air-source heat pump based on a scroll compressor operating with EVI cycle for hot water production [12]. After all by using conventional energy sources scientist and researchers had done variations and modifications using non

conventional energy sources in heat pump at the same period of time. A variable capacity directexpansion solar-assisted heat pump system was developed and operated for direct hot water application by Chaturvedi et al. [13]. The proposed system employed a bare solar collector which also acted as the system evaporator. A solar-assisted heat pump dryer and water heater were designed, fabricated and tested by Hawlader et al. [14]. The performance of the system had been investigated under the meteorological conditions. The performance indices considered to evaluate the performance of the system included solar fraction (SF) and COP with and without a water heater. On the other hand there is development in air conditioning system also. Various modification and energy conservation is discussed as follows ENERGY CONSERVATION OF AIR CONDITIONER-

III.

Energy is conserved from air conditioner by using 3 ways such that mechanical cooling, electromechanical cooling and refrigerant development. In 19th century, air conditioning by using electricity and electromechanical cooling was developed [15]. The first modern electrical air conditioning unit was invented by Willis Haviland Carrier in Buffalo, New York. Carrier's invention controlled not only temperature but also humidity. Carrier used his knowledge of the heating of objects with steam and reversed the process. Instead of sending air through hot coils, he sent it through cold coils (ones filled with cold water). The air blowing over the cold coils cooled the air, and one could thereby control the amount of moisture the colder air could hold. In turn, the humidity in the room could be controlled. Later, Carrier's technology was applied to increase productivity in the workplace, air conditioning came to be used to improve comfort in homes and automobiles as well [16]. In 1906, Stuart W. Cramer of Charlotte, North Carolina was developing ways to add moisture to the air. Cramer says the term "air conditioning", analogue to "water conditioning", He combined moisture with ventilation to "condition" and change the air in the factories, controlling the humidity so necessary in textile plants [17].The evaporation of water in air, to provide a cooling effect, is known as evaporative cooling, was invented that time. Evaporative cooling was the first real air-conditioning and shortly thereafter the first private home air conditioning was built in Chapel Hill, North Carolina Dubose designed an ingenious network

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of ducts and vents [18]. In 1945, Robert Sherman of Lynn, invented the portable, in-window air conditioner that cooled and heated, humidified and dehumidified, and filtered the air [19]. Air conditioning by using refrigerant is then developed. The first air conditioners and refrigerators employed toxic or flammable gases, such as ammonia, methyl chloride, or propane, that could result in accidents when they leaked. Thomas Midgley, Jr created the first non-flammable, non-toxic chlorofluorocarbon gas, Freon [20].Day by day various changes and technology is developed. Various air conditioning units is created by various scientist. Water heating and space heating models are created by many researchers. Currently study is on a novel air-conditioner that possesses multifunctions: space cooling, domestic hot water heating and space heating [21]. When a heat pump is connected with an air conditioning system and passing refrigerant through condenser and evaporator resulting hot and cold water, further recycles it through air conditioner resulting hot and cold air also. Thus it is possible to get hot air and hot water along with cold air and cold water. Table 3.1 reviews the research efforts taken by various researchers combined air conditioner cum dispenser separately.

Studies related to air & water cycle Name of scientist Water heating Ranque Hilsch Ahlborm Water cooling Space heating Space cooling Experimental study on Heat pump (vortex tube) Establish secondary circulation in vortex tube. Heat pump (expansion valve) Ejector expansion valve Apply compressor to HP Apply rotary vane compressor to HP Duel heat pump Two stage compression with cascade heat pump Economized vapor injected cycle Increase the cop by modifying the ejectors configuration with the addition of a bubble flow tube. Controlling of temperature and humidity Air source heat pump water heater Ground source HP water heater Novel air conditioning Ground source heat pump coupled with air conditioner Solar assisted heat pump water heater Air source heat pump based on scroll compressor A variable capacity direct expansion solar assisted Heat pump

Hopper and Ambrose Domanski Driver and Davidson Henderson

Ito and miura Hasegawa et al

Ma et al

Menegay and Kornhauser

WillisHaviland Carrier Zhang et al

Hepbasli et al Ji.et al. Swardt and Mayer

Hawalder et al

Hewitt et al

Chaturvedi et al

Table- Study of reviews on Air Conditioner & dispenser.

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International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) - Volume4Issue4- April 2013

IV.

CONCLUSION

The technology of heat pump reduces energy consumption, fuel cost and global warming effect. By combining the airconditioning unit and the water dispenser into one product, the air conditioner turns out to be flexible, multi-functional, and economical. Through the waste heat recovery process, the overall Coefficient of performance of the device can be much improved. It can work independently as a domestic water heater and water cooler also the heating efficiency and cooling efficiency is much higher than that of the electric water heater and water cooler. The conventional air-conditioner only works in summer. In most time of a year, it becomes idle. The novel air-conditioner cum water dispenser is suitable for use in any time of a year.

V.

REFERENCES-

[1] E. F. Gorzelnik, Heat water with your airconditioner, Electrical World, 188(11), 5455, (1977). [2] Jie Ji, Chow T, Pei G, Dong J, He W. Domestic air-conditioner and integrated Water heater for subtropical climate. Applied Thermal Engineering 23:58192,(2002) [3] Gunerhan H, Hepbasli A. The Equitable Building Heat Pump System. http://files.asme.org/ASMEORG/ Communities/History/Landmarks/5541.pdf [Accessed date: January 20, 2007]. [4] Ito S, Miura N. Studies of a heat pump using water and air heat sources in Parallel Heat Transfer Asian Research 2000; 29:47390. [5]Hooper, F. C., Ambrose, C. W. An Improved Expansion Process for the Vapour Refrigeration Cycle Proc. 4th Canadian Congr. Applied Mechanics, Montreal: p. 811-812(1973). [6] Nguyen q. Minh1, neil j. Hewitt1, philip c. Eames1, improved vapour compression refrigeration cycles: Literature review and their application to heat pumps.page-2 (2006). [7]Ahlborn, B. K., Keller, J. U., Rebhan, E., The Heat Pump in a Vortex Tube J. NonEquilib. Thermodyn., vol. 23: p. 159-165(1998). [8]Domanski, P. A., 1995, Theoretical Evaluation of the Vapour Compression Cycle with a Liquid-line/Suction-line Hear Exchanger, Economizer, and Ejector, NISTIR-5606, National Institute of Standards and Technology, US: p. 131.

[9]Menegay, P., Kornhauser, A. A., 1996, Improvements of the Ejector Expansion Refrigeration Cycle, Proc. the 31th Intersociety Energy Convers. Engg Conf., Washington DC, vol. 2: p. 702-706. [10]Driver, R. W., Davidson, D. P., 1996, A Rotary Positive Displacement Heat Pump Compressor and Turbine Combined in One Motor, Proc. Int. Compr. Engg Conf. at Purdue, vol. 1: p. 669-674. [11]Tamura, I., Taniguchi, H., Sasaki, H., Yoshida, R., Sekiguchi, I., Yokogawa, M., 1997, An Analytical Investigation of High Temperature Heat Pump System with Screw Compressor and Screw Expander for Power Recovery, Energy Convers. Mgmt., vol. 38, no. 10-13: p. 10071013. [12]Hewitt, N. J., Huang, M. J., Nguyen, Q. M. The Development of an Air Source Heat Pump, to be presented at the Renewable Energy in Maritime Climates Conference, Dublin, Ireland, 26th-28th April,( 2006) [13] Chaturvedi SK, Chen DT, Kheireddne A, Thermal performance of a variable capacity direct expansion solar-assisted heat pump. [14] HawladerMNA, Chou SK, Jahangeer KA, Rahman SMA, Eugene Lau KW. Solarassisted heat-pump dryer and water heater. Applied Energy 2003;74: 18593. [15] Jones Jr., Malcolm. "Air Conditioning". Newsweek. Winter 1997 v130 n24-A p42(2). Retrieved 1 January 2007. [16] "Impact of Vehicle Air-Conditioning on Fuel Economy". National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Retrieved 6 February 2012. [17] Lou Kren, The History of Air Conditioning Properties Magazine Inc. Retrieved 1 January 2007. [18] Benjamin Franklin, Cooling by Evaporation (Letter to John Lining). London, June 17, 1758 [19] T.T. Chow, Z. Lin, J.P. Liu, Effect of condensing unit layout at building re-entrant on split-type air-conditioner and window air conditioner performance, Energy and Buildings 237244(2002). [20] J. K. Dabas , A. K. Dodeja, Sudhir Kumar, K. S. Kasana, impact of refrigerant charge over the Performance characteristics of a simple vapour Compression refrigeration system [21] Jan F. Kreider, Winnick, J "The current status in Air Conditioning papers & presentations". R744.com. Retrieved 2010-0809.

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