CONTENTS
Acknowledgement Undertaking & Recommendation Abstract Contents
PAGE NO.S
i
Chapter 1:Introduction
1.1 Background 1 1.2 Need for Slum Redevelopment Plan 1.3 Aims & Objectives 1.4 Scope of the Project 1.5 Limitations 1.6 Methodology
Chapter 2:Information About Ludhiana

2.1 Punjab: An overview 2.2 History of Ludhiana 2.3 The physical city 2.4 Topography 2.5 Climate 2.6 Urban Economy 2.7 Demography SLUM REDEVELOPMENT OF TAJPUR ROAD SLUMS LUDHIANA, INDIA KIRANPREET KAUR Roll no.
CONTENTS
2.8 Slums in Ludhiana 2.9 Locating of Slums 2.10 Demography of Ludhiana Slums
PAGE NO.S
Chapter 3:Existing Situation of the Slum Location

3.1 Location of Ram Bihari Colony 3.2 Slum Detailing 3.3 History of Tajpur Road Slums 3.4 Tajpur Road in 1960s 3.5 Tajpur Road in 1970s 3.6 Tajpur Road in 1980s 3.7 Tajpur Road in 1990s 3.8.Tajpur Road in 2000s 3.9.Todays situation
Chapter 4:Slum Profile

4.1 Below Poverty Line 4.2 Occupation Structure 4.3 Land Ownership 4.4 Caste 4.5 Community Map 4.6 Density Map 4.7 Occupational Map
SLUM REDEVELOPMENT OF TAJPUR ROAD SLUMS LUDHIANA, INDIA
KIRANPREET KAUR Roll no.
CONTENTS Chapter 5:Household Data

6.1. Electricity Connection 6.2 .Tenancy status 6.3. Type of construction
PAGE NO.S
Chapter 6:Physical Infrastructure

6.1. Water Supply 6.2 .Drainage system 6.3. Toilet & Sanitation
Chapter 7:Social Infrastructure

7.1.Health & Hospital services 7.2.Rtion Shop 7.3.Grocery store &vegetable markets 7.4.Availability of schools 7.5.Postal services, Banks & Police station
Chapter 8:Questionnaire Chapter 9:Case Studies

9.1. Slum Networking of Indore city 9.2.Krimodam Slum Resettlement,Kerela 9.3. Slum colony,Junapur,Delhi
Chapter 10:Library Study

10.1.National Building Code 10.2..Low cost materials & techniques SLUM REDEVELOPMENT OF TAJPUR ROAD SLUMS LUDHIANA, INDIA KIRANPREET KAUR Roll no.
CONTENTS Chapter 11:Infrastructure Projections & Requirements

11.1. Population projection 11.2. Infrastructure Requirement 6.3. Type of construction
PAGE NO.S
Chapter 12:Proposal & Phasing Plans
1.INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND
Recent years have seen a dramatic growth in the number of slums as urban populations have increased in India and elsewhere in the world. One billion people around the world now live in city slums and their numbers are set to double over the next 25 years. The slum population in urban India is around 62 million and the average family size is about five. About 12 million households are now living in the slums. Approximately, 68.8% of the countrys slum population is concentrated in 300 class I cities and less than one third of this population resides in the remaining 330 urban centres. A slum is defined by UN HABITAT as a run down area of a city characterized by substandard of housing and squalor and lacking in tenure security. The characteristics associated with slums vary from context to context. Although their characteristics vary between geographic regions, however, irrespective of their location slums have often been characterized as: Urban blight and by high rates of poverty and unemployment. They are usually inhabited by the very poor or socially disadvantaged. The area with inadequate housing, overcrowding and congestion. Most slums lack clean water, electricity, sanitation and other basic services
The urban poor in cities live in appalling conditions. Slums are not at all fit for human settlements, and are a danger for both residents and the population living near by. In general slums face two major problems; one is of shelter and the other is of infrastructure. Both these problems need to be solved but if we prioritize then the up gradation of slum in terms of infrastructural development gets more urgent as compared to the shelter problem. The objective of the government (both central and state) is also to take initiative in order to achieve a healthy environment for the urban poor with adequate infrastructure facilities. While it may be difficult to overcome relative poverty, however through concentrated efforts its possible to ensure that the poor are provided with adequate basic services. SLUM REDEVELOPMENT OF TAJPUR ROAD SLUMS LUDHIANA, INDIA
1.2 NEED FOR SLUM REDEVELOPMENT

In the present context, there is an urgent need to up-grade the infrastructure facilities in the slum areas to provide a dignified life to its residents. A plan for immediate improvement in condition of living is required because of the following reasons: Adequate basic services and amenities are basic human rights. Ensuring a better quality of lives for individuals that permits them to realize their human potential. While many urban poor live among better-off residents, the greatest spatial concentrations of the poor are found in slums and squatter settlements within cities. Slum areas are susceptible to the most serious water born diseases, which result in high levels of infant mortality. The residents in slum areas have the highest vulnerability to natural disasters. Slum residents have limited access to assets, in particular any security related to land tenure. The problems regarding slums can be better tackled through implementation of slum redevelopment programmes. Thus, the same was needed for Tajpur road slum, in Ludhiana.
1.3 AIMS & OBJECTIVES

The main object of this project is provide the agencies concerned with working documents by means of a report and concept paper on how best the housing, environmental sanitation and socio-economic situation of slum and informal settlement dwellers can be best improved. The specific objectives are:The study attempts to shed light on the extent of inadequacy in the housing conditions of Ludhiana slums. There is a sizable population living therein and in case of any natural calamity the human and material loss is going to be immense. The study attempts to find out the possible solutions for the redevelopment of the tajpur road slum area as per the socio-economic condition of the people living in the area. The impact of programmes of urban community development and urban basic services on slum improvement and provision of better services to slum dwellers. To study the negative impact of the urban poor on the environmental conditions of the city. SLUM REDEVELOPMENT OF TAJPUR ROAD SLUMS LUDHIANA, INDIA
1.4 SCOPE OF THE RESEARCH

The scope of the study consists of what is slum and its nature,causes,effects.characteristics and slum redevelopment. The precise is on studying various characteristics and problems faced by slum dwellers which indeed helpful in establishing the slum dwelling pattern and subsequently helpful is designing the redevelopment model.
1.5 LIMITATIONS
The program and policies are discussed is limited to Ludhiana only and slums related to Ludhiana.
1.6 METHODOLOGY
The slum redevelopment plan of Tajpur road slums, Ludhiana consisted of six stages as given below :Stage I- The site for the slum redevelopment was selected on the basis of various parameters i.e. conditions of physical and social infrastructure, topography etc. Stage II- To understand the existing situation of the slum, a preliminary survey was done. In this survey I made rough sketch of the area. Then a meeting with the community was done in the slum for resource mapping. Stage III- Data compilation and analysis was done in the third stage to understand the lifestyle of the people,economic conditions,social conditions and other details of the infrastructure for proper planning of the area which was followed by the calculation of requirements on the basis of available data. The references taken from the case study of Indore city slum which was done by Ar. Himanshu Parikh,Karimodam slum resettlement,Kereala by Laurie Baker, Slum colony,Jaunapur,Delhi and library study of National Building Code &Low cost construction materials& techniques. Stage IV- This stage consisted of meeting with the officials of MCL for finalising the map based on the existing situation and other facility locations marked on the map. Stage V-Proposed infrastructure map was prepared on the basis of the suggestions given during meetings, requirements ,norms and standards, technical aspects etc.
METHDOLOGY MAP
Selection of site
Meeting with the community
Resource mapping
Preliminary surveys
Data collection
Primary
Secondary
Data compilation &Requirements
Sharing of existing situation(map)&planning with the community
Proposed plan
2.1.PUNJAB: AN OVERVIEW
Punjab is one of the advanced state in the country, with highly productive agriculture, a well-developed physical infrastructure and a high human development index with industrious, painstaking and entrepreneur skills. Current Population-3,60,04,423 Total Males-1,46,34,819 Total Females-1,30,69,417 Sex Ratio-893 females per 1000 males Their main occupation is believed to be agriculture and its related work. The literacy rate in Punjab stands at 75% which is quiet descent. Agricultural is the main source of income of the people in Punjab. About 66%of the population in Punjab lives in rural areas.
2.2.HISTORY OF LUDHIANA
Ludhiana is located about 10 km south of the Sutlej, one of the five major rivers of pre-independent Punjab. Ludhiana, which became first metropolitan town in Northwest region of India, has a long history spanning over 525 years. Ludhiana city, the district headquarter of Ludhiana district is the only metropolitan city of Punjab. Ludhiana is the largest city in Punjab, both in terms of area and population. The city is spread over an area of 159.37 sq. km and accommodates approximately 14.00 lacs population (2001 Census).
Being the hub of Indian small scale industry especially the hosiery, it is popularly known as 'Manchester of India'. Besides being a commercial hub, the city of Ludhiana is also an important pilgrimage center with a number of Gurudwaras located within and around the place. On the academic front, Ludhiana has some of the most prestigious institutions. There are two Medical Colleges, an Engineering College and the famous Punjab Agricultural University modeled on the "Land Grant of America".
2.3.THE PHYSICAL CITY

The city is located in district Ludhiana, which is the most centrally locate district amongst the 20 districts of Punjab State. It falls within the Malwa region of the State of Punjab.
SLUM REDEVELOPMENT OF TAJPUR ROAD SLUMS LUDHIANA, INDIA KIRANPREET KAUR Roll no.
Geographically the city lies between north latitude 30034 and 31001 and east longitude 75018 and 76020 Ludhiana city was founded on ridge of Buddha Nala,which once was a bed of the River Sutlej. Previously the urban area was confines south of Buddha Nala but due to population explosion, the low lying area between Buddha Nala and River Sutlej has now become an integral part of the urban area.
Ludhiana
Map of Ludhiana District

2.4. TOPOGRAPHY
1.The topography of Ludhiana city and its surrounding areas is a typical representative of an alluvial plain and it owes its origin to aggravation work of river Satluj. The city is centrally located in the plain region which is marked for its flatness and featurelessness. The elevation of the city and its surrounding areas ranges from about 248.5 meters in the East to 244.0 meters in the west meaning thereby that the gradient of slope from east to west is gentle.
Ludhiana
2.River and drains A)The Sutlej River and its tributary, the Buddha Nallah, constitute the chief hydro graphic features of the areas. Sutlej river takes its origin from Mansarovar Lake in Tibet. It has been a devastating river during its floody fury. This river has expressed west-north drift during the past times and now it runs to the north of the Ludhiana City. B)Immediate under the high bank along the old coast of the Sutlej runs a perennial stream called Buddha Nallah . It takes its rise near Chamkaur Sahib in Roper district and enters Ludhiana district near village Bholapur. It is flooding stream during the rainy season but in the dry season, it can be crossed on foot at certain points. The water of the stream becomes polluted after it enters Ludhiana City. SLUM REDEVELOPMENT OF TAJPUR ROAD SLUMS LUDHIANA, INDIA KIRANPREET KAUR Roll no.
2.5. CLIMATE
A) Climatic divisions and seasons and their duration: The cold season is from about the middle of November to the early part of March. The succeeding period up to June is the hot season. July, August and the first half of September is monsoon. Mid September to about the middle of November may be termed as the post monsoon or transitional period. B) Temperature: June is generally the hottest month with the mean daily maximum temperature at 44.0C and the mean daily minimum at 27.20 C. January is the coldest month. The mean daily Maximum in January is 19.50 C and the mean daily minimum is 6.4 0C. C) Rainfall: About 70 percent of the annual rainfall is received during period from July to September . The rainfall during the period of December to March accounts for about 16 percent of the rainfall . The average annual rainfall in the district is 649.9 mm (25.59).
[hide]Climate data for Ludhiana Month Average high C (F) Average low C (F) Precipita tion mm (inches) Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
19 (66)
7 (44)
21 (69)
8 (47)
26 (78)
13 (55)
34 (94)
18 (65)
38 (101)
23 (73)
39 (103)
26 (79)
34 (94)
26 (79)
33 (91)
24 (76)
33 (92)
23 (74)
32 (89)
17 (63)
26 (79)
11 (52)
21 (69)
7 (45)
29.7 (85.4)
16.9 (62.7)
20.3 (0.80)
38.1 (1.50)
30.5 (1.20)
20.3 (0.80)
20.3 (0.80)
61 (2.40)
228.6 (9.00)
188 (7.40)
86.4 (3.40)
5.1 (0.20)
12.7 (0.50)
20.3 (0.80)
731.6 (28.8)
Source: [6]
2.6.THE URBAN ECONOMY

The economy of the city and its Local Planning Area is based mainly on trade and commerce and on manufacturing industry including hosiery, cycle, sewing machine, textile and other industries. Real estate like multiplexes, malls and other commercial establishments, financial and banking services etc also contribute to the economic wellbeing of the people of the city. Previously the urban area was confined mainly to the south of the Buddha Nala with built up land covering an area of about 15.3 sq. km in 1961 and the same was increased to 74 sq. km in 1989. Industrialisation in Ludhiana also increased at rapid rate, at present there are about 3500 registered industrial units in and around the city which is causing pollution of air, water and soil exorbitantly..
2.7.DEMOGRAPHY
Ludhiana city had a population of only 30,000 in the year 1947. However due to sudden influx of refugees from West Pakistan, around 75,000 more people descended at Ludhiana. The city population profile indicates that during the decades of 1961-1971 and 1971-1981, it registered a growth of 51% whereas; in 1981-1991, the growth in population touched 67%. However, during the period of 1991-2001, the growth rate came down to 37.8%. In December 2005, city population was estimated at 16.65 Lakhs (Statistical Abstract of Punjab-2005).
Population Growth and assessment in Ludhiana Town from 1901-2021
2.8 SLUMS IN LUDHIANA

Ludhiana has long history of slums, in which most of the urban poor have been residing without adequate infrastructure, services and livelihood. At the time of independence, large number of refugees having entrepreneurial skills migrated to Ludhiana. The refugees started variety of industrial activities which later became a major feature of citys economy. The problems of city are outcome of unplanned urban development. Slums can be seen near almost all residential areas. Ludhiana has experienced rapid population growth and large scale migration and poverty. The haphazard growth of slums and squatter settlements in Ludhiana is the root cause of uncontrolled pollution and poverty. Ludhiana saw its emergence as a prime trading centre of the country after independence. Its economy is driven mainly by industries, which includes knitwear factories, hosiery yarn mills, woollen yarn mills,bicycles,sewing machine, generators and companies producing common goods. The city has an airport and its own stock exchange known as Ludhiana Stock Exchange. Its a place most frequently visited by petty traders from all across the country, which led to growth of all kinds of hotels in the city. In recent years, the growth in the demand of residential properties has given an unprecedented fillip to the real estate industry here. SLUM REDEVELOPMENT OF TAJPUR ROAD SLUMS LUDHIANA, INDIA KIRANPREET KAUR Roll no.
The city Ludhiana has the largest population (1.3 million, census 2001) in Punjab. The city has been divided into 70 municipal wards in which only 31 municipal wards report slums. The rapid and immense industrialization of Ludhiana city has resulted in the emergence of several slum colonies in and around the city. Many people migrate to Ludhiana for employment in industries (from other cities of Punjab as well as other States of India). There is no formal housing for industrial workers, due to which there are many slums that have come up near the industrial areas. Total slum population - 2,33,400 (survey carried out under SJSRY) Identified slum pockets - 209 nos. House hold size -7 No. of dwelling units - 33,343
The slum population in the city is 10% of the total population of the city live in the slums of Ludhiana. Most of the slum dwellers are immigrants from the states of Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Utter Pradesh. They are basically causal worker and works in the industries.
Scarcity of urban lands for residential use and non availability of housing facilities, for the migratory Labour working in the industries has resulted into coming up of mushroom like growth of slums without availability of basic civil amenities. These unauthorized clusters, which have come up wherever open land or stretches were available thereby ultimately taking the shape of slums. The population clusters residing in these slums ranges in between 1000 to 5000 persons. These slums have created physical, demographic and environment imbalances and thus have created demand for immediate up gradation of infrastructure and providing civil amenities, which are presently in bad shape in these areas. SLUM REDEVELOPMENT OF TAJPUR ROAD SLUMS LUDHIANA, INDIA KIRANPREET KAUR Roll no.
POPULATION OF URBAN POOR
LITERACY AND SCHOOL GOING CHILDREN
School going population Rural-78.32% Urban-81.58% 2.9.LOCATING SLUMS

It has been seen that 209 slums existing in the city are spread over the entire city with major concentration on the north-east side of the Jalandhar-Ambala Rail-Road link. Buddha Nallah has been found to be the most favourable location for the slums and accordingly a large number of slums is located on the water body. Ludhiana Ambala Railway line has also been found to a favourite place for development of slums. Large concentration of slums has also been found between the Buddha Nala and Tajpur Road. Similar concentration has been observed in the area between GT Road and the Sidhwan canal. However, lower proportion of slum development has been observed in the area zoned by the road leading to Sidhwan Bet and Malerkotla Road. SLUM REDEVELOPMENT OF TAJPUR ROAD SLUMS LUDHIANA, INDIA KIRANPREET KAUR Roll no.
Tajpur rd.slum
Range of Population in slum areas 0001-1000 1000-2000 2000-3000 3000-4000 4000-5000 5001 and above SLUM REDEVELOPMENT OF TAJPUR ROAD SLUMS LUDHIANA, INDIA
No. of Slums 95 30 15 09 02 01
2.10.BASIC DEMOGRAPHY OF LUDHIANA SLUMS AND CITY
Tajpur road slum
3.AREA SURVEY : RAM NAGAR BIHARI COLONY SLUMS BETWEEN THE BUDHA NALLA AND TAJPUR ROAD,LUDHIANA
SLUM AREA
OVERVIEW OF THE AREA GOOGLE IMAGE OF SLUM AREA BETWEEN TAJPUR ROAD AND BUDHA NALA
TAJPUR ROAD BUDHA NALA
3.1.LOCATION OF RAM BIHARI COLONY,TAJPUR ROAD,LUDHIANA
BUDHHA NALA
SHOWING LANDMARK,SLUM POCKET,NODE
3.2.SLUM DETAILING
COMMON TOILET
BACKSIDE VIEW OF COLONY
VIEW OF STREET
VIEW OF BUDHA DRAIN
3.2.1.EXISTING LIVING CONDITION OF JHUGGIES &DWELLERS

Poor condition of the jhuggies with unhygienic living conditions. The roofs are mostly of plastic sheets and bamboo covering. Area of jhuggies varying between 10-25 sq.mt.
Illegal connection of water supply from the pipelines of the m.c.l supply. Leading to dirty water with foul smell without filtration 10-15 No. of water supply connections for the population of 2500-3000
Semi-pucca houses Walls were of brick masonry , mud and cement The roofs of plastic material. No open space for recreation. SLUM REDEVELOPMENT OF TAJPUR ROAD SLUMS LUDHIANA, INDIA
Size of jhuggie is 2mt x 4 mt.
Inhabitable living conditions Small area for larger jobs.
Poor surroundings Variant sizes of jhuggies
Provision of a common toilet at the edge of Buddha naala. Improper material for the construction of the toilets. No sewage system for them.
Improper condition of the kitchen
no drainage system Waste of the naalis directly leading to the Buddha nala. Foul smell all the time.
Provision of sources is there but not in working conditions. Accumulation of water most of the time leading to the growth of flies etc.
no drainage system Waste of the naalis directly leading to the Buddha nala. Foul smell all the time. Provision of 1 electricity meter for each jhuggie. Government connection
View of the street No storage area for the household things
No area for common sitting Open unhygienic verandah for the gathering KIRANPREET KAUR Roll no.
DEMERITS
The existing houses are kuccha hut, tin sheet building and other very shabby structures. There is absence of development works like roads, sewer, water line and proper sanitation . Roofing material: bamboo sticks covered with plastic sheets. Lack of social security. Unhygienic living conditions. Low literacy rate Improper growth of children.
Storage tank
Storage tank for drinking water on the edge of the naala. Unhygienic condition leading to health diseases KIRANPREET KAUR Roll no.
3.3.HISTORY OF TAJPUR ROAD SLUMS

The evolution of tajpur road slum came into existence in 1980. Earlier this slum existed at Qila Mohalla,ludhiana. Due to some political pressure and the need of that land, this slum was shifted from there to the tajpur road area and the land is private,30-40 jhughies were migrated to this place. Firstly their population was minor but due to unemployment ,many slum dwellers started migrated to this place. But during 1981-1990, this population took a great hike due to migration from other cities, places and the villages. Maximum population has been migrated from Bihar and U.P. , reason being the unemployment . Many also settled here because the land rates were too high and income was none. During 1990-2000, many of the slum dwellers had been settled , only a few people migrated from other places. There was increase of 1-2% in the growth rate. The reason of increase in the population was the birth of a new member or marriage. This growth rate increased only 5-7% till date i.e., 2000+. The condition of the drainage and sewage disposal system is very unhygienic and openly disposed in Buddha Nallah,which was once the bed of river Sutlej and a fresh water perennial stream, is the major surface water resource of the city. As of now Buddha Nallah has highest level of water Pollution. The loss of all its wealth can be attributed to existence of high toxicity of water involving heavy metals like Chromium, Nickel and Zinc, Dyes and Cyanide. Being the recipient of citys untreated domestic and toxic industrial waste, dumping of solid waste, dumping of ash from burnt rice husk, the quality of water has degraded considerably. As a result of perennial flow of sewage into Buddha Nallah, it has been converted into an open sewer. The pollution of Buddha Nallah has adversely affected the quality of surface water as well as ground water of the major part of the city and its environment. The water facility is on municipal line, even then the water is not hygiene to drink. SLUM REDEVELOPMENT OF TAJPUR ROAD SLUMS LUDHIANA, INDIA KIRANPREET KAUR Roll no.
3.4.TAJPUR ROAD IN 1960s
WAY TO DANA MANDI
WAY TO SAMRALA CHOWK SLUM REDEVELOPMENT OF TAJPUR ROAD SLUMS LUDHIANA, INDIA KIRANPREET KAUR Roll no.
Industries SLUM REDEVELOPMENT OF TAJPUR ROAD SLUMS LUDHIANA, INDIA
Residential
Shops
Slum Pocket
Shops Industries
Residential Petrol Pump/Taxi stand KIRANPREET KAUR Roll no.
Slum Pocket
Shops Industries
Residential Petrol Pump/Taxi stand
Slum Pocket
Shops Industries/Coal Depot
3.9.TODAYS TAJPUR ROAD
Slum Pocket
Shops Industries/Coal Depot
Below Poverty Line BPL Household
4.SLUM PROFILE
The following are the summarised statistics of the sample survey of slums of about 200 families, conducted by the LMC in 2010.
4.1.Below Poverty Line:

The urban poor residing in the city & the poor migrants to the city constitute the bulk of the slum population, though only 23% of slum dwellers have been reported to have BPL cards. The Poverty Line for urban areas of the Punjab state is taken as Rs. 2500 per capita per month (as in 2011), as per Punjab Government.
Occupation Structure Labour94% Busines3% Salaried Caste ST-65% SC-30%
4.2.Occupation Structure:
The occupation structure shows a remarkably higher percentage of slum dwellers about 94% into labour activity, rickshaw pulling, sweeping. Only a few about 3% have roadside kiosks and into small trading activity & about 3% are salaried and employed as drivers and guards.
4.3.Land Ownership:
About 100% of slum households have reported are on the unauthorised encroachment and squatters.
4.4.Caste:
About 65% of slum population is Scheduled Tribes and another 30% Scheduled Caste. The remaining 5% of population comprise of other castes including predominantly Muslims.
Others-5%
COMMUNITY MAP
DENSITY
OCCUPATIONAL
GENERAL SHOP
P.C.O
CLINIC
Some Residents in the colony have opened up general shops at the front of their squatter.
Just a few in number setup by mostly lower class people in contribution with each other who do not own mobiles and are used by other for mostly national & international calls. SCRAP DEALER Scrap dealers here deal in plastic bags and other waste brought and sold to them by the workers from the factories. VEGETABLE SELLER Vegetable Sellers are catering the slum population and the outside buyers as well. The sellers with carts sell vegetable at other places and other with shops are running in the slum.
Many clinics in the area are owned by the doctors outside the slum. The doctors are not fully qualified to run a clinic but it is the only economical solution to the health problems of the slum dwellers.
Type of Construction Dilapitated20% Semi-pucca50% Kutcha-37% Tenancy Status Own house65% Rented-24% Electricity Electricity connection-65% Unauthorised-35% Water Supply M.C-80% Public Taps-20%
5.HOUSEHOLD DATA
5.1.Type of construction:
About 20% of total household surveyed are living in dilapidated construction, which need immediate replacement / resettlement. Most of the dwellers about 50% live under semi-pucca construction, which in time would not sustain the weathering and need replacement / resettlement. And 37% live under katcha construction and meagre 13% are commercial establishments
5.2.Tenancy status:
About 65% of population reported to own the house, and others 24% live in rented accommodation.
5.3.Electricity Connection:
Only 65% of households have reported an electricity connection at their premises. Though a considerable number of households have been witnessed to have unauthorised electricity connection. 6.PHYSICAL INFRASTRUCTURE
6.1.Water Supply
A meagre 20% household have access to water by municipal corporation in form of unauthorised connection. Remaining 80% of households have no access to municipal water supply and has to manage only with water from public taps which again suffer from scarcity of water. The water supply drastically varies from 5 taps, 1 hand pump KIRANPREET KAUR Roll no.
TYPE OF CONSTRUCTION
RELIGIOUS
COMMERCIAL
Toilet& Sanitation Own with septic tank2% Own without tank-5%
6.2.Toilet & Sanitation

There is no sewerage system in the city connecting any slum area. Only a 6.5% of households have individual toilets in their premises, (out of these only 2% have their own septic tank, rest 4.5% have no tank and the sewage is discharge of to the Buddha Nallah) The considerable high number about 87% of households do not avail any toilet facility. Unavailability of public toilet and Sanitation facilities, resulting in open defection & Buddha Nallah being used for sewer outlays, this can only be curbed with provision of public toilets.
6.3.Drainage system
Only a meagre 5% of population in slums have access to clean public environment with drainage system on main road. The rest 95% of population has to live with muddy / dirty streets, stagnant water, mosquito breeding and unhealthy environment. Floods have also been witnessed in such areas due to poor drainage system and these areas lying close to the Buddha Nallah. The drains inside the slum area are kuccha, open and not covered. These Closed drain-95% open drains are often chocked with garbage being dumped in them. Open drain- Unavailability of public toilet and Sanitation facilities, resulting in open defection & drains being used for sewer outlays, this can only be curbed 95% with provision of public toilets. Non-existence of solid waste management mechanism, identified or earmarked space for waste disposal at present, has resulted in garbage being dumped in the isles, streets inside the slums and on the periphery of the slums
Drainage
WATER &SANITATION
7.Social Infrastructure 7.1.Health & Hospital services

Poor water and sanitary conditions led to adverse health conditions in the households living in the slum. There is only a 1 no. of dispensary which treat to general diseases and the main government hospital located at a distance of about 8 km from the slum.
7.2.Ration shop
The ration shop was located near by and was about 6 minutes walking distance from the locality. The information about the arrival of goods was however, poor ,and most of the time goods were sold out of the area.
7.3.Grocery store & vegetable markets

There were 3 no. of home-based grocery stores in the Ram bihari colony where daily used items were sold.
7.4.Availability of schools
Only 1 no. of primary school which run and manage by NGO with only 1 no. of hall which is part of the temple premises. Only 1 no. of teacher is available who manages the entire school. No furniture and basic facilities are available. The govt. school is located at a distance of 3 km.
7.5.Postal services,Banks &Police stations

The post office and the police station were located at a distance of 2 km . The nearest bank was the State Bank Of India ,located near the post office. However, most of the residents not use the banking services nor they had any accounts there.
8.QUESTIONNAIRE
8.QUESTIONNAIRE
9.CASE STUDIES/LITERATURE STUDIES
SLUM NETWORKING OF INDORE CITY,INDORE,INDIA
9.1.SLUM NETWORKING OF INDORE CITY,INDIA SUMMARY

Architect-Himanshu Parikh,Ahmedabad Clients-Indore Development Authority,Indore,India Design-1987-1993 Indore, the capital of Madhya Pradesh and its largest city, was originally known as Indrepur or Indreshwar. Indore slums are characterized by overcrowded kutcha,or temporary, dilapidated structures, lacking hygiene,services,utilities,and infrastructure. More than half of the 183 slums in Indore city are in the textile-mill area. The citys growth as a market and business centre has created avenues of employment and resulted in a migration to the city. Those who come settle into slums: unplanned housing clusters used as homes for the migrant population. Slum concentration is distributed throughout the city.
Objectives: Slum Networking featured five objectives which, when achieved, resulted in a livable city where poverty was alleviated from within. 1.A wholistic approach to environmental issues in order to upgrade an entire city. 2.A significant reduction in the cost of utilities and housing. 3.The mobilization of material resources for the development of settlements 4.The increase in community responsibility and control 5.The improvement of the overall quality of life in terms of education, health and income generation Design concept In a broad sense, the concept is to design a clean, environment- friendly, infrastructurally-efficient city with no slums. All slums were rehabilitated in place except two, which were below the river water level. At slum level, all sewerage lines of the slum household were connected to the main sewerage lines of the slum household were connected to the main sewerage artery at the homeowners expense. SLUM REDEVELOPMENT OF TAJPUR ROAD SLUMS LUDHIANA, INDIA KIRANPREET KAUR Roll no.
The designer gave priority in his solution to: 1)The design of lowering road levels within the slum that could alternately function as wide drains for excess of rain water. 2)The design of the placement of a gully trap in each household for the removal of waste water, solid waste and sewerage. 3)The design of a manhole for every 6-8 houses connected to the inspection pit manhole located in the by-lanes 4)The maintenance of a slope along the road towards the river located behind the slums so that rainfall would flow into the river. 5)Connecting all slum sewerage lines to the main sewerage artery along the river. Houses The plot size of each house ranged from 23-32 sq.mt. Houses and plots were oriented towards the streets. All slums consist of row-houses aligned along a secondary road running towards the river. Each house has an verandah space(0.9 m deep) in front. This space has a variety of uses:garden,childrens play area, outdoor activity, neighbourly conversation space,etc. Each house has its own toilet and connection to a water supply.
Response to users requirements

Almost all slums are redeveloped, efforts were made by the designer not to disturb them while clearing a path for roads towards the river. The houses face the road side by side , the boundaries of each house are quite visible. The project places on emphasis on identity through different colours,designed cornices,etc. The verandah and the faade gives each house a sense of pride, identity and creativity. The plots are rectangular and narrow. The depth of the plots typically provides space for a room including kitchen, toilet, and a wash room. The walls are a part of the way the room functions. Neatly organized on the wall rack are all the utensils for the kitchen. Clothes hang nicely from hangers on the wall. SLUM REDEVELOPMENT OF TAJPUR ROAD SLUMS LUDHIANA, INDIA KIRANPREET KAUR Roll no.
The designer realized that for the sake of the environment and maintenance, every house must have its own washroom and toilet . The washroom in slums is located in the front of the plot because the main supply (from IDA)only runs along the road. The toilet is located so that the gully trap eventually joins the street sewer line and then the manhole(which acts as an inspection pit) before it is connected to the main riverside artery.
Formal aspects
Slums are linear along the roadside. The houses are of low heights and are mostly one storey. Religious centers such as mandir and mosques are located in the slum according to the ethnic population.
Structure,materials,technology
The State Govt. enacted laws to give land for in-place slum settlement. Settlement form was a result of a houseto-house physical survey beginning from the door and going to the fence. The local sub-soil composition is of black, cotton soil and salty clay. So houses needed hand-augured.doublerimmed,3 metre-deep,pile foundations. Roofs are mostly corrugated iron sheets and the last item to be added. All houses in the slum have individual latrines(Indian pan) with water-flushing-type system connected to a 20x20 cm gully trap for solid waste and waste water drainage.
Materials,labour force, professionals

Local material such as brick for walls, cement concrete plaster on walls, local stone floors, were the basic building materials. Labour force was 100% local, mostly homeowners. However, nearly 100 small local contractors were involved in the construction of roads, pavements main sewerage water lines. Nearly 100 NGOs are involved in social programmes involving health,education,income generation, and social welfare. SLUM REDEVELOPMENT OF TAJPUR ROAD SLUMS LUDHIANA, INDIA
LOCATION
Indore, the capital of Madhya Pradesh and its largest city, was originally known as Indrepenur or Indreshwar. Indore slums are characterized by overcrowded kutcha,or temporary, dilapidated structures, lacking hygiene,services,utilities,and infrastructure. More than half of the 183 slums in Indore city are in the textile-mill area. The citys growth as a market and business centre has created avenues of employment and resulted in a migration to the city. Those who come settle into slums: unplanned housing clusters used as homes for the migrant population. Slum concentration is distributed throughout the city. SLUM REDEVELOPMENT OF TAJPUR ROAD SLUMS LUDHIANA, INDIA KIRANPREET KAUR Roll no.
SLUM SURVEY BEFORE DEVELOPMENT
SLUM PROBLEN IN INDORE

The slums in Indore were overcrowded with dilapidated housing,unhygienic conditions, grossly inadequate basic amenities, unplanned layouts and poor accessibility. These areas housed weaker sections of the community often engaged in casual service occupations.
SLUM LEVEL PHYSICAL WORKS-CONVENTIONAL APPROACH

There is no need to beggarly solutions such as public toilets, common water,standposts,partial brick paving of poor quality and open gutters. These measures are all cosmetic and not durable. Slum dwellers have consistently demonstrated that they are very keen to change their living conditions. The slum dwellers give such a high priority to environmental improvememnt,particularly individual water supply and toilets, that they are willing to mobilize resources for this need in spite of poverty.
Public water tap contaminated by sewage
Open drains with elegant water
Poor public toilet
Poor brick paving KIRANPREET KAUR Roll no.
SLUM LEVEL PHYSICAL WORKS-ROADS
In the Slum Networking approach, roads are built in a slight excavation sloping gently down inwards the drainage courses.Kerbs are provided to prevent crumbling and in periods of heavy rain the road itself acts as a drain and suffers no deterioration as a result. Costs are significantly reduced.
The majority of in slum roads are only used by bicycles, rickshaws and pedestrians and these internal roads are made as narrow as possible.
1)Proposed slum level improvements

Physical improvements carried out under the Slum Networking programme include improving roads and footpaths, providing storm drainage, sanitation and carriage systems, water supply, street lighting, soft landscaping and solid waste management. This has been achieved in Indore at a cost of Rs.4200 per family. SLUM REDEVELOPMENT OF TAJPUR ROAD SLUMS LUDHIANA, INDIA KIRANPREET KAUR Roll no.
SLUM LEVEL PHYSICAL WORKS-COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT

A total of 120 community halls are built under the project. The halls are designed on sound architectural principles of function,form.economy and suitability to the community characteristics. The design criteria have been evolved in joint consultation with the slum dwellers and IDA. Based on these criteria a basic module was developed. This comprised a spacious central hall, square in plan, with pyramid roof, to which smaller rooms could be attached on the four sides for extending the hall. The residual corners of the cruciform were used to provide ancillary facilities such as W.C and wash,stores.The internal layouts were made flexible to accommodate the future changes of use,. External spaces were integrated with the built form to give the elasticity of space. SLUM REDEVELOPMENT OF TAJPUR ROAD SLUMS LUDHIANA, INDIA
SLUM LEVEL PHYSICAL WORKS-COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT

In all,35 combinations of the basic modules were developed to give a range of community buildings of ascending costs and facilities. Within any given cost range as determined by the slum population, at least half a dozen options were available for the slum dwellers to select the one most suited to them.
SLUM LEVEL PHYSICAL WORKS-SEWERAGE

The Indore study showed that the cost of house to house piped sewerage by Networking was about Rs.1500 per family for the lines and Rs.1000 for the off-site collection and treatment. Whereas the sewers also take care of the foul waters from kitchens and bathrooms. The additional advantages of the networked sewers were,firsrly,that all the families had individual facilities and,secondly,that the families other than in slums could also be connected to the same system without recurring the off-site costs-i.e., the cost per family decreased as the contributing families increased.
Underground services instead of open drains. Note that holes have been provided in manhole covers in replace expensive ventilation shafts. Underground sewerage systems and improved water supply system have been put in place in the slum colonies. The slum dwellers pay for and build their own toilets and connections to the water and sewerage systems. SLUM REDEVELOPMENT OF TAJPUR ROAD SLUMS LUDHIANA, INDIA
Small earthenware gully trap instead of inspection chamber at house level serves space and reduces cost from Rs.1500 for chamber to Rs. 300 for gully trap. Individual
and well maintained toilet instead of uncared for public toilet.
SLUM LEVEL PHYSICAL WORKS-STORM DRAINAGE

There is a common misconception that underground storm drainage is more expensive than open drains. As seen below,well designed piped drain can be cheaper. Piped Storm Drain (Rs Per Open Storm Drain(Rs Per Item 100 m) 100 m) Excavation 1701 1302 Pipe 17700 __ Chambers 6000 __ Concrete 1:4:8 __ 8600 Brickwork __ 14880 12mm Plaster __ 5520 Total 25401 30302
Open drains eventually become serious health hazards as solid waste is dumped into them. In Slum Networking, road section and underground drains are judiciously combined for a better and cheaper alternative.
Roads have positively downward slopes from high points to drainage courses and are thus able to act as storm water channels and alternate the rain peaks. This way the lengths of underground storm liner are reduced in less than a sixth of the conventional. KIRANPREET KAUR Roll no.
SLUM LEVEL PHYSICAL WORKS-WATER SUPPLY

The cost of selectively repairing and upgrading in this manner was around Rs.450 per family in contrast to the conventional cost of water supply of Rs.1000 per family. In addition, the supply was to individual households instead of the community stand posts normally provided. The advantages of the individual water connections are obvious in terms of better maintenance, greater convenience and better sewerage flows. For a more than even distribution of pressure, looped networks were generally used in preference to branches. Some of the internal water supply runs were also used to short circuit the main branches of the city, converting them into loops. Cast iron pipes were used for the critical runs in the main roads,whereas,for the reasons of economy and better frictional properties, cement pipes were used for all internal runs. The house connections were in galvanized iron pipes.
Before Slum Networking-water supply, poorly planned and executed as serve above
Before
After
Before
After
SLUM IMPROVEMENT
Secondary paths through the slums, once covered in mud, have been dramatically improved with the introduction of sewerage lines and concrete paving.
Physical improvements made under the programme include paved roads and footpaths, storm drainage, water supply and sewerage hook-ups, street-lighting, landscaping and solid waste management.
Upgrading the slum was lowering the mud roads before paving them. The lowered streets and pathways now serve as natural drainage channels during heavy rainstorms, as well as improving the quality if life in slums themselves by reducing the effects of dust and mud.
The new sewers and water supply lines have improved life in the Indore slums. Slum dwellers are investing money and work in their communities and homes, meeting in community centers and taking pride in their accomplishments.
ACHIEVEMENTS
Improving sanitation and the environment; Upgrading of the citys drainage system by using the network of slum settlements as a starting point; Providing improved road network and footpath within slum and linkage with city road system; Providing a clear, piped water supply for drinking and households use; The achievements in infrastructures resulted in improved houses and environment within the slums. Nearly all of the 183 slums are located along the riverbanks. People and children are healthy, the community is becoming aware of education and culture, and is motivated to raise its socio-economic output.
9.2.KARIMODAM SLUM RESETTLEMENT,KERELA
Conceptual sketch drawn by Ar.Laurie Baker. KARIMADOM COLONY Karimadom Colony is located in the heart of the city, near the famous Chalai market. This area houses the sewage collection pond of the entire city, owned by Kerala Water Authority. There is a pumping station for sewage water to Parvathy Puthanar. Over time, settlers from different parts encroached the area around the pond and gradually developed into a notorious slum Karimadom colony. SLUM REDEVELOPMENT OF TAJPUR ROAD SLUMS LUDHIANA, INDIA
LOCATION
The colony is situated in between Chalai market and Manacaud market. It is 1 km away from the railway station and central bus stand. Also 500m from the city stand east fort. Thiruvananthapuram is located at 8.5oN, 76.9oE on the west coast, near the southern tip of mainland India. The city is sandwiched between the Western Ghats and the Arabian Sea.
MAP OF THIRUVANANTHAPURAM
INTRODUCTION
Karimadom is situated in Thiruvananthapuram, the capital of the state of Kerala is a beautiful seaside city built on seven hills. The city is characterized by its undulating terrain of low coastal hills with narrow winding lanes and busy commercial alleys. Kari madam Colony THIS COLONY IS DESIGN TO HOUSE 560 FAMILIES.
DESIGN
The proposal is for 28 nos of a ground + three dwelling block to house these families. The proposed dwelling block design comprises of 20 units with 8 on the ground floor, 6 on the first floor, 4 on the second floor and 2 on the third floor. 18 nos of dwelling blocks are overlooking a central open space, which creates a feeling of openness on entering the area provided. Area of each unit is 31 Sqm. The design is such that each unit has either ground or terrace areas for future expansion and for their extended activities.
KARIMODAM COLONY
SITE PLAN
SITE PLAN
Renowned Ar. Laurie Baker, derived the concept for the entire design. The layout is such that it creates several interactive community spaces along with a large centralized open space
VISUAL ASPECTS
Entrance A strong sense of space is created at the community gathering space, as it helps create openness. DWELLING BLOCKS AND OPEN SPACES
Vehicular movement is kept completely outside Pedestrian movement dominated planning is being done. Three entry points are provided to the community. The common open spaces with tree planting are designed so as to function as community gathering spaces for the beneficiaries. Also, act as play areas for the children. This area is being landscaped to encourage healthy use of these spaces.
Conceptual sketch drawn by Ar.Laurie Baker. SLUM REDEVELOPMENT OF TAJPUR ROAD SLUMS LUDHIANA, INDIA KIRANPREET KAUR Roll no.
SOCIAL INTERACTION
There is a need for parks & open spaces for better social interactions through public gatherings. This type designs help retain spaces for community gathering, play areas etc in the ground level. The design of this project generates large open spaces which can be used as community gathering spaces, parks etc, thereby increasing the community interaction between the members.
CENTRAL GREEN SPACE FOR SOCIAL INTERACTION
SOCIAL AMENITIES STUDY CENTER CUM LIBRARY

For the empowerment of the beneficiary population study centres are proposed as a part of the design. Taking into account the social condition of the beneficiaries, it is necessary to provide a space for children to come and study at night, as the atmosphere in their homes may not be conducive for learning. Separate study centres are provided for girls & boys.
SLUM REDEVELOPMENT OF TAJPUR ROAD SLUMS LUDHIANA, INDIA COMMUNITY SPACE.
COMMUNITY FACILITIES
PLAY AREAS Playground has been provided which also doubles up as a gathering space for functions of the families.
Rest of the community spaces at various portions of the design are such that they can also be used as play areas for various age groups. COMMUNITY CLUSTER CENTER There are many production units under the Kudumbasree, making banana chips and many other bakery items. These activities at present takes place in unhygienic premises. Hence proposal for two-community cluster Centre is given.
ANGANWADI
Two Anganwadis are proposed. This would enable both the parents to go for work and lead to a better social development of the children. MULTIPURPOSE OPEN SPACES The common open spaces are designed so as to function as community gathering spaces for the beneficiaries. Also, act as play areas for the children. TV KIOSKS These are so provided that the community spaces are productive and generate better social interactions. Two TV kiosk are provided. MARKET A market is provided to cater the needs of the colony which would generate employment opportunities too. KIOSKS These are located so that community spaces are active throughout and do not end up as dead and anti spaces. These shops would also serve as an employment generator as well as an additional income generator for the destitute and widows among the beneficiaries.
CIRCULATION & BREATHING SPACES
Ground Floor Plan
Second Floor Plan
First Floor Plan`

Circulation Terrace Garden
ThirdFloor Plan Access to each individual unit is from outside at ground floor and from the internal doubly loaded corridor to the upper floors unit Each floor is served with four terraces(marked in green) which can act as a good social interaction space. KIRANPREET KAUR Roll no.
ORIENTATION
The MAXIMUM dwelling blocks are oriented with their shorter sides in the north -south axis. Whereas some blocks are oriented with their longer sides in the north-south axis also.
The orientation of maximum number of building units is good i.e., longer side lies in east-west axis. South side can be get shaded by planting deciduous trees in the same direction. North side will get ample amount of diffuse light. Whereas the blocks place with their longer side lies in the north-south axis will get glare from the west and only morning sun from the other side.
ORIENTATION OF BLOCKS AND THE SUN MOVEMENT SLUM REDEVELOPMENT OF TAJPUR ROAD SLUMS LUDHIANA, INDIA KIRANPREET KAUR Roll no.
ELEVATION
PLAN AND ELEVATION
COMMUNITY HALL GROUND FLOOR AREA 183.807SqM
ANGANVADI FLOOR PLAN AREA 44.67 SQM GROUND FLOOR AREA 81.80SqM
AREA STATEMENT Ground Floor Area:-40.07 sq.mt. First Floor Area:-40.07 sq.mt. Stair Area:-8.26 sq.mt. SLUM REDEVELOPMENT OF TAJPUR ROAD SLUMS LUDHIANA, INDIA KIRANPREET KAUR Roll no.
AREA STATEMENT
TOTAL SITE AREA (INCLUDING DRAINAGE SUMP) COVERAGE F.A.R PERCENTAGE OF OPEN SPACES TOTAL AREA OF UNITS PLAY GROUND ANGANVADI LIBRARY/STUDY CENTRE MARKET COMMUNITY CLUSTER CENTRE CLINIC OTHERS CIRCULATION DENSITY /ACRE: -9.73 ACRES - 23% -4 -77% - 8330Sq.M -400Sq.M -44Sq.M -40Sq.M -56Sq.M -183Sq.M -81Sq.M -290Sq.M -25% -57.55 dwellings
SITE
Open G.C
GROUND COVERAGE
Units Community spaces Others SLUM REDEVELOPMENT OF TAJPUR ROAD SLUMS LUDHIANA, INDIA KIRANPREET KAUR Roll no.
CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES &MATERIALS

FILLER SLAB Filler Mangalore tiles or local material. Less of steel and cement used. DEAD WEIGHT REDUCED BY 30% COST IS REDUCED BY 35%
RAIN WATER HARVESTING

As a principle to reduce the use of energy and use of natural resources, it is proposed to encourage rainwater harvesting in all houses through the provision of circular Ferro cement rainwater harvesting tanks supported on brick legs about 60cm high. These would be of capacity 1200Lts. In Kerala we are having an average of 140 days rain. On these days without relying on the municipal water supply the inhabitants can use this water. The water tanks of corresponding houses are to be provided on its corresponding terraces or on ground level for units in the ground floors. SECTION OF RAIN WATER HARVESTING TANK. PLAN OF RAIN WATER HARVESTING TANK.
1.EXPOSED BRICK WORK INTERNALLY AS WELL AS EXTERNALLY; Less maintenance is required. FRAME LESS 2.WINDOW AND UNIQUE CORNER TREATMENT. Economically efficient. 3. EXPOSED SOIL PIPE Could have been inside the walls, does not look good aesthetically. 4. PROJECTED SLAB AND LINTEL BAND RUNNING THROUGHOUT. SLUM REDEVELOPMENT OF TAJPUR ROAD SLUMS LUDHIANA, INDIA KIRANPREET KAUR Roll no.
ROAD SYSTEMS
The road layout is basically a network of 2.m wide pathways. 2m wide pathways are provided connecting the units and surrounding the residential blocks on all four sides, as the entrance to various units is from all four sides of the blocks. VENTILATOR
Road system is quite efficient as it promotes the pedestrian movement Inside the community,. And minimize the vehicular one.
1.STAIRCASE CONNECTING ALL THREE FLOORS AND TERRACES. Efficient design of staircase. 2.SOME DWELLERS HAVE ALTERED INTERIORS SPACES ACCORDING TO THEIR RESPECTIVE INCOME LEVEL. Alteration should not be allowed so that the aesthetic character may get retained. 3.SHOWING TERRACES AND STAIRCASE. SLUM REDEVELOPMENT OF TAJPUR ROAD SLUMS LUDHIANA, INDIA KIRANPREET KAUR Roll no.
INFERENCES
The entire community is in the context of the local area in every respect. Laurie Bakers construction techniques like Filler Slab, Frame less Windows, Brick Jaali have been incorporated in an efficient manner. Site planning is good, number of social interaction spaces have been evolved.
A large number of community facilities are provided like Anganvadi, Kiosks, T.V Kiosks, Market, Health Care facilities, etc.
Innovative road system has been evolved. Design of individual building block designed by Ar.Laurie Baker is quite good but the design of individual dwelling could have been better. The population density achieved is not that efficient it could have been better. Maintenance cost of the whole community will be less. Circulation pattern is quite simple which is good. .
9.3.SUM COLONY,JAUNAPUR,DELHI
SITE PLAN
Jaunapur is located on the outskirts of Delhi close to the areas of the National Capital Region(N.C.R).
SITE &SURROUNDINGS
Jaunapur is located on the outskirts of Delhi close to the areas of the National Capital Region(N.C.R).It is not serviced by the citys infrastructure systems. The gram sabha land that are being proposed for the resettlement are actually degraded wastelands, a result of rampant quarrying. It is very rocky, heavily contoured and is presently unused. Though written off as wasteland, it offers a great potential for development that could be self sustaining and economical. Infact its apparent drawbacks are judiciously used to its advantage. The site is fed by two roads, one from Jaunapur village side and the other from Bapu Camp side. The buildable zone. 17.7 hectare, is the area with lesser quarrying and has sparsely located pits and gentler slope. The non buildable zone, 5.9 hectare is an area of high quarrying with steep cliffs.
CONSTRUCTION STAGE
The choice of such undulating land with a slope of 17m in 24 hectare, benefitted the scheme as it had large catchments with a high potential for water sources and accommodated on site sewage disposal, thus ensuring a sustainable system. The lowest depression area is a natural catchment suggesting more than an adequate source of ground water for the high density settlement that is proposed and making it the best option for forestry/vegetation. The soil type is basically rocky, with Badarpur and very little alluvial soil with deep pits as a result of quarrying. The coarse, sandy soil is ideal for absorption, filtration and ground water recharge.
AREA STATEMENT
TOTAL SITE AREA =61 ACRES BUILDABLE AREA =45 ACRES(73.7%) NON BUILDABLE AREA =16 ACRES(26.2%) AREA UNDER CIRCULATION (ROADS, PATHWAYS AND CHOWKS) =15 ACRES(24.59%) AREA UNDER GREENS =6385 Sq.m + 16 ACRES AREA OF COMMON FACILITIES =31050 Sq.M(12.6%) DENSITY : 80 UNITS/ACRE OR 200 UNITS/HEC.
CLUSTER PLANNING Vs. CONVENTIONAL BACK TO BACK PLANNING

The morphology of 9 units grouped in a cluster as opposed to enclosed courts or linear streets. This creates a group identity responding to the socio cultural needs. Plots placed diagonally give pleasant breaks to the faade as opposed to conventional grid iron layouts with narrow monotonous streets. With a continuous cross breeze, the diagonal placement of plots makes the Venturi Effect possible
Provision of basic services at cluster level optimizes the length of service lines. Streets are located along valleys for proper drainage with houses placed across the ridges. Roads/streets occur every 9 units, reducing road lengths and saving an infrastructural costs cluster planning differs from courtyard planning, when no territorial definitions can be established and when the ratio of the court width is more than twice the final height of the dwelling unit.
Funicular shells have been loaded to ten times the design loads of RCC and have come out winners all the way. ENERGY Funicular Shell Roofing with Waste Stone Infill: A Funicular shell is effectively an arch rotated through 360. making it doubly curved. Therefore the roof becomes a compressive structure and it does not require steel as in R.C.C. Minimises use of high-energy steel reinforcement . Uses waste material lowers cost of roof FUNICULAR SHELL
CONCEPTUAL SKETCH The dwelling units are designed as skeletal structures, which are then to be completed by the beneficiaries themselves, by reusing walling material from their earlier homes. The beneficiaries families are expected to contribute in terms of labour and material for providing the walling material of the dwelling units to complete the skeletal units. The families will be assisted in transporting the existing walling material from their current dwelling to the settlement site as part of the scheme. In providing community toilets or individual facilities in a commune, each has its own intrinsic set of problems. The former has to be maintained by the government or an NGO and the latter by the individual. The slum dwellers have a semirural background as they have migrated from rural or suburban areas. A toilet within the house is considered unhygienic and is taboo. More often than not, these are blocked off and used as storage. Community toilets in several areas have been tried.
These often require maintenance by external agencies such as municipal sanitation department or NGOs. These once again have inherent drawbacks of poor maintenance. Often residence of the areas where these are located object to the connection or disposal system to the overburdened municipal lines laid out for the original residents of the zone. The solution lies midway, by allocating 2.2sq.m at the cluster level in the form of group toilets. Since the cluster is formed by individual choice, it ensures maintenance of common service.
INFERENCES
Innovative techniques have been used in the scheme both at the design, planning level and in construction. Key design issues that were addressed in the site plan and the overall concept of the resettlement and community management of infrastructure. The environmental context was of great relevance as the land was dismissed as being disregarded and located in the outskirts of the national capital region of Delhi. The crux of the problem was building within the budget, providing services/infrastructure given the total non-availability of any services on the site and achieving the desired density.
10.LIBRARY STUDY 10.1.According to national Building code

1)Habitable room Where there is only one room, height=not less than 2.75mts. area=not less than 9.5 sq.mt width=not less than 2.4mts Where there are 2 no. of room, Ist room area=9.5 sq.mts IInd room area=7.5 sq.mts Width=2.1mts 2)Kitchen height=2.75 mts area=5 sq.mts width=2.1 mts 3)Bathroom/w.Cs height=2.1 mts area=1.8 sq.mts width=1.2 mts Area of W.Cs=1.1sq.mts Width of W.Cs=0.9mts If combined bathrrom and w.c Area=2.8sq.mts Height=3 sq.mts
10.1.Requirements for LIG housing-according to national building code

1)Plinth area=40 sq.mts 2)Community open spaces=0.3 ha/100 persons 3)Road areas=10%to 20% of the site area 4)School=0.1 hac/1500 population and 4 no.Of shops/1000 population 5)Ground coverage=70% 6)Plot sizes=not less than 15 sq.mts in cluster planning 7)Frontage=3.6mts 8)Mixed development in cities=100 to 125 dwelling units/hac 9)Plotted development=65 to 120 plots/hac 10)Height=not more than 15 mts for housing and No lifts provided 11)Habitable room= at least 2 rooms, Ist room=9 sq .mts IInd room=6.5 sq.mts Width=2.1 mts Total area=15.5 sq.mts If single room=12.5 sq.mts 12)mezzanine floor=not less than 6.5sq.Mts Riser=250mm KIRANPREET KAUR Roll no.
10.1.Requirements for L.I.G housing-according to national building code

13)W.C/bathroom- area of W.C.=0.9 sq.mts Width of W.C=0.9 mts Area of bathroom=1.2 sq.mts Width of bathroom=1mts If combined area=2.4 sq.mts Width=1 mts
14)Kitchen- area=2.4 sq.mts Width=1.2 mts (alcove) Proper area=3.3 sq.mts Width=1.5 mts 15)Basement is not allowed. 16)Heights:- habitable room=2.6 mts Bathroom/ W.C=2.1 mts Kitchen=2.6 mts Corridors=2.1 mts 17)Circulation area=not more than 8 sq.mts/dwelling unit 18)Dry latrine shall not be allowed. 19)Leaching pits placed on like lanes,roads,streetsand pipe laid below 1.1 m 20)Road width=6mts max. Pathway-\=2 mts Length=60 mts 21)1 water tap/dwelling unit. SLUM REDEVELOPMENT OF TAJPUR ROAD SLUMS LUDHIANA, INDIA KIRANPREET KAUR Roll no.
10.2.LOW COST MATERIALS & TECHNIQUES

1.COST REDUCTION IN EXCAVATION
During excavation for foundation, the excavated soil can be put inward, as it can be used as infilling ,rather than putting out and then again shovel back for infilling.
If the soil is strong & hard there is no need to dig wide trenches, with concrete layer at the bottom.
Dont dig deeper than necessary. Consistency of soil is more important than solidity. Only dig as wide as your foundation wall is going to be.( usually 45 cm)
2.FOUNDATION Bamboo reinforced surface beams in lime concrete
If stone is not available bamboo reinforcement can be done. In sandy areas, along the sea cost, foundation with bamboo reinforcement is suitable. Salt and saline will not affect or destroy either the concrete or the reinforcement. Special difficult soils may be well benefit from more scientific methods. For example, reclaimed soils and black cotton soils are notoriously bad and difficult and dangerous. The traditional deep excavations and infillings with sand or gravel etc can be replaced with a surface beam. No excavation is required except the removal of top few centimetres of top soil. The beams can be reinforced with bamboo instead of steel. In section, the beam can taper upwards, e.g.: a wide flat base, say 50cm, 50 or 60cm height, tapering to a top surface only 20 or 25cm wide. SLUM REDEVELOPMENT OF TAJPUR ROAD SLUMS LUDHIANA, INDIA KIRANPREET KAUR Roll no.
2.FOUNDATION
3.PLACEMENT OF WALL ON FOUNDATION
Dry stone masonry filled with local soil. Stone masonry in mud mortar
3.PLACEMENT OF WALL ON FOUNDATION For small single storied house, there is no need to build the brick wall over the middle of foundation. It can be over the outer half of foundation walls. The wall( 9wall) can be made to be in flush with the outside of the rubble wall(foundation wall). This prevents the seeping of rain water into the stone wall and weakening it. For single & double storied houses, the wide concrete layer beneath the basement in not required. A 18(45 cm) rubble wall is enough to carry full load unless the soil is very poor or loose. 4.WALLS Sand-lime bricks / blocks
BAMBOO REINFORCED SURFACE BEAMS IN LIME CONCRETE
MUD ADOBE, COB, RAMMED EARTH, CEB
FLOORING
STABILIZED SOIL BLOCKS
BRICK MASONRY IN RAT TRAP BOND

The acceptable brick size is 9 x 4.5 x 3 inches. They should be of appropriate size. To be hold in one palm of the hand Thrown by one man and caught in one hand by other man. English bond was the most commonly used as brick wall in India. Rat-trap bond is unknown in India, but used in England for past several hundred years. Using rat-trap bond, 25% of no. of bricks and cost of wall can be saved. It provides good thermal insulation, strength and imparts a good look therefore can be recommended instead of other bonds.
In laying a brick wall of specified length, first lay out one row of brick. There may be gap or layout may over run the end of wall. In such cases do not insert pieces, which create bonding problem. Just move each brick a tiny fraction, it is possible to make right number of bricks fit correctly into the length of the required wall length.
BRICK MASONRY IN RAT TRAP BOND

LAYING PROCEDURE: Lay mortar to cover the brick course of 1st layer. Then place the next brick course in position over that. Press out the emerging mortar so that it is in level with the face of the wall, so that no further pointing is needed. LAYING OF MORTAR:(rat trap bond) Mortar should be placed such that it should not be wasted in the cavity. So use a wooden piece to cover the cavity so that it is not wasted. Dimension of a wooden piece = 3 feet x 3 x 3\4. Wet the wall before putting mortar. BRICK JALI Jail- formerly used as pierced stone panels. This is Indias oldest method of letting into building, filtered light & ventilation, but maintains privacy & security. This can function as a complete load bearing wall or as panels. Jail can be extended from floor to ceiling & column to column. SLUM REDEVELOPMENT OF TAJPUR ROAD SLUMS LUDHIANA, INDIA KIRANPREET KAUR Roll no.
The vertical joints of the course can be kept open to form a jail. Air holes or ventilation holes can be made , this can perform the function of the window
1 sq.ft of window cost 10 times the cost of simple brick or stone wall it replaces. For looking out, to let light and fresh air a jalli can be used effectively. This is a excellent alternative to a costly window.
Windows can be simple, inexpensive & employing little labour. But at the same time they should provide light, air and security. A vertical shutter with two round projection in the centre at their ends can be pivoted at the top and bottom, will be a cost effective one.
Wood is getting scarce and costly. They should be used as little as possible. In many instances frameless doors and windows are acceptable and reduce both quantity of timber, labour and cost. Board and batten type shutters are less costly, use less labour and less timber than panelled shutters. Glass is often not necessary. They should be used when it has a useful purpose and is essential. Glass manufacture is energy intensive. It is extravagant or unnecessary use in ANTI NATIONAL DOORS: Vertical planks can be held or screwed together by a iron strap with a hinge provision. This iron strap is hinged to a holdfast which is built into the wall. So the use of a door frame & panels is eliminated. Planks held together by horizontal battens cuts cost and reduces greatly the cost of labour. SLUM REDEVELOPMENT OF TAJPUR ROAD SLUMS LUDHIANA, INDIA KIRANPREET KAUR Roll no.
POINTING AND PATCHING Plastering accounts up to 10% of the total cost of the building. Painting & maintenance of plaster is required. Patching and pointing can be done, which gives a fair face, no painting and maintenance is required. POINTING: This is to provide smooth finish to an unplastered wall. This should not be done as extra job after the wall construction is complete. Place the brick over the mortar, after laying the mortar, then gently press the brick. The bulging mortar is pressed with the trowel to give a smooth finish. PATCHING: Bricks vary slightly in length and so only one side of the wall can be levelled. So bring one side of stretcher in line. Fill the hollows with mortar on the other side this process is called patching. The levelled side can be given a line pointing
Lintels of concrete and steel is not required over doors and window openings up to 4 feet wide. This consists of one row of bricks placed over the frame of opening laterally. Above them there are two rows of bricks placed on the edge, with one row on each side. The space between these upper two rows of brick sis then filled with concrete in which a small steel rod is placed.
The only weight the lintel actually carrying is a small triangle of brickwork. All other weight of wall above are carried by the wall at the sides of the opening. This is less than half of the cost of R.C.C. lintels.
For other openings, brick arches or corbelled arches can be employed instead of reinforced concrete lintels. These are cost effective and imparts good look. In corbelled arches each projects out by 2.25 beyond the course and are held by the counter weight by the wall above it.
Arches can be used rather than lintels. Many varieties of arches , flat, segmented, pointed, rounded, corbelled and so on. All arch method are equally suitable for mud wall construction. Adequate width of support walls should be provided to deal with the arch thrust.
Corbel arches can be used for openings as wide as 5 meters. These can be different shapes & sizes, which are less costly than R.C lintels. During construction, this does not require extensive framework for support. With a smallest framework, other large size arches can be made by adding one or two rows of dry bricks( no mortar), according to the span of the arch. SLUM REDEVELOPMENT OF TAJPUR ROAD SLUMS LUDHIANA, INDIA
Corbel arches need no shuttering. This is extremely simple & easy to make. One quarter of a brick is extended out from the brick below it. KIRANPREET KAUR Roll no.
FILLER SLAB
11.INFRASTRUCTURE PROJECTIONS AND REQUIREMENTS 11.1.Population projection

The surveyed 258 households of Ram Bihari colony represented the existing population of 3000 persons. On the other hand willingness of the residents for in-situ house with infrastructure facilities required proper site plan.Hence,existing and projected population was taken into consideration. Projected population (2018) : Total Population in 2013 = 3000 Persons P2018 = P2013*(1+R/100) n Projected Total Population (2018) = 3000*(1+5/100) 5 = 3000*(1+0.05) 5 = 3000*1.34 Total projected population in 2018 = 4020persons
11.2.Infrastructure Requirement
The requirement of infrastructure like water supply, drainage, roads, sanitation, solid waste management (SWM), school was based on the population projection for the year 2018. i)Water supply The requirement of water was calculated on the basis of standards .The two standards are given below: Table-Water Supply Norms as per UDPFI Guidelines (for Domestic Supply)
Small Cities(<50000) Absolute minimum Desirable 70 lpcd 100 lpcd
Medium cities(>50000100,000) 40-100 lpcd 135-150 lpcd
Large Cities & Metros(>100,000) 135 lpcd(can be reduced to 70 lpcd 150 200 lpcd
S.no. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Purpose Drinking Cooking Ablution Cleaning Utensils' & Houses Washing Clothes Flushing Water closets Bathing Public Purposes Total
Water Required (lpcd) 5 10 10 10 25 45 30 35 170
On the basis of above given standards we adopted 100 LPCD as standard for the slum area.
Demand of water = 300,000lts (calculated on the basis of standards) Number of Public Taps According to the standards one (1) tap needed for twenty (20) families. Total No of households = 258 = 258/20 = 12.9 So, as per current requirement about thirteen (13) public taps are required for fulfilling the need of the residents. Number of taps needed up to 2018 = HH/20 = 1005/20 = 50 So, needed taps (2018) = 50 Total requirement of water supply =300000 lts ii) Sewerage Sewerage to be designed for 80% of the water supply=2,40,000 lts. iii)Projection for SWM Total no of households (2013) = 258 Total number of households (2018) = 1005 1 bin for = 20 households So, presently about thirteen (13) containers or bins are required for fulfilling the need of the residents. Number of bins needed up to 2018 = 1005/20 =50.25 So, needed bins 2018 = 50 iv) Projection for School Currently one hall for primary school is available in Ram Bihari Colony. According to TCPO norms and standards = 1 primary school needed for 2000 to 4000 SLUM REDEVELOPMENT OF TAJPUR ROAD SLUMS LUDHIANA, INDIA

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CONTENTS

Acknowledgement Undertaking & Recommendation Abstract Contents

Chapter 2:Information About Ludhiana

Chapter 3:Existing Situation of the Slum Location

Chapter 4:Slum Profile

SLUM REDEVELOPMENT OF TAJPUR ROAD SLUMS LUDHIANA, INDIA

KIRANPREET KAUR Roll no.

CONTENTS Chapter 5:Household Data

Chapter 6:Physical Infrastructure

Chapter 7:Social Infrastructure

Chapter 8:Questionnaire Chapter 9:Case Studies

Chapter 10:Library Study

CONTENTS Chapter 11:Infrastructure Projections & Requirements

Chapter 12:Proposal & Phasing Plans

SLUM REDEVELOPMENT OF TAJPUR ROAD SLUMS LUDHIANA, INDIA

KIRANPREET KAUR Roll no.

KIRANPREET KAUR Roll no.

1.2 NEED FOR SLUM REDEVELOPMENT

1.3 AIMS & OBJECTIVES

KIRANPREET KAUR Roll no.

1.4 SCOPE OF THE RESEARCH

KIRANPREET KAUR Roll no.

Meeting with the community

Data compilation &Requirements

Sharing of existing situation(map)&planning with the community

2.3.THE PHYSICAL CITY

Map of Ludhiana District

SLUM REDEVELOPMENT OF TAJPUR ROAD SLUMS LUDHIANA, INDIA

KIRANPREET KAUR Roll no.

2.6.THE URBAN ECONOMY

Population Growth and assessment in Ludhiana Town from 1901-2021

SLUM REDEVELOPMENT OF TAJPUR ROAD SLUMS LUDHIANA, INDIA

KIRANPREET KAUR Roll no.

2.8 SLUMS IN LUDHIANA

POPULATION OF URBAN POOR

LITERACY AND SCHOOL GOING CHILDREN

School going population Rural-78.32% Urban-81.58% 2.9.LOCATING SLUMS

KIRANPREET KAUR Roll no.

2.10.BASIC DEMOGRAPHY OF LUDHIANA SLUMS AND CITY

Tajpur road slum

SLUM REDEVELOPMENT OF TAJPUR ROAD SLUMS LUDHIANA, INDIA

KIRANPREET KAUR Roll no.

TAJPUR ROAD BUDHA NALA

SLUM REDEVELOPMENT OF TAJPUR ROAD SLUMS LUDHIANA, INDIA

KIRANPREET KAUR Roll no.

3.1.LOCATION OF RAM BIHARI COLONY,TAJPUR ROAD,LUDHIANA

SHOWING LANDMARK,SLUM POCKET,NODE

SLUM REDEVELOPMENT OF TAJPUR ROAD SLUMS LUDHIANA, INDIA

KIRANPREET KAUR Roll no.

BACKSIDE VIEW OF COLONY

VIEW OF BUDHA DRAIN

SLUM REDEVELOPMENT OF TAJPUR ROAD SLUMS LUDHIANA, INDIA

KIRANPREET KAUR Roll no.

3.2.1.EXISTING LIVING CONDITION OF JHUGGIES &DWELLERS

Size of jhuggie is 2mt x 4 mt.

KIRANPREET KAUR Roll no.

Inhabitable living conditions Small area for larger jobs.

Poor surroundings Variant sizes of jhuggies

Improper condition of the kitchen

SLUM REDEVELOPMENT OF TAJPUR ROAD SLUMS LUDHIANA, INDIA

KIRANPREET KAUR Roll no.

View of the street No storage area for the household things

SLUM REDEVELOPMENT OF TAJPUR ROAD SLUMS LUDHIANA, INDIA

SLUM REDEVELOPMENT OF TAJPUR ROAD SLUMS LUDHIANA, INDIA

3.3.HISTORY OF TAJPUR ROAD SLUMS

3.4.TAJPUR ROAD IN 1960s