Appendix A: Tables

Table A-1
Table A-2
Table A-3
Table A-4
Table A-5
Table A-6
Table A-7
Table A-8
Table A-9
Table A-10

748

Binomial Probabilities
Standard Normal Distribution
t Distribution
Chi-Square (x2) Distribution
F Distribution
Critical Values of the Pearson Correlation Coefficient r
Critical Values for the Sign Test
Critical Values of T for the Wilcoxon Signed-Ranks Test
Critical Values of Spearmans Rank Correlation Coefficient rs
Critical Values for Number of Runs G

Appendix A

TABLE A-1

749

Binomial Probabilities
p

.01

.05

.10

.20

.30

.40

.50

.60

.70

.80

.90

.95

.99

0
1
2

.980
.020
0+

.902
.095
.002

.810
.180
.010

.640
.320
.040

.490
.420
.090

.360
.480
.160

.250
.500
.250

.160
.480
.360

.090
.420
.490

.040
.320
.640

.010
.180
.810

.002
.095
.902

0+
.020
.980

0
1
2

0
1
2
3

.970
.029
0+
0+

.857
.135
.007
0+

.729
.243
.027
.001

.512
.384
.096
.008

.343
.441
.189
.027

.216
.432
.288
.064

.125
.375
.375
.125

.064
.288
.432
.216

.027
.189
.441
.343

.008
.096
.384
.512

.001
.027
.243
.729

0+
.007
.135
.857

0+
0+
.029
.970

0
1
2
3

0
1
2
3
4

.961
.039
.001
0+
0+

.815
.171
.014
0+
0+

.656
.292
.049
.004
0+

.410
.410
.154
.026
.002

.240
.412
.265
.076
.008

.130
.346
.346
.154
.026

.062
.250
.375
.250
.062

.026
.154
.346
.346
.130

.008
.076
.265
.412
.240

.002
.026
.154
.410
.410

0+
.004
.049
.292
.656

0+
0+
.014
.171
.815

0+
0+
.001
.039
.961

0
1
2
3
4

0
1
2
3
4

.951
.048
.001
0+
0+

.774
.204
.021
.001
0+

.590
.328
.073
.008
0+

.328
.410
.205
.051
.006

.168
.360
.309
.132
.028

.078
.259
.346
.230
.077

.031
.156
.312
.312
.156

.010
.077
.230
.346
.259

.002
.028
.132
.309
.360

0+
.006
.051
.205
.410

0+
0+
.008
.073
.328

0+
0+
.001
.021
.204

0+
0+
0+
.001
.048

0
1
2
3
4

0+

0+

0+

0+

.002

.010

.031

.078

.168

.328

.590

.774

.951

0
1
2
3
4

.941
.057
.001
0+
0+

.735
.232
.031
.002
0+

.531
.354
.098
.015
.001

.262
.393
.246
.082
.015

.118
.303
.324
.185
.060

.047
.187
.311
.276
.138

.016
.094
.234
.312
.234

.004
.037
.138
.276
.311

.001
.010
.060
.185
.324

0+
.002
.015
.082
.246

0+
0+
.001
.015
.098

0+
0+
0+
.002
.031

0+
0+
0+
0+
.001

0
1
2
3
4

5
6

0+
0+

0+
0+

0+
0+

.002
0+

.010
.001

.037
.004

.094
.016

.187
.047

.303
.118

.393
.262

.354
.531

.232
.735

.057
.941

5
6

0
1
2
3
4

.932
.066
.002
0+
0+

.698
.257
.041
.004
0+

.478
.372
.124
.023
.003

.210
.367
.275
.115
.029

.082
.247
.318
.227
.097

.028
.131
.261
.290
.194

.008
.055
.164
.273
.273

.002
.017
.077
.194
.290

0+
.004
.025
.097
.227

0+
0+
.004
.029
.115

0+
0+
0+
.003
.023

0+
0+
0+
0+
.004

0+
0+
0+
0+
0+

0
1
2
3
4

5
6
7

0+
0+
0+

0+
0+
0+

0+
0+
0+

.004
0+
0+

.025
.004
0+

.077
.017
.002

.164
.055
.008

.261
.131
.028

.318
.247
.082

.275
.367
.210

.124
.372
.478

.041
.257
.698

.002
.066
.932

5
6
7

0
1
2
3
4

.923
.075
.003
0+
0+

.663
.279
.051
.005
0+

.430
.383
.149
.033
.005

.168
.336
.294
.147
.046

.058
.198
.296
.254
.136

.017
.090
.209
.279
.232

.004
.031
.109
.219
.273

.001
.008
.041
.124
.232

0+
.001
.010
.047
.136

0+
0+
.001
.009
.046

0+
0+
0+
0+
.005

0+
0+
0+
0+
0+

0+
0+
0+
0+
0+

0
1
2
3
4

5
6
7
8

0+
0+
0+
0+

0+
0+
0+
0+

0+
0+
0+
0+

.009
.001
0+
0+

.047
.010
.001
0+

.124
.041
.008
.001

.219
.109
.031
.004

.279
.209
.090
.017

.254
.296
.198
.058

.147
.294
.336
.168

.033
.149
.383
.430

.005
.051
.279
.663

0+
.003
.075
.923

5
6
7
8

NOTE: 0+ represents a positive probability less than 0.0005.

(continued)

750

Appendix A

TABLE A-1

Binomial Probabilities (continued )

p

.01

.05

.10

.20

.30

.40

.50

.60

.70

.80

.90

.95

.99

0
1
2
3
4

.914
.083
.003
0+
0+

.630
.299
.063
.008
.001

.387
.387
.172
.045
.007

.134
.302
.302
.176
.066

.040
.156
.267
.267
.172

.010
.060
.161
.251
.251

.002
.018
.070
.164
.246

0+
.004
.021
.074
.167

0+
0+
.004
.021
.074

0+
0+
0+
.003
.017

0+
0+
0+
0+
.001

0+
0+
0+
0+
0+

0+
0+
0+
0+
0+

0
1
2
3
4

5
6
7
8
9

0+
0+
0+
0+
0+

0+
0+
0+
0+
0+

.001
0+
0+
0+
0+

.017
.003
0+
0+
0+

.074
.021
.004
0+
0+

.167
.074
.021
.004
0+

.246
.164
.070
.018
.002

.251
.251
.161
.060
.010

.172
.267
.267
.156
.040

.066
.176
.302
.302
.134

.007
.045
.172
.387
.387

.001
.008
.063
.299
.630

0+
0+
.003
.083
.914

5
6
7
8
9

0
1
2
3
4

.904
.091
.004
0+
0+

.599
.315
.075
.010
.001

.349
.387
.194
.057
.011

.107
.268
.302
.201
.088

.028
.121
.233
.267
.200

.006
.040
.121
.215
.251

.001
.010
.044
.117
.205

0+
.002
.011
.042
.111

0+
0+
.001
.009
.037

0+
0+
0+
.001
.006

0+
0+
0+
0+
0+

0+
0+
0+
0+
0+

0+
0+
0+
0+
0+

0
1
2
3
4

5
6
7
8
9

0+
0+
0+
0+
0+

0+
0+
0+
0+
0+

.001
0+
0+
0+
0+

.026
.006
.001
0+
0+

.103
.037
.009
.001
0+

.201
.111
.042
.011
.002

.246
.205
.117
.044
.010

.201
.251
.215
.121
.040

.103
.200
.267
.233
.121

.026
.088
.201
.302
.268

.001
.011
.057
.194
.387

0+
.001
.010
.075
.315

0+
0+
0+
.004
.091

5
6
7
8
9

10

0+

0+

0+

0+

0+

0+

.001

.006

.028

.107

.349

.599

.904

10

0
1
2
3
4

.895
.099
.005
0+
0+

.569
.329
.087
.014
.001

.314
.384
.213
.071
.016

.086
.236
.295
.221
.111

.020
.093
.200
.257
.220

.004
.027
.089
.177
.236

0+
.005
.027
.081
.161

0+
.001
.005
.023
.070

0+
0+
.001
.004
.017

0+
0+
0+
0+
.002

0+
0+
0+
0+
0+

0+
0+
0+
0+
0+

0+
0+
0+
0+
0+

0
1
2
3
4

5
6
7
8
9

0+
0+
0+
0+
0+

0+
0+
0+
0+
0+

.002
0+
0+
0+
0+

.039
.010
.002
0+
0+

.132
.057
.017
.004
.001

.221
.147
.070
.023
.005

.226
.226
.161
.081
.027

.147
.221
.236
.177
.089

.057
.132
.220
.257
.200

.010
.039
.111
.221
.295

0+
.002
.016
.071
.213

0+
0+
.001
.014
.087

0+
0+
0+
0+
.005

5
6
7
8
9

10
11

0+
0+

0+
0+

0+
0+

0+
0+

0+
0+

.001
0+

.005
0+

.027
.004

.093
.020

.236
.086

.384
.314

.329
.569

.099
.895

10
11

0
1
2
3
4

.886
.107
.006
0+
0+

.540
.341
.099
.017
.002

.282
.377
.230
.085
.021

.069
.206
.283
.236
.133

.014
.071
.168
.240
.231

.002
.017
.064
.142
.213

0+
.003
.016
.054
.121

0+
0+
.002
.012
.042

0+
0+
0+
.001
.008

0+
0+
0+
0+
.001

0+
0+
0+
0+
0+

0+
0+
0+
0+
0+

0+
0+
0+
0+
0+

0
1
2
3
4

5
6
7
8
9

0+
0+
0+
0+
0+

0+
0+
0+
0+
0+

.004
0+
0+
0+
0+

.053
.016
.003
.001
0+

.158
.079
.029
.008
.001

.227
.177
.101
.042
.012

.193
.226
.193
.121
.054

.101
.177
.227
.213
.142

.029
.079
.158
.231
.240

.003
.016
.053
.133
.236

0+
0+
.004
.021
.085

0+
0+
0+
.002
.017

0+
0+
0+
0+
0+

5
6
7
8
9

10
11
12

0+
0+
0+

0+
0+
0+

0+
0+
0+

0+
0+
0+

0+
0+
0+

.002
0+
0+

.016
.003
0+

.064
.017
.002

.168
.071
.014

.283
.206
.069

.230
.377
.282

.099
.341
.540

.006
.107
.886

10
11
12

10

11

12

NOTE: 0+ represents a positive probability less than 0.0005.

(continued)

Appendix A

TABLE A-1

751

Binomial Probabilities (continued )

p

.01

.05

.10

.20

.30

.40

.50

.60

.70

13

0
1
2
3
4

.878
.115
.007
0+
0+

.513
.351
.111
.021
.003

.254
.367
.245
.100
.028

.055
.179
.268
.246
.154

.010
.054
.139
.218
.234

.001
.011
.045
.111
.184

0+
.002
.010
.035
.087

0+
0+
.001
.006
.024

5
6
7
8
9

0+
0+
0+
0+
0+

0+
0+
0+
0+
0+

.006
.001
0+
0+
0+

.069
.023
.006
.001
0+

.180
.103
.044
.014
.003

.221
.197
.131
.066
.024

.157
.209
.209
.157
.087

10
11
12
13

0+
0+
0+
0+

0+
0+
0+
0+

0+
0+
0+
0+

0+
0+
0+
0+

.001
0+
0+
0+

.006
.001
0+
0+

0
1
2
3
4

.869
.123
.008
0+
0+

.488
.359
.123
.026
.004

.229
.356
.257
.114
.035

.044
.154
.250
.250
.172

.007
.041
.113
.194
.229

5
6
7
8
9

0+
0+
0+
0+
0+

0+
0+
0+
0+
0+

.008
.001
0+
0+
0+

.086
.032
.009
.002
0+

10
11
12
13
14

0+
0+
0+
0+
0+

0+
0+
0+
0+
0+

0+
0+
0+
0+
0+

0
1
2
3
4

.860
.130
.009
0+
0+

.463
.366
.135
.031
.005

5
6
7
8
9

0+
0+
0+
0+
0+

10
11
12
13
14
15

14

15

.80

.90

.95

.99

0+
0+
0+
.001
.003

0+
0+
0+
0+
0+

0+
0+
0+
0+
0+

0+
0+
0+
0+
0+

0+
0+
0+
0+
0+

0
1
2
3
4

.066
.131
.197
.221
.184

.014
.044
.103
.180
.234

.001
.006
.023
.069
.154

0+
0+
.001
.006
.028

0+
0+
0+
0+
.003

0+
0+
0+
0+
0+

5
6
7
8
9

.035
.010
.002
0+

.111
.045
.011
.001

.218
.139
.054
.010

.246
.268
.179
.055

.100
.245
.367
.254

.021
.111
.351
.513

0+
.007
.115
.878

10
11
12
13

.001
.007
.032
.085
.155

0+
.001
.006
.022
.061

0+
0+
.001
.003
.014

0+
0+
0+
0+
.001

0+
0+
0+
0+
0+

0+
0+
0+
0+
0+

0+
0+
0+
0+
0+

0+
0+
0+
0+
0+

0
1
2
3
4

.196
.126
.062
.023
.007

.207
.207
.157
.092
.041

.122
.183
.209
.183
.122

.041
.092
.157
.207
.207

.007
.023
.062
.126
.196

0+
.002
.009
.032
.086

0+
0+
0+
.001
.008

0+
0+
0+
0+
0+

0+
0+
0+
0+
0+

5
6
7
8
9

0+
0+
0+
0+
0+

.001
0+
0+
0+
0+

.014
.003
.001
0+
0+

.061
.022
.006
.001
0+

.155
.085
.032
.007
.001

.229
.194
.113
.041
.007

.172
.250
.250
.154
.044

.035
.114
.257
.356
.229

.004
.026
.123
.359
.488

0+
0+
.008
.123
.869

10
11
12
13
14

.206
.343
.267
.129
.043

.035
.132
.231
.250
.188

.005
.031
.092
.170
.219

0+
.005
.022
.063
.127

0+
0+
.003
.014
.042

0+
0+
0+
.002
.007

0+
0+
0+
0+
.001

0+
0+
0+
0+
0+

0+
0+
0+
0+
0+

0+
0+
0+
0+
0+

0+
0+
0+
0+
0+

0
1
2
3
4

.001
0+
0+
0+
0+

.010
.002
0+
0+
0+

.103
.043
.014
.003
.001

.206
.147
.081
.035
.012

.186
.207
.177
.118
.061

.092
.153
.196
.196
.153

.024
.061
.118
.177
.207

.003
.012
.035
.081
.147

0+
.001
.003
.014
.043

0+
0+
0+
0+
.002

0+
0+
0+
0+
0+

0+
0+
0+
0+
0+

5
6
7
8
9

0+
0+
0+
0+
0+

0+
0+
0+
0+
0+

0+
0+
0+
0+
0+

0+
0+
0+
0+
0+

.003
.001
0+
0+
0+

.024
.007
.002
0+
0+

.092
.042
.014
.003
0+

.186
.127
.063
.022
.005

.206
.219
.170
.092
.031

.103
.188
.250
.231
.132

.010
.043
.129
.267
.343

.001
.005
.031
.135
.366

0+
0+
0+
.009
.130

10
11
12
13
14

0+

0+

0+

0+

0+

0+

0+

0+

.005

.035

.206

.463

.860

15

NOTE: 0+ represents a positive probability less than 0.0005.

From Frederick C. Mosteller, Robert E. K. Rourke, and George B. Thomas, Jr., Probability with Statistical Applications, 2nd
ed., 1970 Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., Reading, MA. Reprinted with permission.

752

Appendix A

NEGATIVE z Scores
z

TABLE A-2

Standard Normal (z) Distribution: Cumulative Area from the LEFT

.00

.01

.02

.03

.04

- 3.50
and
lower
- 3.4
- 3.3
- 3.2
- 3.1
- 3.0
- 2.9
- 2.8
- 2.7
- 2.6
- 2.5
- 2.4
- 2.3
- 2.2
- 2.1
- 2.0
- 1.9
- 1.8
- 1.7
- 1.6
- 1.5
- 1.4
- 1.3
- 1.2
- 1.1
- 1.0
- 0.9
- 0.8
- 0.7
- 0.6
- 0.5
- 0.4
- 0.3
- 0.2
- 0.1

.0001
.0003
.0005
.0007
.0010
.0013
.0019
.0026
.0035
.0047
.0062
.0082
.0107
.0139
.0179
.0228
.0287
.0359
.0446
.0548
.0668
.0808
.0968
.1151
.1357
.1587
.1841
.2119
.2420
.2743
.3085
.3446
.3821
.4207
.4602

.0003
.0005
.0007
.0009
.0013
.0018
.0025
.0034
.0045
.0060
.0080
.0104
.0136
.0174
.0222
.0281
.0351
.0436
.0537
.0655
.0793
.0951
.1131
.1335
.1562
.1814
.2090
.2389
.2709
.3050
.3409
.3783
.4168
.4562

.0003
.0005
.0006
.0009
.0013
.0018
.0024
.0033
.0044
.0059
.0078
.0102
.0132
.0170
.0217
.0274
.0344
.0427
.0526
.0643
.0778
.0934
.1112
.1314
.1539
.1788
.2061
.2358
.2676
.3015
.3372
.3745
.4129
.4522

.0003
.0004
.0006
.0009
.0012
.0017
.0023
.0032
.0043
.0057
.0075
.0099
.0129
.0166
.0212
.0268
.0336
.0418
.0516
.0630
.0764
.0918
.1093
.1292
.1515
.1762
.2033
.2327
.2643
.2981
.3336
.3707
.4090
.4483

.0003
.0004
.0006
.0008
.0012
.0016
.0023
.0031
.0041
.0055
.0073
.0096
.0125
.0162
.0207
.0262
.0329
.0409
.0505
.0618
.0749
.0901
.1075
.1271
.1492
.1736
.2005
.2296
.2611
.2946
.3300
.3669
.4052
.4443

- 0.0

.5000

.4960

.4920

.4880

.4840

NOTE: For values of z below - 3.49, use 0.0001 for the area.
*Use these common values that result from interpolation:
z score
- 1.645
- 2.575

Area
0.0500
0.0050

.05

.0003
.0004
.0006
.0008
.0011
.0016
.0022
.0030
.0040
.0054
.0071
.0094
.0122
.0158
.0202
.0256
.0322
.0401
* .0495
.0606
.0735
.0885
.1056
.1251
.1469
.1711
.1977
.2266
.2578
.2912
.3264
.3632
.4013
.4404
.4801

.06

.07

.0003
.0004
.0006
.0008
.0011
.0015
.0021
.0029
.0039
.0052
.0069
.0091
.0119
.0154
.0197
.0250
.0314
.0392
.0485
.0594
.0721
.0869
.1038
.1230
.1446
.1685
.1949
.2236
.2546
.2877
.3228
.3594
.3974
.4364

.0003
.0004
.0005
.0008
.0011
.0015
.0021
.0028
.0038
.0051
.0068
.0089
.0116
.0150
.0192
.0244
.0307
.0384
.0475
.0582
.0708
.0853
.1020
.1210
.1423
.1660
.1922
.2206
.2514
.2843
.3192
.3557
.3936
.4325

.4761

.4721

.08

.0003
.0004
.0005
.0007
.0010
.0014
.0020
.0027
.0037
* .0049
.0066
.0087
.0113
.0146
.0188
.0239
.0301
.0375
.0465
.0571
.0694
.0838
.1003
.1190
.1401
.1635
.1894
.2177
.2483
.2810
.3156
.3520
.3897
.4286
.4681

.09

.0002
.0003
.0005
.0007
.0010
.0014
.0019
.0026
.0036
.0048
.0064
.0084
.0110
.0143
.0183
.0233
.0294
.0367
.0455
.0559
.0681
.0823
.0985
.1170
.1379
.1611
.1867
.2148
.2451
.2776
.3121
.3483
.3859
.4247
.4641

Appendix A

753

POSITIVE z Scores
0

TABLE A-2
z
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.50
and up

(continued ) Cumulative Area from the LEFT

.00

.01

.02

.03

.5000
.5398
.5793
.6179
.6554
.6915
.7257
.7580
.7881
.8159
.8413
.8643
.8849
.9032
.9192
.9332
.9452
.9554
.9641
.9713
.9772
.9821
.9861
.9893
.9918
.9938
.9953
.9965
.9974
.9981
.9987
.9990
.9993
.9995
.9997
.9999

.5040
.5438
.5832
.6217
.6591
.6950
.7291
.7611
.7910
.8186
.8438
.8665
.8869
.9049
.9207
.9345
.9463
.9564
.9649
.9719
.9778
.9826
.9864
.9896
.9920
.9940
.9955
.9966
.9975
.9982
.9987
.9991
.9993
.9995
.9997

.5080
.5478
.5871
.6255
.6628
.6985
.7324
.7642
.7939
.8212
.8461
.8686
.8888
.9066
.9222
.9357
.9474
.9573
.9656
.9726
.9783
.9830
.9868
.9898
.9922
.9941
.9956
.9967
.9976
.9982
.9987
.9991
.9994
.9995
.9997

.5120
.5517
.5910
.6293
.6664
.7019
.7357
.7673
.7967
.8238
.8485
.8708
.8907
.9082
.9236
.9370
.9484
.9582
.9664
.9732
.9788
.9834
.9871
.9901
.9925
.9943
.9957
.9968
.9977
.9983
.9988
.9991
.9994
.9996
.9997

.04
.5160
.5557
.5948
.6331
.6700
.7054
.7389
.7704
.7995
.8264
.8508
.8729
.8925
.9099
.9251
.9382
.9495 *
.9591
.9671
.9738
.9793
.9838
.9875
.9904
.9927
.9945
.9959
.9969
.9977
.9984
.9988
.9992
.9994
.9996
.9997

NOTE: For values of z above 3.49, use 0.9999 for the area.
*Use these common values that result from interpolation:
z score
Area
1.645
0.9500
2.575
0.9950

.05

.06

.07

.5199
.5596
.5987
.6368
.6736
.7088
.7422
.7734
.8023
.8289
.8531
.8749
.8944
.9115
.9265
.9394
.9505
.9599
.9678
.9744
.9798
.9842
.9878
.9906
.9929
.9946
.9960
.9970
.9978
.9984
.9989
.9992
.9994
.9996
.9997

.5239
.5636
.6026
.6406
.6772
.7123
.7454
.7764
.8051
.8315
.8554
.8770
.8962
.9131
.9279
.9406
.9515
.9608
.9686
.9750
.9803
.9846
.9881
.9909
.9931
.9948
.9961
.9971
.9979
.9985
.9989
.9992
.9994
.9996
.9997

.5279
.5675
.6064
.6443
.6808
.7157
.7486
.7794
.8078
.8340
.8577
.8790
.8980
.9147
.9292
.9418
.9525
.9616
.9693
.9756
.9808
.9850
.9884
.9911
.9932
.9949
.9962
.9972
.9979
.9985
.9989
.9992
.9995
.9996
.9997

.08
.5319
.5714
.6103
.6480
.6844
.7190
.7517
.7823
.8106
.8365
.8599
.8810
.8997
.9162
.9306
.9429
.9535
.9625
.9699
.9761
.9812
.9854
.9887
.9913
.9934
* .9951
.9963
.9973
.9980
.9986
.9990
.9993
.9995
.9996
.9997

.09
.5359
.5753
.6141
.6517
.6879
.7224
.7549
.7852
.8133
.8389
.8621
.8830
.9015
.9177
.9319
.9441
.9545
.9633
.9706
.9767
.9817
.9857
.9890
.9916
.9936
.9952
.9964
.9974
.9981
.9986
.9990
.9993
.9995
.9997
.9998

Common Critical Values

Confidence Critical
Level
Value
0.90
1.645
0.95
1.96
0.99
2.575

754

Appendix A

TABLE A-3

t Distribution: Critical t Values

0.005

0.01

Area in One Tail

0.025

0.05

0.10

Degrees of
Freedom

0.01

0.02

Area in Two Tails

0.05

0.10

0.20

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
45
50
60
70
80
90
100
200
300
400
500
1000
2000
Large

63.657
9.925
5.841
4.604
4.032
3.707
3.499
3.355
3.250
3.169
3.106
3.055
3.012
2.977
2.947
2.921
2.898
2.878
2.861
2.845
2.831
2.819
2.807
2.797
2.787
2.779
2.771
2.763
2.756
2.750
2.744
2.738
2.733
2.728
2.724
2.719
2.715
2.712
2.708
2.704
2.690
2.678
2.660
2.648
2.639
2.632
2.626
2.601
2.592
2.588
2.586
2.581
2.578
2.576

31.821
6.965
4.541
3.747
3.365
3.143
2.998
2.896
2.821
2.764
2.718
2.681
2.650
2.624
2.602
2.583
2.567
2.552
2.539
2.528
2.518
2.508
2.500
2.492
2.485
2.479
2.473
2.467
2.462
2.457
2.453
2.449
2.445
2.441
2.438
2.434
2.431
2.429
2.426
2.423
2.412
2.403
2.390
2.381
2.374
2.368
2.364
2.345
2.339
2.336
2.334
2.330
2.328
2.326

6.314
2.920
2.353
2.132
2.015
1.943
1.895
1.860
1.833
1.812
1.796
1.782
1.771
1.761
1.753
1.746
1.740
1.734
1.729
1.725
1.721
1.717
1.714
1.711
1.708
1.706
1.703
1.701
1.699
1.697
1.696
1.694
1.692
1.691
1.690
1.688
1.687
1.686
1.685
1.684
1.679
1.676
1.671
1.667
1.664
1.662
1.660
1.653
1.650
1.649
1.648
1.646
1.646
1.645

3.078
1.886
1.638
1.533
1.476
1.440
1.415
1.397
1.383
1.372
1.363
1.356
1.350
1.345
1.341
1.337
1.333
1.330
1.328
1.325
1.323
1.321
1.319
1.318
1.316
1.315
1.314
1.313
1.311
1.310
1.309
1.309
1.308
1.307
1.306
1.306
1.305
1.304
1.304
1.303
1.301
1.299
1.296
1.294
1.292
1.291
1.290
1.286
1.284
1.284
1.283
1.282
1.282
1.282

12.706
4.303
3.182
2.776
2.571
2.447
2.365
2.306
2.262
2.228
2.201
2.179
2.160
2.145
2.131
2.120
2.110
2.101
2.093
2.086
2.080
2.074
2.069
2.064
2.060
2.056
2.052
2.048
2.045
2.042
2.040
2.037
2.035
2.032
2.030
2.028
2.026
2.024
2.023
2.021
2.014
2.009
2.000
1.994
1.990
1.987
1.984
1.972
1.968
1.966
1.965
1.962
1.961
1.960

Left tail

Critical t value
(negative)

Right tail

Critical t value
(positive)

Two tails

a/2

Critical t value
(negative)

a/2

Critical t value
(positive)

Appendix A

755

Chi-Square (x2) Distribution

TABLE A-4

Area to the Right of the Critical Value

Degrees
of
Freedom

0.995

0.99

0.975

0.95

0.90

0.10

0.05

0.025

0.01

0.005

1
2
3
4
5

0.010
0.072
0.207
0.412

0.020
0.115
0.297
0.554

0.001
0.051
0.216
0.484
0.831

0.004
0.103
0.352
0.711
1.145

0.016
0.211
0.584
1.064
1.610

2.706
4.605
6.251
7.779
9.236

3.841
5.991
7.815
9.488
11.071

5.024
7.378
9.348
11.143
12.833

6.635
9.210
11.345
13.277
15.086

7.879
10.597
12.838
14.860
16.750

6
7
8
9
10

0.676
0.989
1.344
1.735
2.156

0.872
1.239
1.646
2.088
2.558

1.237
1.690
2.180
2.700
3.247

1.635
2.167
2.733
3.325
3.940

2.204
2.833
3.490
4.168
4.865

10.645
12.017
13.362
14.684
15.987

12.592
14.067
15.507
16.919
18.307

14.449
16.013
17.535
19.023
20.483

16.812
18.475
20.090
21.666
23.209

18.548
20.278
21.955
23.589
25.188

11
12
13
14
15

2.603
3.074
3.565
4.075
4.601

3.053
3.571
4.107
4.660
5.229

3.816
4.404
5.009
5.629
6.262

4.575
5.226
5.892
6.571
7.261

5.578
6.304
7.042
7.790
8.547

17.275
18.549
19.812
21.064
22.307

19.675
21.026
22.362
23.685
24.996

21.920
23.337
24.736
26.119
27.488

24.725
26.217
27.688
29.141
30.578

26.757
28.299
29.819
31.319
32.801

16
17
18
19
20

5.142
5.697
6.265
6.844
7.434

5.812
6.408
7.015
7.633
8.260

6.908
7.564
8.231
8.907
9.591

7.962
8.672
9.390
10.117
10.851

9.312
10.085
10.865
11.651
12.443

23.542
24.769
25.989
27.204
28.412

26.296
27.587
28.869
30.144
31.410

28.845
30.191
31.526
32.852
34.170

32.000
33.409
34.805
36.191
37.566

34.267
35.718
37.156
38.582
39.997

21
22
23
24
25

8.034
8.643
9.260
9.886
10.520

8.897
9.542
10.196
10.856
11.524

10.283
10.982
11.689
12.401
13.120

11.591
12.338
13.091
13.848
14.611

13.240
14.042
14.848
15.659
16.473

29.615
30.813
32.007
33.196
34.382

32.671
33.924
35.172
36.415
37.652

35.479
36.781
38.076
39.364
40.646

38.932
40.289
41.638
42.980
44.314

41.401
42.796
44.181
45.559
46.928

26
27
28
29
30

11.160
11.808
12.461
13.121
13.787

12.198
12.879
13.565
14.257
14.954

13.844
14.573
15.308
16.047
16.791

15.379
16.151
16.928
17.708
18.493

17.292
18.114
18.939
19.768
20.599

35.563
36.741
37.916
39.087
40.256

38.885
40.113
41.337
42.557
43.773

41.923
43.194
44.461
45.722
46.979

45.642
46.963
48.278
49.588
50.892

48.290
49.645
50.993
52.336
53.672

40
50
60
70
80
90
100

20.707
27.991
35.534
43.275
51.172
59.196
67.328

22.164
29.707
37.485
45.442
53.540
61.754
70.065

24.433
32.357
40.482
48.758
57.153
65.647
74.222

26.509
34.764
43.188
51.739
60.391
69.126
77.929

29.051
37.689
46.459
55.329
64.278
73.291
82.358

51.805
63.167
74.397
85.527
96.578
107.565
118.498

55.758
67.505
79.082
90.531
101.879
113.145
124.342

59.342
71.420
83.298
95.023
106.629
118.136
129.561

63.691
76.154
88.379
100.425
112.329
124.116
135.807

66.766
79.490
91.952
104.215
116.321
128.299
140.169

From Donald B. Owen, Handbook of Statistical Tables, 1962 by Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., Inc. Copyright renewal
1990. Reproduced by permission of Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Degrees of Freedom
n - 1
k - 1
(r - 1)(c - 1)
k - 1

for confidence intervals or hypothesis tests with a standard deviation or variance

for goodness-of-fit with k categories
for contingency tables with r rows and c columns
for Kruskal-Wallis test with k samples

756

TABLE A-5

F Distribution (a = 0.025 in the right tail)

Numerator degrees of freedom (df1)
2

647.79
38.506
17.443
12.218
10.007
8.8131
8.0727
7.5709
7.2093
6.9367
6.7241
6.5538
6.4143
6.2979
6.1995
6.1151
6.0420
5.9781
5.9216
5.8715
5.8266
5.7863
5.7498
5.7166
5.6864
5.6586
5.6331
5.6096
5.5878
5.5675
5.4239
5.2856
5.1523
5.0239

799.50
39.000
16.044
10.649
8.4336
7.2599
6.5415
6.0595
5.7147
5.4564
5.2559
5.0959
4.9653
4.8567
4.7650
4.6867
4.6189
4.5597
4.5075
4.4613
4.4199
4.3828
4.3492
4.3187
4.2909
4.2655
4.2421
4.2205
4.2006
4.1821
4.0510
3.9253
3.8046
3.6889

864.16
39.165
15.439
9.9792
7.7636
6.5988
5.8898
5.4160
5.0781
4.8256
4.6300
4.4742
4.3472
4.2417
4.1528
4.0768
4.0112
3.9539
3.9034
3.8587
3.8188
3.7829
3.7505
3.7211
3.6943
3.6697
3.6472
3.6264
3.6072
3.5894
3.4633
3.3425
3.2269
3.1161

0. 025

Denominator degrees of freedom (df2)

F
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
40
60
120
q

899.58
39.248
15.101
9.6045
7.3879
6.2272
5.5226
5.0526
4.7181
4.4683
4.2751
4.1212
3.9959
3.8919
3.8043
3.7294
3.6648
3.6083
3.5587
3.5147
3.4754
3.4401
3.4083
3.3794
3.3530
3.3289
3.3067
3.2863
3.2674
3.2499
3.1261
3.0077
2.8943
2.7858

921.85
39.298
14.885
9.3645
7.1464
5.9876
5.2852
4.8173
4.4844
4.2361
4.0440
3.8911
3.7667
3.6634
3.5764
3.5021
3.4379
3.3820
3.3327
3.2891
3.2501
3.2151
3.1835
3.1548
3.1287
3.1048
3.0828
3.0626
3.0438
3.0265
2.9037
2.7863
2.6740
2.5665

937.11
39.331
14.735
9.1973
6.9777
5.8198
5.1186
4.6517
4.3197
4.0721
3.8807
3.7283
3.6043
3.5014
3.4147
3.3406
3.2767
3.2209
3.1718
3.1283
3.0895
3.0546
3.0232
2.9946
2.9685
2.9447
2.9228
2.9027
2.8840
2.8667
2.7444
2.6274
2.5154
2.4082

948.22
956.66
39.335
39.373
14.624
14.540
9.0741
8.9796
6.8531
6.7572
5.6955
5.5996
4.9949
4.8993
4.5286
4.4333
4.1970
4.1020
3.9498
3.8549
3.7586
3.6638
3.6065
3.5118
3.4827
3.3880
3.3799
3.2853
3.2934
3.1987
3.2194
3.1248
3.1556
3.0610
3.0999
3.0053
3.0509
2.9563
3.0074
2.9128
2.9686
2.8740
2.9338
2.8392
2.9023
2.8077
2.8738
2.7791
2.8478
2.7531
2.8240
2.7293
2.8021
2.7074
2.7820
2.6872
2.7633
2.6686
2.7460
2.6513
2.6238
2.5289
2.5068
2.4117
2.3948
2.2994
2.2875
2.1918

963.28
39.387
14.473
8.9047
6.6811
5.5234
4.8232
4.3572
4.0260
3.7790
3.5879
3.4358
3.3120
3.2093
3.1227
3.0488
2.9849
2.9291
2.8801
2.8365
2.7977
2.7628
2.7313
2.7027
2.6766
2.6528
2.6309
2.6106
2.5919
2.5746
2.4519
2.3344
2.2217
2.1136
(continued)

Appendix A

TABLE A-5

F Distribution (a = 0.025 in the right tail) (continued )

Numerator degrees of freedom (df1)

Denominator degrees of freedom (df2)

10

15

20

24

968.63
976.71
984.87
993.10
997.25
39.398
39.415
39.431
39.448
39.456
14.419
14.337
14.253
14.167
14.124
8.8439
8.7512
8.6565
8.5599
8.5109
6.6192
6.5245
6.4277
6.3286
6.2780
5.4613
5.3662
5.2687
5.1684
5.1172
4.7611
4.6658
4.5678
4.4667
4.4150
4.2951
4.1997
4.1012
3.9995
3.9472
3.9639
3.8682
3.7694
3.6669
3.6142
3.7168
3.6209
3.5217
3.4185
3.3654
3.5257
3.4296
3.3299
3.2261
3.1725
3.3736
3.2773
3.1772
3.0728
3.0187
3.2497
3.1532
3.0527
2.9477
2.8932
3.1469
3.0502
2.9493
2.8437
2.7888
3.0602
2.9633
2.8621
2.7559
2.7006
2.9862
2.8890
2.7875
2.6808
2.6252
2.9222
2.8249
2.7230
2.6158
2.5598
2.8664
2.7689
2.6667
2.5590
2.5027
2.8172
2.7196
2.6171
2.5089
2.4523
2.7737
2.6758
2.5731
2.4645
2.4076
2.7348
2.6368
2.5338
2.4247
2.3675
2.6998
2.6017
2.4984
2.3890
2.3315
2.6682
2.5699
2.4665
2.3567
2.2989
2.6396
2.5411
2.4374
2.3273
2.2693
2.6135
2.5149
2.4110
2.3005
2.2422
2.5896
2.4908
2.3867
2.2759
2.2174
2.5676
2.4688
2.3644
2.2533
2.1946
2.5473
2.4484
2.3438
2.2324
2.1735
2.5286
2.4295
2.3248
2.2131
2.1540
2.5112
2.4120
2.3072
2.1952
2.1359
2.3882
2.2882
2.1819
2.0677
2.0069
2.2702
2.1692
2.0613
1.9445
1.8817
2.1570
2.0548
1.9450
1.8249
1.7597
2.0483
1.9447
1.8326
1.7085
1.6402

30

40

60

120

1001.4
1005.6
1009.8
1014.0
1018.3
39.465
39.473
39.481
39.490 39.498
14.081
14.037
13.992
13.947
13.902
8.4613
8.4111
8.3604 8.3092 8.2573
6.2269
6.1750
6.1225
6.0693 6.0153
5.0652
5.0125
4.9589 4.9044 4.8491
4.3624
4.3089
4.2544 4.1989
4.1423
3.8940
3.8398
3.7844 3.7279
3.6702
3.5604
3.5055
3.4493 3.3918
3.3329
3.3110
3.2554
3.1984
3.1399
3.0798
3.1176
3.0613
3.0035 2.9441
2.8828
2.9633
2.9063
2.8478 2.7874
2.7249
2.8372
2.7797
2.7204 2.6590 2.5955
2.7324
2.6742
2.6142
2.5519
2.4872
2.6437
2.5850
2.5242 2.4611
2.3953
2.5678
2.5085
2.4471
2.3831
2.3163
2.5020
2.4422
2.3801
2.3153
2.2474
2.4445
2.3842
2.3214
2.2558
2.1869
2.3937
2.3329
2.2696 2.2032
2.1333
2.3486
2.2873
2.2234 2.1562
2.0853
2.3082
2.2465
2.1819
2.1141
2.0422
2.2718
2.2097
2.1446
2.0760 2.0032
2.2389
2.1763
2.1107
2.0415
1.9677
2.2090
2.1460
2.0799 2.0099
1.9353
2.1816
2.1183
2.0516
1.9811
1.9055
2.1565
2.0928
2.0257
1.9545
1.8781
2.1334
2.0693
2.0018
1.9299
1.8527
2.1121
2.0477
1.9797
1.9072
1.8291
2.0923
2.0276
1.9591
1.8861
1.8072
2.0739
2.0089
1.9400 1.8664
1.7867
1.9429
1.8752
1.8028
1.7242
1.6371
1.8152
1.7440
1.6668
1.5810
1.4821
1.6899
1.6141
1.5299
1.4327
1.3104
1.5660
1.4835
1.3883
1.2684
1.0000

757

From Maxine Merrington and Catherine M. Thompson, Tables of Percentage Points of the Inverted Beta (F) Distribution,
Biometrika 33 (1943): 8084. Reproduced with permission of the Biometrika Trustees.

Appendix A

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
40
60
120
q

12

758

TABLE A-5

F Distribution (a = 0.05 in the right tail) (continued )

Numerator degrees of freedom (df1)
2

0.05
7

Denominator degrees of freedom (df2)

F
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
40
60
120
q

161.45
18.513
10.128
7.7086
6.6079
5.9874
5.5914
5.3177
5.1174
4.9646
4.8443
4.7472
4.6672
4.6001
4.5431
4.4940
4.4513
4.4139
4.3807
4.3512
4.3248
4.3009
4.2793
4.2597
4.2417
4.2252
4.2100
4.1960
4.1830
4.1709
4.0847
4.0012
3.9201
3.8415

199.50
19.000
9.5521
6.9443
5.7861
5.1433
4.7374
4.4590
4.2565
4.1028
3.9823
3.8853
3.8056
3.7389
3.6823
3.6337
3.5915
3.5546
3.5219
3.4928
3.4668
3.4434
3.4221
3.4028
3.3852
3.3690
3.3541
3.3404
3.3277
3.3158
3.2317
3.1504
3.0718
2.9957

215.71
19.164
9.2766
6.5914
5.4095
4.7571
4.3468
4.0662
3.8625
3.7083
3.5874
3.4903
3.4105
3.3439
3.2874
3.2389
3.1968
3.1599
3.1274
3.0984
3.0725
3.0491
3.0280
3.0088
2.9912
2.9752
2.9604
2.9467
2.9340
2.9223
2.8387
2.7581
2.6802
2.6049

224.58
19.247
9.1172
6.3882
5.1922
4.5337
4.1203
3.8379
3.6331
3.4780
3.3567
3.2592
3.1791
3.1122
3.0556
3.0069
2.9647
2.9277
2.8951
2.8661
2.8401
2.8167
2.7955
2.7763
2.7587
2.7426
2.7278
2.7141
2.7014
2.6896
2.6060
2.5252
2.4472
2.3719

230.16
19.296
9.0135
6.2561
5.0503
4.3874
3.9715
3.6875
3.4817
3.3258
3.2039
3.1059
3.0254
2.9582
2.9013
2.8524
2.8100
2.7729
2.7401
2.7109
2.6848
2.6613
2.6400
2.6207
2.6030
2.5868
2.5719
2.5581
2.5454
2.5336
2.4495
2.3683
2.2899
2.2141

233.99
19.330
8.9406
6.1631
4.9503
4.2839
3.8660
3.5806
3.3738
3.2172
3.0946
2.9961
2.9153
2.8477
2.7905
2.7413
2.6987
2.6613
2.6283
2.5990
2.5727
2.5491
2.5277
2.5082
2.4904
2.4741
2.4591
2.4453
2.4324
2.4205
2.3359
2.2541
2.1750
2.0986

236.77
238.88 240.54
19.353
19.371
19.385
8.8867
8.8452 8.8123
6.0942 6.0410 6.9988
4.8759
4.8183
4.7725
4.2067 4.1468
4.0990
3.7870
3.7257
3.6767
3.5005 3.4381
3.3881
3.2927
3.2296 3.1789
3.1355
3.0717
3.0204
3.0123
2.9480 2.8962
2.9134
2.8486 2.7964
2.8321
2.7669 2.7144
2.7642
2.6987 2.6458
2.7066
2.6408 2.5876
2.6572
2.5911
2.5377
2.6143
2.5480 2.4943
2.5767
2.5102
2.4563
2.5435
2.4768 2.4227
2.5140
2.4471
2.3928
2.4876
2.4205 2.3660
2.4638
2.3965 2.3419
2.4422
2.3748
2.3201
2.4226
2.3551
2.3002
2.4047 2.3371
2.2821
2.3883
2.3205 2.2655
2.3732
2.3053 2.2501
2.3593
2.2913
2.2360
2.3463
2.2783 2.2229
2.3343
2.2662 2.2107
2.2490 2.1802
2.1240
2.1665
2.0970 2.0401
2.0868 2.0164
1.9588
2.0096
1.9384
1.8799
(continued)

Appendix A

TABLE A-5

F Distribution (a = 0.05 in the right tail) (continued )

Numerator degrees of freedom (df1)
10

Denominator degrees of freedom (df2)

241.88
19.396
8.7855
5.9644
4.7351
4.0600
3.6365
3.3472
3.1373
2.9782
2.8536
2.7534
2.6710
2.6022
2.5437
2.4935
2.4499
2.4117
2.3779
2.3479
2.3210
2.2967
2.2747
2.2547
2.2365
2.2197
2.2043
2.1900
2.1768
2.1646
2.0772
1.9926
1.9105
1.8307

243.91
19.413
8.7446
5.9117
4.6777
3.9999
3.5747
3.2839
3.0729
2.9130
2.7876
2.6866
2.6037
2.5342
2.4753
2.4247
2.3807
2.3421
2.3080
2.2776
2.2504
2.2258
2.2036
2.1834
2.1649
2.1479
2.1323
2.1179
2.1045
2.0921
2.0035
1.9174
1.8337
1.7522

15
245.95
19.429
8.7029
5.8578
4.6188
3.9381
3.5107
3.2184
3.0061
2.8450
2.7186
2.6169
2.5331
2.4630
2.4034
2.3522
2.3077
2.2686
2.2341
2.2033
2.1757
2.1508
2.1282
2.1077
2.0889
2.0716
2.0558
2.0411
2.0275
2.0148
1.9245
1.8364
1.7505
1.6664

20
248.01
19.446
8.6602
5.8025
4.5581
3.8742
3.4445
3.1503
2.9365
2.7740
2.6464
2.5436
2.4589
2.3879
2.3275
2.2756
2.2304
2.1906
2.1555
2.1242
2.0960
2.0707
2.0476
2.0267
2.0075
1.9898
1.9736
1.9586
1.9446
1.9317
1.8389
1.7480
1.6587
1.5705

24
249.05
19.454
8.6385
5.7744
4.5272
3.8415
3.4105
3.1152
2.9005
2.7372
2.6090
2.5055
2.4202
2.3487
2.2878
2.2354
2.1898
2.1497
2.1141
2.0825
2.0540
2.0283
2.0050
1.9838
1.9643
1.9464
1.9299
1.9147
1.9005
1.8874
1.7929
1.7001
1.6084
1.5173

30
250.10
19.462
8.6166
5.7459
4.4957
3.8082
3.3758
3.0794
2.8637
2.6996
2.5705
2.4663
2.3803
2.3082
2.2468
2.1938
2.1477
2.1071
2.0712
2.0391
2.0102
1.9842
1.9605
1.9390
1.9192
1.9010
1.8842
1.8687
1.8543
1.8409
1.7444
1.6491
1.5543
1.4591

40

60

120

251.14

252.20

253.25

19.471
8.5944
5.7170
4.4638
3.7743
3.3404
3.0428
2.8259
2.6609
2.5309
2.4259
2.3392
2.2664
2.2043
2.1507
2.1040
2.0629
2.0264
1.9938
1.9645
1.9380
1.9139
1.8920
1.8718
1.8533
1.8361
1.8203
1.8055
1.7918
1.6928
1.5943
1.4952
1.3940

q
254.31

19.479
19.487
19.496
8.5720 8.5494 8.5264
5.6877 5.6581
5.6281
4.4314
4.3985 4.3650
3.7398 3.7047
3.6689
3.3043 3.2674
3.2298
3.0053 2.9669 2.9276
2.7872
2.7475
2.7067
2.6211
2.5801
2.5379
2.4901
2.4480 2.4045
2.3842 2.3410
2.2962
2.2966 2.2524
2.2064
2.2229 2.1778
2.1307
2.1601
2.1141
2.0658
2.1058
2.0589 2.0096
2.0584 2.0107
1.9604
2.0166
1.9681
1.9168
1.9795
1.9302
1.8780
1.9464 1.8963
1.8432
1.9165
1.8657
1.8117
1.8894
1.8380
1.7831
1.8648
1.8128
1.7570
1.8424
1.7896
1.7330
1.8217
1.7684
1.7110
1.8027
1.7488
1.6906
1.7851
1.7306
1.6717
1.7689
1.7138
1.6541
1.7537
1.6981
1.6376
1.7396
1.6835
1.6223
1.6373
1.5766
1.5089
1.5343
1.4673
1.3893
1.4290 1.3519
1.2539
1.3180
1.2214
1.0000

759

From Maxine Merrington and Catherine M. Thompson, Tables of Percentage Points of the Inverted Beta (F) Distribution,
Biometrika 33 (1943): 8084. Reproduced with permission of the Biometrika Trustees.

Appendix A

2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
40
60
120
q

12

760

Appendix A

TABLE A-6

Critical Values of the

Pearson Correlation
Coefficient r

a = .05

a = .01

4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
60
70
80
90
100

.950
.878
.811
.754
.707
.666
.632
.602
.576
.553
.532
.514
.497
.482
.468
.456
.444
.396
.361
.335
.312
.294
.279
.254
.236
.220
.207
.196

.990
.959
.917
.875
.834
.798
.765
.735
.708
.684
.661
.641
.623
.606
.590
.575
.561
.505
.463
.430
.402
.378
.361
.330
.305
.286
.269
.256

NOTE: To test H0: r = 0 against H1: r Z 0,

reject H0 if the absolute value of r is
greater than the critical value in the table.

Appendix A

TABLE A-7

Critical Values for the Sign Test

a

.005
(one tail)
.01
(two tails)

.01
(one tail)
.02
(two tails)

.025
(one tail)
.05
(two tails)

.05
(one tail)
.10
(two tails)

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25

*
*
*
*
*
*
*
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
2
2
2
3
3
3
4
4
4
5
5

*
*
*
*
*
*
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
2
2
2
3
3
4
4
4
5
5
5
6

*
*
*
*
*
0
0
0
1
1
1
2
2
2
3
3
4
4
4
5
5
5
6
6
7

*
*
*
*
0
0
0
1
1
1
2
2
3
3
3
4
4
5
5
5
6
6
7
7
7

NOTES:
1. *indicates that it is not possible to get a value in the critical region.
2. Reject the null hypothesis if the number of the less frequent sign (x) is less than
or equal to the value in the table.
3. For values of n greater than 25, a normal approximation is used with
n
(x + 0.5) - a b
2
z =
2n
2

761

762

Appendix A

TABLE A-8

Critical Values of T for the Wilcoxon Signed-Ranks Test

a

.005
(one tail)
.01
(two tails)

.01
(one tail)
.02
(two tails)

.025
(one tail)
.05
(two tails)

.05
(one tail)
.10
(two tails)

5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30

*
*
*
0
2
3
5
7
10
13
16
19
23
28
32
37
43
49
55
61
68
76
84
92
100
109

*
*
0
2
3
5
7
10
13
16
20
24
28
33
38
43
49
56
62
69
77
85
93
102
111
120

*
1
2
4
6
8
11
14
17
21
25
30
35
40
46
52
59
66
73
81
90
98
107
117
127
137

1
2
4
6
8
11
14
17
21
26
30
36
41
47
54
60
68
75
83
92
101
110
120
130
141
152

NOTES:
1. *indicates that it is not possible to get a value in the critical region.
2. Reject the null hypothesis if the test statistic T is less than or equal to the critical
value found in this table. Fail to reject the null hypothesis if the test statistic T is
greater than the critical value found in the table.
From Some Rapid Approximate Statistical Procedures, Copyright 1949, 1964 Lederle
Laboratories Division of American Cyanamid Company. Reprinted with the permission
of the American Cyanamid Company.

Appendix A

a/2
1

TABLE A-9

a/2

rs

rs

Critical Values of Spearmans Rank Correlation

Coefficient rs

a = 0.10

a = 0.05

a = 0.02

a = 0.01

5
6
7
8
9
10

.900
.829
.714
.643
.600
.564

.886
.786
.738
.700
.648

.943
.893
.833
.783
.745

.929
.881
.833
.794

11
12
13
14
15

.536
.503
.484
.464
.446

.618
.587
.560
.538
.521

.709
.678
.648
.626
.604

.755
.727
.703
.679
.654

16
17
18
19
20

.429
.414
.401
.391
.380

.503
.485
.472
.460
.447

.582
.566
.550
.535
.520

.635
.615
.600
.584
.570

21
22
23
24
25

.370
.361
.353
.344
.337

.435
.425
.415
.406
.398

.508
.496
.486
.476
.466

.556
.544
.532
.521
.511

26
27
28
29
30

.331
.324
.317
.312
.306

.390
.382
.375
.368
.362

.457
.448
.440
.433
.425

.501
.491
.483
.475
.467

NOTES:
1. For n 7 30, use rs = ;z> 1n - 1 where z corresponds to the level of significance. For
example, if a = 0.05, then z = 1.96.
2. If the absolute value of the test statistic rs exceeds the positive critical value, then
reject H0: rs = 0 and conclude that there is a correlation.
Based on data from Biostatistical Analysis, 4th edition, 1999, by Jerrold Zar, Prentice Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, and Distribution of Sums of Squares of
Rank Differences to Small Numbers with Individuals, The Annals of Mathematical Statistics, Vol. 9, No. 2.

763

764

Appendix A

TABLE A-10 Critical Values for Number of Runs G

Value of n2

2
3
4
5
6
7

Value of n1

8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

1
6
1
6
1
6
1
6
1
6
1
6
1
6

1
6
1
8
1
8
1
8
2
8
2
8
2
8

1
6
1
8
1
9
2
9
2
9
2
10
3
10

1
6
1
8
2
9
2
10
3
10
3
11
3
11

1
6
2
8
2
9
3
10
3
11
3
12
3
12

1
6
2
8
2
10
3
11
3
12
3
13
4
13

1
6
2
8
3
10
3
11
3
12
4
13
4
14

1
6
2
8
3
10
3
12
4
13
4
14
5
14

1
6
2
8
3
10
3
12
4
13
5
14
5
15

1
6
2
8
3
10
4
12
4
13
5
14
5
15

2
6
2
8
3
10
4
12
4
13
5
14
6
16

2
6
2
8
3
10
4
12
5
14
5
15
6
16

2
6
2
8
3
10
4
12
5
14
5
15
6
16

2
6
3
8
3
10
4
12
5
14
6
15
6
16

2
6
3
8
4
10
4
12
5
14
6
16
6
17

2
6
3
8
4
10
4
12
5
14
6
16
7
17

2
6
3
8
4
10
5
12
5
14
6
16
7
17

2
6
3
8
4
10
5
12
6
14
6
16
7
17

2
6
3
8
4
10
5
12
6
14
6
16
7
17

1
6
1
6
1
6
2
6
2
6
2
6
2
6
2
6
2
6
2
6
2
6
2
6

2
8
2
8
2
8
2
8
2
8
2
8
3
8
3
8
3
8
3
8
3
8
3
8

3
10
3
10
3
10
3
10
3
10
3
10
3
10
4
10
4
10
4
10
4
10
4
10

3
12
3
12
4
12
4
12
4
12
4
12
4
12
4
12
4
12
5
12
5
12
5
12

4
13
4
13
4
13
4
13
5
14
5
14
5
14
5
14
5
14
5
14
6
14
6
14

4
14
5
14
5
14
5
14
5
15
5
15
6
15
6
16
6
16
6
16
6
16
6
16

5
14
5
15
5
15
6
16
6
16
6
16
6
16
6
17
7
17
7
17
7
17
7
17

5
15
5
16
6
16
6
16
6
17
7
17
7
18
7
18
7
18
8
18
8
18
8
18

5
16
6
16
6
17
7
17
7
18
7
18
7
18
8
19
8
19
8
19
8
20
9
20

6
16
6
17
7
17
7
18
7
19
8
19
8
19
8
20
9
20
9
20
9
21
9
21

6
16
7
17
7
18
7
19
8
19
8
20
8
20
9
21
9
21
9
21
10
22
10
22

6
17
7
18
7
19
8
19
8
20
9
20
9
21
9
21
10
22
10
22
10
23
10
23

7
17
7
18
8
19
8
20
9
20
9
21
9
22
10
22
10
23
10
23
11
23
11
24

7
18
7
18
8
19
8
20
9
21
9
22
10
22
10
23
11
23
11
24
11
24
12
25

7
18
8
19
8
20
9
21
9
21
10
22
10
23
11
23
11
24
11
25
12
25
12
25

7
18
8
19
9
20
9
21
10
22
10
23
11
23
11
24
11
25
12
25
12
26
13
26

8
18
8
19
9
20
9
21
10
22
10
23
11
24
11
25
12
25
12
26
13
26
13
27

8
18
8
20
9
21
10
22
10
23
11
23
11
24
12
25
12
26
13
26
13
27
13
27

8
18
9
20
9
21
10
22
10
23
11
24
12
25
12
25
13
26
13
27
13
27
14
28

NOTES:
1. The entries in this table are the critical G values, assuming a two-tailed test with a significance level of a = 0.05.
2. The null hypothesis of randomness is rejected if the total number of runs G is less than or equal to the smaller
entry or greater than or equal to the larger entry.
From Tables for Testing Randomness of Groupings in a Sequence of Alternatives, The Annals of Mathematical
Statistics, Vol. 14, No. 1. Reprinted with permission of the Institute of Mathematical Statistics.