IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, Vol. 3, No.

1 , February 1988

127

G. Troullinos, J. Dorsey School of Electrical Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0250

H. Wong and 3. Myers Southern Company Services, Inc. P.O. Box 2625 Birmingham, Alabama 35202

ABSTRACT

Results are presented for reduced order models of power systems as large as 254 generators, 2500 buses, based on the modal coherency method of model reduction. Extension of order estimation, based on balanced realizations, to larger systems is discussed. An alternative order estimation approach based on the intergenerator coherency ranking table is introduced and compared to the balanced realization approach. The alternative approach is consistent with the balancing results and more than an order of magnitude faster.

testing are contained in this paper. In addition, this paper examines, in a preliminary way, how these modeling techniques can be applied to the problem of on-line system identification. A crucial issue for this problem is determining the minimum order of the model of the external system. The order estimation techniques developed in this paper provide an answer to that question. The reduced order models discussed in the sequel are based on an analysis technique, modal-coherency, for which an order estimation scheme has been previously proposed [1,2]. The analytical justification for this modeling technique has been previously chronicled, and the present paper concentrates on first testing the viability of the models and second on discussing means by which the computational speed of the modeling and order estimation processes can be improved. Computational results are presented for three power system models, one with 86 generators and 600 buses, and two with approximately 250 generators and 2500 buses. The viability of estimating the feasible amount of order reduction is also assessed. Previous results [1,21 indicated that the concept of balanced realizations could be successfully applied to r less. The applicability systems with 100 generators o of this approach to larger power systems is discussed, and some results provided for a system with 240 generators and 2600 buses. These results are then used as a baseline against uhich to compare an alternative means o f estimating order reduction. This alternative measure is approximate, but has the advantages of being computationally more efficient and applicable to systems with up to 700 generators.
1.
TESTS ay

INTRODUCTION

A topic of ongoing interest in the area of power system analysis has been the determination of useful reduced order power system models. The initial motivation for reducing the order of the power system model was to reduce the computation time for transient stability studies. A decade ago, a transient stability study could easily take many hours of computer time. The evolution of computer hardware and software has ameliorated this problem, and the speed and memory capacity of present computers has made transient stability analysis a manageable task. Further increases in computer capacity will be welcomed because they will allow power system analysts to study larger systems more efficiently, but they will not spell the difference between doing or not doing an effective transient stability study. The improvements in the speed and memory of computers that have made transient stability analysis a routine business, have necessarily opened up the possibility of solving other more complex problems, long of interest. Two of the more prominent problems at the moment are security assessment and on-line system identification. These are problems where the computational burden is very high and accurate reduced order models may be of vital importance. This paper discusses some reduced order modeling techniques that were originally designed for use in off-line transient stability studies. In the course of events, the modeling techniques have been incorporated into a software package, and tested in a preliminary way on some fairly large power systems. The results of that

LARGE SYSTEWS

37 IJM 097-9 A paper recommended and approved by the IEEE Power System Engineering Committee of the I E E E Power Engineering Society f o r presentation at the IEEE/PES 1987 Winter Meeting, New Orleans, Louisiana, February 1 - 6, 1987. Manuscript suhmitted August 25, 1986; sade available f o r printing November 17, 1986.

The testing of the modal-coherency method of generating reduced order models has been done largely on power system models of the Southern Company System. Initially, an 86 generator model was used [21. Subsequent testing has been done on a 254 generator model derived from the base case conditions in the summer of 1984, and a 240 generator model derived from the base case conditions in 1986. The source of both these models is the full Southern Company Model which has just over 400 generators. The initial model reduction was done using engineering judgement, to provide a nodel large enough to test the order estimation techniques, but minimize the development costs. Both of these larger models have roughly 2500 buses and 4000 lines. Even with these models, it was not possible to directly apply the order estimation based on balanced realizations [21 because of the size of the system. TO see why, consider the power system model used in modalcoherency analysis [l-51 which consists of a dynamic equation of the form Mi

-=
dt2

d2gi

PMi

PGi

d6 Di

0885-8950/88/02OO-O 127$01 .OO 01988 IEEE

Authorized licensed use limited to: King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals. Downloaded on May 17, 2009 at 16:02 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.

128

for each generator, i, in an N-generator system, plus a set of algebraic network equations to represent the power flows, both real and reactive, of the system. PMi, Xi, Mi, and Di represent, respectively, the mechanical power input, the electrical power output, the inertia and damping for generator i. If the power system is linearized about a steady state operating point, and if additionally it is assumed that the ratio Di/M. = y is the same for all generators the state model 'representation is of the form ; ( t ) = A x(t) + B u(t) (1)
A A

Table 1

Global Ranking Table for 39-Bus N e w England System.

R n k i n p Gemratof
Pair

c&muq
M u w n

Aweeation
LWEI

with x

[A6,Aw]',

U =

[APUAPL]', where

1 . 2 . 3 . 4 . 5 . 6 . 7 . 8 . 9 . 1 0 . 11. 1 2 1 3 . 1 4 . 1 5 . 1 6 . 1 7 . 1 8 . 1 9 . 2 0 . 2 1 .

( 6 . 7 1 ( 1 . 8 ) (4.7) ( 4 . 6 ) ( 4 . 8 ) ( 2 . 3 ) ( 3 . 8 ) ( 2 . 8 ) ( 7 . 8 ) ( 1 . 2 ) ( 1 . 3 ) (1 . 4 ) ( 4 . 5 ) ( 1 . 7 )
(6.8)

22 2 3 .

2 4 .

2 5 .
2 6 . 2 7 . 2 8 . 2 9 . 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 3 9 . 4 0 . 41. 4 2 .

and 86, Au, Am, and APL are vectors representing, respectively, angle and speed deviations of generators and changes in mechanical input and load power. The prefix A indicates that a variable is a small deviation from a steady state operating point. C is the identity matrix.

s the simplest possible representation This model i of the generators of a power system that is asymptotically stable and, therefore, suitable for use in the balancing approach. Even at that, the dimension of the plant matrix is 2N-2, where N is the number of generators in the model. Balancing requires the computation of both the controllability and observability gramians, both of the same order as the plant matrix. In practice it has not been possible to reliably analyze systems with more than 200 generators. That is, once the controllability and observability grammians reach dimension 400, convergence is unlikely. Two solution methods have been tried, the original approach which computes the inverse of the plant matrix [2], and an iterative solution of the Lyapunov equations 161. Both methods fail at about the same system size.
Systems with more than 200 generators can be analyzed by employing some of the properties of modalcoherency models established in earlier work [l-41. Specifically, the modal-coherency approach is capable of determining a nested set of either local or global models of the power system, based on an rms coherency measure

4 3 .
44.

45.

( 3 . 4 1 (3.7) ( 1 . 6 ) ( 2 . 4 ) (2.7) ( 3 . 6 ) ( 8 . 9 ) ( 4 . 9 1 ( 2 . 6 1 (7.9) ( 5 . 7 1 ( 1 . 9 1 (6.9) (5.6) ( 3 . 9 1 1 2 . 9 ) (5.8) (3.5) (1.5) (5.9) (2.5) (1.10) (8.10) ( 2 . 1 0 ) (2.10) 14.10) ( 7 . 1 0 ) ( 6 . 1 0 ) (9.10) (5.10)

2 . 7 4 275 3 . 1 2 3 . 3 0 3 . 8 2 3 . 8 9 3 . 9 1 3 . 9 2 3 . 9 3 3 . 9 8 4 .w 4 . 0 2 4 . 0 8 4 . 1 3 4 . 1 6 4 . 1 9 4 . 2 8 4 . 3 6 4 . 3 8 4.48 4 . 4 9 4 . 5 8 4 . 6 5 4 . 6 9 4 . 7 1 480 4 . 8 4 4 . 8 7 4 . 9 0 5 . 3 3 5 . 4 6 5 . 7 5 5 . 9 3 5 . 9 7 6.00 6.14 8 . 6 7 8.92 9 . 2 2 9.W 1 0 . 6 7 1 0 . 7 7 1 0 . 9 6 1 1 . 1 7 1241

1 2

3 4

the most coherent pair to the least coherent pair. Generators can then be aggregated into groups by applying a specific grouping rule [4,51 to the ranking table. Each aggregation either combines two unaggregated generators into a new group, adds an unaggregated generator to an existing group, or combines two existing groups into a single group. No matter which event OCCUKS, each aggregation reduces the number of generators in the model by one. Carried to its extreme, this process will in N-1 steps reduce the whole power system to one equivalent generator. The process has the valuable attribute that it produces a consistent set of models. That is, a particular generator will never belong to one group at some point in the aggregation process and then move to a different group at some point further along in the aggregation process. This is something that cannot be guaranteed with other aggregation techniques. Furthermore, since the method is based on generator coherency, even though the analysis technique uses a linear model, the actual reduced order power system equivalent can be nonlinear [4,51In the aggregation process, the most coherent generators are combined first. Previous results have maintained that the modes of the linear model discarded at each aggregation are the most uncontrollable. In a system with 250 odd generators, the most coherent generators are very coherent. The modes associated with these generators can be eliminated with little effect on the Order estimation process because their elimination does not appreciably effect the controllable and marginally controllable modes. That is, the lower order model will preserve the controllable and marginally controllable modes of the higher order mode 1 .

and using step disturbances [4,51. The global models reveal the macroscopic interarea behavior of the system; the local models are used for area specific disturbances such as a fault at a particular generator. For either type of model, a sequence of disturbances are applied to the power system to produce a ranking table that contains the relative intergenerator coherency measure between every pair of generators in the power system. An example of such a table is shown in Table 1 for a global disturbance of the 39-Bus New England System. This table ranks generators from

129
In terms of the linear model, aggregation of generators i and j corresponds to adding rows i and j and columns i and j of the matrix -KC. This initial aggregation is based on the global ranking table, created by disturbing all the generators of the system. The effect is to make the matrices used in the balancing computations numerically more stable. In practice this method seems to work fairly well. Figures la and lb are global order estimation curves for the 254 generator model where the model has been initially aggregated down to 180 and 140 generators, respectively. These curves are based on a measure of linear rise, yields about 90 equivalent generators. Subtracting the aggregation level at which the tangent to the knee is 45 degrees, from the model size yields about 30 equivalent generators. This reinforces the idea that if the full 254 generator model could be analyzed, the linear portion of the curve would be longer by (254-m) aggregations where m is the order of the reduced model, moving the nonlinear part of the curve to the right by that same number of aggregations, so that measuring the point where the linear rise ends and the tangent reaches 45 degrees on the unreduced model would yield essentially the same information, namely 90 and 30 equivalent generators. This approach was applied to the 240 generator model to determine reduced order models for a particular disturbance, namely a three phase fault at Plant Scherer. Plant Scherer is a good choice for the application of a disturbance because, electrically, it is nearly in the heart of the 500 kV transmission system, and strongly coupled to other major generation units. The process of determining a reduced order model for a disturbance at Plant Scherer requires two steps. First, the global ranking table is used to find the first group to which Scherer belongs. The size of this group will depend upon whether Scherer joins an existing group or is paired with another generator to form a new group. In this case, the former event occurs, and Scherer pairs with Plants Arkwright and Sinclair to form a new group. Plants Arkwright and Sinclair are geographically close to Scherer, but are on the 115 kV rather than the 500 kV transmission system. The order estimation curve is obtained by balancing a modified linear model. The modification consists of eliminating all diagonal terms, in the first N-1 columns, from the matrix M except those corresponding to the generators of that group to which Scherer belongs. In the present case, all diagonal elements of U will be eliminated except those corresponding to Scherer and Arkwright and Sinclair. The corresponding order estimation curve is shown in Fig. 2. The curve shows a slow steady rise to aggregation level 1 5 0 , at which the curve rises very sharply. This curve is somewhat in contrast to that for a similar analysis of
100

where the U . are the singular values of the balanced system [1,2f. This measure has been normalized to a scale of 100. The larger p(i), the less accurate the reduced model. The size of the reduced model is the
(a)

AGGREGATION LEVEL

80

AGGREGATION LEVEL

Fig. la L lb

Global Order EStiMtiOn Curve for 254 Generator System Initially Reduced to 180 and 140 Generators.

difference between the number of generators in the unreduced model and the aggregation level. These global order reduction curves have a characteristic shape. They rise linearly with a fairly low slope and then bend sharply upwards. Experimental results in a in a subsequent section will show that the bend in the curve matches quite well the largest jumps between aggregations in the associated ranking table. The curves can be compared by determining the point on each curve at which the rise ceases to be linear and the point where the tangent of the knee is 45 degrees. Note that for both curves, subtracting the model size from the aggregation level at which the curve ceases it

X
h

304
20

1
o o

f
o

l0

AGGREGATION L N E L

Pig. 2

Order Bstimation Curve for Disturbance at Scherer, 240 Generator System, Initially Reduced to 180 Generators.

Authorized licensed use limited to: King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals. Downloaded on May 17, 2009 at 16:02 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.

130

Plant Scherer for the 2 5 4 generator model, shown in Fig. 3. Here, the curve is nearly zero until aggregation level 90, rises slowly to aggregation level 150, and then turns upward very rapidly. Figure 3 is In the somewhat easier to interpret than Fig. 2. former case, it appears that a reduction to 45-50 generators could be done without incurring much error. In Fig. 2, however, the interpretation is not so clear.
100-

90 a0 -

70 I -

z w

60 50 -

0 W LT

40 -

3ol
20

I
30
60 90 120 AGGREGATION 1.EVEL 150

-_I. -L0.0

0.6

L 1 .- L U L L - - 1.2 1.8 2.4 TIME IN SECONDS

180

Fig. 4 Comparison of F u l l Model (-) to 150, 100, and 75 Generator Equivalents, 1003 Buses, 1919 Lines, Three Cycle Fault at Scherer, Angle of Scherer. ~. - -,-I-.1 --T-

r---

Fig. 3 Order Estimation Curve for Disturbance at Scherer, 254 Generator System, Initially Reduced to 180 Generators.

The shape of the curve results from the fact that the 2 4 0 generator model has two singular values which are three orders of magnitude larger than all other singular values. The two very large singular values dominate the denominator P(i) so that it remains essentially unchanged. The numerator is always small by comparison. On other models studied, there have been a group of large singular values, so that the plot of P(i) starts out very low and then swings upward rapidly once the large singular values begin to influence the numerator of P (i)

The reduced order model is found by forming a ranking table based on the disturbance of only Scherer, Arkwright, and Sinclair, and then proceeding through the ranking table until the appropriate number of equivalent generators is reached. Given the shape of the curve in Fig. 2, the following test procedure was used. Several models were developed, of decreasing size, and then tested against the unreduced model to see if a detectable degradation in accuracy could be discerned. Figures 4, 5, and 6 show some of the results. It is clear that down through models of size 7 5 generators, the response of the reduced order model is very close to that of the unreduced model for one and a half seconds. After that, there are some angle deviations on the order of two to five degrees. In addition to the generator aggregations, a general network reduction was performed on the equivalents. The original network had 2 5 0 0 buses and 4 0 0 0 lines. It can be seen that quite a bit of network reduction is possible with very little change in accuracy, and that there is little to choose between the 1000 bus, 1 9 0 0 line equivalents of Fig. 4, and the 5 0 0 bus and 1 3 0 0 line equivalents of Fig. 5 . Figure 6 shows the disturbance of Plant Sowen which is on the 500 kV transmission system, and electrically close to Scherer.

TIME IN SECONDS
Fig. 5 Comparison o f Unreduced Model (-) to 150, 100. and 75 Generator Equivalents, 505 Buses, 1353 Lines, Three Cycle Fault at Scherer, Angle of Scherer.
A legitimate question is why there are no test results for models of less than 7 5 generators. In fact, a 5 0 generator case was part of the original test procedure. However, it was impossible to achieve a satisfactory load flow for the 5 0 generator case, with network reduction. As a result, it was not possible to compare the 5 0 generator model in a consistent way to the other models.

An interesting feature of the test results is that the reduced models are fairly impervious to the severity of the fault. Figure 7 compares the unreduced system to reduced models of order 150, 100, and 7 5 genertors or a nine cycle fault. As can be seen, the results are very good for over two seconds.

131 to reduce the linear model by 30 percent, say to 180 generators, and still apply the balancing approach. However, the 250 generator model was itself a reduced version of a 400 generator model. Whether it would be possible to start with the 400 generator model, reduce it to 180 generators, perform the balancing, and then estimate the Order reduction for the original 400 generator model is a possibility that is currently being investigated. However, even if this approach does work, the computational burden is quite heavy. Even with a large computer the total CPU time is nontrivial. For a large utility engaging in a large number of transient stability studies on a single base case, this time will be inconsequential compared to the time saved by using the equivalents, but the approach is certainly not compatible with the Current research problems of security assessment and on-line identification.
-A
0.0

L L - l - - . L L - l 0.6 1.2 1.8

2.4

TIME IN SECONDS
Pig. 6 Coqacison of Unreduced l w e l (-1 to 150, 100, and 75 Generator Equivalents, 503 Buses, 1353 Lines, Three Cycle Fault at Scherer, Angle at Rowen.

If reduced Order models are to be applicable to these latter problems, then they must be computed very quickly. To achieve a more rapid estimator for very large systems, use can be made of the ranking table of relative coherency. For an N generator power system, this table will have N x (N-1)/2 entries. Table 1 is the ranking table for a global disturbance of the 39Bus New England system, which has 1 0 generators. The table has only 4 5 entries, making it a suitable candidate for demonstration. The grouping rule applied to this table is the so-called commutative rule [ 2 , 5 1 . Basically this rule says that a generator can be added to a group only when it has established a coherency connection to all existing members of that group. In t'erms of the ranking table, generator i is added to a group at that level of the table where the relative coherency measures linking generator i to all members of the existing group are at or above that level in the ranking table. For example, in Table 1 , the two most coherent generators are 6 and 7 which immediately form a group at level 1 of the table. The next two most coherent generators are 1 and 8 which again form a group at level 2 of the table. The next aggregation is not formed until level 4 at which point generator 4 has established coherency with both generators 6 and 7 and joins that group. Initially, the groupings occur very rapidly, that is, very few levels of the ranking table are traversed between consecutive aggregations. As the aggregation proceeds, however, more levels of the coherency table have to be traversed to establish the next aggregation. This is a natural consequence of the fact that each new generator pair that is encountered has to be considered in terms of its relationship to all the groups that have been formed higher up in the table. In terms of the balanced realization methodology, the size of the jumps reflects the relative uncontrollability of the modes being eliminated. At the top of the table, aggregations occur virtually at each level, so that initially a large number of small groups of two or three generators form very rapidly. These aggregations correspond to the elimination of the most uncontrollable modes. Further into the table the groups begin to grow in size, and many levels of the table are traversed between aggregations. This reflects the fact that the cohernecy relationships are weaker, and consequently, the modes that are eliminated are more controllable. This behavior is clearly reflected in Table 1 . One of the features of the commutative rule is that this final aggregation into a single generator does not occur until the final entry in the ranking table is considered. This feature of the commutative rule can be used to establish the following Order

2 3 TIME IN SECONDS

Pig. 7 Omparison of Unreduced System l w e l with 240 Generators to Reduced Order Uodels with 150, 100, and 75 Generators for a Nine Cycle, Three Phase Fault at Plant Scherer, Angle at Scherer.
A point that perhaps merits emphasis is that the test results reported here are for detailed nonlinear models that include full governor and excitor control representations. For the reduced models, the generators were aggregated and replaced by an equivalent machine, the load buses aggregated and then a new load flow established.

3 .

EXTENDING ORDER ESTIPIATION To URGER SYsTEpls

The results presented in Section 2 indicate that the balancing approach gives a reasonable estimate of the proper order of a reduced order model for moderate sized power systems with 200 to 300 generators. It may be possible to extend this technique to systems of 400 to 500 generators. The results in Section 2 showed that for a system with 250 generators, it was possible

132 estimation measure. Given the ranking table for a particular disturbance, start at the top of the ranking table and determine all the reduced order models, keeping track of the number of entries of the ranking table traversed between successive aggregations. Normalize these jumps by the largest jump, and plot the normalized numbers versus the aggregation levels at which they occur. Figure 8 shows such a plot for the disturbance at Plant Scherer. The balancing order estimation curve is shown for comparison. Note that the large jumps occur at the knee of the curve, and that the two measures are giving about the same
100
4.

IUNIMOM ORDER HIR G I D W W E L S

70

I
1"11111
70

There is currently a high degree of interest in problems relating to the assessment of the stability of large power systems. To perform this assessment in real time, OK near real time, requires the simplest possible model of the overall power system that will still yield a valid result. The power system models discussed in this paper are all derived from the same master model of the Southern Company, reduced by engineering judgement to various levels of complexity. These models provide an opportunity to make a reasonable assessment of the minimum Order global model that may be required for security assessment problems. Figure 1 0 is the order estimation curve based on balancing for the 2 5 4 generator model. Here the linear part of the curve ends around aggregation level 1 1 5 , yielding a global model of order 65. Figure 1 1 is the order estimation curve based on the ranking table for the same model. The first significant jumps occur around aggregation levels 1 8 5 and 2 0 0 . In between are Some relatively small jumps. This indicates that once the large jump at aggregation level 1 8 5 is accepted, the model accuracy will not decline significantly until around aggregation level 2 0 0 . This yields a minimum global model in the range of 50 to 7 5 generators.
100

301
20

40

' " 1
0

. .

10

20

30

40

50

60

80

AGGREGATION LEEL

Fig. 8 Coqarison of Ranking Table and Balancing Order Estimation, Disturbance at Plant Scherer, 86 Generator System.

70
I ~

z
0 W

60

estimate of order reduction. Figure 9 shows the ranking table estimate for a disturbance at Plant Scherer for the 2 5 4 generator system. Based upon Fig. 3 , the reduced Order model will be in the range 30-60 generators, depending upon where one stops on the slow rise that starts about aggregation level 1 0 5 . The estimate from Fig. 9 would be on the order of 35-40 generators. The answers are not identical, but they are in the same range, and by comparing the two, one would probably conclude that a reduced order model of 40 generators would be very accurate.
100

I I :
W

50-

40 -

c 30v a 20 -

AGGREGATION LEVEL

Fig. 10 Global Order Estimation Curve for 254 Generator System.

100-

70
6o

90 -

i
2 W
W

ao 70
0

60-

I I :

50-

=
v

40 30-

20 10-

AGGREGATION I-NEL

Fig. 9

Ranking Table Order Estimation Curves Disturbance at Scherer, 254 Generator Model. Fig. 1 1

40

80

IZU

IOU

LWW

LTV

AG GREGATI0N I I V E L

Ranking Table Global Order Estimation Plot for 254 Generator nodel.

133
Figure 12 is the order estimation curve based on A the ranking table for the 240 generator model. similar analysis here yields a minimum global model on the order of 50 to 70 generators, depending upon whether the first major jump at aggregation level 170 is accepted. Order estimation based on the coherency ranking table has some very attractive features. First, it is numerically stable and it is possible to apply this technique to systems with 700 to 800 generators. Second, the reduction can be done quite rapidly. For a system with 250 generators and 4000 buses, a global reduced order model can be obtained in about 60 C.P.U. seconds on an IBM 5860. A local model takes about 30 C.P.U. seconds. Over half of this time goes to the computation of the intergenerator coherency measures. Since the software that computes the coherency measures has not been optimized, the computational speeds can be improved further. Thus, if the evolution of computers continues as expected, it shoulcf be possible in the foreseeable future to utilize model reduction techniques as a part of a large operational control and assessment scheme. Whether the reduced models are based on modal coherency remains to be seen. There may be better approaches. What is clear is that viable, reduced order nonlinear models can be determined, and determined quite rapidly.

100
90

70

1.
AGGREGATION LEVEL

G. Troullinos, J. Dorsey, "Application of Balanced Realizations to Power System Dynamic Equivalents," IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, V o l . AC30, NO. 4, pp. 414-416, April 1985.

Pig. 12 Ranking Table Global Order Estimation Plot for 240 Generator Model.

2 .

G.

TKOUllinOS, J.

Dorsey, H .

Wong, J. Myers,

S. Goodwin, "Estimating Order Reduction for Power

The size of these minimum global models clearly has some impact on the analysis techniqugs that will be appropriate to security assessment. For instance, consider the problem of identifying a useful model of the power system external to the boundaries of the Southern Company. Under the most optimistic estimate, the global model of the overall system would have about 10 areas within Southern Company, and 40 areas, or equivalent generators, external to Southern Company. This presents a formidable identification problem, one that may not be solveable without the sharing of a considerable amount of data between utilities.
5.

System Dynamic Equivalents," IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, V o l . PAS-104, No. 12, pp. 3475-3481, December 1985.
3 .

J. DOKSey, R. A. schiueter, "Global and Local Dynamic Equivalents Based on Structural Archetypes for Coherency," IEEE TranSaCtiOnS on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS-102, NO. 6, pp. 1793-1801, June 1983.

4.

SUmlARY

J. Dorsey, R. A. Schlueter, "Structural Archetypes for Coherency, A Framework for Comparing Power System Equivalents," Automatica, V o l . 20, No. 3, pp. 349-353, May 1984. R. A. Schlueter, U. Ahn, and H. Modir, "Modal Analysis Equivalents Derived Based on the RMS Coherency Measure," IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS-98, No. 1143, July/Auqust 1979, (Abstract) and Text of Abstract - Papers, 1979 Winter Power Meeting, IEEE Publication 79 CH 1418-C. R. H. BaKtelS, G . W. Stewart, "Algorithm 432 Solution of the Matrix Equation .Ax + xB = C," Communications of the ACM, Vol. 15, No. 9, pp. 820-823.

Test results on large power systems have been presented which indicate that order reduction based on the modal coherency method can determine accurate low order models of a power system. Order estimation based upon balanced realizations appears to give reasonably accurate estimates of the feasible order reduction, but more extensive testing is needed to completely validate this approach. An alternative measure of order estimation based upon the modal-coherency ranking table has been introduced and shown to be consistent with the order reduction estimates based on balanced realizations. It has the attractive feature of being considerably faster than the balancing method and applicable to much larger systems.

5.

6 .