Mr.

Joel’s Global Regents Study Guide

Study Guide Strategies for Success:
-study one page a day
-take your own notes and review them
-work with a friend and quiz each other
-make flash cards of key words with translations
-take practice exams from past Regents
http://www.nysedregents.org/testing/socstre/regentglob.html
-take practice exams in your own language
http://www.nysedregents.org/testing/socstre/regentgloblang.html

***MOST IMPORTANTLY***
A LITTLE PRACTICE EVERY DAY IS BETTER THAN A LOT OF
PRACTICE IN ONE DAY!

PART I – UNDERSTANDING MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

There are 50 multiple-choice questions on the exam. The key is not to

memorize everything that will be on the exam. The key is to understand
what kind of question it is and what you need to look for. There are 13 types
of questions.

Question What you need to look for: Example

-the key concept in the question
-the example in the answer that
matches the concept in the question
General
concept  example
The development of early
civilizations usually depended on
1) the formation of democratic
governments
2) a location near large deposits of
gold and silver
3) the existence of large armies
4) a plentiful water supply and

1

-which region is the question is
asking about
-what time period the question is
talking about
Regional
region  time period
-the connection between the three
examples in the question
-the key word(s) in the answer that
match the connection in the question
Cross-Regional connection  key word(s)
-identify the key concept or region in
the question or the given statements
-recall what you know about the key
concept or region
key concept / region  recall
Generalization
2
fertile land
The answer is 4 because the
examples of water supplies and
fertile land match the concept of
early civilizations.
In ancient China, one effect on
government of the teachings of
Confucius was the high status of
1) soldiers
2) merchants
3) farmers
4) scholars
The answer is 4 because Confucius
was very important to ancient
Chinese culture. He was a writer
who said that scholars should be in
positions of power.
The Suez Canal, the Panama Canal,
and the Straits of the Dardanelles
are similar because they
1) are strategic waterways that have
been the center of conflicts
2) were part of the French colonial
empire
3) are located in regions that are
rich in natural resources
4) were built during the time of the
Roman Empire
The answer is 1 because the canals
(human-made) and the straits
(natural) are all waterways.
Which generalization is supported
by the study of the Middle East?
1) Illiteracy has become almost
nonexistent.
2) Religious differences have led to
serious conflicts.
3) Oil wealth has led to economic
inequality.
4) Industrial development has
urbanized the area.
The answer is 2. The key region in
the question is the Middle East. The
Middle East has had many examples
of religious conflicts throughout
history: the Crusades in the Middle
Ages, the ongoing conflict between
Jews and Muslims in Israel and

-identify if the question is looking
for a cause or effect
-identify if the question is asking for
a short-term or long-term time frame
cause / effect
Cause and Effect  short-term / long-
term
SYNONYMS
cause – reason, factor, impetus,
stimulus, root, source, determinant
effect – conclusion, consequence,
result, outcome, product,
repercussion, by-product
-identify the two examples being
compared
-identify if the question is asking for
a similarity or difference
Comparison
two examples  similar / different
-determine if the question is looking
for a fact or opinion
-find the example of the fact or
opinion in the answers
fact / opinion  example
Fact and Opinion
WHAT IS A….?
fact – a piece of data that can be
proven to be absolutely true
opinion – a feeling or personal
judgment that cannot be proven
3
Palestine, etc.
In western Europe, a major
immediate effect of the Reformation
was a
1) renewed domination of the
Catholic Church over the German
states
2) greater tolerance of religions
other than Christianity
3) decrease in educational
opportunities for the middle class
4) decline in the religious unity and
in the power of the Catholic Church
The answer is 4. The question is
looking for a short-term effect of the
Reformation, which was that people
left the Catholic Church and created
new churches.
The Holocaust in Europe and the
treatment of Amenians in the
Ottoman Empire have both been
cited as examples of
1) genocide
2) socialism
3) imperialism
4) divine right
The answer is 1. The question is
asking for a similarity (“both”)
between the two examples. Both
examples are similar in that they are
examples of genocide.
Which statement about the spread of
nuclear weapons is a fact rather than
an opinion?
1) Nations possessing nuclear
weapons should not have to limit the
production of weapons.
2) The spread of nuclear weapons
was a smaller problem in the 1990s
than it was in the 1970s.
3) The United States and Russia
signed the Strategic Arms
Limitation Treaties during the
1970s.
4) Only developing nations are
concerned about the spread of
nuclear weapons.
The answer is 3 because the

-determine if the question is looking
for a fact or theory
-find the example of the fact or
theory in the answers
WHAT IS A….?
Conclusion and conclusion / theory – a judgment
Theory based on facts; it is not an opinion
because it is based on reason and not
emotion or feeling
-find the key words in the writing to
determine the main idea
-identify the author or source if it is
given
-connect the question to the writing
main idea  author / source 
question & writing
Written Sources
4
question is looking for a fact.
Answer 3 can be proven using
research. Answers 1, 2 and 4 are
based on someone’s feelings on the
issue of nuclear weapons.
Which statement about ancient
American civilizations expresses a
historical theory rather than a
historical fact?
1) The Incas lacked a written
language.
2) The spread of disease cause the
downfall of the Mayan Empire.
3) Human sacrifice was an element
of the Aztec religion.
4) The pyramid of the Sun was
located in Teotihuacan.
The answer is 2 because exactly
what caused the downfall of the
Mayan Empire can be debated. One
theory—idea supported by facts—is
that it was caused by disease. The
other answers are facts that can be
proven through research.
“It was a town of red brick, or of brick
that would have been red if the smoke
and ashes had allowed it; but as matters
stood it was a town of unnatural red and
black like the painted face of a savage.
It was a town of machinery and tall
chimneys, out of which interminable
serpents of smoke trailed themselves
forever and ever, and never got
uncoiled. It had a black canal in it, and
a river that ran purple with ill smelling
dye…”
-Charles Dickens, Hard Times
The author of this passage is
describing conditions caused by the
1) Commercial Revolution
2) French Revolution
3) Industrial Revolution
4) Scientific Revolution
The answer is 3. The main idea is
that the city is very polluted because
of industry. Charles Dickens is a
well-known author who wrote about
everyday life during the Industrial
Revolution. The question connects
to the writing by asking what caused
the conditions in the writing.
 -identify the topic of the map (title)

-identify the facts of the map (key

and labels)

-determine what the question is

asking you to look for

-interpret the map to answer the

question Which is the most valid conclusion
Maps that can be drawn from the study of
topic  facts  this map?
question  interpret
1) Only European countries fought
in World War I.
2) The Central Powers had the
stronger militaries.
3) Some European countries did not
agree with the war.
4) The United States entered the
war in 1917.

The answer is 3 because it is the

only answer that can be proven by
the map. The other three might be
true, but they cannot be proven with
the information from the map.
-describe the picture

-find the key words in the caption or

text

-connect the picture and words to the

question What is the main idea of the
cartoon?
Political
Cartoons describe  find  connect 1) Africa was ravaged by disease
once the European colonists came.
2) European colonists took African
natural resources like gold.
3) The Berlin Conference of 1844
created opportunities for Africans.
4) The Europeans and Africans
worked together to extract natural
resources like gold.

The answer is 2 because the picture

shows a European colonist grabbing
a map of Africa. The text of “Golf
Fields” connects to the idea that
European colonists took the natural
resources from Africa.

5
 -identify the topic of the graph (title)

-identify the facts of the graph (text,

labels and figures)

-determine what the question is

asking you to look for

-interpret the graph to answer the

question Which statement is best supported
by the information from the graph?
topic  facts  1) Japan has an older population
Graphs question  interpret that is passed child-bearing age.
2) Families in developed countries
have more children than families in
developing countries.
3) There is a lack of birth control
options in Africa.
4) In the last twenty years, more
children are born to African mothers
than Asian mothers on average.

The answer is 4 because it is the

only answer that can be proven by
the graph. The other responses may
be true, but you cannot prove them
by using the information from the
graph.
-identify the topic of the table (title) Defense Estimates of the Great
Powers, 1870-1914
(in millions of pounds)
-identify the facts of the table 1870 1880 1900
(categories and values) Germany 1 2 41.0
0.8 0.4
Tables -determine what the question is Austria- 8.2 1 13.6
asking you to look for Hungary 3.2
France 2 3 37.4
-interpret the table to answer the
2.0 1.4
question Great 2 2 31.4
Britain 3.4 5.2
topic  facts  Italy 7.8 1 10.0
question  interpret 0.0
Russia 2 2 29.6
2.0 9.6
Which statement is best supported
by the data contained in the table?

1) Austria-Hungary could not afford

a large military expenditure in 1870.
2) France spent the greatest amount

6
 of money on defense in 1900.
3) Germany rapidly increased its
military spending after 1890.
4) Great Britain attempted to
prepare for a long ground war.

The answer is 3 because the

question is asking you to identify
which statement is best supported by
the information. Based on the data,
it can be shown that Germany
increased its’ military spending
somewhere between 1880 and 1900.

PART II – UNDERSTANDING THE THEMATIC ESSAY

The thematic essay can be a challenging task. However, if you break

the big job down into little jobs, then you will have a much easier task. In
addition, it will make your thematic essay even better!

A thematic essay looks like this:

In developing your answer to Part II, be sure to keep these general definitions in mind:

a) discuss means “to make observations about something using facts,

reasoning, and argument; to present in some detail”

b) analyze means “to determine the nature and relationship of the component
elements”

PART II

THEMATIC ESSAY QUESTION

Directions: Write a well-organized essay that includes an introduction, several

paragraphs addressing the task below, and a conclusion.

Theme: Conflict

Differences among groups have often led to conflict. Conflicts between groups of
people have threatened peace in many nations and regions.
Task: Identify two ethnic, religious, political, and/or cultural conflicts and for each:

- Discuss the historical circumstances that led to the conflict

You -mayAnalyze
use anythe effect of
examples thisyour
from conflict
studyonoftwo groups
global history and geography. Some
suggestions you might wish to consider include the persecution of Christians during the
Roman Empire, the Reign of Terror, the Amernian massacres, the forced famine in Ukraine,
the Holocaust, apartheid in South Africa, the killing fields of Cambodia, the conflict in
7 and the Tiananmen Square rebellion.
Northern Ireland, the Sandinistas in Nicaragua,
CONTINUED ON NEXT PAGE
 CONTINUED FROM THE LAST PAGE

You are not limited to these suggestions.

Do not use any conflict that occurred in the United States.

Guidelines:
In your essay, be sure to:

- Address all aspects of the Task

- Support the theme with relevant facts, examples, and details
- Use a logical and clear plan of organization
- Introduce the theme by establishing a framework that is beyond a simple
restatement of the Task and conclude with a summation of the theme

There are a lot of words on the page, but don’t worry! If you follow
the steps it will be easier than you think!

Step #1 – Identify the theme. (Conflict) Read the thematic description.

Step #2 – Read the task. Identify the number of examples needed. (2)

Step #3 – Look at the paragraph listing possible examples for the task.
(Hint: If you see an example you remember, choose it!)

Step #4 – Think of examples that are not listed. (Hint: If you can’t think
of an example, use the history of your own country!)

Step #5 – Make a table like the one below, and then list details that you
want to include in the paragraphs of the essay.

Example #1 (Holocaust) Example #2 (Rwanda)

-Germans lost WWI
-The Great Depression created a hard
Task #1 life for the German people
(Historical -Anti-Semitism was encouraged by
the rise of the Nazi party (P2)
circumstances)
-6 million Jews died in the Holocaust
-It led to millions of German deaths
-The Belgian colonists divided the
Rwandans into two ethnic groups, the
Hutu and the Tutsi
-The Tutsi controlled the Hutu
-The Hutu came to power after the
Belgians left in 1962 (P4)
-There were mass killings when the Hutu
came to power in 1962

8
 Task #2 during the global conflict of WWII -Tutsi rebels fought against the Hutu
-It led to an established definition of government, creating more tension
(Effects of the “genocide.” (P3) -The 1994 genocide of the Tutsis (P5)
conflict)
Step #6 – Now you are ready to write your essay.
The essay needs to have an introduction, body and conclusion.
This essay should have 6 total paragraphs:

P1 – Introduction (Thematic description with examples)

P2 – Example #1, Task #1
P3 – Example #1, Task #2
P4 – Example #2, Task #1
P5 – Example #2, Task #2
P6 – Conclusion (Restatement of thematic description)
Differences among groups have often led to conflict. Conflicts between groups
of people have threatened peace in many nations and regions. Two examples of this
type of conflict are the Holocaust and the genocide in Rwanda.

There are several historical circumstances that led to the Holocaust. First, the
Germans lost World War I, which hurt their political and economic development in the
years following the war. In addition, the worldwide Great Depression further damaged
the German economy, leading to widespread poverty and hunger. Adolf Hitler and the
Nazi party used those circumstances to spread their message of anti-semitism, or
hatred of the Jews.

When the Nazis came to power in Germany, they developed a plan to

eliminate all Jews from Europe. They called it the “Final Solution.” Today it is known
as the Holocaust, a genocide that killed about 6 million Jewish men, women and
children. One effect of the Holocaust was that it gathered the attention of the world,
leading to World War II. This war affected Germans as well as Jews, as millions of
German soldiers and citizens died during the war. One long-term positive effect of the
Holocaust was that it established a universal definition of “genocide,” and a law was
passed by the United Nations that created necessary intervention actions for future
genocides.

Another example of historical conflict is in the African country of Rwanda. The

main conflict in Rwanda was between two ethnic groups, the Hutus and the Tutsis.
The Belgians created the two groups when they colonized Rwanda in the early 1900s.
They gave the smaller group, the Tutsis, power to control the larger group, the Hutus.
For years the Tutsis remained in power, until Belgium left in 1959 and the Hutus
officially controlled the government in 1962.

This conflict had several effects. First, after the Hutus came to power, there
were mass killings of Tutsis. These killings led to the creation of many Tutsi rebels
who fought against the Hutu government, and the conflict between the two groups
intensified over many years, leading to the genocide in 1994. Around one million

PART III – UNDERSTANDING DOCUMENT-BASED QUESTIONS

The Document-Based Questions ask you to analyze historical

9
documents in context. In Part A there are usually about 10 documents that
you must analyze, and then in Part B use to write an essay.

The first step is to look at the historical context and the task:
In developing your answers to Part III, be sure to keep this general definition in
mind:

discuss means “to make observations about something using facts, reasoning,
and arguments; to present in some detail”

PART III

DOCUMENT-BASED QUESTION

This question is based on the accompanying documents. The question is

designed to test your ability to work with historical documents. Some of these
documents have been edited for the purposes of this question. As you analyze the
documents, take into account the source of each document and any point of view that
may be presented in the document.

Historical Context:

In the late 1800s and early 1900s, imperialism affected many societies
throughout the world. Perspectives on imperialism differed depending on
a person’s point of view.

Task: Using the information from the documents and your knowledge of global
history, answer the questions that follow each document in Part A. Your answers
to the questions will help you write the Part B essay in which you will be asked to
- Discuss imperialism from the point of view of the imperialist power
- Discuss imperialism from the point of view of the colonized people

All of the documents will relate to the historical context, so it may be

important to take a minute to recall what you know about that before you
begin Part A.

A DBQ may include a map, a graph or table, but it usually asks you to
analyze text or quotations, such as the following:

Document 3
…Let it be admitted at the outset [beginning] that European brains, capital, and energy
have not been, and never will be, expended [spent] in developing the resources of Africa
from motives of pure philanthropy [goodwill]; that Europe is in Africa for the mutual
benefit of her own industrial classes, and of the native races in their progress to a higher
plane; that the benefit can be made reciprocal [equivalent], and that it is the aim and desire
of civilized administration to fulfil this dual10
mandate. CONTINUED ON PAGE 11
By railways and roads, by reclamation [recovery] of swamps and irrigation of deserts, and
by a system of fair trade and competition, we have added to the prosperity and wealth of
these lands, and [have] checked famine and disease. We have put an end to the awful
misery of the slave-trade and inter-tribal war, to human sacrifice and the ordeals of the
witch-doctor. Where those things survive they are severely suppressed. We are
endeavouring [trying] to teach the native races to conduct their own affairs with justice
and humanity, and to educate them alike in letters and in industry…
Source: Lord [Frederick D.] Lugard, The Dual Mandate in British Tropical Africa, Archon Books, 1922

3 According to this document, what were two ways the British improved the lives of
Africans?

It is important to note that there are many possible answers to the

question. While you can summarize an answer, such as “The British made
railways and railroads in Africa,” you can also copy directly from the text.
(Hint: If you don’t understand the text or the question, just copy the entire
text! This will at least get you one point!)

In Part B, you must use the documents to create an essay:

Part B

Essay

Directions: Write a well-organized essay that includes an introduction, several

paragraphs, and a conclusion. Use evidence from at least five documents in
your essay. Support your response with relevant facts, examples, and details.
Include additional outside information.

Historical Context:

In the late 1800s and early 1900s, imperialism affected many societies
throughout the world. Perspectives on imperialism differed depending on
a person’s point of view.

Task: Using the information from the documents and your knowledge of global
history, answer the questions that follow each document in Part A. Your answers to
the questions will help you write the Part B essay in which you will be asked to
- Discuss imperialism from the point of view of the imperialist power
- Discuss imperialism from the point of view of the colonized people
Do not use an example of imperialism from United States history in your
answer.
11
CONTINUED ON NEXT PAGE
 CONTINUED FROM LAST PAGE

Guidelines:
In your essay, be sure to
- Develop all aspects of the task
- Incorporate information from at least five documents
- Support the theme with relevant facts, examples, and details
- Use a logical and clear plan of organization, including and introduction and a
conclusion that are beyond a restatement of the theme

Just like the thematic essay, if you follow these steps it will make your
job much easier, and your essay much better.

Step #1 – Identify the historical context. (Imperialism in the 1800-1900s)

Step #2 – Determine what you need to write about based on the task.
(Discuss imperialism from both perspectives)

Step #3 – Review the documents and decide which ones support each part
of the task. Identify how many you need in the essay. (5)

Step #4 – Make a table like the one below, and then identify the
documents that you want to use in each part.

Positive Effects Negative Effects

Task #1 -Document 3 would be used in this -List supporting documents here
section because it is written from an
(imperialists imperialist point-of-view and claims
point-of-view) that imperialism is good
Task #2 -List supporting documents here -List supporting documents here
(colonies
point-of-view)

Step #5 – Now you are ready to write your essay.

P1 – Introduction (use the historical context)

P2 – Imperialism from the imperialists point-of-view
P3 – Imperialism from the colonies point-of-view

12
 P4 – Conclusion (describe your opinion based on evidence)

(Hint: The DBQ essay is just like a research paper. Use the documents!)

13
PART IV – UNDERSTANDING THE CONTENT

The global history Regents exam is perhaps the hardest Regents exam—it covers over 8000 years of history!
The best thing that you can do is learn the big concepts, themes and ideas.

Topic Main Ideas Key Words What you need to know:

- Due to climate, the first humans settled civilization The first humans developed civilizations
around the world in about 10,000 BCE culture and societies by settling around river
domestication valleys.
The First - Early people made tools, used fire and Neolithic Revolution
created art nomadic River valleys had rich, fertile soil that
Humans Paleolithic allowed people to grow crops for food.
(10,000- - The first civilizations developed around prehistory
4000 BCE) organized agriculture agriculture This surplus of food led to more free time!
river valley More free time led to art, culture and legal
- The Neolithic Revolution led to the fertile (law) systems—the marks of civilization.
growth of complex societies crops

Topic Main Ideas Key Words What you need to know:

- The Mesopotamia and Eyptian city-state Hammurabi was a famous ruler who created
civilizations grew around river valleys empire a code of laws. The laws were very fair and
Fertile Crescent gave rights to most people.
Western Asia - The Sumerians created city-states and Hammurabi’s Code
writing monotheistic The Israelites (the first Jews) were
and Egypt Nile River monotheistic—had one god. They also
(4000- - As old civilizations declined, new Persians developed the 10 Commandments.
600 BCE) kingdoms arose pharaoh
Phoenicians The Sumerians developed several markers
- The Persians created a large empire— Sumerians of civilization, including writing and the
perhaps the first multicultural society 10 Commandments organization of governments in city-states.

The Egyptians lived in the Nile River

valley. They were skilled in math, science
and art.

14
 Topic Main Ideas Key Words What you need to know:
- Early civilizations in India and China Buddhism The Indus river valley civilizations were
developed around river valleys caste system conquered and Hinduism started in India.
Confucianism The caste system created social classes that
- Dynasties—ruling families—changed over Daoism determined jobs and social status.
time in India and China filial piety
Hinduism Buddhism developed at this time.
- Hinduism in India and Confucianism in Mandate of Heaven
India and China China helped create social order by creating monsoon King Asoka united northern and southern
a class hierarchy, or system Silk Road India in 270 BCE. He improved roads,
(2500 BCE- subsistence farming hospitals and trade.
200) - Emperors in China claimed to rule by the
Mandate of Heaven China had several dynasties that ruled by
the “Mandate of Heaven.” Most
- The Qin Dynasty in China was created out importantly, the Chinese developed civil
of civil war, flourished briefly, and was service exams, writing, bronze and
rapidly followed by instability gunpowder.

Confucianism—a social system based on

filial piety (“Listen to your parents!”)—
arose in China and spread through Asia.

Topic Main Ideas Key Words What you need to know:

- Greek city-states were the polis, or center, Age of Pericles Greece’s geographical location on the seas
of Greek life Alexander the Great led to a seafaring culture.
aristocracy
Ancient Greece - During Greece’s classical age—also called Aristotle Greek life was centered around city-states,
the golden age and the Age of Pericles— Athens which were ruled by wealthy families and
(2800- Athens was the center of Greek culture democracy landowners.
300 BCE) direct democracy
- Greek philosophy was based on reason— Hellenistic Sparta and Greece fought for 25 years in the
which was later reborn in the Renaissance. oligarchy Peloponnesian War.
Plato
- Alexander the Great conquered a huge Socrates Athens had a direct democracy, and Greece
empire, spreading Hellenistic culture led by Sparta was a center of great learning, led by

15
 Greek influences. philosophers like Plato and Aristotle.

Topic Main Ideas Key Words What you need to know:

- The Romans were great conquerors who assembly The Twelve Tables was a system of law that
influenced the Mediterranean world Augustus governed the early Roman state.
Constantine
Rome and the - Rome had many civil wars and changes in dictator Rome conquered a large part of the
government that led to instability emperor Mediterranean and Europe, but changed
Rise of Jesus from a republic to an Empire.
Christianity - Roman culture was built on Greek culture, Julius Caesar
(600 BCE- which spread through the Roman world patricians Roman culture spread throughout the
Pax Romana (Roman Peace) empire on its roads and trade routes.
574) - Christianity later became the state religion plebians
of the Roman Empire republic Christianity was at first discouraged by the
senate Roman government, then later made the
- Despite reforms and the division of the Twelve Tables official religion.
empire into two parts, Rome declined and representative democracy
eventually fell to invaders in 574 The empire was split into two parts, with
Constantinople as the capital of the eastern
empire.

The Roman empire fell in 476, starting the

Middle Ages, or “Dark Ages.”

Topic Main Ideas Key Words What you need to know:

- The Muslims ruled many different peoples Allah Muslim culture preserved Greek and Roman
and lands caliph texts, as well as led to many advancements
Five Pillars in math, science and architecture.
The Rise of - Trade was extremely important to the hajj
growth of the Muslim empire Mecca The Crusades (1096-1291) were a series of
Islam interdependence conflicts between European Christians and
(570-1291) - Muslim society contributed to the mosque Muslims in the Mediterranean.
advancement of math, science and culture Muhammed
Quran Muslims in the Middle East connected
- Through the Crusades, Muslim learning Sunni / Shiite Asian culture and trade with European

16
 spread to the European world Sultan culture and trade.
Topic Main Ideas Key Words What you need to know:
- China experienced great change in their agricultural society The Mongolians created the largest land
government—internal and external archipelago empire in history. They were led by
dowry Ghengis Khan. Their empire stretched from
The Asian World - There is incredible diversity in Asia in ethnocentric East Asia to central Europe.
terms of language and culture Genghis Khan
(400-1500) khanate Kublai Khan took over Ghengis Khan and
- India became a trade center between Mahayana / Theravada the Mongols ruled China from 1279-1368.
Southwest and East Asia neo-Confucianism
porcelain Because of increased trade and interaction,
- Mongolia created the largest empire in scholar-gentry Buddhism declines in India and Asia and the
history led by Genghis Khan subsistence farming spread of Islam continues eastward into
trading society India and western China.

Topic Main Ideas Key Words What you need to know:

- After the fall of Rome, Europe was chivalry The Catholic Church in Rome became the
influenced by the Germanic people, the old common law major source of power in Europe after the
Roman Empire and the Catholic Church Crusades Roman Empire fell.
feudal contract
- Feudalism, a political system based on the feudalism Charlemagne united the Franks (really old
Emerging land-ownership, grew in Europe fief western Europe) around 800. He was the
Europe and the infidel first Holy Roman Emperor, a religious and
Byzantine - European monarchs (kings and queens) knight political union.
began to extend their power and form strong Magna Carta
Empire states monk The Byzantine Empire (former Eastern
(500-1500) patriarch Roman Empire) was very important.
- The Crusades, a series of wars over the pope Justinian created an excellent law code that
Holy Land, had a great impact on both schism was later used in modern Europe. They also
eastern and western Europe tournament preserved Greek and Roman culture. This
vassal is important because western Europe did not
- The Byzantine Empire was incredibly Commercial Revolution do this at this time.
important to the preservation of Greek and
Roman culture, as well as the Crusades Constantinope—the capital of the Byzantine
because of its geographical location Empire—was very important to the

17

Topic Main Ideas
- New farming practices and the growth of
trade allowed cities to grow in Europe
Europe in the - The feudal system continued to dominate
Europe at this time. It was a decentralized
Middle Ages system in which power was divided.
(1000-1550)
- The Catholic Church was the most
important institution in people’s lives
- New ideas brought back from the
Crusades led to the creation of universities.
- European rulers reestablished central
power at the end of the Middle Ages
Crusades because of its geography and
location close to the Holy Land.
Key Words What you need to know:
anti-Semitism Manors were the basic economic unit in
Black Death feudal Europe. They were self-sufficient
Great Schism because they made all their own food,
guild housing and supplies.
heresy
Inquisition The Black Death was a terrible plague
manor (disease) that spread through Europe. It
money economy allowed peasants the chance to move up.
scholasticism
serf The power of the Catholic Church was
challenged at this time by scientists,
religious reformers and monarchs. The
Church responded by carrying out the
Inquisition, which killed and tortured people
who challenged the Church.

Topic Main Ideas Key Words What you need to know:

- Africa’s geography and climate have animism Arab invaders took control of northern
affected its cultural development Bantu Africa in the seventh century, introducing
clan Islam to Africa.
Early African - Islam and Christianity changed African desertification
society Great Rift Valley Mali and Ghana were two great kingdoms in
Civilizations lineage group Africa that became very rich through the
(1000 BCE- - African trade led to the development and plateau gold and salt trade.
1600) fall of a series of kingdoms savanna
stateless society Mansa Musa was a powerful ruler in Mali
- Kingdoms were based on the trans- subsistence farming who tried to convert his people to Islam.
Saharan gold and salt trade

18
 Topic Main Ideas Key Words What you need to know:
- The Renaissance changed Europe from John Calvin The Renaissance was a rebirth of culture
religious-focused to secular-focused. Christian humanism and learning. It started in Italy. Wealthy
Council of Trent patrons supported artists and writers.
- The Reformation challenged authority in Leonardo da Vinci
the Catholic Church and ended religious humanism Humanism—the idea that people (not gods)
Renaissance and unity indulgence are important—starts during this time.
Reformation justification
(1350-1550) - The printing press and other inventions Martin Luther Greek and Roman culture—preserved by
quickly spread new ideas and increased Niccolo Machiavelli the Byzantines and Muslims—are revived in
literacy throughout Europe Michelangelo western Europe.
predestination
- Powerful city-states became the center of Renaissance The printing press allows books—especially
political, economic and social life—creating vernacular the Bible—to be printed in many languages.
a new middle class Protestant This increases the power of peasants and
challenges the Church’s authority.

The Reformation is started in 1517 against

the abuses of the Catholic Church. The
Church fought back, but it ultimately loses
power to other groups.

Topic Main Ideas Key Words What you need to know:

- The monarchies of Europe wanted to absolutism Following the religious revolts, people
centralize (get more) power Bill of Rights began to challenge the power of kings and
commonwealth queens in Europe. The people wanted more
Crisis and - Monarchs used the idea of “divine right” Constitutional monarchy rights and economic opportunities.
to justify their absolute power, the idea that Oliver Cromwell
Absolutism in God chooses kings and that their commands czar To keep their power, monarchies claimed
Europe reflect the ideas of God divine right of kings that they were appointed by God, who gave
(1500-1700) Glorious Revolution them the divine right to do what they
- The Glorious Revolution of 1689 in John Locke wanted. They wanted absolute power.
England passed the first Bill of Rights, Louis XIV

19
 which guaranteed basic human rights mercantilism Peter the Great—a czar who claimed
natural rights absolute power—transformed Russia into a
modern military and cultural power.
Topic Main Ideas Key Words What you need to know:
- Japan is an island!!! This has led to a archipelago From about 800-1300, Japan’s shogun
strong sense of identity and culture in Japan Bushido (general) created a feudal system similar to
daimyo European feudalism based on the exchange
Early Japan - Two geographic factors in Japan are a lack eta of protection for land. (emperorwarriors
of land for growing food and a lack of feudal system
(600-1600) industrial resources han

merchantsartisanspeasants)
hostage system
- Japan has a unique geographical Ring of Fire Samurai were hired warriors who lived by
environment which has prevented other samurai their own code of chivalry, “Bushido.”
cultures from interacting with Japan Shinto
throughout history—therefore they have shogun Civil war and fighting between clans was
often chosen isolation as a foreign policy Zen common during this time. It was hard to
control all of Japan due to its mountainous
geography.

Topic Main Ideas Key Words What you need to know:

- Exploration and European colonization adobe The Maya had a highly developed society
created an interdependent world among the Andes that used math and science to develop a
Americas, Europe and Africa—the Bering Strait sophisticated calendar and history
The Americas “Colombian Exchange.” clan
conquistadors The Aztec had an organized society with a
(1200 BCE- - The ancient civilizations of the Americas Columbian Exchange famous capital city in Tenochtitlan (modern
1500) had many technological achievements in Hernan Cortes day Mexico City).
math, science, architecture and astronomy hieroglyph
maize The Inca held a vast, rich empire in the
Francisco Pizarro South American Andes mountains.
pueblo
tepee All three groups—and thousands more—
smallpox were destroyed by European disease and
exploitation around 1500 and on.

20
 Topic Main Ideas Key Words What you need to know:
- New technologies and developments from balance of trade The inventions and findings from the
the Scientific Revolution allowed bureaucracy Scientific Revolution and the Crusades
Europeans to explore the world colony allowed Europeans to sail around the world.
The Age of Colombian Exchange
- The Age of Exploration marked the end of conquistador The reasons for exploration can be summed
Exploration European isolation and the beginning of mercantilism up as “God, glory and gold,” or religion,
(1400-1800) colonialism and the slave trade Middle Passage adventure and economy.
plantation
- In the 1500s and 1600s, the monarchies of triangular trade Countries wanted colonies in order to gain
Europe wanted more power (divine right) encomienda gold and silver—the main idea of
and thought it was their right to explore the mercantilism, an economic theory.
world and get colonies, slaves and riches
Slaves from Africa were taken to work on
colonial plantations and encomiendas.

Topic Main Ideas Key Words What you need to know:

- The Middle East has a lot of oil but does Akbar The Ottomans defeated the Byzantine
not have much water for growing food anarchy Empire, making Constantinople (Istanbul)
caliph their capital. The good geographical
The Muslim - Muslim empires combined religion and chartered companies location allowed the empire to spread to
government gunpowder empire Africa and the greater Middle East.
Empires harem
(1300-1800) - India experienced change during this time Istanbul The Mogul Dynasty united the Indian
as Hindu and Islamic forces fought to janissary subcontinent in the 1500 and 1600s.
control the country orthodoxy
pasha Around 1650, the British and French arrived
shah in India and set up trading ports—the
Sikhs beginning of imperialism in the region and
sultan the end of the Mogul Dynasty.
suttee
zaminder

21
 Topic Main Ideas Key Words What you need to know:
- Chinese rulers followed a dynastic cycle Beijing China kicked out the Mongols and then
and claimed power by the Mandate of clan started the Ming dynasty, which lasted until
Heaven, similar to the divine right of kings commercial capitalism 1644. It was replaced by the Qing dynasty,
The East in Europe ethnocentrism which lasted until 1911.
Imperial City
Asian World - Chinese values and culture have been Ming dynasty Because the government controlled trade
(1300-1800) largely shaped by the teachings of porcelain and business, commercial capitalism never
Confucius queue developed in China.
Zheng He
- China protected its culture and society and China was self-sufficient and did not view
did not interact much with Europe until European goods as very good; therefore it
imperialism opened China to the West did not trade with Europe until the 1800s.

Topic Main Ideas Key Words What you need to know:

- The Scientific Revolution changed capitalism Copernicus was an astronomer who
European’s ideas about the world and what Catherine the Great developed a heliocentric (sun-centered)
was possible checks and balances universe. This was very controversial and
Revolution and Rene Descartes the Church did not like it.
- The Enlightenment thinkers formed ideas enlightened absolutism
Enlightenment about natural rights and that through reason Galileo John Locke was a thinker who helped spark
(1500-1800) (thinking) society could be changed laissez-faire the Enlightenment with his ideas of natural
line of demarcation rights—that all people were equal and had
- The ideas of the Enlightenment changed John Locke the right to life, liberty and the pursuit of
the way people thought about social mestizos happiness.
structures and government, and led to later Montesquieu
political revolutions natural rights Adam Smith develops the idea of capitalist
Isaac Newton economics at this time. He believed that
philosophe free markets (laissez-faire) worked best.
Rousseau
scientific method The Scientific Revolution and the
separation of powers Enlightenment did not change things
Adam Smith overnight, but they did at least give the idea

22
 social contract of equality to more people.
Maria Theresa
Topic Main Ideas Key Words What you need to know:
- Both social inequality and economic Napoleon France was divided into Three Estates
problems helped cause the French bourgeoisie (classes). The Third Estate—the working
Revolution coup d’etat poor—had to pay the most taxes.
The French Declaration of the Rights of Man Robespierre didn’t like this and helped start
- Radical groups took control of the French and Citizen a revolution against King Louis XIV.
Revolution and government and an unstable Reign of Terror Louis XVI
Napoleon followed for several years Napoleonic Code After a period of instability, a general
(1789-1815) nationalism named Napoleon took over France. He
- After the Revolution, there was an Reign of Terror created an empire in Europe, but he did not
increased sense of nationalism, which Robespierre conquer Great Britain or Russia. The
allowed the general Napoleon to take over empire did not last long and Napoleon was
and start an empire sent away from France.

Topic Main Ideas Key Words What you need to know:

- Cities grew as people moved from the agrarian revolution The Industrial Revolution began in England.
country to work in factories capitalism England had many natural resources so they
conservative built factories and made things that they
Industrialization - The idea of nationalism grew in Europe, Crimean War could trade and sell.
which challenged old forms of government kaiser
and Nationalism like monarchies and led to revolutions liberal The Industrial Revolution had many
(1780-1880) militarism problems like child labor, unsafe jobs and
- Nationalism led to the unification of Italy nationalism environmental pollution.
and a new, militaristic Germany realism
Romanticism Nationalism—the desire to have a nation
- New developments in science and social secularization and government that unites a people—led to
conditions led to the realist movement socialism the formation of countries like Germany and
Otto von Bismark Italy. Monarchies didn’t like this.

23
 Topic Main Ideas
- The Industrial Revolution led to changes
for the lower classes: more money, more
contact with society and the opportunity to
Mass Society organize and form political parties
and Democracy - The middle class starts to emerge,
(1870-1914) especially in England at this time
- New political and social ideas forced a
rethinking of Enlightenment ideas and
created new social structures
Key Words What you need to know:
command economies The Industrial Revolution and Imperialism
Karl Marx led to an interdependent global economy.
socialism
communism Karl Marx hated factories because they took
proletariat advantage of workers (the “have-nots”). He
blamed the system on industrial capitalists
(the “haves”). He thought that a command
economy, like communism, would be better
for all people.
New technologies like steel, the engine and
electricity led to a rapid build-up of military
power in Europe—which led to WWI.

Topic Main Ideas Key Words What you need to know:

- The “new imperialism” took the form of annex European nations like France, Great Britain
total control over vast territories creole and Germany wanted natural resources to
direct rule build their military and economy, so they
The Height of - The Berlin Conference of 1884 led to Gandhi made colonies, primarily in Africa and
almost all of Africa being colonized imperialism Southeast Asia.
Imperialism indirect rule
(1850-1950) - Britain came to control almost all of India mestizo Nationalism, racism and social Darwinism
peninsulare all caused the desire for colonies (the
- Mother countries took advantage of pogroms “White Man’s Burden”). However,
colonies by taking natural resources and protectorate nationalism also spread to the colonies and
raw materials, and then selling Sepoy eventually led to revolutions and
manufactured goods back to the colonies social Darwinism independence.
Suez Canal
Zionism Gandhi led a non-violent revolution in India
against the British. He used civil
disobedience to achieve this. For example,
he told Indians to stop buying British goods.
India got its independence in 1947.

24
 Topic Main Ideas
- Outside influences led to the decline of the
Qing dynasty and increased Western
economic involvement in China
East Asia Under
- The new nationalist party in China helped
Challenges bring political and social change to China
(1850-1920)
- Japan opened to the outside world at this
time, bringing in a period of modernization
under the Meiji Restoration
Topic Main Ideas
- Militarism, nationalism, and old alliances
were all underlying causes of World War I
World War I and - New technologies and kinds of warfare
like trenches were very deadly and made the
Revolution war very long
(1900-1920)
- Unrest in Russia took down the czar and
let Lenin and the Bolsheviks come to power
through a revolution and a civil war
- After World War I, the map of Europe was
completely redrawn—and Germany did not
like this at all
Key Words What you need to know:
extraterritoriality China was never colonized, however, many
Hong Kong nations wanted to trade with them, so they
Open Door policy created spheres of influence—a form of
Matthew Perry economic imperialism.
spheres of influence
Sun Yat-sen The nationalist party, led by Sun Yat-sen,
Treaty of Nanjing started a revolution against the Qing
dynasty in 1911. This began a long period
of cultural change in China.
Once Japan opened to the West, they wanted
to reform their political and economic
system. This was called the Meiji
Restoration. They also wanted their own
colonies, so they annexed Korea.
Key Words What you need to know:
armistice Militarism and nationalism led to the
Bolsheviks forming of the Triple Alliance (Germany,
Lenin Austria-Hungary and Italy) and the Triple
mobilization Entente (Great Britain, France and Russia).
planned economies
propaganda European militaries doubled in size from
reparations 1890 to 1914, especially Germany’s. World
total war War I was incredibly bloody and gory.
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk They used new inventions like poison gas
trench warfare and tanks to destroy millions of people.
Triple Alliance
Triple Entente Peasants in Russia had a hard life, and after
Wilson World War I, they were sick of the czar.
Lenin, a strong communist leader, led two
revolutions in 1917 (“Peace, Land and
Bread!”). After a civil war, Lenin and the
25
 communists came to power in Russia,
creating the Soviet Union.
Topic Main Ideas Key Words What you need to know:
- A global economic depression (a long collectivization The Great Depression was a global
period of a bad economy) created political concentration camp economic disaster. It caused lots of people
instability and change in the West Dawes Plan to lose their jobs.
The West depression
- Hiter in Germany and Mussolini in Italy fascism Germany had a terrible time in the 1920s,
Between the took over their governments and Hitler and this led to Hitler and the Nazi party
Wars implemented fascist regimes based on Mussolini taking over in 1933.
(1920-1939) national superiority, anti-Semitism and New Economic Policy
militarism Roosevelt Mussolini created a fascist (a strong,
Stalin military dictatorship) government in Italy.
- Stalin came to power in Russia, organizing totalitarian state
farms and industry, but also eliminating Stalin took over for Lenin in the Soviet
political opponents Union. He started the Five Year plans,
which tried to control and increase
- The spread of propaganda through radio production in agriculture and heavy
and the television became important industry.

Topic Main Ideas Key Words What you need to know:

- Nationalism led to the creation of the
modern states of Turkey, Iran and Saudi
Arabia at this time
Nationalism
- Through imperialism, colonies were
Around the influenced to start their own nationalist
World movements
(1870-1940)
- In China, nationalist and communist forces
fought to control the government
- Because of imperialism and the
Depression, Latin America experienced a
growth in military dictatorships and
Amritsar Massacre The Ottoman Empire broke up after WWI
Ataturk and created new countries in the Middle
Balfour Declaration East. Some of the countries were mandates,
Gandhi governments controlled by the governments
genocide of France and Great Britain.
Chiang Kai-shek
Reza Khan Nationalism spread throughout the world, as
mandates many leaders of colonies wanted their own
Palestine countries (Jomo KenyattaKenya, Gandhi
Salt March India, Ibn SaudSaudi Arabia)
Ibn Saud
Mao Zedong For many years Jews wanted to return to the
Holy Land. They returned to Palestine at
this time, which was 80% Muslim. There

26
 government-owned industries has been conflict ever since.

Topic Main Ideas Key Words What you need to know:

- Germany and Japan aggressively
expanded their military and territories,
leading to the war
World War II
- World War II was fought between the Axis
(1939-1946) powers (Germany, Italy and Japan) and the
Allies (Great Britain, U.S., China, Soviet
Union)
- Hitler and the Nazis held racial ideas that
they were superior to other groups of
people, leading to the genocide
- Millions of civilians died or lost their
homes in the war because of new kinds of
bombs
- The U.S. dropped two atomic bombs on
Japan, ending the war in the Pacific
appeasement Hitler and Nazi Germany wanted more land
blitzkrieg in Europe, and other Europeans nations let
Churchill gave in to Hitler’s demands.
Final Solution
Hiroshima Italy, under the fascist dictator Mussolini,
Hitler took over Ethiopia in Africa.
Holocaust
iron curtain Japan took a part of northern China. The
Chiang Kai-shek Communists and Nationalists in China
Mussolini stopped fighting each other and joined
Nuremburg Trials together to fight the Japanese.
Roosevelt
Stalin 6 million Jews were killed by the Nazis in
the Holocaust, a genocide.
Stalin and the Soviet Union first made an
alliance with Germany, but when Germany
attacked them in 1942, they joined the
Allies and helped win the war.

Topic Main Ideas Key Words What you need to know:

- After WWII, the U.S. (capitalist) and the arms race The Cold War started almost immediately as
Soviet Union (communist) fought a “cold bloc WWII ended and lasted until the “fall” of
war,” which is a war of words, not guns Khrushchev Communism in the 1980 and 1990s.
The Cold War Mao Zedong
- Although neither side used them, both Marshall Plan The U.S. made alliances (NATO) and the
(1945-1980) sides built up their militaries in an “arms NATO Soviet Union made alliances (Warsaw Pact)
race” containment
satellite state The U.S. followed a policy containment,
- Postwar societies tried to rebuild their Warsaw Pact meaning that they would do whatever it
economies and countries welfare state took to stop the spread of communism.

27
 - The middle class grew, leading to social The Cuban Missile Crisis is an example of a
change in many countries Cold War conflict—no missiles were fired
but both sides “flexed their muscles.”
Topic Main Ideas Key Words What you need to know:
- The Soviet Union broke up in 1991, Bosnia The Cold War “ends” in 1991, after
ending communist control of Russia Brezhnev Gorbachev made reforms towards a free
Chechnya market economy and democracy.
The - Because the Soviet Union stopped détente
supporting its Eastern European allies, dissident Bosnia experienced ethnic cleansing in the
Contemporary many communist countries experienced ethnic cleansing early 90s towards the Muslim population.
Western World revolutions in the 70s and 80s glasnost
(1970-2005) Gorbachev The feminist movement gains momentum as
- European nations moved to unite their Havel birth rates decline in Europe and America.
economies, creating the European Union Kosovo
perestroika The technological revolution creates a
- New technologies and scientific advances Putin global economy and society that is more
have created an interdependent global Walesa interdependent than at any point in history.
society Yeltsin

Topic Main Ideas Key Words What you need to know:

- Economies built on the export of raw Castro Castro and communist revolutionaries took
materials and the import of manufactured contras over Cuba in 1959.
goods faced economic and political change encomienda
Latin America multinational organizations There were many socialist and communist
- Because of the Cold War, the U.S. became oligarchy movements in the Americas during this time
(1950-2005) involved in the Latin American world Peron
because it wanted to prevent communism PRI Due to the discovery of oil and the Green
from spreading to those countries privatization Revolution, Mexico’s economy improved.
Sandinistas
- Democracy has spread in South America Green Revolution Political instability, the effects still felt from
since the late 1980s imperialism and corporate influence has
hurt the lower classes in the Americas.
- The Green Revolution allowed Latin
America to produce more types of food,
which helped their economies

28
 Topic Main Ideas Key Words What you need to know:
- Many African nations achieved their ANC South Africa experienced apartheid for
independence in the 1950s, but the new apartheid many years, but Nelson Mandela—a
nations struggled with military regimes and Arafat nationalist who fought for freedom—
Africa and the one-party governments Camp David Accords became the first black president in 1994.
Ayatollah Khomeini
Middle East - Disease and poverty have caused tension F.W. de Klerk Population growth, droughts and diseases
(1950-2005) in modern Africa Mandela like AIDS have hurt African economies.
OPEC
- In many areas of Africa and the Middle Pan-Africanism Arabs and Israelis have fought over
East, people continue to struggle for basic Pan-Arabism Palestine and the West Bank (the Holy Land
human rights PLO again!) ever since the creation of Israel.
Hussein
- An Islamic revival has influenced political Sinai Peninsula A revolution in Iran created a theocracy (a
and social life in the Middle East Desmond Tutu socio-religious government) when the
West Bank Ayatollah led a revolt against the Shah.

Ethnic and religious divisions have caused

several wars and conflicts in Iraq.

Topic Main Ideas Key Words What you need to know:

- Mao Zedong tried to change China into a Bangladesh The Cultural Revolution (social) and the Great Leap
Forward (economic) were led by Mao Zedong to help
perfect communist state, but reforms Cultural Revolution communist China.
sometimes hurt people instead of helped Deng Xiaoping
Contemporary domino theory After Mao died, Deng Xiaoping introduced the Four
- Deng Xiaoping replaced Zedong as leader Hong Kong Modernizations, which moved China towards capitalist
Asia and the of China and introduced capitalist policies Mao Zedong economic policies.
Pacific to create economic growth Ho Chi Minh When India got its independence from Great Britain in
(1950-2005) occupied 1947, it was divided into two countries—India (Hindu)
and Pakistan (Muslim). There have been conflicts
- Economic problems and political conflicts Pakistan
between the two countries ever since.
hurt the growth of democracy in new per capita
countries in Asia Singapore Communist countries and capitalist countries fought to
Taiwan control Vietnam. The communists won, spreading fear

29
 - Japan and other nations of the Pacific have Tiananmen Square that many countries in Asia would turn communist as
well.
rapidly improved their economies
Topic Main Ideas Key Words What you need to know:
- Nations with developing economies AIDS Population growth has led to a scarcity of
continue to struggle birthrate resources, which creates conflict. For
ethnic cleansing example, a lack of food in Somalia has
The World - Although there have been many ethnic group allowed military gangs to come to power.
technological and scientific advances, free trade
Today disease, hunger and poverty continue to human rights Through urbanization, cities have become
(2005-Present) challenge the world migration much larger, forcing a strain on government
outsourcing to provide services for everyone.
- Nations are struggling to work with new population growth
forms of migration between countries standard of living Many areas of the world are struggling with
United Nations issues of tradition and modernization,
- Women and children still face economic, urbanization particularly in Muslim countries like Iran.
political and social barriers
Technology has improved the standard of
- Organizations like the United Nations living for many people, creating an
have been created respond to global issues interdependent global economy.

Topic Main Ideas Key Words What you need to know:

- The world faces environmental challenges acid rain Environmental issues—such as the
that cut across national borders deforestation greenhouse effect—have led to an
desertification international crisis, causing tensions
Global - The technological revolution has brought disarmament between developed and developing nations.
both costs and benefits ecology
Challenges greenhouse effect The spread (proliferation) of nuclear
(Present) - Nuclear power and its issues have caused nuclear proliferation weapons has become a hot topic in an age of
tension in the international community ozone layer global terrorist threats.

- The information age has created a global The technological revolution has impacted
society and culture that requires highly almost every part of our lives: medicine,
educated citizens travel, communication, agriculture, etc.

30
31
 Odds & Ends
India
Africa -Hinduism
-Mali & Ghanagreat empireswealth through gold and salt Dharma/Karma/Reincarnation
-Mansa Musaleader of Maliwent to Mecca and spread Islam -Caste systemclass system
-Imperialism”White Man’s Burden”Europe needs to civilize Africa -Gupta empireidea of “0”
-South Africaapartheid (segregation)Nelson Mandela fought for freedom -Gandhicivil disobedience
-EgyptNile river valleyhieroglyphics and the invention of paper -Sepoy Mutinyrebellion
against British imperialism

Russia
-Cold climatehard to invadeNapoleon (1812) & Hitler (1942) found this out
-Bolshevik Revolution”Peace, Land, Bread!”LenincommunismSoviet Union
-Stalin’s Five-Year Planmodernize Soviet Union through agriculture and industry
-communismtotal control of societycommand economy
-glasnostGorbachev’s policy of an “open” and “clear communist party
-perestroikaGorbachev’s economic reforms
-détenteperiod in the Cold War where the Soviet Union and the U.S. eased nuclear weapons production

Europe
-feudal systemdecentralized powerloyalty for landlots of land, lots of power / no land, no power
-Black Deaththe Bubonic Plaguea disease that killed millions of people in Europe in the 1300s
-CrusadesEuropean Christians vs. Middle Eastern Muslimsled to cultural diffusion and spread of Islamic knowledge
-Magna Cartalimited power of monarchy in England in 1215gave power to nobles (people who owned land)
-Bill of Rightssigned after the Glorious Revolution in England in 1689started idea of “rights” of ordinary people
-Renaissance”rebirth”humanismDa Vinci, Michelangelo, Shakespeare, the Medici family
-Protestant ReformationMartin Luther wrote the 95 Theses against the Catholic Churchprinting press helped spread this
-Scientific Revolutionapplied reason to the laws of natureheliocentric modelled to explorationGalileo, Descartes, Bacon
-Enlightenmentall people are equalapplied reason to society”started” in Franceled to revolutions against monarchies
-John Lockenatural rights of humans (life, liberty, happiness)consent of the people to govern
-absolutismdivine right of kingsGod gives kings power to rule over countries
-IrelandPotato Famineran out of food around 1850 and lots of Irish left the country
-FranceThree EstatesKing Louis XIV abused his power and the poor people revolted and killed the king
China
Japan -Confuciusfilial pietyfamily, eldersFive Noble Truths
-Shintospirits live in the wild of nature, animism -Mandate of Heavenemperors ruled by this as dynasties
-Bushidocode of the Samurai warriors -started the idea of a civil service system
-Meiji Restorationindustrialization and -invented gunpowder around 1000
modernization in the 1900stook over Korea so they -Boxer Rebelliontried to kick out foreigners
could take the natural resources -Mao Zedongled Communist revolutionGreat Leap Forward
-Deng XiaopingFour ModernizationsChina moves to capitalism
Political Systems
-absolutismdivine right! Belief Systems/Religions Ancient Civilizations
-feudalismland! -IslamMohammedQuran -Neolithic Revolutionwe tamed plants and
-democracyancient Greece! -ChristianityJesusBible animals and turned them into food
-communismtotal control! -JudaismMoses -BantuAfrican people that migrated for food
-fascismHitler! Nazis! 10 CommandmentsIsrael -river valleysgood for farming and were the
-Shintonatural spirits first civilizationsEgypt, China,
Economic Systems -BuddhismEightfold Path Mesopotamia, India were the most famous
-mercantilismcolonies! -Confucianismfilial piety -writing systemsearly forms were developed
-capitalismAdam Smith! Five Noble Truths in China and Egypt
free tradelaissez-faire! -Hinduismkarmadharma -Greecedirect democracyphilosophy
-communismgovernment reincarnationIndia -RomeTwelve Tables (rules!)
controls all aspects of economy! -Indiaconcept of “0”

32