CANCER OF THE CERVIX Cervical Cancer is a tumor that develops in uterovaginal portion or cervical canal.

anal. Occurs when abnormal cells in the cervix grows out of control. It is the 3rd most common reproductive cancer in women The only cancer with a known cause HPV (Human papilomavirus) Occurs most commonly between the ages of 35- 40 years but can occur in women as young as 18 years old The number of death of cervical cancer patients is closed to 27,000 and 88% of them are in developing countries. It inclines to occur in the females who are married and give birth to babies early, or are proliferous or infected by HPV. In recent years, the incident age of cervical cancer is tending to young females. Risk Factors

Types of Cervical Cancer 1. Squamous Cell Carcinoma about 80% to 90% of cervical cancers are squamous cell carcinomas. most often begin where the exocervix endocervix. 2. Adenocarcinoma more common in the past 20 to 30 years develops from the mucusproducing gland cells of the endocervix Clinical Manifestations Irregular menses or bleeding in vagina after menopause. Bleeding when something comes in contact with your cervix, such as during sex or when you put in a diaphragm. Vaginal discharge that is tinged with blood or presents white or sanguinloent with fish stench. Symptoms like frequent and urgent micturition and constipation. Excruciating pain in back and legs Extreme emaciation and anemia Dyspareunia joins the

Sexual Activity: o o o o Multiple sex partners Early age at first coitus (younger than 20) Sex with uncircumcised males Sexual contact with males whose partners have cervical cancer

Assessment and Diagnostic Findings Pap smear Biopsy Dilatation and Curettage Computed Tomography MRI Cystography IV Urography PET Barium X-RAY Studies Clinical Stages of Cervical Cancer

Long-term use of oral contraceptives Early child bearing Exposure to HPV Smoking and secong hand smoking HIV infection Exposure to diethylstilbestrol (DES) in utero Family hx of cervical cancer Socioeconomic status Nutritional deficiences Chronic cervical infection Overweight status

 Stage 0 the cancer cells are still limited in cervical intraepithelial regions. The cervical cancer in stage 0 is also what we call primary cancer. Stage I the cancer cells localize in cervix and encroachment occurs. Stage II the cancer cells have encroached to vagina but do not cover 1/3 of vagina, or have encroached Stage III the encroachment has reach the lower 1/3 of vagina or the cancer cells have encroached to cavum pelvis and bilateral hydronephrosis occur. Stage IV cancer cells have spread out from generative organs or surpass cavum pelvis to encroach to rectum, gall bladder or other distant organs. Medical Management Cryotherapy, Conization portion). Simple hysterectomy if invasion is less than 3mm. For Invasive cancer, radical hysterectomy, radiation (external-beam or bracytherapy) or chemotherapy. Surgical Procedures Radical Hysterectomy Radical Vaginal Hysterectomy Bilateral Pelvic Lymphadenectomy Pelvic Exenteration Radical Trachelectomy Total Hysterectomy Laser (removing a therapy, cone Loop -shaped electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP), or to paracervical connective tissues but do not reach pelvic wall.

Avoiding HPV infection Smoking cessation HPV Vaccination Practice safe sex

Nursing Intervention Relieving Anxiety Improving Body Image Relieving Pain Monitoring and Managing Complications Promoting Home and Community-Base Care

PREVENTION Regular pelvic examinations Pap smear test Preventive counseling