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Kimia Tingkatan 4

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Laboratory Guide for Teachers


1
Introduction to Chemistry
2. Make sure that students remove the oxide layer on the surface of the magnesium ribbon by rubbing it using a piece of sandpaper. Inquiry Experiment 3.2 Chemical equations Guided Experiment 1.1

Scientific method

1. Remind students to add a little salt at a time into the beaker. Make sure that all the salt added is dissolved before any salt is added again.

1. Lime water is prepared by dissolving calcium hydroxide powder in distilled water until a saturated solution is obtained. Then filter the solution to remove the excess calcium hydroxide powder. 2. 0.2 mol dm3 lead(II) nitrate solution is prepared by dissolving 66.2 g of solid lead(II) nitrate in distilled water and then make up the volume of the solution to 1 dm3. 3. 0.2 mol dm3 potassium iodide solution is prepared by dissolving 33.2 g of solid potassium iodide in distilled water and then make up the volume of the solution to 1 dm3. 4. In Activity A, (a) make sure that the test tube is clamped horizontally. (b) after heating, immediately disconnect the delivery tube so that the liquid is not sucked back into the hot test tube. The cold liquid will crack the test tube.

The Structure of the Atom

Inquiry Experiment 2.1

Diffusion

1. Remind students that liquid bromine is toxic. 2. Make sure that students carry out the activity in a fume chamber. 3. Use pure liquid bromine. 4. 1 mol dm3 potassium manganate(VII) solution is prepared by dissolving 158 g of solid potassium manganate(VII) in distilled water and then make up the volume of the solution to 1 dm3. Inquiry Experiment 2.2 The melting and freezing points of naphthalene

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Periodic Table of Elements 1


Chemical properties of Group 1 elements

1. Remind students that the level of naphthalene in the boiling tube should be below the level of water in the beaker. 2. Make sure that the entire thermometer bulb is submerged into the molten naphthalene and does not touch the bottom or walls of the test tube. 3. Remind students to stir the molten naphthalene continuously with thermometer throughout the activity.

Chemical Formulae and Equations

Inquiry Experiment 3.1

Empirical formula

1. Use an electronic balance that measures to the nearest 0.01 g.

1. Use a pair of forceps to hold solid lithium, sodium or potassium and cut them using a knife. Do not touch these alkali metals with bare hands because they are very reactive. 2. Small pieces of lithium, sodium or potassium that are removed from the paraffin oil in a bottle must be dried using filter paper before they are used. 3. Oxygen gas is prepared by adding a small amount of manganese(IV) oxide powder (catalyst) into hydrogen peroxide solution (10 volumes) in a flatbottomed flask. Oxygen gas is collected in a gas jar by downward displacement of water. 4. Remind students to stand further away from the water trough when solid potassium is placed on the surface of the water because a very vigorous reaction will occur.

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Kimia Tingkatan 4

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Chemical properties of Group 17 elements

1. Remind students that chlorine gas and bromine vapour are very poisonous. When accidentally contacted, the liquid bromine can cause lesions on the skin. 2. Chlorine gas can be prepared by mixing concentrated hydrochloric acid with solid potassium manganate(VII) (without heating) in a conical flask or flat-bottomed flask. 3. 2 mol dm3 sodium hydroxide solution is prepared by dissolving 80.0 g of solid sodium hydroxide in water to form 1 dm3 solution. 4. Once the reaction between iron wool and halogen vapour starts in Activity B, heating is stopped because the reaction produces a lot of heat energy which can keep the reaction going. Guided Experiment 4.1 Properties of the oxides of lements in Period 3 e

Chemical Bonds

Inquiry Experiment 5.1

Preparation of ionic compounds

1. Magnesium ribbon must be cleaned using sandpaper before it is used in order to remove the oxide layer on its surface. 2. The oil on the surface of the sodium granule must be dried by rolling it on a piece of filter paper before it is used. 3. Chlorine gas can be prepared by mixing concentrated hydrochloric acid with solid potassium manganate(VII) (without heating) in a conical flask or flat-bottomed flask. Chlorine gas evolved is collected in a gas jar by upward displacement of air. 4. Iron filings must be in dry condition before it is used. Inquiry Experiment 5.2 Properties of ionic and covalent compounds

1. Sulphur dioxide gas can be prepared by heating a mixture of solid sodium sulphite and dilute nitric acid. Na2SO3(s) + 2HNO3(aq) 2NaNO3(aq) + H2O(l) + SO2(g) 3 2. 2 mol dm nitric acid is prepared by diluting 130 cm3 of concentrated nitric acid with distilled water and make it to 1 dm3 solution. 3. 2 mol dm3 sodium hydroxide solution is prepared by dissolving 80.0 g of solid sodium hydroxide in water to form 1 dm3 solution. 4. In Activity B, only a small amount of aluminium oxide powder and silicon(IV) oxide powder are used in each test. Inquiry Experiment 4.2 Colours of transition element compounds

1. In Activity A, only a small amount of magnesium chloride or diethyl ether is dissolved in 5 cm3 of water or cyclohexane. 2. In Activity C, carbon electrodes must be cleaned using sandpaper before they are used. 3. In Activity C, the heating of liquid naphthalene must be controlled so that the temperature of the liquid naphthalene does not rise too high because the vapour of naphthalene evolved is easily burnt when ignited.

Electrochemistry

1. When dissolving the crystals in water, use only a small amount of crystals and dissolve them in 5 cm3 of distilled water, filter the solution if a clear solution is not obtained. 2. 2 mol dm3 ammonia solution is prepared by diluting 140 cm3 of concentrated ammonia with distilled water to form 1 dm3 solution. 3. 2 mol dm3 sodium hydroxide solution is prepared by dissolving 80.0 g of solid sodium hydroxide in water to form 1 dm3 solution. 4. Ammonia or sodium hydroxide solution is added slowly, drop by drop, until a precipitate appears.

Inquiry Experiment 6.1

Electrolytes and non- electrolytes

1. 2 mol dm3 sodium hydroxide solution is prepared by dissolving 80.0 g of solid sodium hydroxide in distilled water to make a 1 dm3 solution. 2. The glucose solution is prepared by dissolving 90g of glucose in distilled water and then make up the volume of the solution to 1 dm3. 3. 1 mol dm 3 copper(II) sulphate solution is prepared by dissolving 250 g of solid CuSO4.5H2O in distilled water and then make up the volume of the solution to 1 dm3. 4. Clean the carbon electrodes with sandpaper before they are used.

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5. Make sure that the students do not heat the naphthalene strongly after the naphthalene melts because its vapour catches fire easily. Inquiry Experiment 6.2 Electrolysis of molten lead(II) bromide

8. Remind the students to dry the electrodes before weighing the electrodes. Guided Experiment 6.5 Purification of metals

1. Clean the carbon electrodes with sandpaper before they are used. 2. Make sure that the students carry out the activity in a fume chamber. 3. Remind the students that bromine vapour is toxic. Inquiry Experiment 6.3 Electrolysis of copper(II) sulphate solution and dilute sulphuric acid using carbon electrodes

1. 1 mol dm 3 copper(II) sulphate solution is prepared by dissolving 250 g of solid CuSO4.5H2O in distilled water and then make up the volume of the solution to 1 dm3. 2. Remind students to clean the copper plates with sandpaper before they are used. Guided Experiment 6.6

Electroplating of metals

1. 0.1 mol dm 3 copper(II) sulphate solution is prepared by dissolving 25 g of solid CuSO4.5H2O in distilled water and then make up the volume of the solution to 1 dm3. 2. 0.1 mol dm3 sulphuric acid is prepared by diluting 5.5 cm3 of concentrated sulphuric acid with distilled water and make it to 1 dm3 solution. 3. Clean the carbon electrodes with sandpaper before they are used. Guided Experiment 6.4 Factors that determine the elective discharge of ions at s electrodes during the electrolysis of an aqueous solution

1. 1 mol dm 3 copper(II) sulphate solution is prepared by dissolving 250 g of solid CuSO4.5H2O in distilled water and then make up the volume of the solution to 1 dm3. 2. Remind students to clean the copper strip and iron spoon using sandpaper before they are used. 3. Remind students to maintain a constant 0.2 A of current throughout the experiment by adjusting the current using the rheostat. 4. Make sure that the entire spoon is submerged in the electrolyte. Guided Experiment 6.7 The simple voltaic cell

1. 0.1 mol dm3 copper(II) nitrate solution is prepared by dissolving 24.2 g of solid Cu(NO 3)2.3H2O in distilled water and then make up the volume of the solution to 1 dm3. 2. 0.1 mol dm3 sodium sulphate solution is prepared by dissolving 14.2 g of solid sodium sulphate in distilled water and then make up the volume of the solution to 1 dm3. 3. 2 mol dm3 hydrochloric acid is prepared by diluting 170 cm3 of concentrated hydrochloric acid with distilled water to make a 1 dm 3 solution. 4. 0.001 mol dm3 hydrochloric acid is prepared by diluting 1 cm3 of 2 mol dm3 hydrochloric acid with distilled water to make a 2 dm3 solution. 5. 0.1 mol dm 3 copper(II) sulphate solution is prepared by dissolving 25 g of solid CuSO4.5H2O in distilled water and then make up the volume of the solution to 1 dm3. 6. Clean the carbon electrodes with sandpaper before they are used. 7. Use an electronic balance that measures to the nearest 0.01 g.

1. 1 mol dm3 sodium chloride solution is prepared by dissolving 58.5 g of solid sodium chloride in distilled water and then make up the volume of the solution to 1 dm3. 2. Make sure that the students clean the copper plate and magnesium ribbon with sandpaper before they are used. Guided Experiment 6.8

The construction of electrochemical series based on potential differences between metals

1. 0.1 mol dm 3 copper(II) sulphate solution is prepared by dissolving 25 g of solid CuSO4. 5H2O in distilled water and then make up the volume of the solution to 1 dm3. 2. Dip the lead strip into concentrated hydrochloric acid before it is used. 3. Clean other metals with sandpaper before they are used.

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Kimia Tingkatan 4

Guided Experiment 6.9

The construction of electrochemical series based on the principle of displacement of metals

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The pH values and molarity of acids and alkalis

1. The solutions should be prepared as follows: (a) 242 g dm3 Cu(NO3)2.3H2O (b) 331 g dm3 lead(II) nitrate (c) 180 g dm3 iron(II) nitrate (d) 189 g dm3 zinc nitrate (e) 148 g dm3 magnesium nitrate 2. Dip the lead strip into concentrated hydrochloric acid before it is used. 3. Clean the other metals with sandpaper before they are used.

1. 0.1 mol dm3 hydrochloric acid is prepared by diluting 8.5 cm3 of concentrated hydrochloric acid with distilled water and then make it to 1 dm3 solution. 2. 0.01 mol dm3 hydrochloric acid is prepared by diluting 50.0 cm3 of 0.1 mol dm3 hydrochloric acid with distilled water and then make it to 500cm3 solution. 3. 0.001 mol dm3 hydrochloric acid is prepared by diluting 50.0 cm3 of 0.01 mol dm3 hydrochloric acid with distilled water and then make it to 500 cm3 solution. 4. 0.0001 mol dm3 hydrochloric acid is prepared by diluting 50.0 cm3 of 0.001 mol dm3 hydrochloric acid with distilled water and then make it 500 cm3 solution. 5. 0.00001 mol dm3 hydrochloric acid is prepared by diluting 50.0 cm3 of 0.0001 mol dm3 hydrochloric acid with distilled water and then make it to 500 cm3 solution. 6. 0.1 mol dm 3 sodium hydroxide solution is prepared by dissolving 4.0 g of solid sodium hydroxide in distilled water and make it to 1 dm3 solution. 7. 0.01 mol dm 3 sodium hydroxide solution is prepared by diluting 50.0 cm3 of 0.1 mol dm3 sodium hydroxide solution with distilled water and make it to 500 cm3 solution. 8. 0.001 mol dm3 sodium hydroxide solution is prepared by diluting 50.0 cm3 of 0.01 mol dm3 sodium hydroxide solution with distilled water and then make it to 500 cm3 solution. 9. 0.0001 mol dm3 sodium hydroxide solution is prepared by diluting 50.0 cm3 of 0.001 mol dm3 sodium hydroxide solution with distilled water and then make it to 500 cm3 solution. 10. 0.00001 mol dm3 sodium hydroxide solution is prepared by diluting 50.0 cm3 of 0.0001 mol dm3 sodium hydroxide solution with distilled water and then make it to 500 cm3 solution. Inquiry Experiment 7.2 Acid-base titration

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Acids and Bases


The role of water in showing the properties of acids

1. Make sure that the glacial ethanoic acid is completely dry. This can be done by adding a little ethanoic anhydride, (CH3CO)2O to a bottle of glacial ethanoic acid a day before the experiment (1 cm3 of ethanoic anhydride to 100cm3 of glacial ethanoic acid). 2. Glacial ethanoic acid is corrosive. Be careful when handling it. 3. 2 mol dm 3 aqueous ethanoic acid can be prepared by diluting 116 cm3 of glacial ethanoic acid in distilled water and then make it to 1 dm3 solution. 4. Ethanoic acid in dry propanone is prepared by dissolving 116 cm3 of glacial etanoic acid in dry propanone and then make it to 1 dm3 solution. 5. Make sure that the blue litmus paper used is dry. Guided Experiment 7.1 The role of water in showing the properties of alkalis

1. Barium hydroxide powder must be dried in an oven and then kept in a desiccator before it is used. 2. Make sure that the red litmus paper used is dry.

1. 0.1 mol dm3 sulphuric acid is prepared by diluting 5.5 cm3 of concentrated sulphuric acid with distilled water and make it to 1 dm3 solution. 2. 0.2 mol dm3 potassium hydroxide solution is prepared by dissolving 11.2 g of solid potassium hydroxide in distilled water and then make it to 1 dm3 solution.

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3. Phenolphthalein indicator is prepared by dissolving 0.20 g solid phenolphthalein in 120 cm3 of 95% ethanol. 80 cm3 of distilled water is then added and the mixture is shaken well. 4. Remind students that burette readings must be read to the accuracy of 0.05 cm3.

4. 0.5 mol dm3 barium nitrate solution is prepared by dissolving 130.5 g of solid barium nitrate in distilled water and make it to 1 dm3 solution. 5. 0.5 mol dm3 sodium sulphate solution is prepared by dissolving 161 g of hydrated sodium sulphate in distilled water and make it to 1 dm3 solution. Construction of ionic equations using the continuous variation method

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Salts

Inquiry Experiment 8.1

Preparation of a soluble salt from the reaction of an acid with an alkali

1. 0.5 mol dm3 lead(II) nitrate solution is prepared by dissolving 165.5 g of solid lead(II) nitrate in distilled water and make it to 1 dm3 solution. 2. 0.5 mol dm3 potassium chromate(VI) solution is prepared by dissolving 97.0 g of solid potassium chromate(VI) in distilled water and make it to 1dm3 solution. 3. Make sure that all the seven test tubes used are of the same size, diameter and height. 4. Measure the height of the precipitate to one decimal place in cm. Inquiry Experiment 8.4

1. 2 mol dm3 hydrochloric acid is prepared by diluting 170 cm3 of concentrated hydrochloric acid with distilled water and then make it to 1dm3 solution. 2. 2 mol dm3 potassium hydroxide solution is prepared by dissolving 112.0 g of solid potassium hydroxide in distilled water and then make it to 1 dm3 solution. 3. Phenolphthalein indicator is prepared by dissolving 0.20 g solid phenolphthalein in 120 cm3 of 95% ethanol. 80 cm3 of distilled water is then added and the mixture is shaken well. 4. Burette readings must be read to the accuracy of 0.05 cm3. Inquiry Experiment 8.2 Preparation of a soluble salt from the reaction of an acid with a metal oxide

Action of heat on carbonate and nitrate salts

1. Lime water is prepared by dissolving calcium hydroxide powder in distilled water until the powder cannot dissolve anymore. Then, the solution is filtered to obtain the filtrate or lime water. 2. The heating of carbonate and nitrate salts must be done with a very strong flame. 3. Remind students that the test tube containing solid must be held horizontally during heating. 4. Make sure that students wet the litmus paper with water before using it to test for gases. 5. Make sure dry test tubes are used for the heating of each solid. 6. Students must record the colour of the residue when hot and when cold. 7. Warn students not to inhale the brown gas evolved because it is poisonous. Inquiry Experiment 8.5 Comfirmatory tests for anions in aqueous solution

1. 2 mol dm3 nitric acid is prepared by diluting 130cm3 of concentrated nitric acid with distilled water and make it to 1 dm3 solution. 2. Remind students to warm the dilute nitric acid as this will speed up the reaction between nitric acid and copper(II) oxide. Inquiry Experiment 86.3 Preparation of insoluble salts

1. 0.5 mol dm3 lead(II) nitrate solution is prepared by dissolving 165.5 g of solid lead(II) nitrate in distilled water and make it to 1 dm3 solution. 2. 1.0 mol dm3 potassium iodide solution is prepared by dissolving 166.0 g of solid potassium iodide in distilled water and make it to 1 dm3 solution. 3. 0.5 mol dm3 potassium chromate(VI) solution is prepared by dissolving 97.0 g of solid potassium chromate(VI) in distilled water and make it to 1dm3 solution.

1. Solutions of anions used have the concentration of approximately 1 mol dm3, for example, Na2CO3(aq) 106 g dm3, Na2SO4(aq) 142 g dm3, NaCl(aq) 58.5 g dm3 and NaNO3(aq) 85 g dm3.

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Kimia Tingkatan 4

2. 2 mol dm3 hydrochloric acid is prepared by diluting 170 cm3 of concentrated hydrochloric acid with distilled water and then make it to 1dm3 solution. 3. 2 mol dm3 nitric acid is prepared by diluting 130cm3 of concentrated nitric acid with distilled water and make it to 1 dm3 solution. 4. 1 mol dm3 sulphuric acid is prepared by diluting 55 cm 3 of concentrated sulphuric acid with distilled water and make it to 1 dm3 solution. 5. Reagents used should have the following concentrations: (a) Iron(II) sulphate solution 278 g dm 3 FeSO4.7H2O (b) Silver nitrate solution 17 g dm3 AgNO3 (c) Barium chloride solution 208 g dm3 BaCl2 6. Lime water is prepared by dissolving calcium hydroxide powder in distilled water until the powder cannot dissolve anymore. Then, the solution is filtered to obtain the filtrate or lime water. Inquiry Experiment 8.6

Inquiry Experiment 8.7

Comfirmatory tests for ammonium ion, iron(II) ion, iron(III) ion and lead(II) ion

1. The reagents used are prepared according to the following concentrations: (a) Sodium hydroxide solution 80 g dm 3 NaOH (b) Potassium hexacyanoferrate(II) solution 50g dm3 K4Fe(CN)6 (c) Potassium hexacyanoferrate(III) solution 50g dm3 K3Fe(CN)6 (d) Potassium thiocyanate solution 50 g dm3 KSCN (e) Potassium iodide solution 83 g dm3 KI (f) Iron(II) sulphate solution 139 g dm 3 FeSO4.7H20 (g) Iron(III) chloride solution 81.3 g dm3 FeCl3 (h) Lead(II) nitrate solution 165.5 g dm 3 Pb(NO3)2 (i) Ammonium chloride solution 53.5 g dm3 NH4Cl 2. Remind students that lead(II) iodide and lead(II) chloride are soluble in hot water but insoluble in cold water. Inquiry Experiment 8.8 Identification of cations and anions of unknown salts

Tests for cations in aqueous solutions

1. Solutions of cations are prepared according to the following concentrations: (a) Sodium nitrate solution 85 g dm3 NaNO3 (b) Ammonium chloride solution 53.5 g dm3 NH4Cl (c) Calcium nitrate solution 164 g dm 3 Ca(NO3)2 (d) Magnesium nitrate solution 256 g dm 3 Mg(NO3)2.6H2O (e) Aluminium nitrate solution 375 g dm 3 Al(NO3)3.9H2O (f) Zinc nitrate solution 297 g dm 3 Zn(NO3)2.6H2O (g) Iron(II) sulphate solution 278 g dm 3 FeSO4.7H2O (h) Iron(III) chloride solution 162.5 g dm3 FeCl3 (i) Lead(II) nitrate solution 331 g dm 3 Pb(NO3)2 (j) Copper(II) sulphate solution 250 g dm3 CuSO4.5H2O 2. 2 mol dm3 sodium hydroxide solution is prepared by dissolving 80.0 g of solid sodium hydroxide in distilled water and make it to 1 dm3 solution. 3. 2 mol dm3 ammonia solution is prepared by diluting 140 cm3 of concentrated ammonia with distilled water and make it to 1 dm3 solution.

1. Put two spatulaful of solid aluminium nitrate into a small plastic bag labelled K1. 2. Reagent bottles containing the following solutions are prepared: (a) 2 mol dm3 dilute nitric acid (b) 2 mol dm3 dilute hydrochloric acid (c) 1 mol dm3 dilute sulphuric acid (d) 80 g dm3 sodium hydroxide solution (e) 2 mol dm3 ammonia solution (f) Lime water (g) 104 g dm3 barium chloride solution (h) 17 g dm3 silver nitrate solution (i) 139 g dm3 iron(II) sulphate solution (j) 83 g dm3 potassium iodide solution

Manufactured Substances in Industry

Inquiry Experiment 9.1

Preparation of ammonium fertiliser

1. 1 mol dm3 sulphuric acid is prepared by diluting 55 cm 3 of concentrated sulphuric acid with distilled water and make it to 1 dm3 solution.

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2. 2 mol dm3 ammonia is prepared by diluting 140cm3 of concentrated ammonia with distilled water to make a 1 dm3 of solution. 3. To make sure that the filtrate is saturated enough to crystallise, dip a small amount of the filtrate with the end of a cold, dry glass rod. If the filtrate is saturated, crystals will form on the glass rod. PEKA

Guided Experiment 9.2

Rate of corrosion of iron, steel and stainless steel

1. Clean all the nails with sandpaper before they are used. 2. 0.2 mol dm3 potassium hexacyanoferrate(III) solution is prepared by dissolving 65.8 g of solid potassium hexacyanoferrate(III) in distilled water and make up the volume of solution to 1dm3.

Hardness of pure metal and its alloy

1. Make sure that students measure the diameter of the dents in centimetre to the nearest 0.05 cm. 2. Make sure that the same size of ball bearings is used throughout the experiment.

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